Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247 International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018)

Corruption in Media Construction: Superstructure Analysis of Corruption News Texts in Indonesian National Private Television

Hari Bakti Mardikantoro1, Haryadi2 1,2Faculty of Language and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang 1Corresponding email: [email protected]

Abstract One of the topics that always appear and attract attention is the news of corruption on television. This topic alwaysappears to be headline news. This happens because corruption almost always occurs in Indonesia even it has been entrenched. Corruption has become the lifestyle of our officials. This research is aimed at analyzing textual practice in corruption news texts in Indonesian national private television. The research is descriptive qualitative study by employing critical discourse analysis theory proposed by Van Dijk. The method of data collection employed simak method by using the advanced rekam and catat technique. The analysis used in this study is the discourse analysis technique proposed by Teun A van Dick. The results showed that the textual dimension of superstructure aspects of corruption news text in television tends to stand up for refusal and critics of the corruption. The news reporters from Metro TV tend to use informal style, euphemistic expression, and passive voice. However, those from NET use simple diction, active sentence, and metaphor. From those findings, generally, the news reporters tend to marginalize the corruptors and give a positive image to the law enforcement.

Keywords: critical discourse analysis, Teun A. van Dijk, corruption news text

1. Introduction occurs in Indonesia even it has been entrenched. Language has the main use as a Corruption has become the lifestyle of our communication tool. Communicating by using officials. The problem of corruption tends to be language can be done in oral and written form. endless. From day to day, it always happens. One of the written forms which are commonly Thisis evidenced by the Indonesian Indicator used is press language. Within the context of the (I2) indicating the total number of corruption language used in the press, languageis used as reports which reached 152,346 out of a total of the information conveyer. It is in line with what 1,872,234 reports from January 1st to December is proposed by Brown and Yule (1996:2) and 9th, 2013. This means that corruption cases Leech (1997:47) which stated that although the account for 8.14 percent of all news in Indonesia language has various communicative functions, apart from infotainment. Corruption news in language as the information conveyer is the 2013 which is as many as 12,656 per month most prominent. increased compared to those in 2012 which Press media is often referredto as the reached 107,936 news or about 8995 news per fourth estate in socio-economic and political month. Researcher I2 noted the frequency of life. This is mainly due to a perception of the corruption is high enough than other themes role that media can play about the development such as poverty which reached 2,724 news per of the socio-economic and political life of the month (Ridwan, 2013). community. As a tool for conveying news, In this study, the texts of corruption judgments or general descriptions of many reports on Indonesian national private television things, the press media has the ability to act as were analyzed with critical discourse analysis. an institution that can shape public opinion Critical discourse analysis is an attempt or among others because the media can also process to describe a text (social reality) that is develop into a pressure group on an idea and studied by a person or a dominant group whose even an interest or image represented to be tendency has a particular purpose to obtain what placed in a more empirical context of life is desired (Jorgensen and Phillips, 2007). This (Sobur, 2002: 30). means that in a context, there must be an One of the topics that always appear and awareness of the importance (Darma, 2009: 49). attract attention is the news of corruption on In addition, the critical approach places television. This topic alwaysappears to be discourse as power (Asher and Simpson, 1994: headline news (Mardikantoro, 2014: 216). This 940; Fairclough, 1995; Dijk, 1988). Renkema happens because corruption almost always (2004: 282) views discourse as a reflection of a

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 200 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247

power relation within a society. The critical consists of three structures is macro structures, approach understands discourse as a form of superstructures, and micro structure. social practice (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997; Wodak and Meyer, 2006). In social practice, a 3.Results and discussion person always has a discourse purpose, In the superstructure, the observed thing including a goal to exercise power. When that is the schematic of the whole series of topics or happens, discourse practices will display the the global content of the news or the news flow ideological effect of producing and reproducing from the introduction to the end. This unequal power relationships between the male superstructure organizes topics by arranging and female social classes or the majority and sentences or news units based on the order or minority groups (Subagyo 2010: 177). desired hierarchy. Dijk (1988: 52) formulates a The critical discourse analysis of the van number of categories of news schemes or Dijk model views how the produced text works. sections that construct a news scheme namely Van Dijk (in Eriyanto, 2011: 225) describes (1) a summary, commonly characterized by two three dimensions or buildings used in discourse elements: title and lead, and (2) story, ie the analysis namely the facet of text, social content of the news as a whole from the cognition, and social context. These three introduction to the end. dimensions of discourse are the parts The first news analysis is concerned incorporated into the unity of analysis. withthe case of bribery quotas of sugar imports The text dimension in critical discourse that ensnare Irman Gusman. According to the analysis of van Dijk model is divided into three news on Metro TV, the newsis constructed structures namely macro structure, under the title "Bribery Case of Irman Gusman" superstructure, and micro structure (Eriyanto , (October 4, 2016).The title of the news is only 2011: 226, Dijk, 1988: 17-94). This section only utilizing the subject phrase so that it looks discussed the dimensions of corruption news focused emphasize on the bribery case text reviewed from the superstructure according committed by Irman Gusman. The phrase to the Van Dijk model. Superstructure is the "Bribery Case of Irman Gusman" led to the structure of discourse related to the framework understanding of the community that the of a text, how the parts of the text are composed mastermind of the bribery case is Irman into the news as a whole. Gusman. After the title, the news is followed by the leads as follows. 2. Methods The problem investigation in this research (1) Team 10 or team formed by DPD to review uses two approaches, namely empirical cases related to Irman Gusman again held sociological approach and critical approach. The hearings. This time Team 10 hears the views empirical sociological approach understands of the President Director of Bulog, Djarot discourse as a speech event that is bound by the Kusumayakti. (Bribery Case of Irman context of the situation (Asher and Simpson Gusman, Metro TV, October 4, 2016) 1994: 940). This research also used a critical approach. This approach places discourse as The lead is an introduction or summary power (Asher and Simpson 1994; Fairclough, of what to say before entering the complete 1995; Dijk, 1988) or views discourse as a news content. The lead or terrace of the news reflection of relationships within society. contains the intention that the Irman Gusman The data in this research were collected case is so important that the DPD formed Team by using the simak method (Sudaryanto 2015: 10 to examine specifically the bribery case of 203). The method was followed by the use of the sugar import quota. rekam and catat techniques. The data The main event in the Metro TV news analysis in this research used critical discourse entitled "Bribery Case of Irman Gusman" is the analysis model proposed by van Dijk (Wodak assessment of the DPD on Bulog bribery case and Meyer, 2006). Van Dijk divides discourse that ensnared Irman Gusman. The assessment analysis into three dimensions, namely the was carried out by listening to the opinions and dimensions of the text, the dimensions of social views of the Bulog Director, Djarot cognition, and the dimensions of social Kusumayakti who had contacted Irman Gusman context/practice (Dijk, 1980; Dijk, 1988). A text about the telephone. Djarot confirmed that he got a call from Irman Gusman regarding the

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state of sugar prices in West Sumatra and Irman public can conclude its preference from the recommended Memi as a sugar distributor in news. this case. After reporters reported directly on the Viewed schematically, the above news course of the hearing with Team 10, journalists shows the truth of the bribery case by holding a inserted Djarot's footage to corroborate the hearing. The news has a sequential scheme by broadcast news report, and the news ended with presenting facts that support the main idea. the next agenda plan. The background of the Analysis of the second news is about the hearing held by the Team 10 was because the case of illegal levies in the Ministry of suspect, Irman Gusman is the DPD chairman, so Transportation. In the news on Metro TV, the it needs to be investigated in depth. Therefore, newswas constructed under the title "Eradicate the agenda of the hearings is interesting to be Illegal Levies" (October 12, 2016). The headline reported because it involves important figures utilizes the verb phrase and adjective phrase so who commit criminal acts of bribery. that the focus of the news emphasizes the Unlike news schemes or flows in NET, in process of eradication action. From the title of the same case, bribery cases of imported sugar the news, reporters present leads or a brief quotas, NET reporters construct their brief and overview of news content at the beginning of the concise reports. The news titled "Irman Gusman news, as follows. was re-investigated by Corruption Eradication Commission" which aired on October 4, 2016, (3) The six unexpected cases of illegal levy was constructed by putting the main idea at the from the results of hand operation last night beginning of the news or leads explaining the were brought to Polda Metro Jaya. (Bribery inspection of Irman Gusman by the Corruption Case of Irman Gusman, Metro TV, October Eradication Commission, as in the following 4, 2016) fragment. The main idea lies in the second (2) Tuesday afternoon, former Chairman of the paragraph regarding the alleged illegal Regional Representative Council, Irman investigation in the Ministry of Transportation. Gusman was again investigated by the The reporting scheme begins with leads Corruption Eradication Commission. explaining that it was allegedly taken to the Suspected cases of alleged bribery Jakarta Police. Then the reporter explains who recommendation of sugar import quota are the unlawful perpetrators of illegal charges are claimed not to know about bribe money at the end of the second paragraph. In the next received. (Irman Gusman was Re- paragraph/section of the news, the reporter investigated by Corruption Eradication explained the evidence found and the reason for Commission, NET, October 4, 2016) the illegal levies. At the end of the story, the reporter informed about the suspect's In the first paragraph, the reporter determination plan. The main event in Metro TV indicated Irman Gusman's denial of the bribe he news entitled "Bribery Case of Irman Gusman" received. It is reinforced by an excerpt from is the assessment of the DPD on the Bulog Irman Gusman's speech. However, in the next bribery case that ensnared Irman. paragraph, the reporter raised a statement Viewed schematically, the above news contrary to the first paragraph by showing a shows the general outline of the illegal levy case statement from Djarot Kusumayakti about Irman that occurred in Ministry of Transportation. The Gusman's phone call to him. The news ended news has a scheme that is less detailed and does with an explanation of the chronology of Irman not generate strong explanatory data, such as the Gusman's arrest and the linkage of the bribery speech of the figures associated with the case. case. Viewed schematically, the above news While in the same case, the NET shows the results of Irman Gusman's reporters constructed the news on illegal levies investigation by the Corruption Eradication in Ministry of Transportation entitled "Six Commission. The statement provides a People were Investigated by Polda Metro Jaya statement of contradiction with a marked Related to Illegal Levy" on October 12, 2016. statement of conflicting figures. At the end of the news, the reporter concluded the chronology (4) Six unpredictable illegal collectors in the of Irman Gusman's arrest with the aim that the Directorate of Sea Transportation, on Tuesday night, were taken to Polda Metro

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Jaya for questioning. (Six People were (Dahlan Iskan Detained, Metro TV, October Investigated by Polda Metro Jaya Related to 28, 2016) Illegal Levy, NET, October 12, 2016) In the news, the main idea can be found In the news, the main idea of news is in at the beginning of the news in the form of a the first paragraph that shows the investigation lead regarding the determination of Dahlan of the six actors of levy in Dirhubla. Then it is Iskan as a suspect. After the placement of leads, followed by an explanatory sentence about who the next sentence in the form of opinion from the perpetrators of illegal fees were and what journalists who believe that Dahlan Iskan evidences were found. Thisis reinforced by the participated in the release of an asset from statement Kombes Pol Awi Setiyono about the BUMD of East Java. The opinionis then evidence. In the next paragraph, furthermore, the reinforced by the coverage of direct interviews reporter explained the known chronology of the in the field between reporters and the head citizens’ report on some agencies that conduct section of investigation from the Attorney bribery. Then the reporter stated the trace of the General’s Office in East Java, Dandeni practice of bribery and extortion in the Ministry Herdiana. The direct interviews were used by of Transportation. However, the party of the media to convince the public that Dahlan Ministry of Transportation claimed that they do Iskan is guilty. At the end of the news, the not have the authority to arrest. This is reporter informed Dahlan Iskan's inspection plan reinforced by the speech of Dewa Made as a suspect. Sastrawan. At the end of the news, the reporter Viewed schematically, the above story gave his opinion on the supervision at the illustrates the existence of a spin to public Ministry of Transportation and the deadline the opinion that Dahlan Iskan is guilty and worthy police had to determine the status of the suspect. of being named as a suspect. This is because,in Viewed schematically, the news above the news, reporters show more explanatory shows the news in detail and special way. It is sentences explaining the evidence of Dahlan's seen from the selection of titles that have led to mistakes. the suspect of levy and news constructed from In the same case, the NET reporter the main idea followed by a reliable explanatory constructed the news about the sale of the sentence, for example, footage of figures BUMD's assets under the title "Dahlan Iskan associated with the case. Additionally, at the end Defined as Suspect" on October 28, 2016. The of the reporter's report, he also informs the next news begins with a lead presentation on the plan after the investigation of the determination determination of Dahlan Iskan. of the suspect. The third news analysis is about the case (6) Twelve hours in Attorney General’s Office of BUMD asset sales in East Java. In the news of East Java, former Minister of State-Owned on Metro TV, the newsis constructed under the Enterprises, Dahlan Iskan was finally title "Dahlan Iskan is under Arrest" (October 28, appointed as a suspect in the East Java case 2016).The title utilizes subject phrases and verb by BUMD PT Panca Wira Usaha. (Dahlan phrases,so the focus of the news emphasizes on Iskan Defined as Suspect, NET, October 28, events or phenomena that befell the subject, 2016) namely Dahlan Iskan. The title of the news clearly shows that the core of the news is In the above news break, reporters put concerned with the detention of Dahlan Iskan the main idea at the beginning of the news in the who was set as a suspect in the case of asset first sentence, namely the determination of sales of BUMDin East Java. This is summarized suspect status on Dahlan Iskan. On the next in the lead on the news as follows. sentence, the reporter gave an opinion of alleged mistake Dahlan Iskan on the sale of assets under (5) Tonight Dahlan Iskan completed the NJOP. Regarding the determination of Dahlan investigation as a witness and had been Iskan, the journalist inserted an excerpt from named as a suspect in the case of alleged Dandeni Herdiana's commentary on Dahlan corruption release of PT Panca Wira Usaha. Iskan's investigation which ended as a suspect. It is believed that Dahlan Iskan participated After excerpts from Dandeni Herdiana, the in the release of BUMD asset he once led. journalist also inserted a comparative commentary from Dahlan Iskan regarding his

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opinion that he was never corrupt. After a series Dijk, Teun A.van. 1988b. Macrostructures, An of contradictory speeches from both figures, the Interdisciplinary Study of Global journalist chose to close the news with Dahlan's Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and activities and review again on the determination Cognition. New Jersey: Lawrence of the previous suspect, Vishnu Wardhana. Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Viewed schematically, the above news Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse shows the use of argumentation news patterns. Analysis, The Critical Study of Language. Thisis seen with the pattern of pros and cons New York: Longman. among the figures' speeches concerned with the Fairclough, N dan Ruth Wodak. 1997. “Critical cases discussed. After the presentation of leads, Discourse Analysis: An Overview” journalists chose to insert footage of Dandeni dalam Teun van Dijk (ed). Discourse Herdiana's remarks on the determination of and Interaction. London : Sage Dahlan Iskan as a suspect. However, in the next Publications, 67-97. paragraph, the journalist precisely inserted http://www.dw.com/id/indeks-korupsi- Dahlan Iskan's contradictory response to his peringkat-indonesia-membaik-tapi- determination as a suspect. In the construction of masih-buruk/a-18107694. Diunduh the news, it showed that journalists simply tanggal 27 Mei 2016. informed the public and allowed the public to Jorgensen, Marianne W. dan Louise J. Phillips. conclude its owninterpretation. 2007. Analisis Wacana, Teori dan Metode. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar. 4.Conclusion Leech. Geoffrey. 1997. Prinsip-prinsip At the level of the superstructure in the Pragmatik. Terj. M.D.D Oka. Jakarta : construction of news coverage on Indonesia Universitas Indonesia. national private television, a different schematic Mardikantoro, Hari Bakti. 2014. “Analisis structure was found. According to van Dijk, Wacana Kritis pada Tajuk (Anti) schematic importance is a journalist's strategy to Korupsi Di Surat Kabar Berbahasa support a particular topic to be conveyed by Indonesia”. Jurnal Litera, Vol. 13, No. arranging parts in a particular order. Schematic 2, Oktober 2014, hal. 215-225. emphasizes the precedence and the parts which Renkema, J. 2004. Introduction to Discourse can then be put as a strategy to hide important Studies. Philadelphia : John Benjamin information. The hiding effort is done by placing Publishing Company. at the end to make it appear less prominent. Ridwan, Taufik. 2013. Survei: 152.346 Berita Korupsi Selama 2013. 5.References http://www.antaranews.com. (diunduh 29 November 2016). Asher, R.E dan J.M.Y Simpson (Eds). 1994. The Subagyo, Paulus Ari. 2010. “Pragmatik Kritis: Encyclopedia of Language and Paduan Pragmatik dengan Analisis Linguistics, Volume 2. Oxford: Wacana Kritis” dalam Jurnal Linguistik Pergamon Press. Indonesia, Tahun ke-28, Nomor 2, Brown, Gillian dan George Yule. 1996. Agustus 2010, hal. 177-187. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Sudaryanto. 2015. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Cambridge University Press. Analisis Bahasa, Pengantar Penelitian Darma, Yoce Aliah. 2009. Analisis Wacana Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Kritis. Bandung : Yrama Widya. Yogyakarta : Sanata Dharma University Dijk, Teun A. van. 1980. Discourse Analysis in Press. Society. London : Academic Press Inc. Dijk, Teun A.van. 1988a. Newa as Discourse. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

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