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Salute E Diritti Riproduttivi Nell'epoca Della Disuguaglianza

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Salute E Diritti Riproduttivi Nell'epoca Della Disuguaglianza Lo stato della popolazione nel mondo 2017 stato Lo Costruire un mondo lo stato della popolazione nel mondo 2017 in cui ogni gravidanza sia desiderata ogni parto sicuro e le potenzialità di ogni giovane siano realizzate MONDI Mondi a parte: salute e diritti della riproduttivi nell’epoca disuguaglianza ASalute e dirittiPARTE riproduttivi nell’epoca della disuguaglianza Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per la Popolazione 605 Third Avenue New York, NY 10158 USA Tel. +1-212 297-5000 www.unfpa.org ©Unfpa 2015 Associazione italiana donne per lo sviluppo Via dei Giubbonari 30 00186 - Roma tel. +39 06 687 3214/196 [email protected] www.aidos.it Lo stato della popolazione nel mondo 2017 La pubblicazione è stata realizzata sotto gli auspici della Divisione RINGRAZIAMENTI per la comunicazione e le partnership strategiche di UNFPA Aluisio Barros, Janaina Costa, Inacio Silva e Cesar Victora dell’International Center for Equity in Health at the Federal CAPOREDATTORE dell'University of Pelotas Brazil hanno analizzato e creato Arthur Erken, Director, UNFPA Division of Communications and gli equiplot con i dati che mostrano le correlazioni tra la Strategic Partnerships disuguaglianza nella ricchezza e le disuguaglianze nella salute materna, neonatale e riproduttiva. David Alejandro Huertas Erazo SUPERVISORE DI RICERCA SENIOR e Zoe Colgin hanno dato assistenza nella ricerca. Raquel Fernández Melanie Kruvelis, Mariam K. Chamberlain Fellow dell’Institute for Women’s Policy Research, hanno dato assistenza nella ricerca PRINCIPALI RICERCATORI E AUTORI DEI CAPITOLI e nella stesura. A.K. Shiva Kumar ha contribuito al rapporto. Mercedes Mateo Diaz Robert Engelman Rachel Snow, capo del settore per la popolazione e lo sviluppo Jeni Klugman di UNFPA, e i sui colleghi, hanno dato un contributo sostanziale Gretchen Luchsinger al contenuto, fornito commenti sulle bozze e guidato la ricerca. Elyse Shaw Il settore ha anche aggregato i dati regionali per gli indicatori di questo rapporto. SUPERVISORE TECNICO UNFPA Howard Friedman I dati per gli indicatori nel rapporto sono stati messi a disposizione dalla Divisione popolazione del Dipartimento delle Nazioni Unite TEAM EDITORIALE per gli affari economici e sociali, l'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Redattore: Richard Kollodge Unite per l'educazione, la scienza e la cultura. Redattrice associata e responsabile della versione digitale: Katheline Ruiz MAPPE E DEFINIZIONI Sviluppatore digitale: Hanno Ranck Le definizioni utilizzate e la presentazione dei dati negli schemi Pubblicazione, web design e produzione: Prographics, Inc. di questo rapporto non implicano in nessun modo l'espressione di qualsivoglia opinione da parte di UNFPA per quanto riguarda © UNFPA 2017 lo staus giuridico di ogni paese, territorio o area, né per quanto riguarda le autorità preposte o la definizione e delimitazione di confini e frontiere. Credit foto di copertina: © Andrew McConnell/IRC/Panos Pictures Credit foto di quarta di copertina: © Igor Alecsander/www.igoralecsander.com UNFPA, il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per la popolazione, è un’organizzazione internazionale di sviluppo che promuove il diritto di ogni donna, uomo o bambina/o alla salute e all’uguaglianza di opportunità nella propria vita. UNFPA sostiene i paesi nell’utilizzo dei dati sulla popolazione per la definizione di politiche e programmi per ridurre la povertà, garantire che ogni gravidanza sia voluta, ogni nascita avvenga in condizioni di sicurezza, ogni giovane eviti il contagio con l’Hiv e Aids, e tutte le bambine e donne siano trattate con dignità e rispetto. UNFPA – Perché ciascuno conta. AIDOS - Associazione italiana donne per lo sviluppo, è un’organizzazione non governativa Edizione italiana Costruire un mondo in cui ogni creata a Roma nel 1981 per contribuire all’affermazione dei diritti, della dignità e della libertà Versione italiana a cura di AIDOS, di scelta delle donne nel mondo. gravidanza sia desiderata ogni Associazione italiana donne per lo sviluppo Editing: Giovanna Ermini e Serena Fiorletta Traduzione a cura di Anna Tagliavini www.aidos.it parto sicuro e le potenzialità Impaginazione: Simona Ferri Stampa: Litostampa 3B di ogni giovane siano realizzate Ufficio stampa:[email protected] MONDI ASalute e dirittiPARTE riproduttivi nell’epoca della disuguaglianza lo stato della popolazione nel mondo 2017 lo stato della popolazione nel mondo 2017 LO STATO DELLA POPOLAZIONE NEL MONDO 2017 PREMESSA INTRODUZIONE 1 2 Perché vogliamo Disuguaglianza Salute, diritti un mondo più nella salute e disparità economica: giusto e nei diritti l’intersezione della disuguaglianza nella vita delle donne pagina 4 pagina 8 pagina 16 pagina 34 “Le difficoltà economiche sono solo una parte del problema”. — Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin © Gianluca Colla EQUIPLOT 3 4 5 E INDICATORI Il prezzo della Verso l’uguaglianza L’inclusione a disuguaglianza raggiungendo prima portata di mano: chi è più indietro azioni per un mondo più equo pagina 60 pagina 74 pagina 92 pagina 104 © Frank Heuer/laif/Redux mentre poche famiglie …molte centinaia di milioni privilegiate hanno sopravvivono a fatica con meno un bilancio milionario... di $1,25 al giorno. © Mark Tuschman 4 PREMESSA PREMESSA Nel mondo di oggi, la disparità nella ricchezza è aumentata in misura sconcertante. Miliardi di persone sono immobili in fondo alla scala economica vedendosi negare diritti umani e prospettive di miglioramento. Al vertice, risorse e privilegi si accumulano a velocità esponenziale allontanando sempre di più il pianeta da quella visione di uguaglianza rappresentata dalla Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti Umani. In questo momento la ricchezza congiunta dei Spesso la disuguaglianza è intesa in termini di 2.473 miliardari del mondo, secondo i calcoli reddito e di ricchezza – la linea di demarcazione di Wealth-X, supera i 7.700 miliardi di dollari. tra ricchi e poveri. Ma in realtà le disparità eco- L’equivalente del prodotto interno lordo, nel 2015, nomiche non sono che una parte del problema. di ben quattro quinti dei paesi del globo. Questo Molte altre dimensioni, sociali, etniche, politiche e significa che, mentre alcune famiglie privilegiate istituzionali, si alimentano a vicenda precludendo, gestiscono bilanci miliardari, centinaia di milioni di nel loro insieme, ogni speranza di progresso per altre famiglie riescono a malapena a sopravvivere chi vive ai margini. con meno di 1,25 dollari al giorno. Due aspetti tra i più cruciali sono la disuguaglian- È una strada che insistiamo a percorrere a nostro za di genere e le disparità nell’accesso alla salute rischio e pericolo. Il baratro spaventoso tra i più e ai diritti sessuali e riproduttivi; questi ultimi in ricchi e i più poveri non è soltanto un’ingiustizia particolare continuano a ricevere un’attenzione ma rappresenta un rischio per economie, comu- inadeguata. Nessuno di questi due fattori basta nità e paesi. Nel 2015, riconoscendo tale pericolo, da solo a giustificare l’intera misura della disugua- i governi del mondo hanno convenuto che la via glianza nel mondo di oggi, ma entrambi ne sono verso uno sviluppo sostenibile, nei prossimi 15 componenti essenziali e richiedono un’azione anni, dovrà basarsi su fondamenta di uguaglianza, molto più ampia. In assenza di ciò molte donne inclusione e godimento universale dei diritti. e bambine resteranno intrappolate in un circolo LO STATO DELLA POPOLAZIONE NEL MONDO 2017 5 © Mark Tuschman © UNFPA/Nicolas Axelrod vizioso di povertà, ridotte capacità produttive, salute e ripercussioni economiche per tutta la diritti umani non fruiti e non rispettati, potenziale vita. Non avere il potere di decidere se, quando irrealizzato – soprattutto nei cosiddetti paesi in via e a che distanza avere figli può condizionare e di sviluppo, dove i divari sono più ampi. limitare l’istruzione, ritardare l’ingresso nel mer- cato del lavoro retribuito e ridurre i potenziali La domanda inevasa di pianificazione familiare in guadagni. aree del mondo, per esempio, è in generale mag- giore tra le donne appartenenti al 20 per cento Rendere più ampiamente disponibili e accessi- delle famiglie più indigenti. Non potendo accede- bili informazioni e servizi porterà a migliori esiti re alla contraccezione, le più povere, soprattutto per la salute riproduttiva. Ma questa non è che quelle meno istruite e residenti nelle zone rurali, una parte della soluzione. Se non iniziamo ad sono maggiormente a rischio di gravidanza inde- affrontare le disuguaglianze strutturali e mul- siderata, il che può comportare problemi per la tidimensionali interne alle nostre società non © Pep Bonet/NOOR © UNFPA/Nicolas Axelrod 6 PREMESSA © Fernando Moleres/Panos Pictures © Tommy Trenchard/Panos Pictures raggiungeremo mai lo standard più elevato pos- nuova Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sosteni- sibile di salute sessuale e riproduttiva per tutte bile – saranno raggiunti, l’umanità potrà dire di e tutti, cioè quello individuato dai 179 governi essersi incamminata in direzione di un mondo che hanno sottoscritto il Programma d’Azione più giusto, con economie più vivaci e inclusive. della Conferenza internazionale su popolazione Ma soprattutto, ciò che è più importante, questo e sviluppo (ICPD) del 1994, che guida l’azione di è il cammino verso la dignità umana per ogni UNFPA (Fondo per la popolazione delle Nazioni singola donna o bambina in qualunque angolo Unite). L’ICPD afferma che colmare le dispari- del mondo. tà che donne e bambine vivono nel campo del reddito, dell’istruzione, dell’occupazione e altri Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin ancora dipenderà in gran parte dal metterle nella Segretario Generale
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