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Salmedin Mesihović Plinijevske Peregrinske Civitates Na Prostoru Današnje Bosne I… the Plinian Peregrine Civitates in the Territory of Present-Day…

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Salmedin Mesihović Plinijevske Peregrinske Civitates Na Prostoru Današnje Bosne I… the Plinian Peregrine Civitates in the Territory of Present-Day… Salmedin Mesihović Plinijevske peregrinske civitates na prostoru današnje Bosne i Hercegovine The Plinian peregrine civitates in the territory of present-day Bosnia-Herzegovina Salmedin Mesihović Salmedin Mesihović Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu Faculty of Arts and Letters in Sarajevo Oblast stari vijek i Katedra za arheologiju Antiquities Division and Archaeology Section Odsjek za historiju History Department Franje Račkog 1 Franje Račkog 1 BiH, 71000 Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 911.372 (497.6)”652” UDC: 911.372 (497.6)”652” 314.148 (497.6)”652” 314.148 (497.6)”652” 91-05 Plinius Secundus, C. 91-05 Plinius Secundus, C. Pregledni članak Review article Primljeno: 22. 1. 2010. Received: 22 January 2010 Prihvaćeno: 14. 4. 2011. Accepted: 14 April 2011 Rad se bavi istraživanjem rasporeda domorodačkih peregrinskih The work deals with research into the distribution of indigenous civitates na prostoru današnje Bosne i Hercegovine, a prema peregrine civitates in the territory of today’s Bosnia-Herzegovina, navodima iz Naturalis historia rimskog enciklopedista Gaja based on the Naturalis historia by the Roman encyclopaedist Pliny Plinija Sekunda. Prvo se daje kraći uvid u kontekst navedenog (Gaius Plinius Secundus). First some insight is provided into the spominjanja u NH te kratak povijesni pregled. Zatim se prelazi na context of the facts mentioned in NH, followed by a brief historical prezentiranje popisa domorodačkih civitates za koje se na osnovi outline. This in turn is followed by presentation of a list of indigenous drugih podataka iz literarnih izvora ili epigrafskih spomenika može civitates, which, based on data from literary sources or epigraphic tvrditi ili bar s većom vjerojatnošću pretpostaviti prebivanje, bilo monuments, were or may be supposed with considerable certainty u cjelini ili djelomice, i na prostoru današnje Bosne i Hercegovine. to have been in the territory of today’s Bosnia-Herzegovina in whole Tako se pokušava odrediti i njihov zemljopisni položaj unutar or in part. This constitutes an attempt to ascertain their geographic sustava rimskih provincija Gornjeg i Donjeg Ilirika. Rad se ne position within the system of the Roman provinces of Illyricum ograničava samo na one civitates koje je Plinije Stariji naveo s Superior and Illyricum Inferior. This work is not only restricted to those brojem dekurija. Posebno poglavlje čini pokušaj određivanja civitates which Pliny the Elder cited with the number of decuries. brojčanog stanja domorodačke populacije sredinom I. st. po. Kr. A separate section is dedicated to an attempt to determine the Autor pretpostavlja da “plinijevska” dekurija odgovara skupu od 10 familija, gdje bi svaka familija bila ekvivalent tradicionalnoj AD. The author assumes that the Plinian decury corresponded to ten obiteljskoj zajednici. Na osnovi usporednih analiza, autor je families, wherein each family would be the equivalent to a traditional pretpostavio da prosječna veličina gornjoilirske “familije” iz kinship commune. Based on a comparative analysis, the author vremena Plinija Starijeg iznosi oko 25 osoba, te bi ukupan broj assumes that the size of “families” in Illyricum Superior during the pripadnika onih domorodačkih naroda za koje Plinije Stariji daje i time of Pliny the Elder was 25 persons, so that the total population broj dekurija, iznosio otprilike 360.000. of the indigenous peoples, for whom Pliny the Elder provided the number of decuries, was approximately 360,000. Ključne riječi: Plinije Stariji, Ilirik, peregrinske civitates, dekurija, zadruga Key words: Pliny the Elder, Illyricum, peregrine civitates, decury, commune 55 Salmedin Mesihović Plinijevske peregrinske civitates na prostoru današnje Bosne i… The Plinian peregrine civitates in the territory of present-day… Uvod Introduction Plinije Stariji Pliny the Elder Najvažniji podatak o etnografskoj slici ilirskih provincija potječe The most important data on the ethnographic picture of the Illyrian iz djela Naturalis historia rimskog enciklopedista Gaja Plinija provinces come from the Naturalis historia written by the Roman Sekunda (Caius Plinius Secundus, 23. g. po. Kr. - 25. VIII. 79. g. po. encyclopaedist Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD - 25 August 79 AD) Kr.), poznatijeg kao Plinije Stariji. Riječ je o popisu peregrinskih better known as Pliny the Elder. Specifically, he compiled a list of civitates i opisu ilirskih provincija u odjeljcima NH od III, 139 peregrine civitates and a description of the Illyrian provinces in do zaključno sa III, 152 (prilog I.). U tim se odjeljcima navode sections of NH, from III, 139 to III, 152 (appendix I). In these sections, he i domorodačke zajednice koje su u potpunosti ili djelomično also mentioned the indigenous communities which had completely naseljavale i prostore današnje Bosne i Hercegovine. Kao or partially settled the territory of what is present-day Bosnia- izvornom građom za opis Ilirika (provincija Gornji i Donji Ilirik) Herzegovina. As source material for the description of Illyricum (the Plinije Stariji se koristio i službenim državnim dokumentima, provinces of Illyricum Superior and Inferior), Pliny the Elder also made ali i djelima starijih autora, poput Kalimaha i Varona, koje use of official state documents, as well as the works of earlier writers izrijekom i spominje. Sudeći po podacima koje daje i načinu na such as Calimachus and Varro, whom he mentioned explicitly. Judging koji ih prezentira, Plinije Stariji vjerojatno se među službenim by the data which he provided and the manner of its presentation, dokumentima koristio i rezultatima poreznih i drugih popisa. the official documents used by Pliny the Elder probably included the Budući da spominje princepsa Klaudija (vl. 41. - 54. g. po. Kr.) kao results of tax and other censuses. Since he mentioned the princeps božanskog/divus (NH III, 141), korišteni je popis vjerojatno nastao Claudius (ruled 41-54 AD) as divine/divus (NH III, 141), he probably u vrijeme vladavine Nerona (vl. 54. - 68. g. po. Kr.). used the census conducted during the reign of Nero (54-68 AD). Kako se služio različitim izvorima nastalim u različitim Since Pliny used a variety of sources that emerged in different povijesnim kontekstima i vremenima, koji su se i sami koristili historical contexts and times, which were themselves based on various različitim izvorima, a želeći dati što je moguće koncizniji pregled, sources, and he intended to provide the most concise overview in u opisu Gornjeg i Donjeg Ilirika Plinija Starijeg pojavljuje se i his description of Illyricum Superior and Inferior, a certain number of stanovit broj nedosljednosti, nejasnoća pa i kontradiktornosti. inconsistencies, ambiguities and contradictions appear in his work. Moglo bi se reći da su podaci koje crpi iz službenog popisa One could say that his data taken from the official census was the most najtočniji i najbolje odražavaju stanje iz sredine I. st. po. Kr. accurate and best reflected the situation in the mid-first century AD. Povijesni kontekst Historical context Rimsko - ilirski odnosi imaju prilično dugu zajedničku povijest, Roman-Illyrian relations had a rather long history, which began with koja započinju oružanim sukobom s “Ilirskom državom” 229. Rome’s armed conflict with the “Illyrian state” in 229 BC, which was g. pr. Kr., kojom je tada upravljala regentica Teuta. Rimski je at the time ruled by Queen Teuta. For almost two centuries, Roman prodor u Ilirik gotovo dva stoljeća uglavnom bio orijentiran na inroads into Illyricum were oriented toward the Eastern Adriatic istočnojadransku obalu i njezino neposredno zaleđe. Zbog toga coast and its immediate hinterland. As a result, the indigenous su unutarnje domorodačke politije u dubljoj kontinentalnoj polities in the deeper continental interior continued their general unutrašnjosti nastavljale svoj kontinuirani općekulturni i politički cultural and political development unbothered by Roman legions.1 razvitak neometano od rimskih legija.1 Tek je s Oktavijanovom It was only with Octavian’s campaign from 35 to 33 BC and the kampanjom od 35. do 33. g. pr. Kr., i slomom japodskog i 1 The expression polity (ΠολιÇτειvα) implies a community that had built 1 Pod izrazom politija (ΠολιÇτειvα) podrazumijeva se zajednica koja je its own system to administer itself (with functional political institutions). izgradila vlastiti sustav upravljanja samom sobom (s funkcionalnim Politiogenesis is the process of formation of such communities. M. političkim institucijama). Politiogeneza je proces nastajanja takve Mirković (2002, p. 21) used for the same thing the expression: zajednice. M. Mirković (2002, str. 21) upotrebljava za isto izraz : “…и заједница, оних који су организовани као политеје, тј имају државу “…и заједница, оних који су организовани као политеје, тј имају и организовано политичко деловање..” (…Also a community of those државу и организовано политичко деловање..” who are organized as a politeia, i.e. they have a state and organized political Ovim terminom bi se tako terminološki odredili oni entiteti koji su activity)”. This term could be employed to specify those entities which razvili određeni nivo političke organiziranosti. ali koji ili nisu uspjeli ili su developed a certain level of political organization, but which did not manage bili spriječeni da evolutivno prerastu u državotvornu formu, odnosno or were prevented from evolving into a state-building form, in effect, from da postanu država. U slučaju domorodačkih zajednica Ilirika, tek je sa becoming
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