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One Railway Gauge Coast to Coast Western Australian Standard Gauge Railway Engineering Heritage National Landmark

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One Railway Gauge Coast to Coast Western Australian Standard Gauge Railway Engineering Heritage National Landmark One Railway Gauge Coast to Coast Western Australian Standard Gauge Railway Engineering Heritage National Landmark Commemoration Ceremony Public Transport Centre West Parade , Perth Monday, 26 March 2012 Program Acknowledgement of Traditional Ownership of Land Formal welcome, recognition of distinguished guests, apologies Professor Mark Bush, FIEAust,CPEng,FTSE, Chairman of Engineering Heritage WA Introduction by Professor Bush of Mr John Heathers, FIEAust, Chairman, Engineering Heritage Australia Engineers Australia Engineering Heritage Recognition Program Mr John Heathers Western Australian Standard Gauge Railway The Hon Richard Court AC Unveiling of Interpretation Panel Lady Doris Brand and Hon Richard Court Acceptance of panel Mr Reece Waldock, CEO Public Transport Authority Closing Remarks Professor Mark Bush Refreshments will be served after the ceremony Cover picture: wheat train passing through a cutting in the Avon Valley. 2 Engineering Heritage National between the Western Australian Landmark Government and BHP Co Ltd for the development of an integrated In March 2012 Engineering Heritage iron and steel works at Kwinana, Australia advised Engineering contingent on the construction Heritage WA that its nomination of the before the end of 1968 of a SG Western Australian Standard Gauge railway from Kwinana and Fremantle Railway met the assessment criteria to Kalgoorlie connecting to BHP’s set down in Engineering Heritage Koolyanobbing iron ore deposit. Australia’s Heritage Recognition Guidelines and had been awarded Project Planning an Engineering Heritage National Landmark. The project was a major undertaking which required a planning Origin of the Project commitment of considerable magnitude and complexity. A The original 618 km 3ft 6in narrow special planning section was gauge (NG) railway joining Fremantle established by the Western Australian and Kalgoorlie was completed in Government Railways (WAGR) and a 1897. By an unfortunate accident senior departmental officer, the Co− of history the five mainland states ordinator of Standard Gauge Railway, had built their railways on three was appointed to be responsible different gauges, Queensland and for all aspects of planning. Because Western Australia had built narrow of the size of the project WAGR gauge railways, New South Wales appointed engineering consultants standard gauge ( 4ft 8½ in , SG), Maunsell and Partners to assist with and Victoria broad gauge ( 5ft 3in, the planning and to design and BG), while South Australia had both supervise the construction of a major broad and narrow gauge. Over the part of the civil engineering work. years various Royal Commissions WAGR branches were responsible and committees of enquiry have for the design and installation of investigated the possibility of a signalling, telecommunications, standard railway gauge throughout power and lighting services and the Australia. The Commonwealth procurement of ballast and rails and Parliament in December 1911 rolling stock. The total project cost passed legislation authorising the was approximately $160 million. Most construction of a SG railway from Port of the construction work was carried Augusta to Kalgoorlie. Construction out by contract. A total of 65 major work commenced in 1912 and civil engineering and building works was completed in October 1917. contracts were awarded over the Although some progress was made in period 1962 – 1970 mainly to Western other states it was not until 1962 that Australian based companies. Thiess the construction of the Kwinana to Bros Pty Ltd, initially in association Kalgoorlie SG railway commenced. with Perron Bros, was awarded the The catalyst for this initiative was the major share of the civil engineering conclusion in 1961 of an agreement contracts. 3 Description of the Project 1. Avon Valley Midland to Northam The first and most difficult section of the project was a new route through the Darling Range. Forty kilometres of this alignment was confined within the narrow, steep−sided gorge of the Avon River valley. Tenders were called for contact C1 which provided for two bridges across the river near Bells Rapids. Thiess/Perron submitted an alternative (and more Blasting at Monument Hill cutting C1A Contract 1963 competitive) tender deleting the two bridges and replacing them with two large cuttings. Tenders were recalled with the additional earthworks option and subsequently C1A contract was awarded to Thiess/Perron for the work between Millendon and Smiths Hill. Contact C2, awarded to Leighton Contractors, incorporated an exceptionally deep cutting at the Windmill Hill site, between Toodyay and Northam, where the cutting was 100 ft (30.5m) deep at the formation centre line. Approximately 70% of the excavation in the Avon Valley route was in rock which was Excavating at Monument Hill cutting C1A Contract heavily jointed and faulted and was 1963 decomposed to a considerable extent, necessitating variations in batter slopes and benching in the deeper cuts. Construction work began in November 1962 when the then Premier of WA, the Hon ( later Sir) David Brand, with the Minister for Railways, the Hon ( later Sir) Charles Court looking on, pushed a plunger to initiate a blast to commence excavation of the main cutting at Monument Hill. Track laying in Windmill Hill cutting near Toodyay 4 2. Toodyay and Northam Staging of the works through Northam was complicated because no interruption to traffic through this junction could be permitted. A major new marshalling yard, the Avon Yard, serving both gauges 3. Northam to Merredin and Southern was built 3 km west of Northam, at Cross the eastern end of the double dual gauge line through the Avon Valley. From Northam to Merredin the The existing NG lines which converge ruling grade of 1 in 150 was readily on Northam from the north and south obtainable within the existing NG were brought into the yard together reserve with a number of deviations. with the SG line from the east. To keep the NG line in operation, Connections to the NG lines and the at two locations it was passed over route of the SG line through Northam the new SG on temporary fly−over required some major bridge works, structures. Some substantial service involving two crossings of the Avon diversions were necessary over this at Northam, another Avon crossing section, principally to the Great by the Calingiri & Miling NG line Eastern Highway, the Goldfields at Toodyay, and a rail over road Water Supply and the East−West crossing at Northam. Telephone Trunk route. A new marshalling yard for both gauges was provided on the western side of the town of Merredin and the three existing NG branch lines, from Nungarin ( to the north) and Bruce Rock and Narembeen (to the south), were connected into the yard. On 11 November 1966, the first SG train ran from Merredin through to the Leighton Yard at Fremantle. Northam Bridge for Great Southern Railway deviation over the Avon River Cut and fill earthwork operations on C8 Contract First wheat train leaving Merredin 11 November 1964 1966 5 4. Southern Cross to Kalgoorlie via The other ran southwards from West Koolyanobbing Midland to the Forrestfield−Kewdale railway complex from which the SG The route from Southern Cross to and NG tracks continued southwards Koolyanobbing follows a series of to Kenwick. From Kenwick the SG lakes but the design of waterways line was built in a south−westerly in this length and for the next direction to Cockburn Junction from 80 km presented problems due which a northern link connected to the lack of formal records of to Fremantle Port and a southern watercourse behavior and the one to Kwinana. A new diesel existence of very large intermittent locomotive depot was established catchments which flooded on rare at Forrestfield together with other occasions only. Investigation of installations required to service all major catchments was made freight and passenger rolling stock. by helicopter, and of the smaller ones by wheeled vehicles. In areas subject to sheet flow, bunds and cut−off drains were provided to protect the toes of embankments. Culverts were sized to allow for the high rainfall intensities associated with remnant cyclones from the north−west passing through this area. Much of the route east of Koolyanobbing passes through salmon gum and morel woodland which has fine silty ‘bull−dust’ soil. Embankments of this material required special compaction and protection with layers of gravel. Forrestfield Locomotive Depot 5. Metropolitan Area Wheat is the most important Variations were made in 1963 to the commodity carried by the railways original 1961 agreement which had in the south-west and following the route of the SG railway passing the construction of the standard through the metropolitan area. The gauge railway wheat from narrow railway network in the metropolitan gauge lines was directed to storage area after the completion of the terminals in Merredin and Avon yards SGR project is shown in the diagram from which it was carried in fast SG Westrail in the Metropolitan Area – trains, initially to the Fremantle North 1976. Quay terminal and from 1976 to CBH’s large modern terminal at From West Midland the SG route Kwinana. The new terminal was a divided into two dual gauge lines. consequence of long term planning One followed the NG line to the for the Metropolitan Area which new passenger terminal at East was made possible by the direct rail Perth. service to Kwinana provided under the SGR project. 6 7 Project Policy and Management Project Engineering Consultants Maunsell and Partners Project initiation and subsequent governance at policy level was lead Resident Director – Paul Andrew, and by The Premier of Western Australia, the then Patrick Sands (1963−1972); Senior. Hon David ( later Sir David) Brand, the Western Australian Minister for Railways, planning engineers Robert Meager and the Hon Charles ( later Sir Charles) Court, Dennis Riley; Senior structural engineer WAGR Commissioners Mr Cyril Wayne James Leslie; Contacts Manager Alan (1959−1967) and Mr John Horrigan Wilkinson; and Senior resident engineer (1967−1971).
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