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La Salud Y Los Derechos Reproductivos En Tiempos De Desigualdad De Tiempos Reproductivosderechosen Los Y Salud La Aparte: Mundos

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La Salud Y Los Derechos Reproductivos En Tiempos De Desigualdad De Tiempos Reproductivosderechosen Los Y Salud La Aparte: Mundos estado de la población mundial 2017 estado de la población mundial 2017 Contribuyendo a un mundo donde cada embarazo sea deseado cada parto sea sin riesgos y cada persona joven alcance su pleno desarollo MUNDOS Mundos aparte: La salud y los en derechos reproductivos tiempos de desigualdad APARTELa salud y los derechos reproductivos en tiempos de desigualdad Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas 605 Third Avenue New York, NY 10158 Estados Unidos de América Tel. +1 212 297 5000 www.unfpa.org @UNFPA ISSN 2518-671X ISBN 978-1-61800-030-9 Número de venta: S.17.III.H.1 S/440/2017 Impreso en papel reciclado. EstadoEstado de la de Población la Población Mundial Mundial 2017 2017 Este Esteinforme informe ha sido ha sidoelaborado elaborado bajo bajolos auspicios los auspicios de la de División la División de de AGRADECIMIENTOSAGRADECIMIENTOS ComunicacionesComunicaciones y Alianzas y Alianzas Estratégicas Estratégicas del UNFPA. del UNFPA. AluisioAluisio Barros, Barros, Janaina Janaina Costa, Costa, Inacio Inacio Silva Silva y Cesar y Cesar Victora, Victora, del del CentroCentro Internacional Internacional para parala Equidad la Equidad en Salud en Salud de la de Universidad la Universidad REDACTORREDACTOR JEFE JEFE FederalFederal de Pelotas de Pelotas (Brasil), (Brasil), analizaron analizaron y representaron y representaron los datos los datos que que ArthurArthur Erken, Erken, Director, Director, División División de Comunicaciones de Comunicaciones y Alianzas y Alianzas muestranmuestran la correlación la correlación entre entre la desigualdad la desigualdad en la en distribución la distribución de la de la EstratégicasEstratégicas del UNFPA del UNFPA riquezariqueza y las y desigualdades las desigualdades en materia en materia de salud de salud materna, materna, neonatal neonatal y y reproductiva.reproductiva. David David Alejando Alejando Huertas Huertas Erazo Erazo y Zoe y ZoeColgin Colgin brindaron brindaron ASESORAASESORA SUPERIOR SUPERIOR EN INVESTIGACIÓN EN INVESTIGACIÓN asistenciaasistencia en la en investigación. la investigación. Melanie Melanie Kruvelis, Kruvelis, becaria becaria del del RaquelRaquel Fernández Fernández programaprograma Mariam Mariam K. Chamberlain K. Chamberlain del Institute del Institute for Women’s for Women’s Policy Policy Research,Research, colaboró colaboró en las en labores las labores de investigación de investigación y redacción. y redacción. A.K. A.K. INVESTIGADORESINVESTIGADORES Y AUTORES Y AUTORES PRINCIPALES PRINCIPALES ShivaShiva Kumar Kumar también también participó participó en la en elaboración la elaboración de este de esteinforme. informe. DE LOSDE LOSCAPÍTULOS CAPÍTULOS MercedesMercedes Mateo Mateo Díaz Díaz RachelRachel Snow, Snow, Directora Directora de la de Subdivisión la Subdivisión de Población de Población y y RobertRobert Engelman Engelman DesarrolloDesarrollo del UNFPA, del UNFPA, y sus y compañerossus compañeros aportaron aportaron contenido contenido Jeni JeniKlugman Klugman material,material, comentarios comentarios sobre sobre múltiples múltiples borradores borradores y orientaron y orientaron la la GretchenGretchen Luchsinger Luchsinger investigación.investigación. La Subdivisión La Subdivisión también también agregó agregó los datos los datos regionales regionales de de ElyseElyse Shaw Shaw la secciónla sección dedicada dedicada a los a indicadores los indicadores de este de esteinforme. informe. ASESORASESOR TÉCNICO TÉCNICO DEL DELUNFPA UNFPA La DivisiónLa División de Población de Población del Departamento del Departamento de Asuntos de Asuntos Económicos Económicos HowardHoward Friedman Friedman y Socialesy Sociales de las de Naciones las Naciones Unidas, Unidas, la Organización la Organización de las de Naciones las Naciones UnidasUnidas para parala Educación, la Educación, la Ciencia la Ciencia y la Culturay la Cultura y la Organizacióny la Organización EQUIPOEQUIPO EDITORIAL EDITORIAL MundialMundial de la de Salud la Salud facilitaron facilitaron los datos los datos de origen de origen para paralos los Editor:Editor: Richard Richard Kollodge Kollodge indicadoresindicadores contenidos contenidos en el en informe. el informe. EditoraEditora adjunta adjunta y directora y directora de la de edición la edición digital: digital: KathelineKatheline Ruiz Ruiz MAPASMAPAS Y DESIGNACIONES Y DESIGNACIONES DesarrolloDesarrollo web: web: Hanno Hanno Ranck Ranck Las designacionesLas designaciones utilizadas utilizadas y la presentacióny la presentación de material de material en los en los DiseñoDiseño y producción y producción de la de edición la edición impresa impresa y el sitioy el sitio web web mapasmapas de este de esteinforme informe no entrañan no entrañan la expresión la expresión por partepor parte del del interactivo:interactivo: Prographics, Prographics, Inc. Inc. UNFPAUNFPA de ningún de ningún tipo tipode opinión de opinión con respectocon respecto a la situacióna la situación jurídica jurídica de ningúnde ningún país, país, territorio, territorio, ciudad ciudad o zona o zona ni de ni sus de autoridades,sus autoridades, ni ni © UNFPA© UNFPA 2017 2017 con respectocon respecto a la delimitacióna la delimitación de sus de fronteras.sus fronteras. FotografíaFotografía de la de cubierta la cubierta anterior: anterior: © Andrew © Andrew McConnell/IRC/Panos McConnell/IRC/Panos Pictures Pictures FotografíaFotografía de la de cubierta la cubierta posterior: posterior: © Igor © IgorAlecsander/www.igoralecsander.com Alecsander/www.igoralecsander.com ContribuyendoContribuyendo a una un mundo mundo donde donde cadacada embarazo embarazo sea sea deseado deseado cadacada parto parto sea sea sin sin riesgos riesgos y y cadacada persona persona joven joven alcance alcance susu pleno pleno desarollo desarollo La salud y los derechos reproductivos en tiempos de desigualdad estado de la población mundial 2017 ESTADO DE LA POBLACIÓN MUNDIAL 2017 PRÓLOGO RESUMEN 1 2 El argumento La desigualdad La intersección entre la a favor de un en el ámbito desigualdad asociada a mundo más de la salud y la salud y los derechos equitativo los derechos de las mujeres y la desigualdad económica página 4 página 8 página 16 página 34 « Las disparidades económicas son solo una de las facetas de la desigualdad». — Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin © Gianluca Colla GRÁFICOS E 3 4 5 INDICADORES El precio de la Llegar primero a los La inclusión al desigualdad más rezagados en alcance: iniciativas el camino hacia la para un mundo igualdad más equitativo página 60 página 74 página 92 página 104 © Frank Heuer/laif/Redux Mientras que algunos …cientos de millones de familias hogares privilegiados manejan se las arreglan a duras penas con presupuestos millonarios… 1,25 dólares al día, o menos. © Mark Tuschman 4 PRÓLOGO PRÓLOGO En el mundo actual, la disparidad en la distribución de la riqueza ha aumentado de manera alarmante. Miles de millones de personas se mantienen en los quintiles más pobres, con lo que se vulneran sus derechos humanos y se truncan sus posibilidades de una vida mejor. En el extremo opuesto, los recursos y privilegios crecen a un ritmo desenfrenado que aleja al mundo del ideal de igualdad consagrado en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos. En estos momentos, según los cálculos de Wealth-X, La desigualdad suele entenderse en términos de la riqueza combinada de 2.473 multimillonarios ingresos o riqueza, la línea divisoria que separa supera los 7,7 billones de dólares, equivalente al a los ricos de los pobres. Pero, en realidad, las producto interno bruto combinado de las cuatro disparidades económicas son solo una de las quintas partes de los países del mundo en 2015 facetas de la desigualdad. Existen muchas otras —por increíble que parezca—. Por tanto, mientras dimensiones de carácter social, racial, político e que algunos hogares privilegiados manejan institucional que se refuerzan las unas a las otras y presupuestos millonarios, cientos de millones en conjunto bloquean las esperanzas de mejora de de familias se las arreglan a duras penas las personas marginadas. con 1,25 dólares al día, o menos. La desigualdad de género y la disparidad en el Este es un camino que nos conduce al desastre. disfrute de la salud y los derechos sexuales y El enorme abismo que separa a los más ricos de reproductivos son dos aspectos fundamentales los más pobres no solo constituye una situación que no reciben suficiente atención, especialmente injusta, sino que además representa un riesgo para el último. Aunque ninguna de estas dimensiones las economías, las comunidades y las naciones. explica por completo la desigualdad en el mundo En 2015, en reconocimiento de tal riesgo, los actual, son piezas esenciales que demandan mayor Gobiernos del mundo acordaron que el camino del iniciativa. De lo contrario, muchas mujeres y niñas desarrollo sostenible durante los próximos 15 años permanecerán atrapadas en un círculo vicioso de debía asentarse sobre los pilares de la igualdad, la pobreza, capacidades reducidas, e imposibilidad inclusividad y el disfrute universal de los derechos. de ejercer sus derechos humanos y desarrollar su ESTADO DE LA POBLACIÓN MUNDIAL 2017 5 © Mark Tuschman © UNFPA/Nicolas Axelrod potencial —en especial, en los países en desarrollo, de vida posterior. La falta de capacidad para decidir donde las diferencias son más pronunciadas—. si desean quedarse embarazadas, cuándo o con qué frecuencia, puede limitar su acceso a la educación, La necesidad insatisfecha de planificación familiar retrasar su incorporación a la fuerza de trabajo en los países en desarrollo, por ejemplo, suele ser remunerada y reducir
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