DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dynamics of Small Arms Transfers in Southeast

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dynamics of Small Arms Transfers in Southeast THE DYNAMICS OF SMALL ARMS TRANSFERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN INSURGENCIES A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science in the University of Canterbury by Hamish K. Wall University of Canterbury 2006 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible by a scholarship from the Marsden Funding granted to Professor Jacob Bercovitch in order to study internal conflicts and their management in the Asia-Pacific region. As such this study represents one aspect of internal conflict in the Asia-Pacific region. My initial supervisor Dr. Karl DeRouen Jr. provided me with invaluable comments, and was of immense help in the early stages of my thesis. Despite shifting to another university Karl continued in reading over my work and was always encouraging in his remarks. I would also like to thank Dr. Alex Tan, who replaced Karl as my supervisor, and was of great help through the latter parts of my thesis. Thanks must also go out to Professor Jacob Bercovitch, who provided me with advice and encouragement along the way. Lastly, I would like to express my thanks to Jill Dolby, who has incredible patience, and keeps the political science department running. I would also like to thank all my family and friends who have helped me along the way, especially my Mother and Father. Special mention must also be made to my Grandfather, who read over a couple of my drafts, and was helpful in making sure that it made sense to someone from a non-academic background. A big thank you must also go out to those I have shared an office with and also all those involved in the Political Science department, past and present. Lastly, but not least, I would like to thank my Amanda, who has helped me share the burden of doing a thesis, and for her constant support in all aspects of my life. iii ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to fill the theoretical and empirical gap that exists in current small arms literature, which has failed to examine and identify the different aspects that are involved with small arms transfers in Southeast insurgencies. Small arms not only play a significant role in all internal conflicts throughout the world, but they are of particular concern right through Asia, where civil wars have tended to last longer than those in any other region. This study uses a comprehensive dataset that defines active armed conflict in Southeast Asia during 2002. This has allowed for the detailed analysis of three countries within Southeast Asia, where government forces have been involved in active armed conflict with insurgent groups. Important aspects of this thesis include; the analysis of external and internal sources insurgent groups are able to secure both financially and militarily; the most important sources of supply for insurgent groups obtaining small arms; and how the supply, use and accumulation of these small arms by insurgent groups have affected internal conflict. This study suggests that internal sources, rather than external sources, are more important for insurgent groups in securing forms of finances and weaponry. The most important sources of supply for obtaining small arms would also tend to come from internal sources. Furthermore, it is likely that variables of intra-state conflicts, such as duration and intensity, have been highly affected by small arms usage. This thesis concludes by suggesting that the study of how insurgent groups obtain different forms of finances and resources is equally as important as the analysis of how insurgent groups obtain small arms. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Titles i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vi List of Tables vii List of Acronyms viii Chapter 1: UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE SMALL ARMS PLAY WITHIN INTRA STATE CONFLICT 1 1.1 Introduction: The Effects of Small Arms in Intra-State Conflicts 1.2 The Problems Associated with Small Arms Transfers to Insurgent Groups in Southeast Asia 3 1.3 Conceptual Clarifications 8 1.4 Key Questions and Design of the Study 13 1.5 A Preview of this Thesis 18 Chapter 2: EXAMINING EXISTING RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF SMALL ARMS WITHIN INTRA-STATE CONFLCT 2.1 Small Arms in Intra-State Conflict: A Framework for Evaluation 20 2.2 Small Arms and Intra-State Conflict: Current Research and Literature 24 2.3 Small Arms Literature 25 2.4 Intra-State Conflict Literature 36 2.5 Small Arms and Intra-State Conflicts within Southeast Asia 40 2.6 Summary on the Current State of the Literature and Research Methodologies 43 v Chapter 3: BURMA/MYANMAR 3.1 The Historical Background to Conflict in Burma 46 3.2 The Growing Use of Commodities and Contraband in Burma to Fund Conflict 48 3.3 The Karen National Union (KNU) 50 3.4 The Shan State Army (SSA) 58 3.5 Conclusion and the Analysis of Key Questions on Burma 62 Chapter 4: INDONESIA 4.1 The Historical Background to Conflict in Indonesia 65 4.2 The Growing Gun Culture in Indonesia 67 4.3 Gerakan Aceh Meredeka: Free Aceh Movement (GAM) 68 4.4 Conclusion and the Analysis of key Questions on Indonesia 76 Chapter 5: THE PHILIPPINES 5.1 The Historical Background to Conflict in the Philippines 79 5.2 The Relative Ease of Acquiring Small Arms in the Philippines 81 5.3 The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) 83 5.4 The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) 89 5.5 The New Peoples Army (NPA) 95 5.6 Conclusion and the Analysis of Key Questions on the Philippines 102 Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 6.1 The Influence of Small Arms in Intra-State Conflict within Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines 106 6.2 Conclusion and Possible Policy Recommendations for Curbing the Use of Small Arms by Non-State Actors in Southeast Asia 120 References 123 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Breakdown of Variables Used to Analyse the Insurgent Groups 17 Figure 2.1 The ‘Proliferation’ Model 21 Figure 2.2 The ‘Diffusion’ Model 23 Figure 6.1 The Continuous Conflict Cycle 109 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Opportunities and Constraints of Three Modes of Arms Acquisition 35 Table 3.1 Summary of KNU and SSA External and Internal Sources 63 Table 4.1 Summary of GAM External and Internal Sources 77 Table 5.1 Summary of MNLF, MILF and NPA External and Internal Sources 103 Table 6.1 Overall Summary of External Finance and Resources 111 Table 6.2 Overall Summary of Internal Finance and Resources 112 Table 6.3 Overall Summary of External and Internal Sources of Small Arms 115 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AFP Philippine Armed Forces AGAM Angkatan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASG Abu Sayyaf Group ASNLF Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPB Communist Party of Burma CPP Communist Party of the Philippines DEA Drug Enforcement Agency DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army GAM Gerakan Aceh Movement (Free Aceh Movement) KIA Kachin Independence Organisation KNA Karen National Association KNDO Karen National Defence Organisation KNLA Karen National Liberation Army KNU Karen National Union KNUF Karen National United Front MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front MNLF Moro National Liberation Front NDF National Democratic Front NISAT Norwegian Institute of Small Arms Transfers NPA New Peoples Army PCTC Philippine Centre for Transnational Crime PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation SEA Southeast Asia SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SPDC State Peace and Development Council SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council SSA Shan State Army ix SSA-S Shan State Army-South SSPP Shan State Progress Party TNI Indonesian Armed Forces UN United Nations UWSA United Wa State Army Chapter 1 1 Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE SMALL ARMS PLAY WITHIN INTRA-STATE CONFLICT 1.1 Introduction: The Effects of Small Arms Use in Intra-State Conflicts Small arms in the 21st century pose a major problem for countries that are easily susceptible to internal conflict. Small arms give non-state actors the ability to initiate and carry out continuing armed violence, through the use of these particular weapons. Access to small arms by insurgent groups is a key variable in the conflict cycle of an internal conflict. It is this access of supply that allows non-state actors the ability to continue fighting in internal conflict. While demand for small arms in internal conflict usually exceeds supply, it is this supply of weaponry that is crucial for insurgent groups to effectively wage civil war against a sovereign government. Without any form of small arms supply non-state actors remain powerless in their goal to defeat government forces. Small arms establish a threat to state survival in weak or failing states, as highlighted by Klare (2004) who states, “it means that antigovernment formations can readily assemble sufficient weaponry to mount a revolution or insurgency” (ibid:123). Small arms have many distinctive features according to Klare (2004) that make them attractive to ethnic militias, insurgent forces, criminal bands and other paramilitary forces. They are light weight allowing a solider to move on foot more easily, they are small meaning they are easy to hide and conceal, and they are readily affordable and available (ibid:123). It is these characteristics alone that allow small arms to be a decisive factor within internal conflicts. As Klare (2004) states, “for all these reasons – ease of operation, lightness, affordability, concealability global availability – small arms and light weapons constitute the principal instrument of violence in all of the internal conflicts of the post Cold War era” (ibid:125). Chapter 1 2 Small arms are responsible for as “much as 90% of the casualties in current regional conflicts and civil wars” (Erwin, 1998 cited in Sislin and Pearson, 2001:17).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TITLE Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad Program: Malaysia 1995
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 405 265 SO 026 916 TITLE Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad Program: Malaysia 1995. Participants' Reports. INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC.; Malaysian-American Commission on Educational Exchange, Kuala Lumpur. PUB DATE 95 NOTE 321p.; Some images will not reproduce clearly. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) Reports Descriptive (141) Collected Works General (020) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Asian History; *Asian Studies; Cultural Background; Culture; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Foreign Culture; *Global Education; Human Geography; Instructional Materials; *Non Western Civilization; Social Studies; *World Geography; *World History IDENTIFIERS Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; *Malaysia ABSTRACT These reports and lesson plans were developed by teachers and coordinators who traveled to Malaysia during the summer of 1995 as part of the U.S. Department of Education's Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad Program. Sections of the report include:(1) "Gender and Economics: Malaysia" (Mary C. Furlong);(2) "Malaysia: An Integrated, Interdisciplinary Social Studies Unit for Middle School/High School Students" (Nancy K. Hof);(3) "Malaysian Adventure: The Cultural Diversity of Malaysia" (Genevieve M. Homiller);(4) "Celebrating Cultural Diversity: The Traditional Malay Marriage Ritual" (Dorene H. James);(5) "An Introduction of Malaysia: A Mini-unit for Sixth Graders" (John F. Kennedy); (6) "Malaysia: An Interdisciplinary Unit in English Literature and Social Studies" (Carol M. Krause);(7) "Malaysia and the Challenge of Development by the Year 2020" (Neale McGoldrick);(8) "The Iban: From Sea Pirates to Dwellers of the Rain Forest" (Margaret E. Oriol);(9) "Vision 2020" (Louis R. Price);(10) "Sarawak for Sale: A Simulation of Environmental Decision Making in Malaysia" (Kathleen L.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Intangible Culture Heritage Preservation Via Analyzing Inhabitants' Garments of Early 19Th Century in Weld Quay
    sustainability Article Understanding Intangible Culture Heritage Preservation via Analyzing Inhabitants’ Garments of Early 19th Century in Weld Quay, Malaysia Chen Kim Lim 1,*, Minhaz Farid Ahmed 1 , Mazlin Bin Mokhtar 1, Kian Lam Tan 2, Muhammad Zaffwan Idris 3 and Yi Chee Chan 3 1 Institute for Environment & Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.F.A.); [email protected] (M.B.M.) 2 School of Digital Technology, Wawasan Open University, 54, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, George Town 10050, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Art, Computing & Creative Industry, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.Z.I.); [email protected] (Y.C.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This qualitative study describes the procedures undertaken to explore the Intangible Culture Heritage (ICH) preservation, especially focusing on the inhabitants’ garments of different ethnic groups in Weld Quay, Penang, which was a multi-cultural trading port during the 19th century in Malaysia. Social life and occupational activities of the different ethnic groups formed the two main spines of how different the inhabitants’ garments would be. This study developed and demonstrated a step-by-step conceptual framework of narrative analysis. Therefore, the procedures used in this study are adequate to serve as a guide for novice researchers who are interested in undertaking Citation: Lim, C.K.; Ahmed, M.F.; a narrative analysis study. Hence, the investigation of the material culture has been exemplified Mokhtar, M.B.; Tan, K.L.; Idris, M.Z.; by proposing a novel conceptual framework of narrative analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Scraps of Hope in Banda Aceh
    Marjaana Jauhola Marjaana craps of Hope in Banda Aceh examines the rebuilding of the city Marjaana Jauhola of Banda Aceh in Indonesia in the aftermath of the celebrated SHelsinki-based peace mediation process, thirty years of armed conflict, and the tsunami. Offering a critical contribution to the study of post-conflict politics, the book includes 14 documentary videos Scraps of Hope reflecting individuals’ experiences on rebuilding the city and following the everyday lives of people in Banda Aceh. Scraps of Hope in Banda Aceh Banda in Hope of Scraps in Banda Aceh Marjaana Jauhola mirrors the peace-making process from the perspective of the ‘outcast’ and invisible, challenging the selective narrative and ideals of the peace as a success story. Jauhola provides Gendered Urban Politics alternative ways to reflect the peace dialogue using ethnographic and in the Aceh Peace Process film documentarist storytelling. Scraps of Hope in Banda Aceh tells a story of layered exiles and displacement, revealing hidden narratives of violence and grief while exposing struggles over gendered expectations of being good and respectable women and men. It brings to light the multiple ways of arranging lives and forming caring relationships outside the normative notions of nuclear family and home, and offers insights into the relations of power and violence that are embedded in the peace. Marjaana Jauhola is senior lecturer and head of discipline of Global Development Studies at the University of Helsinki. Her research focuses on co-creative research methodologies, urban and visual ethnography with an eye on feminisms, as well as global politics of conflict and disaster recovery in South and Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stigmatised Dialect
    A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF ACEHNESE WITH A FOCUS ON WEST ACEHNESE: A STIGMATISED DIALECT Zulfadli Bachelor of Education (Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia) Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) Thesis submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics Faculty of Arts University of Adelaide December 2014 ii iii iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF ACEHNESE WITH A FOCUS ON WEST ACEHNESE: A STIGMATISED DIALECT i TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xv ABSTRACT xvii DECLARATION xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi CHAPTER 1 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Acehnese society: Socioeconomic and cultural considerations .......................... 1 1.2.1 Acehnese society .................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Population and socioeconomic life in Aceh ......................................... 6 1.2.3 Workforce and population in Aceh ...................................................... 7 1.2.4 Social stratification in Aceh ............................................................... 13 1.3 History of Aceh settlement ................................................................................ 16 1.4 Outside linguistic influences on the Acehnese ................................................. 19 1.4.1 The Arabic language..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Ethnic Chinese Minority in Developntent: the Indonesian Case
    Southeast Asian Studies. Vol. 25, No.3, December 1987 The Role of Ethnic Chinese Minority in Developntent: The Indonesian Case Mely G. TAN* As recent writIngs indicate, the term Introduction more commonly used today is "ethnic Chinese" to refer to the group as a Despite the manifest diversity of the whole, regardless of citizenship, cultural ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia, there orientation and social identification.2) is still the tendency among scholars The term ethnic or ethnicity, refers to focusing on this group, to treat them a socio-cultural entity. In the case of as a monolithic entity, by referring to the ethnic Chinese, it refers to a group all of them as "Chinese" or "Overseas with cultural elements recognizable as Chinese." Within the countries them­ or attributable to Chinese, while socially, selves, as In Indonesia, for instance, members of this group identify and are this tendency is apparent among the identified by others as constituting a majority population in the use of the distinct group. terms "orang Cina," "orang Tionghoa" The above definition IS III line with or even "hoakiau."D It is our conten­ the use in recent writings on this topic. tion that these terms should only be In the last ten years or so, we note a applied to those who are alien, not of revival of interest In ethnicity and mixed ancestry, and who initially do ethnic groups, due to the realization not plan to stay permanently. We also that the newly-developed as well as the submit that, what terminology and what established countries In Europe and definition is used for this group, has North America are heterogeneous socie­ important implications culturally, so­ ties with problems In the relations cially, psychologically and especially for policy considerations.
    [Show full text]
  • Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern
    CONNECTED HISTORIES IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD Das, Melo, SmithDas, & Working Melo, in Early Modern England Modern Early in Mobility Human and Race, Identity, of Keywords Nandini Das, João Vicente Melo, Haig Z. Smith, and Lauren Working Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England Connected Histories in the Early Modern World Connected Histories in the Early Modern World contributes to our growing understanding of the connectedness of the world during a period in history when an unprecedented number of people—Africans, Asians, Americans, and Europeans—made transoceanic or other long distance journeys. Inspired by Sanjay Subrahmanyam’s innovative approach to early modern historical scholarship, it explores topics that highlight the cultural impact of the movement of people, animals, and objects at a global scale. The series editors welcome proposals for monographs and collections of essays in English from literary critics, art historians, and cultural historians that address the changes and cross-fertilizations of cultural practices of specific societies. General topics may concern, among other possibilities: cultural confluences, objects in motion, appropriations of material cultures, cross-cultural exoticization, transcultural identities, religious practices, translations and mistranslations, cultural impacts of trade, discourses of dislocation, globalism in literary/visual arts, and cultural histories of lesser studied regions (such as the
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of the Nyonya Food Culture in Malaysia
    J Ethn Foods 3 (2016) 93e106 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnic Foods journal homepage: http://journalofethnicfoods.net Original article Historical and contemporary perspectives of the Nyonya food culture in Malaysia * Chien Y. Ng, Shahrim Ab. Karim Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia article info abstract Article history: Nyonya cuisine echoes the cultural identity of the Peranakans, who are both Chinese and localized. Received 18 February 2016 Despite the fact that the food is much localized, its symbolism remains traditionally Chinese. This paper Received in revised form explores the history, ingredients, and cooking methods crucial in the production of the cuisine, the types 23 April 2016 of food served for daily consumption, festivities and ancestral worships, as well as their Chinese sym- Accepted 2 May 2016 bolism. Furthermore, this paper also discusses factors that contributed to the obscurity of the culture and Available online 14 May 2016 the cuisine after the Second World War. Lastly, the revival of the culture through the immense interest in its cuisine, especially from the 1980s, and the extent of globalization of this cuisine are also examined. Keywords: fi Chinese symbolism Findings reported are expected to highlight the signi cance of Nyonya cuisine in Malaysia in the past and globalization the present. Nyonya cuisine © 2016, Korea Food Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the Peranakans CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). revival 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo 82 0 1161956077 97 1
    Y a p T h ia m H ien a n d A c e h Daniel S. Lev Editor's Note: This article is actually the first chapter of a biography of Yap Thiam Hien which Daniel Tev had almost completed when he died on July 29, 2006. Arlene Lev has kindly given us permission to publish it here in her husband's memory, pending the eventual publication of the entire manuscript. We take this occasion to inform readers that the next issue of Indonesia will contain a special In Memoriam for Dan Lev, written by his friend Goenawan Mohamad. Yap Thiam Hien (1913-1989) was a lawyer and human rights activist. He was a founding member of the Badan Permusyawaratan Kewarga-Negaraan Indonesia (Baperki) and a major proponent of strengthening the rule of law in Indonesia. He defended the unpopular former foreign minister, Subandrio, in the Mahmillub [Military Tribunal-Extraordinary] trials in 1966 and was a firm advocate of the full legal equality of Chinese Indonesians. He was closely involved in the Legal Aid Institute (LBH, Lembaga Bantuan Hukum) and in nearly every major national project of legal reform or defense of human rights in Indonesia. He was the first recipient of the justice William ]. Brennan award for the defense of Human Rights. Ask just about anyone who knew Yap Thiam Hien and soon you will be told that what accounted for his character is that he was from Aceh. Indonesia's ethnic variety makes for this kind of easy, stereotypical generalization. Javanese are soft-spoken, subtle, manipulative, and sophisticated masters of compromise.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch Commerce and Chinese Merchants in Java Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde
    Dutch Commerce and Chinese Merchants in Java Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte KITLV, Leiden Henk Schulte Nordholt KITLV, Leiden Editorial Board Michael Laffan Princeton University Adrian Vickers Sydney University Anna Tsing University of California Santa Cruz VOLUME 291 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki Dutch Commerce and Chinese Merchants in Java Colonial Relationships in Trade and Finance, 1800–1942 By Alexander Claver LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐ Noncommercial‐NonDerivative 3.0 Unported (CC‐BY‐NC‐ND 3.0) License, which permits any noncommercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Front cover illustration: Sugar godown of the sugar enterprise ‘Assem Bagoes’ in Sitoebondo, East Java, ca. 1900. Collection Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV), Leiden (image code: 6017). Back cover illustration: Five guilder banknote of De Javasche Bank, 1934. Front side showing a male dancer of the Wayang Wong theatre of Central Java. Back side showing batik motives and a text in Dutch, Chinese, Arabic and Javanese script warning against counterfeiting. Design by the Dutch artist C.A. Lion Cachet. Printed by Joh. Enschedé en Zonen. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Claver, Alexander. Dutch commerce and Chinese merchants in Java : colonial relationships in trade and finance, 1800-1942 / by Alexander Claver.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosody and Intonation of Western Cham (PDF)
    PROSODY AND INTONATION OF WESTERN CHAM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2011 By Kaori Ueki Dissertation Committee: Victoria B. Anderson, Chairperson Barbara W. Andaya Patricia Donegan Amy J. Schafer Kenneth Rehg © Kaori Ueki 2011 ii ACKNOLWEDGMENTS No man is an island, as the saying goes. I have been fortunate to have the assistance, advice, and support from: My chair, Victoria Anderson and committee members Barbara Andaya, Amy Schafer, Patricia Donegan, and Ken Rehg; Department chair William O’Grady, Katie Drager; Graduate Student Organization Travel Award, which funded in part my 2009 field trip; Christine Kirk-Kuwaye; Osman Ysa, Ahmad Yousos, Ashnavi Ahmad, Abubakar, Emiko Stock, and Marc Brunelle for assistance with all things Cham; Vathany Say, Siti Keo, Hayden Brooks Lukas Wettstein for their hospitality while I was in Phnom Penh; Laurie Durand for copyediting; Diana Stojanovic, Hunter Hatfield, Tsz-Him Tsui, Kanjana Thepboriruk, Karen Huang, Jake Terrell, Toshiaki Furukawa, Yumiko Enyo for various linguistic discussions; Hieu Nguyen and Gina Ho for their hospitality in the last year of the writing, and Hieu for help on Vietnamese place names; Martin Bernstein and Daniel Scher for long distance support; Parents Hiroshi and Yukiko Ueki, and Iori Ueki. iii ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the prosodic and intonational characteristics of Western Cham (three letter code for International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 639-3 code: [iso=cja]), an Austronesian language in the Chamic sub-group. I examine acoustic variables of prominence at word and postlexical levels: syllable duration, pitch excursion, and mean intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • China, Indonesia and the Cold War, 1945-1967 A
    DIASPORA AND DIPLOMACY: CHINA, INDONESIA AND THE COLD WAR, 1945-1967 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Taomo Zhou August 2015 © 2015 Taomo Zhou DIASPORA AND DIPLOMACY: CHINA, INDONESIA AND THE COLD WAR, 1945-1967 Taomo Zhou, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Grounded in multilingual governmental and private sources, this dissertation redefines twentieth- century China beyond the territorial boundary of the Chinese nation-state. Even though China and Indonesia are not neighboring countries with geographic borderlines, the existence of approximately 2.5 million ethnic Chinese in Indonesia gave rise to an invisible and porous social frontier that could be transgressed more easily and oftentimes accidentally, especially during a period when the Chinese Communist Party’s regime legitimacy was challenged by its Nationalist rival. At the level of the Chinese state’s relationship to the overseas Chinese, Chinese political elites used transnational migrant networks and the global circulation of media to rally popular support and affirm political legitimacy. At the level of the overseas Chinese’s relationship to the Chinese state, the ethnic Chinese were active participants in civic campaigns launched by the pro- Chinese Communist and pro-Chinese Nationalist factions in Indonesia. Both sides claimed that all ethnic Chinese owed their loyalty to China’s sole legitimate center—Beijing according to the Communists or Taipei according to the Nationalists. At the level of state-to-state diplomacy, this continuous politicization of the ethnic Chinese shook the foundation of the Sino-Indonesian strategic partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia Ethnic Groups and the Indonesian Nation-State
    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 02 Oct 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia Robert W. Hefner Ethnic groups and the Indonesian nation-state Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315628837-3 Leo Suryadinata Published online on: 09 Jan 2018 How to cite :- Leo Suryadinata. 09 Jan 2018, Ethnic groups and the Indonesian nation-state from: Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia Routledge Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315628837-3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Leo Suryadinata 3 ETHNIC GROUPS AND THE INDONESIAN NATION-STATE With special reference to ethnic Chinese Leo Suryadinata Indonesia is a multiethnic and multi-religious society. According to the 2010 Population Cen- sus, there are more than 145 ethnic groups in Indonesia, of which the largest is still the Java- nese (40.05%), followed by the Sundanese (15.50%), Malay (3.70%), Batak (3.58%), Madurese (3.03%), Betawi (2.87%), Minangkabau (2.73%), Buginese (2.71%), Bantenese (1.96%), Banja- rese (1.74%), Balinese (1.66%), Acehnese (1.44%), Dayak (1.36%), Sasak (1.34%), and Chinese (1.20%) (Ananta et al.
    [Show full text]