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Who's Who in Kmhmu': Referring Expressions and Participant Identification in Selected Kmhmu' Narrative Texts

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Who's Who in Kmhmu': Referring Expressions and Participant Identification in Selected Kmhmu' Narrative Texts WHO'S WHO IN KMHMU': REFERRING EXPRESSIONS AND PARTICIPANT IDENTIFICATION IN SELECTED KMHMU' NARRATIVE TEXTS Rosalind Anne Osborne Presented to Payap University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics Faculty of Arts Payap University May 2009 SIL International 2010 SIL e-Books 18 ©2010 SIL International ISBN: 978-1-55671-249-4 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair Use Policy Books published in the SIL Electronic Books series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes free of charge (within fair use guidelines) and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor George Huttar Compositor Margaret González ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for Ajarn Tom, Ajarn Audra, Ajarn Karen and Ajarn Ziggy, along with other members of the Payap Linguistics Department who have spent many hours teaching me, helping me with analysis, guiding my reading, reading drafts and giving me insights and helpful feedback. Thank you for your encouragement and input. Many Kmhmu' speakers have helped me in gathering data, hosting me in the village, and patiently teaching me to speak and understand their language. Thank you all. A word of thanks to Elisabeth Preisig and Ajarn Suksavang Simana' for arranging for me to stay in a Kmhmu' village in Vientiane province in Lao PDR, which enabled me to collect texts for this study. My husband Mark and my sons, Tim, David and Matthew have been very supportive and patient as I became preoccupied with my studies. Thank you for your efforts on the home front that freed me to complete this course, for expressing your confidence in me, and for your love. A special thank you to Gillian Day, who has helped with proof-reading and has been a great encouragement as we struggled through this process as fellow students. Thank you to friends and extended family who have prayed and encouraged me along the way. Finally, thank you to God, the One who has brought me to the point where I could embark on this course of study, and has given me the stamina to complete it. Rosalind Anne Osborne February 2009 ii Who's Who in Kmhmu' : Referring Expressions and Title Participant Identification in Selected Kmhmu' Narrative Texts Researcher Rosalind Anne Osborne Master of Arts in Linguistics Degree Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Tehan Co-Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person Date Approved 11/05/09 Number of Pages 220 discourse, referring expression, participant reference, Keywords Kmhmu' ABSTRACT In a narrative discourse the participant identification system provides a means for establishing the identity of a referent and maintaining it without confusion to the hearers. To do this each language has a range of grammatical forms, known as referring expressions, which it employs according to patterns unique to that language. Although extensive research has been done on the southern dialects of Kmhmu' (Smalley 1961; Preisig 1990; Suksavang et al. 1994; Suwilai 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1992, 2002), this study contributes a more detailed grammatical analysis of nominal constructions, in terms of their structure, and their function on discourse level, as well as an analysis of participant reference patterns in narrative discourse. Using six Kmhmu' texts recorded in Vientiane Province in the Lao PDR, the structures and functions of Kmhmu' referring expressions are characterised using a functional grammar approach. Further, the methodology of Dooley and Levinsohn (2001) is applied to explore the patterns of usage of these forms in narrative discourse. This study provides an inventory of referring expressions and documents their roles in signalling the identifiability, activation status and thematic salience of referents in discourse. The participant identification system of Kmhmu' reflects both iii a sequential strategy and a local VIP strategy, which interact to form patterns which are described by default encoding rules. The findings of this study contribute to the documentation of one of the world's smaller languages. They are of particular interest to others seeking to understand Kmhmu' or related Mon-Khmer languages, and to those who do community development work that involves translating written materials into the Kmhmu' language. iv ชอเรอง 'ใครเปนใครในภาษาขม': ขอความแสดงการอางถงและ การระบผม#สวนร$วมในเรองเลาภาษาขม ผจดทา Rosalind Anne Osborne หล&กสตร ศ9ลปศาสตรมหาบณฑต สาขาวชาภาษาศาสตร= มหาวทยาลยพายพ จงหวดเชยงใหม$ ประเทศไทย อาจารยทปรกษาว9ทยาน9พนธหลก Asst. Prof. Dr. THomas M. TeHan อาจารยทปรกษาว9ทยาน9พนธรวม: Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person ว&นทอนมตผลงาน 11 พฤษภาคม 2552 จานวนหนา 220 คาสาค&ญ สมพนธสารเรองเลา,คาหรอขอความทแสดงการอางอง ถง,ระบบทใชในการกลาวถงต&วละคร,ภาษาขม บทคดยอ ในส&มพนธสารเรองเลา ระบบทใชในการกลาวถงต&วละครนนทาใหเกดวธการสรางลกษณะเฉพาะ ของต&วละครแตละตวและรกษาลกษณะนนไวโดยไมทาใหผฟงสบสน การทาเชนน#T แต$ละภาษาจะ มขอบเขตของรปแบบทางไวยากรณทเรยกกนว$า คาหรอขอความทแสดงการอางองถง(referring expressions) ทมการใชในรปแบบทเปนเอกลกษณตามแตละภาษา แมจะมการวจยภาษาขมถนใตมาแลวอยางครอบคลม (Smalley 1961; Preisig 1990; สขแสวง et al. 1994; สว9ไล 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1992, 2002) แตงานว9จยชนนเปนการวเคราะหไวยากรณ= อย$างละเอยดยงขนเกยวกบสวนประกอบของนาม ในแงของโครงสรางและหนาท#ในระดบสมพนธ สาร ตลอดจนการวเคราะหรปแบบการอางองถงตวละครในสมพนธสารเรองเลา v จากเรองในภาษาขม 6 เรองทบนทกเสยงจากนครเวยงจนทน= สปป.ลาว นน มการใชวธทเรยกวา functional grammar approacH เพออธบายคณลกษณะโครงสรางและหนาท#ของคาทใชอางถง ต&วละคร นอกจากน#Tยงมการนาว9ธการของ Dooley และ LevinsoHn มาประยกตใชในการสารวจ รปแบบการใชวธเหลานในสมพนธสารเรองเลา จากการศกษาไดพบคาและขอความตางๆทแสดง การอางองถง(referring expressions) และอธบายหนาททใชเพอแสดงวากาลงพดถงต&วละครใด (identifiability), สถานภาพท#ผอานค9ดถงต&วละครในเรอง(activation status) และความสาคญของ ต&วละคร (tHematic salience) ระบบการอางองถงตวละครในภาษาขมสะทอนใหเหนถงทงกลว9ธ# ตอเนอง (sequential strategy) และกลวธทใชระบตวละครสาคญ (local VIP strategy) ซงวธการ เหล$านกอใหเกดรปแบบตามหลกเกณฑทมในภาษาอยแลว ขอมลทไดจากการศกษาน#Tสามารถใชเปนเอกสารอางองสาหรบภาษาทมคนพดนอยภาษาหนงใน โลก โดยเฉพาะจะเปนประโยชนสาหรบผทตองการเขาใจภาษาขมหรอภาษาอนทใกลเคยงกนใน กลมมอญ-เขมร และสาหรบผททางานดานการพฒนาชมชนทเกยวของกบการแปลเอกสารหรอ หน&งสอใหเปนภาษาขม vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................ii Abstract.....................................................................................................................iii บทคดยอ........................................................................................................................v List of Tables.............................................................................................................xii List of Figures..........................................................................................................xiii Abbreviations and Symbols......................................................................................xiv Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................1 1.1 The Kmhmu' people...........................................................................................1 1.2 Language background.......................................................................................3 1.2.1 Previous research on Kmhmu'.....................................................................6 1.3 Research questions............................................................................................7 1.4 Objectives of the study......................................................................................8 1.5 Limitations and scope........................................................................................8 1.6 The text corpus..................................................................................................9 1.6.1 Data collection............................................................................................9 1.6.2 Typology of texts......................................................................................10 1.6.3 Plot summaries.........................................................................................11 1.6.4 Format of data presented in this study.....................................................12 1.7 Theoretical approach.......................................................................................13 Chapter 2 Nominal Structures...................................................................................................14 vii 2.1 Literature review.............................................................................................14 2.1.1 Rijkhoff on nominal subcategories and the structure of the NP................14 2.1.2 Alves and the NP in Mon-Khmer languages.............................................15 2.2 Methodology...................................................................................................16 2.3 Noun phrases and their constituents...............................................................17 2.3.1 Noun heads...............................................................................................17 2.3.2 Noun modifiers – qualifying elements......................................................19 2.3.3 Quantifying elements................................................................................20
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