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GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
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historia scribere 08 (2016) „Walliser off Gultüre.“ Die Wanderungsbewegung der Walser und Galtür Jakob Kathrein Kerngebiet: Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte eingereicht bei: ao. Univ.-Prof.in Dr.in Elisabeth Dietrich-Daum eingereicht im Semester: SS 2014 Rubrik: BA-Arbeit Abstract „Walliser off Gultüre.“ The Walser migration movement and Galtür This bachelor thesis focusses on the history of the Walser migration in general and the settlement of Galtür in particular, looking at the reasons why the Walser people left their homeland and at the conditions of establishing new settlements. In addition, this paper tries to find out whether traces of the Walser people and their culture still exist, particularly with reference to Galtür. Does a commemorative culture in the centres of the Walser migration and settlement exist in today’s Galtür? Do people there identify themselves as Walsers? Einleitung „Alle drei Jahre trifft sich die große Walser-Familie, blickt auf die gemeinsame fas- zinierende Geschichte zurück, tauscht sich über Gemeinsamkeiten und Unter- schiede aus, macht die Tradition im Sprechen der Walserdialekte und dem Tra- gen der Trachten erlebbar, pflegt und knüpft bewusst Walserfreundschaften.“1 Dieser Auszug aus dem Vorwort des Programmhefts des „Walsertreffens“ vom Septem- ber 2013 verdeutlicht die Aktualität der Walser2 und ihrer Kultur. Seit 1962 kommen alle drei Jahre an die dreitausend Menschen abwechselnd in einem der zahlreichen Wal- 1 Programmheft Walsertreffen 2013, Vorwort, [http://www.walsertal.at/Walsertreffen%202013], eingesehen 9.4.2014. 2 Der Terminus „Walser“ wird in dieser Arbeit als ein aus den Quellen und der Literatur abgeleiteter, historischer Begriff verwendet und fungiert dabei als Sammelbegriff für Frauen, Männer und Kinder gleichermaßen. -
Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory
To Our Dead: Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory by Jeffrey P. Luppes A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Germanic Languages and Literatures) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Andrei S. Markovits, Chair Professor Geoff Eley Associate Professor Julia C. Hell Associate Professor Johannes von Moltke © Jeffrey P. Luppes 2010 To My Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a dissertation is a long, arduous, and often lonely exercise. Fortunately, I have had unbelievable support from many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation committee chair, Andrei S. Markovits. Andy has played the largest role in my development as a scholar. In fact, his seminal works on German politics, German history, collective memory, anti-Americanism, and sports influenced me intellectually even before I arrived in Ann Arbor. The opportunity to learn from and work with him was the main reason I wanted to attend the University of Michigan. The decision to come here has paid off immeasurably. Andy has always pushed me to do my best and has been a huge inspiration—both professionally and personally—from the start. His motivational skills and dedication to his students are unmatched. Twice, he gave me the opportunity to assist in the teaching of his very popular undergraduate course on sports and society. He was also always quick to provide recommendation letters and signatures for my many fellowship applications. Most importantly, Andy helped me rethink, re-work, and revise this dissertation at a crucial point. -
Language and Country List
CONTENT LANGUAGE & COUNTRY LIST Languages by countries World map (source: United States. United Nations. [ online] no dated. [cited July 2007] Available from: www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm) Multicultural Clinical Support Resource Language & country list Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Afghanistan Dari, Pashto, Parsi-Dari, Tatar, Farsi, Hazaragi Brunei Malay, English, Chinese, other minority languages Albania Tosk, Albanian Bulgaria Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma and other minority languages Algeria Arabic, French, Berber dialects Burkina Faso French, native African (Sudanic) languages 90% Andorra Catalán, French, Spanish, Portuguese Burundi Kirundi, French, Swahili, Rwanda Angola Portuguese, Koongo, Mbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Cambodia Khmer, French, English Antigua and English, local dialects, Arabic, Portuguese Cameroon French, English, 24 African language groups Barbuda Canada English, French, other minority languages Argentina Spanish, English, Italian, German, French Cape Verde Portuguese, Kabuverdianu, Criuolo Armenia Armenian, Yezidi, Russian Central French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), other minority Australia English, Indigenous and other minority languages African languages Austria German, Slovenian, Croatian, Hungarian, Republic Alemannisch, Bavarian, Sinte Romani, Walser Chad French, Arabic, Sara, more than 120 languages and dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri), Russian, Armenian, other and minority languages Chile -
Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe Symposium Presentations W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe Symposium Presentations CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2004 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Peter Hayes, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Michael Thad Allen, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Paul Jaskot, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Wolf Gruner, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Randolph L. Braham, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Christopher R. Browning, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by William Rosenzweig, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Andrej Angrick, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Sarah B. Farmer, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2004 by Rolf Keller, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................i -
Conflict and Belonging in German Diasporic Communities Around 1900
»The German likes quarrelling.« Conflict and belonging in German diasporic communities around 1900 Abstract Discourses of inclusion and exclusion were an integral part of German nation building after 1871. The paper shows that they were not confined to the metropole but were, in fact, reciprocated abroad. Selected instances of conflict within German migrant communities around the world are taken as a springboard to analyze public contestations of (trans-)national belonging. The sources abound with gossip, aggressive bickering, and official complaints to authorities. Contentious issues cover the areas of politics, religion, class, and language. The case studies engage critically with a number of wider issues. First, they question contemporaneous interpretations of an Imperial diaspora as a unified and Heimat-oriented block. Second, on a theoretical level the article argues that internal ruptures are constitutive elements of diaspora construction and should be considered in concomitant theorizations. Third, the case studies highlight the close connection between diaspora and nation building. Fourth, the discourses studied did not only take place within communities, but also between them, as well as with the metropole, all in multi-directional ways. Questions of belonging were discussed around the world with strikingly similar arguments and terminology. Globalization was at work at the discourse level. Introduction Nation-building processes always go hand in hand with discourses of inclusion and exclusion. Germany after 1871 was no exception. Socialists, Catholics and Jews all experienced some kind of marginalization, and pertinent public discourses were largely male dominated. Yet another platform to discuss issues of national belonging and ›not-belonging‹ were German emigrants. In the course of the nineteenth century, the term Auswanderer (emigrants) was increasingly replaced by the term Auslandsdeutsche (Germans abroad), denoting persisting ties with the metropole despite residence abroad. -
Becoming Public: Jews in Baden and Hannover and Their Role in the German Press, 1815 1848
BECOMING PUBLIC: JEWS IN BADEN AND HANNOVER AND THEIR ROLE IN THE GERMAN PRESS, 1815-1848 by DAVID ANDREW MEOLA B.Sc., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000 M.A., University of British Columbia, 2007 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2012 © David Andrew Meola, 2012 Abstract This dissertation proposes the necessity of using local German newspapers as a valuable source for evaluating German Jewish publicness during the Restoration (1815-30) and Vormärz (1830- 48) eras. It focuses on both the quotidian and extraordinary uses of the local press to achieve Jewish objectives. The dissertation proposes a re-evaluation of Jürgen Habermas’ Öffentlichkeitstheorie (publicness theory) by seeking to further spatialize the public sphere through the lens of local newspapers in the German states during the Restoration and Vormärz . Integrating spatial theory with theoretical perspectives about the public sphere, this project argues that newspapers became both places and spaces of German Jewish publicness. They were places that became familiar through extensive use, and spaces that became locations of freedom for German Jews and thus helped to destabilize the status quo—including prior definitions of Jewishness and Judaism. These local and public places and spaces became as important for the process of Jewish emancipation as the internal German Jewish press. By concentrating their efforts on the local level, Jews in Baden and Hannover, when allowed to participate in local newspapers, played an important part in creating the narrative about their own lives, helped facilitate their own emancipation, and showed they were actually equal to other Germans despite their political inequality. -
The Quest for Racial Purity: African Germans
the quest for racial purity: Germans with Mental and Physical Disabilities, African Germans, and Roma rom the moment that hitler took power in germany, he began implementing his vision for a new Germany—one that elevated “Aryan” Germans to the top of the Nazis’ racial hierarchy and that ranked all other groups along a spectrum of relative inferiority. Nazi leaders wasted no time conceiving and adopting measures that would safeguard the “Aryan” German race, thereby ensuring that future genera- tions would be—in their eyes—racially pure, genetically healthy, and socially productive and loyal to the state. This goal meant, above all, stigmatizing, discriminating against, and ultimately killing those whom the Nazis identified as being biologically and racially flawed. In such a context, especially Jews (see chapter 5), but also Roma (Gypsies), people with mental and physical disabilities, and African Germans, faced direct and immediate danger at the hands of the Nazis. In time, the Nazi decision to go to war would advance those long-term goals in pre- viously unimaginable ways. Territorial acquisition went hand in hand with population engineering as the Nazis sought to increase the number of “Aryan” Germans while simul- taneously thinning the ranks of those they considered inferior by virtue of race or biology. The state of national emergency created by the war would eventually provide the pretext and cover for increasingly radical steps. Nazi racial persecution was unique, for there was no escape—not even for those who were German by birth—from the harsh verdict of inferiority. For those who were targeted, national loyalty or communal solidarity were of no consequence: only “Aryans” who met the racial and biological standards of the Nazis could claim membership in the National Community (Volksgemeinschaft). -
Romanian Banat, 1918–1935
SCHWABEN, BANATER, DEUTSCHE: FORMULATING GERMANNESS IN THE GREATER ROMANIAN BANAT, 1918–1935 By Christopher Wendt Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Balázs Trencsényi Second Reader: Jan Hennings CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 Abstract In this thesis I examine the process by which leaders of an ethnic German minority community, the Banat Swabians, came to promote different conceptions of “Germanness” during the interwar period in the state of Greater Romania. I ask how Swabian leaders conceived of and transmitted conceptions of belonging and affiliation to the wider German-speaking community from the last days of the First World War, when the Banat became dislodged from Austria-Hungary, until 1935, when the local German-Swabian political leadership was incorporated into the newly transformed National Socialist umbrella organization of ethnic Germans in Romania. Using a source base primarily composed of local press and contemporary publications, I examine the fluctuation between consensus and disagreement over what “being German” in the Banat meant, and how different components—a connection to a wider German cultural community, Catholic faith, regional rootedness, and ethnicity—were often emphasized to different degrees, at different times, by different groups. The argument that I ultimately advance regarding the form of “Germanness promoted by Swabian leaders in the Banat rests on a perceived link between “the political” and “the cultural.” Driven by political necessity, Swabian leaders—many of whom before the war had bought into the Hungarian nation-state project—quickly came to espouse a Germanness rooted in an ethno-cultural sense. -
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Paths to Empire: The Production and Mobilization of Historical Narratives by Baltic German Émigrés, 1905-1918 by ERIKS EDUARDS BREDOVSKIS B.A. (Hons.) the University of Toronto, 2014. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2016 © Eriks Eduards Bredovskis, 2016 Abstract This thesis examines how Baltic German émigrés living in the German Empire argued for the inclusion of the Baltic Provinces of the Russian Empire (Estland, Kurland, and Livland) into the Kaiserreich. At the start of the twentieth century, Baltic German intellectuals took up academic positions at universities in Germany. Embittered by their previous experience of Russification in the 1880s and then surrounded by a German nationalist academic and political environment, they produced numerous histories of Russia and the Baltic Provinces, which underscored the region’s Germanness and its perceived trajectory away from a German national teleology. World War One was a crucial moment in the development of these narratives as now there was a possibility of actually acquiring these provinces. This thesis argues that Balten narratives of eastern Europe demanded the incorporation of the Baltic Provinces into the German Empire through the construction of a specific historical narrative about Germany’s role in eastern Europe. These narratives were informed by existing German conceptions of history—particularly those propagated by Heinrich von Treitschke—and from other nineteenth-century discourses of empire—in particular the domestication of “wild” spaces and the “civilizing mission.” Their narratives can be understood as a form of “the civilizing mission,” which mobilized the concept of Kulturboden—the understanding that specific spaces (soils) had become Germanized over time. -
The Influence of the German Literary Vampire on Constructions of Race and Nation in Nineteenth Century British Vampire Fiction
“IN OUR VEINS FLOWS THE BLOOD OF MANY BRAVE RACES”: THE INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN LITERARY VAMPIRE ON CONSTRUCTIONS OF RACE AND NATION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH VAMPIRE FICTION By Amanda L. Alexander A Project Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts In English: Literature Committee Membership Dr. Mary Ann Creadon, Committee Chair Dr. Janet Winston, Second Reader Dr. Nikola Hobbel, Graduate Coordinator December 2013 ABSTRACT “IN OUR VEINS FLOWS THE BLOOD OF MANY BRAVE RACES”: THE INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN LITERARY VAMPIRE ON CONSTRUCTIONS OF RACE AND NATION IN NINETEENTH CENTURY BRITISH VAMPIRE FICTION Amanda L. Alexander The literary vampire figure, as it would be recognized today, entered English literature through translations of late eighteenth century German poetry. The purpose of this project is to explore how the relationship between German vampire ballads and British vampire narratives acts as a literary manifestation of German-British cultural and political attitudes and interactions in the roughly century and a half before World War I. This relationship will be discussed through an exploration of the constructs of blood and body within vampire narratives in direct relationship to sociocultural discourses of race in Pre-WWI England. This project seeks to explore the following questions: Are vampire narratives a fictional response to “the German Problem” of nineteenth century imperialism? What is the significance of the vampire figure being outside normative constructions of race and nation? Drawing on Goethe’s “Bride of Corinth” and Bürger’s “Lenore,” I will do a close reading of John Polidori’s The Vampyre, J.S. -
The Walls of the Confessions: Neo-Romanesque Architecture, Nationalism, and Religious Identity in the Kaiserreich by Annah Krieg
The Walls of the Confessions: Neo-Romanesque Architecture, Nationalism, and Religious Identity in the Kaiserreich by Annah Krieg B.A., Lawrence University, 2001 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The School of Art and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2010 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Annah Krieg It was defended on April 2, 2010 and approved by Christopher Drew Armstrong, Director of Architectural Studies and Assistant Professor, History of Art and Architecture Paul Jaskot, Professor, Art History , DePaul University Kirk Savage, Professor and Chair, History of Art and Architecture Terry Smith, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Contemporary Art History and Theory, History of Art and Architecture Dissertation Advisor: Barbara McCloskey, Associate Professor, History of Art and Architecture ii The Walls of the Confessions: Neo-Romanesque Architecture, Nationalism, and Religious Identity in the Kaiserreich Annah Krieg, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2010 Scholars traditionally understand neo-Romanesque architecture as a stylistic manifestation of the homogenizing and nationalizing impulse of the Kaiserreich. Images of fortress-like office buildings and public halls with imposing facades of rusticated stone dominate our view of neo-Romanesque architecture from the Kaiserreich (1871-1918). The three religious buildings at the core of this study - Edwin Oppler’s New Synagogue in Breslau (1866-1872), Christoph Hehl’s Catholic Rosary Church in Berlin-Steglitz (1899-1900), and Friedrich Adler’s Protestant Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem (1893-1898) – offer compelling counter- examples of the ways in which religious groups, especially those that were local minorities, adapted the dominant neo-Romanesque style to their own particular quest towards distinctive assimilation in an increasingly complex, national, modern society.