DOCSLIB.ORG

China, Indonesia and the Cold War, 1945-1967 A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China, Indonesia and the Cold War, 1945-1967 A DIASPORA AND DIPLOMACY: CHINA, INDONESIA AND THE COLD WAR, 1945-1967 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Taomo Zhou August 2015 © 2015 Taomo Zhou DIASPORA AND DIPLOMACY: CHINA, INDONESIA AND THE COLD WAR, 1945-1967 Taomo Zhou, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Grounded in multilingual governmental and private sources, this dissertation redefines twentieth- century China beyond the territorial boundary of the Chinese nation-state. Even though China and Indonesia are not neighboring countries with geographic borderlines, the existence of approximately 2.5 million ethnic Chinese in Indonesia gave rise to an invisible and porous social frontier that could be transgressed more easily and oftentimes accidentally, especially during a period when the Chinese Communist Party’s regime legitimacy was challenged by its Nationalist rival. At the level of the Chinese state’s relationship to the overseas Chinese, Chinese political elites used transnational migrant networks and the global circulation of media to rally popular support and affirm political legitimacy. At the level of the overseas Chinese’s relationship to the Chinese state, the ethnic Chinese were active participants in civic campaigns launched by the pro- Chinese Communist and pro-Chinese Nationalist factions in Indonesia. Both sides claimed that all ethnic Chinese owed their loyalty to China’s sole legitimate center—Beijing according to the Communists or Taipei according to the Nationalists. At the level of state-to-state diplomacy, this continuous politicization of the ethnic Chinese shook the foundation of the Sino-Indonesian strategic partnership. The ethnic Chinese’s daily social and political practices, as well as their ideological beliefs and emotional ties, limited high politics between the Chinese and Indonesian Governments. By connecting transformations in state-diaspora, diaspora-state and state-to-state relations, and by combining theoretical insights from the China-centered approach, overseas Chinese studies, transnationalism and diplomatic history, my dissertation builds a new conceptual framework for a transnational China that is vigorous and dynamic not only within its geographic boundaries but also beyond. Ultimately, I argue that the global emergence and embrace of the People’s Republic was not one historical moment within China but a set of temporally and geographically expansive processes that involved the Chinese Communist Party’s adaptation to a new relationship with the overseas Chinese, a new type of political struggle against its old rival the Nationalists, and a new international geopolitical environment. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Taomo Zhou specializes in modern Chinese as well as modern Southeast Asian history. She has long- term interests in the nexus of international relations, migration, and political movements. Taomo’s enthusiasm for these topics stems from her experiences growing up in a migrant family in Shenzhen, a Special Economic Zone at the frontier of China’s economic reforms and opening. Before coming to Cornell, she spent her intellectually formative years studying China’s relations with the outside world at Peking University, Waseda University and the London School of Economics and Political Science, and became dedicated to studying China from transnational perspectives. Taomo is a native speaker of Mandarin Chinese, is fluent in English, and has advanced mastery of bahasa Indonesia and intermediate mastery of Japanese. Taomo has published two peer-reviewed journal articles on the interactions between China and Indonesia during the Cold War period: “Ambivalent Alliance: Chinese Policy towards Indonesia, 1960- 1965,” The China Quarterly, volume 221 (March 2015), pp. 208-228, and “China and the Thirtieth of September Movement,” Indonesia 98 (October 2014), pp. 29-58. In addition to conducting her own research, Taomo served as the co-chair of the Graduate Student Steering Committee of the East Asia Program at Cornell. Outside of her academic work, Taomo devoted her time to community building as a live-in advisor at Hasbrouck Apartments, an on-campus, family-oriented housing complex for graduate students. ! iii! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to my committee members, Chen Jian, Sherman Cochran, Andrew Mertha and Eric Tagliacozzo, who provided unfailing intellectual and moral support over the past six years. Beyond my committee, I am extremely thankful to TJ Hinrichs and Victor Seow from the Department of History and Thomas Pepinsky from the Department of Government. I am tremendously grateful to Jeff Petersen and Liren Zheng at Cornell’s Kroch Asia Library. I am deeply thankful to my Indonesian language teacher, Jolanda Pandin. Outside of Cornell, Liang Yingming, Kong Zhiyuan, Niu Jun, Niu Ke, and Yu Tiejun from Peking University, and Arne Westad from the London School of Economics have provided invaluable input on this project. I am indebted to all the scholars who generously provided me with their expertise, archivists who patiently fulfill my requests, and all the witnesses of history who graciously shared their stories during my fieldwork in Indonesia, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Netherlands. I thank Bernadette Guthrie and Jeff Petersen for their editorial support. And I appreciate the financial support from the Henry Luce Foundation/American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) Pre-dissertation Grant for Research in China, the Lee-Teng-hui Fellowship and International Travel Grant from the East Asia Program and the Knight Biggerstaff Fellowship from the History Department at Cornell University. I thank my dear friends in Ithaca, particularly Catherine Biba, Shiau-yun Chen, Priyamvada Jadaun, Anto Mohsin and family, Yooumi Lee and family, Sai Pooja Mahajan, Yuanchong Wang and Bishan Yang, for keeping me warm during my dissertation writing. My friends outside of academia, particularly Hong Haolan and Jo Ling Kent, have been wonderful listeners. My extended family, especially Maggie Liu-Anderson, have been the best cheerleaders. Last but not least, I thank my parents, Tao Yitao and Zhou Luming, for their unconditional love. ! iv! TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 Night Ghosts at the Dawn of National Independence: The Chinese Nationalist Party and the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia, 1945-1949 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14 Background: The Chinese in Indonesia ................................................................................ 17 The Chinese Nationalist Party’s Policy towards the Overseas Chinese ............................... 19 The Chinese Nationalist Government’s Attitude towards the Indonesian National Revolution ............................................................................................................................ 22 Pao An Tui and the Escalation of Ethnic Conflict ................................................................ 25 Shifting Public Opinion among the Overseas Chinese ......................................................... 28 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2 “The Motherland is A Distant Dream”: The Chinese Communist Party and the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia, 1942-1949 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 34 The Chinese Communist Party’s Policy towards the Overseas Chinese .............................. 35 The CCP and Political Mobilization of the Chinese during the Japanese Occupation ......... 38 The CCP and Political Mobilization of the Chinese during the Indonesian National Revolution ............................................................................................................................ 47 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 57 CHAPTER 3 Red versus Blue I: The Battle between Two Chinas, 1949-1959 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 60 Backdoor Diplomacy: Taipei Reconnecting with Jakarta .................................................... 61 Detachment from Diasporic Politics: Beijing Making Policy Adjustments ......................... 71 Deeper into Diasporic Politics: Taipei’s Response .............................................................. 75 Peace Offensive: Beijing Winning Jakarta’s Support .......................................................... 81 Regional Rebellions: Taipei’s Intervention Angering Jakarta .............................................. 86 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER 4 Red versus Blue II: The Chinese Community Divided, 1949-1959 ! v! Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 95 The Conundrum of Citizenship ............................................................................................ 97 Capitalists Devoted to Communist
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 6 X 10.Long.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84256-3 - China’s Republic Diana Lary Index More information Index of names Anderson, J. G., 92 as leader, 104–5, 125 Ang Lee, see Li Ang Memorial Hall, 195 and Northern Expedition, 56 n. 5, 79 Ba Jin, 55 puritanism, 195 Backhouse, Edmund, 56 n. 5 remains, 76 Bada Shanren, 93 in Resistance War, 114, 117, 125, 142–3 Bai Chongxi, 100, 189, 198 resumes presidency, 189 Bai Xianyong (Pai Hsien-yung), 198 as revolutionary leader, 76 Black, Davidson, 92 as soldier, 100 Bland, J. O. P., 16, 31 in Taipei, 190 Borodin, Michael, 75 Chiang Wei-kuo, 201 n. 13 Bose, Subbhas Chandra, 155 n. 4 Churchill, Winston, 127 Buck, Pearl, 19, 85, 107 Cixi (Empress Dowager), 17, 29 death, 40 Cai Tingkai, 69, 99, 100, 176 flight from Peking, 27 Cantlie, James, 21 and reforms, 22–3 Cao Cao, 59 tomb, 47, 53 Capa, Robert, 119 Confucius, 53 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 161 Chang, Jun (Zhang Rong), 168 Dai Li, 125 Chen Duxiu, 75 Dai Jitao, 201 n. 13 Ch’en, Eugene, 79 De Wang, 75, 99, 129, 130, 155 Chen Jian, 147 n. 12 Deng Xiaoping, 59, 181, 212 Chen Jiongming, 57 Ding Wenjiang, 64, 92 Chen Jitang, 60, 102, 103 Dong Jianhua (C. H. Tung), 175 Chen Kaige, 198 Du Fu, 59 Chen Lifu, 174, 182 Chen Piqun, 155 Fei Xiaotong, 176 Ch’en Shui-pien (Shuibian), 12, 181, 201, Feng Youlan, 176 202 n. 14, 205, 216 Feng Yuxiang, 60, 100 Chen Yi, 158 Fu Zuoyi, 170, 176 Chen Yi (Marshal), 158 Chennault, Claire, 144 Gong Li, 94 Cheung, Leslie, 94 Goto Shimpei, 186 Cheung, Maggie, 89 Gu Weijun (Wellington Koo), 55 Chiang Ching-kuo, 85, 201 n.
    [Show full text]
  • Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989
    Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989 Geremie Barmé1 There should be room for my extremism; I certainly don’t demand of others that they be like me... I’m pessimistic about mankind in general, but my pessimism does not allow for escape. Even though I might be faced with nothing but a series of tragedies, I will still struggle, still show my opposition. This is why I like Nietzsche and dislike Schopenhauer. Liu Xiaobo, November 19882 I FROM 1988 to early 1989, it was a common sentiment in Beijing that China was in crisis. Economic reform was faltering due to the lack of a coherent program of change or a unified approach to reforms among Chinese leaders and ambitious plans to free prices resulted in widespread panic over inflation; the question of political succession to Deng Xiaoping had taken alarming precedence once more as it became clear that Zhao Ziyang was under attack; nepotism was rife within the Party and corporate economy; egregious corruption and inflation added to dissatisfaction with educational policies and the feeling of hopelessness among intellectuals and university students who had profited little from the reforms; and the general state of cultural malaise and social ills combined to create a sense of impending doom. On top of this, the government seemed unwilling or incapable of attempting to find any new solutions to these problems. It enlisted once more the aid of propaganda, empty slogans, and rhetoric to stave off the mounting crisis. University students in Beijing appeared to be particularly heavy casualties of the general malaise.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
    The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang.
    [Show full text]
  • Submitted for the Phd Degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
    THE CHINESE SHORT STORY IN 1979: AN INTERPRETATION BASED ON OFFICIAL AND NONOFFICIAL LITERARY JOURNALS DESMOND A. SKEEL Submitted for the PhD degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1995 ProQuest Number: 10731694 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731694 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 A b s t ra c t The short story has been an important genre in 20th century Chinese literature. By its very nature the short story affords the writer the opportunity to introduce swiftly any developments in ideology, theme or style. Scholars have interpreted Chinese fiction published during 1979 as indicative of a "change" in the development of 20th century Chinese literature. This study examines a number of short stories from 1979 in order to determine the extent of that "change". The first two chapters concern the establishment of a representative database and the adoption of viable methods of interpretation. An important, although much neglected, phenomenon in the make-up of 1979 literature are the works which appeared in so-called "nonofficial" journals.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Across the Geo-political Landscape Chinese Women Intellectuals’ Political Networks in the Wartime Era 1937-1949 Guo, Xiangwei Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Across the Geo-political Landscape: Chinese Women Intellectuals’ Political
    [Show full text]
  • Indo 85 0 1211483260 165
    John Roosa. Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'Etat in Indonesia. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. 303 pages. Vannessa Hearman The fall of President Suharto in May 1998 renewed interest in the events surrounding the coup attempt of 1965 and the transfer of power from Sukarno. Debates have arisen around Indonesian history and, particularly, the mystery surrounding the coup attempt and its aftermath, in which half a million people were killed. The level of involvement of members of the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) in the coup attempt has been widely debated. John Roosa's book situates itself within the body of scholarly work that has examined this coup attempt and the extent of the PKI's role. This literature includes Anderson and McVey's "Cornell Paper" and the works of Harold Crouch and W. F. Wertheim, all of which are discussed in Roosa's book in terms of outlining some of the most influential and enduring theories.1 Some of the facts surrounding the coup have been established. On the night of September 30, 1965, one lieutenant and six army generals, including the army commander General Ahmad Yani, were seized from their homes in various parts of Jakarta and executed either there or in Lubang Buaya, on the outskirts of the city. The kidnappers dubbed themselves the "September 30th Movement," and their stated aim was to safeguard Sukarno from right-wing army officers rumored to have been planning a coup against him. In a broadcast on October 1, from the state radio station that they had seized, Movement activists named their leader as Lieutenant Colonel Untung, commander of the Cakrabirawa, the presidential palace guards.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on the Sources for the 1945 Constitutional Debates in Indonesia
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 167, no. 2-3 (2011), pp. 196-209 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-101387 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0006-2294 A.B. KUSUMA AND R.E. ELSON A note on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia In 1962 J.H.A. Logemann published an article entitled ‘Nieuwe gegevens over het ontstaan van de Indonesische grondwet van 1945’ (New data on the creation of the Indonesian Constitution of 1945).1 Logemann’s analysis, presented 48 years ago, needs revisiting since it was based upon a single work compiled by Muhammad Yamin (1903-1962), Naskah persiapan Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (Documents for the preparation of the 1945 Constitution).2 Yamin’s work was purportedly an edition of the debates conducted by the Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPK, Committee to Investigate Preparations for Independence)3 between 29 May and 17 July 1945, and by the 1 Research for this article was assisted by funding from the Australian Research Council’s Dis- covery Grant Program. The writers wish to thank K.J.P.F.M. Jeurgens for his generous assistance in researching this article. 2 Yamin 1959-60. Logemann (1962:691) thought that the book comprised just two volumes, as Yamin himself had suggested in the preface to his first volume (Yamin 1959-60, I:9-10). Volumes 2 and 3 were published in 1960. 3 The official (Indonesian) name of this body was Badan oentoek Menjelidiki Oesaha-oesaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (Committee to Investigate Preparations for Independence) (see Soeara Asia, 1-3-1945; Pandji Poestaka, 15-3-1945; Asia Raya, 28-5-1945), but it was often called the Badan Penjelidik Oesaha(-oesaha) Persiapan Kemerdekaan (see Asia Raya, 28-5-1945 and 30-5-1945; Sinar Baroe, 28-5-1945).
    [Show full text]
  • INDONESIA's FOREIGN POLICY and BANTAN NUGROHO Dalhousie
    INDONESIA'S FOREIGN POLICY AND ASEAN BANTAN NUGROHO Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia September, 1996 O Copyright by Bantan Nugroho, 1996 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibbgraphic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Lïbraiy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous papa or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substautid extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. DEDICATION To my beloved Parents, my dear fie, Amiza, and my Son, Panji Bharata, who came into this world in the winter of '96. They have been my source of strength ail through the year of my studies. May aii this intellectual experience have meaning for hem in the friture. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents v List of Illustrations vi Abstract vii List of Abbreviations viii Acknowledgments xi Chapter One : Introduction Chapter Two : indonesian Foreign Policy A.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Southeast Asia
    ISSN 0219-3213 2017 no. 10 Trends in Southeast Asia THE INDONESIA NATIONAL SURVEY PROJECT: ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND POLITICS DIEGO FOSSATI, HUI YEW-FOONG TRS10/17s AND SIWAGE DHARMA NEGARA ISBN 978-981-4786-46-1 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg 9 789814 786461 Trends in Southeast Asia 17-J02520 01 Trends_2017-10.indd 1 25/8/17 10:16 AM The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC) and the Singapore APEC Study Centre. ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. 17-J02520 01 Trends_2017-10.indd 2 25/8/17 10:16 AM 2017 no. 10 Trends in Southeast Asia THE INDONESIA NATIONAL SURVEY PROJECT: ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND POLITICS DIEGO FOSSATI, HUI YEW-FOONG AND SIWAGE DHARMA NEGARA 17-J02520 01 Trends_2017-10.indd 3 25/8/17 10:16 AM Published by: ISEAS Publishing 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 [email protected] http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg © 2017 ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Documents Anhui tongzhi gao 安徽通志稿 [The Draft of Comprehensive Gazetteer of Anhui Province]. Bao Shichen 包世臣. Anwu sizhong 安四种 [Four Writings of Anwu]. Bian Baodi 卞宝弟. Bian Zhijun zouyi 卞制军奏议 [Memorials of Bian Zhijun]. Chen Bangzhan 陈邦瞻. Songshi jishi benmo 宋史纪事本末 [The Separate and Full Account of Events in Song Dynasty]. Chen Zhida 陈智达. Sanjiao chuxue zhinan 三教初学指南 [Guide for Beginner of the Teaching of Three Doctrines]. Chen Zhongyu 陈衷瑜. Chenzi huigui 陈子会规 [Rules Proposed by the Master Chen]. Damingxian zhailonghua cun diaocha ziliao 大名县翟龙化村调查材料 [Materials Collected in Fieldwork in the Zhailonghua Village of Daming County]. Dayu ji 大狱记 [Great Inquisitions]. Ding Bin 丁宾. Ding qinghui gong yiji 丁清惠公遗集 [The Posthumous Collection of Writings of Ding Bin, the Lord of Cleanness and Beneficence]. Dong Shi 董史. Dongshan jicao 东山集草 [Writing Collections of the Notables]. Donghua lu 东华录 [The Donghua Annals]. Du You 杜佑. Tong dian 通典 [Encyclopedia for Institutions]. Foshuo sanhui jiuzhuan xiasheng caoxi baojuan 佛说三回九转下生漕溪宝卷 [The Precious Scroll of Twisty Descending down upon Caoxi As the Buddha Says]. Foshuo wuwei jindan jianyao keyi baojuan 佛说无为金丹拣要科仪宝卷 [The Precious Scroll of Essential Rules of None-Action Golden Elixir As the Buddha Says]. Gao Ju 高举 et al. Da Ming lü jijie 大明律集解 [Collected Commentaries on The Great Ming Code]. Gaokou cun diaocha ziliao 高口村调查资料 [Materials Collected in Fieldwork in the Gaokou Village]. Guanxian duo’erzhuang diaocha ziliao 冠县垛儿庄调查资料 [Materials Collected in Field- work in the Duoerzhuang Village of Guan County]. Guanxian xusanli zhuang diaocha cailiao 冠县徐三里庄调查材料 [Materials Collected in Fieldwork in the Xusanli Village of Guan County]. Guo Jianling 郭篯龄.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript Pas been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from anytype of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material bad to beremoved, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with smalloverlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell &Howell Information Company 300North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521·0600 THE LIN BIAO INCIDENT: A STUDY OF EXTRA-INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY AUGUST 1995 By Qiu Jin Dissertation Committee: Stephen Uhalley, Jr., Chairperson Harry Lamley Sharon Minichiello John Stephan Roger Ames UMI Number: 9604163 OMI Microform 9604163 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Ganefo Sebagai Wahana Dalam Mewujudkan Konsepsi Politik Luar Negeri Soekarno 1963-1967
    AVATARA, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah Volume1, No 2, Mei 2013 GANEFO SEBAGAI WAHANA DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KONSEPSI POLITIK LUAR NEGERI SOEKARNO 1963-1967 Bayu Kurniawan Jurusan Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Surabaya E-mail: [email protected] Septina Alrianingrum Jurusan Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Surabaya Abstrak Ganefo adalah salah satu peristiwa sejarah yang diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan kembali rasa nasionalisme dan kebanggaan para generasi penerus bangsa untuk melanjutkan api semangat yang telah dikobarkan Soekarno. Melalui metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari (1) heuristik, (2) kritik, (3) interpretasi dan (4) historiografi, peneliti menghasilkan sebuah karya mengenai Games Of The New Emerging Forces atau Ganefo antara lain, (1) latar belakang Soekarno menyelenggarakan Ganefo, (2) pelaksanaan Ganefo, (3) dampak pelaksanaan Ganefo bagi Indonesia. Ganefo sukses dilaksanakan pada 10 hingga 22 November 1963. Atlet Indonesia dalam Ganefo juga meraih sukses dengan menempati posisi kedua, dibawah RRT sebagai juara umum. Kesuksesan Ganefo membuat IOC mencabut skorsing yang telah dijatuhkan kepada Indonesia sehingga dapat kembali berpartisipasi dalam Olimpiade Tokyo 1964. Bagi Soekarno Ganefo adalah pijakan awal untuk menggalang kekuatan negara-negara yang tergabung dalam Nefo karena Indonesia berhasil mendapatkan perhatian dunia dan menjadi negara yang patut diperhitungkan eksistensinya. Indonesia dijadikan simbol bagi perlawanan terhadap imperialisme dan membuktikan dalam situasi keterbatasan mampu menyelenggarakan even bertaraf internasional dengan kesungguhan dan tekad untuk melakukan sesuatu yang bagi sebagian orang mustahil dilakukan, sesuai dengan semboyan Ganefo “On Ward! No Retreat!”, Kata Kunci : Soekarno, Ganefo, Politik Luar Negeri Abstract Ganefo is one of the historical events that are expected to foster a sense of nationalism and pride the next generation to continue the spirit of the fire that has been flamed Soekarno.
    [Show full text]