Pluvioteca-Evaluation-Performance
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Civil Engineering 2017 rd 3 Issue Journal (ISSN: 2476-3055) www.CivileJournal.org Editor in Chief: Dr. Jiliang Li Prof. Nikolaos Eliou Dr. M. R. Kavianpour Purdue University North Central (USA) University of Thessaly (Greece) K.N.Toosi University of Technology (Iran) Dr. Yaqi Wanyan Dr. Mohammad Reza Najafi Texas Southern University (USA) University of Victoria (Canada) Executive Manager: Prof. M.M. Rashidi Dr. Saeed Khorram Dr. O. Aminoroayaie Yamini Tongji University (China) Eastern Mediterranean University (Cyprus) K.N.Toosi University of Technology (Iran) Dr. Sanjay Tewari Dr. Xinqun Zhu Senior Editor: Louisiana Tech University (USA) University of Western Sydney (Australia) Dr. S. Hooman Mousavi K.N.Toosi University of Technology (Iran) Editorial Board Members: Contents Vol. 3, No. 3, March, 2017 Prof. Dintie S. Mahamah St. Martin's University (USA) ¢ Page 137-151 Dr. Kartik Venkataraman Evaluation of the Performance of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Tarleton State University (USA) Domestic Use in Tlalpan, Mexico City Dr. Tanya Igneva University of ACEG (Bulgaria) Niall Patrick Nolan, Cecilia Lartigue Dr. Daniele Bocchiol ¢ Page 152-159 Polytechnic University of Milan (Italy) Dr. Michele Iervolino Parametric Study on the Post-Tensioned Steel Connecting Components Second University of Naples (Italy) Ahmadreza Torabipour, Mahmoud R. Shiravand Dr. Rouzbeh Nazari Rowan University (USA) ¢ Page 160-171 Prof. Marta Bottero The Effects of Using Different Seismic Bearing on the Behavior and Seis- Polytechnic University of Turin (Italy) mic Response of High-Rise Building Chris A. O’Riordan-Adjah (PhD Candidate) University of Central Florida (USA) Saman Mansouri, Amin Nazari Dr. Yasser Khodair ¢ Page 172-179 Bradley University (USA) Dr. Weidong Wu Effects of Soil Modulus and Flexural Rigidity on Structural Analysis of University of Tennessee - Chattanooga (USA) Water Intake Basins Dr. Viviana Letelier González Hassan Akbari University of the Frontera (Chile) Dr. Paola Antonaci ¢ Page 180-189 Polytechnic University of Turin (Italy) Slope Remediation Techniques and Overview of Landslide Risk Dr. Davorin Penava Management University of Osijek (Croatia) Dr. Ali Behnood Danish Kazmi, Sadaf Qasim, I.S.H Harahap, Syed Baharom, Mudassir Mehmood, Fahad Irfan Siddiqui, Muhammad Imran Purdue University (USA) Dr. Jalil Kianfar ¢ Page 190-198 St. Louis University (USA) State of the Art: Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Dr. Luca Comegna Mohamadtaqi Baqersad, Ehsan Amir Sayyafi, Hamid Mortazavi Bak Second University of Naples (Italy) Dr. Davide Dalmazzo Polytechnic University of Turin (Italy) Phone: +98-21-88779475-ext. 258 Mailing Address: Dr. Kavianpour office, 3rd Floor Fax: . +98-21-88779674 of Civil Engineering Faculty, K.N.Toosi University E-mail: [email protected] of Technology, No. 1346, ValiAsr St, Mirdamad Website: www.CivileJournal.org Intersection, Tehran, Iran Focus and Scope Civil Engineering Journal (C.E.J) is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double- blind peer-reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: • Building Materials and Structures • Coastal and Harbor Engineering • Constructions Technology • Constructions Economy and Management • Earthquake Engineering • Environmental Engineering • Renovation of Buildings • Geotechnical Engineering • Highway Engineering • Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures • Road and Bridge Engineering • Structural Engineering • Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering • Transportation Engineering • Tunnel Engineering • Urban Engineering and Economy • Water Resources Engineering • Urban Drainage Special Issues Special Issues deal with more focused topics with high current interest falling within the scope of the journal in which they are published. Special Issue proposals are welcome at any time during the year. For most of the civil engineering conferences it is possible to submit papers presented at the conference for subsequent publication in special issues of the C.E.J. ¢ Civil Engineering Journal (C.E.J) is published monthly. ¢ Civil Engineering Journal (C.E.J) has fast peer review process (3-4 weeks). Civil Engineering Journal (C.E.J) Indexing & Abstracting Civil Engineering Journal Civil ¢ This is an open access journal under the CC-BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I Available online at www.CivileJournal.org Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 3, No. 3, March, 2017 Evaluation of the Performance of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Domestic Use in Tlalpan, Mexico City Niall Nolan a*, Cecilia Lartigue b a Engineers Without Borders - UK, The Foundry, Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK. b National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Programa de Manejo, Uso y Reuso del Agua (PUMAGUA), Circuito Escolar S/N Torre de, Ingeniería, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, D.F. Received 30 November 2016; Accepted 14 March 2017 Abstract Rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative means of providing water in domestic contexts, is viewed as an effective supply option worldwide. In Mexico City, the water situation is critical and the provision of water services to the population represents a formidable challenge for the city’s water utilities. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for RWH to supply domestic properties in Tlalpan, 1 of 16 delegations in the city with one of the highest percentages of homes unconnected to the distribution network. Results show RWH can meet 88% of household water demand during the 6 month wet season, with an annual saving of 55%. Modelling a World Health Organisation minimum demand of 20 l/p/d as a means of resilience management in the event of a water crisis, 6-month and annual savings were 99% and 80% respectively. The minimum tank size to achieve wet season savings of 90% was 6 m3 in two precipitation bands and tank sizes of 13,000 – 17,000 L were sufficient in 3 out of 4 to prevent overspill. The report concludes RWH is a viable method of providing water in the south of the city and should be part of an integrated water management solution. Keywords: Isla Urbana; Mexico City; Pipas; Rainwater Harvesting; Water Crisis; Water Supply. 1. Introduction The issue of water scarcity is a significant and increasing threat to the environment, human health, development, energy security and the global food supply. Growing populations with increased wealth and consumptive behaviour, combined with current water management policies, will see the demand for water rise exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain [1]. In Mexico, a country of 125 million people [2], the population quadrupled during the period 1950 to 2010. The migration was from mostly rural to predominantly urban areas with now more than 75% of the population living in urban zones, while the availability of water in the country during this time has been significantly reduced [3]. Mexico City suffers from multiple and inter-related problems regarding the quality and availability of its water supply, which so far the Government has failed in addressing adequately [4, 5]. It is the capital of the country and also one of the most vulnerable areas to water scarcity. Currently the water situation is critical, with projections to 2030 indicating that the availability of water per capita in the Valley of Mexico (where the city is located) is only going to get much worse, necessitating the search for additional, sustainable sources to help redress the problem now [6]. In addition to water scarcity; land subsidence as a result of aquifer overexploitation, inefficient water use, concerns about the reuse of wastewater in agriculture, low share of wastewater treatment, child mortality linked to gastroenteric diseases and limited cost recovery, are all problems which seriously affect the city [7]. As a result of the ageing infrastructure and land subsidence, the thousands of kilometers of primary and secondary pipes in the supply system * Corresponding author: [email protected] ‹ This is an open access article under the CC-BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 137 Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 3, No. 3, March, 2017 leak almost 40% of the water they are tasked with distributing [7]. Government initiatives thus far been unable to keep up with repairing these leaks, which results in more water being pumped to meet the demand and further exacerbating the unsustainable feedback loop. Water policies have favoured large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Lerma- Cutzamala system, responsible for supplying the metropolitan area with approximately 31.4% of its water [8]. These solutions are incredibly energy intensive, equivalent to the entire energy demands of the nearby city of Puebla, as the water must be pumped 1000 m vertically over mountains before reaching the population of the metropolitan area [7]. Somewhat counter-intuitively, while Mexico City’s residents lack access to water, the urban area also receives a significant amount of precipitation during the well-defined rainy season, from late May through to early October [9]. A United Nations Environment Programme [10] report advocated for the inclusion of rainwater harvesting as an important resource in water management policies and one that can reduce negative impacts on water-stressed basins. Studies globally have shown RWH is an effective means of augmenting existing supply capabilities and can produce significant water savings in various contexts all over the world