Pathomorphology and Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Pneumonia in Small Ruminants Slaughtered at the Nsukka Abattoir

Animal Research International (201 7 ) 1 4 ( 1 ): 264 4 – 26 51 2644

PATHOMORPHOLOGY AND AEROBIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH PNEUMONIA IN SMALL RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED AT THE NSUKKA ABATTOIR

1 UGOCHUKWU, Iniobong Chukwuebuka, 1 ANEKE , Chioma Inyang, 1 EZEASOR , Chukwunonso Kenechukwu, 2 MSHEILA , Wayuta Philip, 3 IDOKO , S. I . , 4 KWABUGGE , A. Y . , 1 SHOYINKA , S ho d einde V incent O lu , 1 CHINEME , C hijioke N wankwo , 1 CHAH , K ennedy F ionkfu and 5 UGOCHUKWU , E mmanuel I kenna 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka , Enugu State, Nigeria . 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria , Kaduna State, Nigeria. 3 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja , Nigeria . 4 Department of Animal Health Technology, Adamawa College of Agriculture, PMB 2088, Ganye, Adamawa State , Nigeria . 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unive rsity of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Phone: +234 8037322220

ABSTRACT

Pneumonia occurs in all ages of sheep and goats, in all breeds, in every country of the world causing heavy economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pneumonia and aerobic bacteria flora associated with it in small ruminants slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir. Pneumonic lung of small ruminants were examined for gross lesions . Lung samples were collected and processed using standard protocols for his topathological and bacteriological examinations. Lung samples from 342 goats and 40 sheep were examined. A total of 116(30.36 %) lungs had various types of pneumonia. T wo major types of pneumonia were observed during histopathological examination ; bronchop neumonia 64(55.17 %) and interstitial pneumonia 52(44.82 %) . Out of the 116 pneumonic lungs collected over a six months period, 98 were caprine lungs and 18 were ovine lungs. Aerobic bacteria isolated from the pneumonic lungs were Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida respectively. There was no significant seasonal, species and breed association s (p>0.05) between pneumonic lesions observed and the ass ociated aerobic bacteria .

Keywords: Small ruminants, Pneumonia , Interstitial pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia , Aerobic bacteria flora

INTRODUCTION economy of farmers in the Mediterranean as well as African and Southeast Asian countries Small ruminants play an important role in the (Chakrabou ty et al. , 2014). The mass nutrition and income of people around the production of s mall ruminant in the country is world. They serve as source of meat, milk, skin constrained by disease , inadequate nutrition, and wool (Habashy et al ., 2009). Small poor genetic resources of the local s tock, ruminants contribute significantly to the marketing, social factors, structural constraints

ISSN: 1597 – 3115 ARI 201 7 1 4 ( 1 ): 264 4 – 26 51 www.zoo - unn.org Ugochukwu et al. 2645 and a shortage of high level trained manpower the aerobic bacteria associated with the (Yesuf et al ., 2012). Mohamed and Abdelsalam pneumonia cases. (2008) reported that respiratory tract infections we re of common occurrence in various species MATERIALS AND METHODS of domestic and farm animals. Pathogenesis is multifactorial, and the diseases appear due to Study Area: This study was conducted in the interaction of infectious micro - organisms Nsukka, a town in Nsukka Local Government (bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses and fungi), host Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. As of 2007, defense, environmental factors and stress . Nsukka Cultural Zone had an estimated Bacterial infection of the respiratory tract may population of 1,377,001. Nsukka is situated at be primary, occurring in healthy individuals or latitude 6°51’24”N and longitude 7° 23’45”E. secondary to a large number of conditions The town has one abattoir located in the Ikpa which causes immunosuppression ( Yesuf et al ., Commodity Market, about 55 m from the 2012). Secondary bacterial infection occurs University of Nigeria, Nsukka campus. especially when the resistance of the respiratory mucosa is lower ed and bacteria growing in the Study Design and Sample Collection : A upper respiratory tract extend downwards cross sectional survey was conducted over a 6 - (Yesuf et al . , 2012). Pneumonia is a major months period in the year 2014 ; 3 months in respiratory disease of domestic animals the dry season (Dec ember to Feb ruary ) and 3 worldwide, especially in countries where months in the wet season (Apr il to June). livestock management and husbandry are yet to Immediately after slaughter, ovine and caprine be developed. The disease incidence is usually lungs were examined and sections from lungs very high in these areas and this causes serious with gross pneumonic lesions were collected in financial losses to the livestock industry (Raji et duplicates , placed in sterile sample bottles and al . , 2000). appropriately labelled. One portion was used for Pneumonia in goats is one of the most histopathological stud y, while the other portion important infections that are frequently was used for bacteriological stud y . Ethical diagnosed in veterinary clinics and abattoirs approval was not necessary as samples were (Elsheikh and Hassan , 2012). Sayed and Zaitoun collected from dead animals. (2009) pointed out that pneumonia is the most frequently occurring respiratory infec tions in Gross and Histopathological Examination: domestic animals, their aetiologic agents being The lungs of each slaughtered small ruminant bacteria, viruses, parasites or concert effect of were examined and the nature and distribution all of them, often predisposed to by several of the pneumonic lesions of the small ruminants factors. Pneumonias can be acute, chronic or slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir were progressive ( Bell, 2008 ). In summary, in documented as described by Thompson (198 1 ). Nige ria, some livestock owners dispose of sick, Each pneumonic lung specimen was debilitated and infertile animals in an effort to fixed in 10 % buffered formalin. After fixation, minimize losses, thereby leading to an increase the tissue was dehydrat ed in graded alco hol (70 in the risk of slaughtering and consumption of – 100 %), clearing in xylene, paraffin wax sick animals ( Bala et al ., 2011). There has been embedd ed, sect i o n ed (15 µm) using microtome , little work done on this topic with regards to mounted on slides and differentially stained with extensive aerobic bacteria isolation and Haematoxylin and Eosin ( Drury and Wallington , histopathological examination in Nsukka 1980). Slides were examined with Olympus light agroecological zone of Nigeria. The objectives of microscope at x1000 magnification . this study were to determine the prevalence of Photomicrographs of representative pneumonic pneumonia in small ruminants slaughtered at lesions were taken using Motic camera. the Nsukka abattoir, determine the effect s of season, species and breed on the prevalence of Isolation and Identification of Aerobic pneumonia in the small ruminants and identify Bacteria: Pneumonic samples were aseptically

Animal Research International (201 7 ) 1 4(1 ): 264 4 – 26 51 Pathomorphology and aerobic bacteria associated with pneumonia in small ruminants 2646 collected and streaked on blood and MacConkey agar plates. Inocu lated plates were incubated at 45 41.29 37°C for 24 hours. The representative 40 morphological colony types were picked and 35 33.54

purified on blood, nutrient and MacConkey agar. )

% 30 (

Gram positive Cocci were subjected to Mannitol e

c 25 salt agar, catalase, CAMP and coagulase tests n e l

a 20 fol lowing standard protocols ( Chessbrough , v e r

2000). Gram negative rods and Coccobacilli P 15 were cultur ed on Eosin methylene blue agar. 10 Giemsa staining, indole, methyl red, Voges - 5 proskauer, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction 0 and urease tests as well as reaction on triple Bronchopneumonia Interstitial pneumonia sugar iron agar were accompanied using standard procedures ( Chessbrough , 2000). The Figure 1: Prevalence of the different observed pneumonia in small ruminants slaughtered at identity of the aerobic bacteria isolates w ere the Nsukka abattoir determined based on their colonial, microscopic and biochemical characteristics using standard The aerobic bacteria associated with procedures ( Chessbrough , 2000). bronchopneumonia in the ruminants during the

dry season were Mannheimia haemolytica, Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics involving Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella frequencies and percentages of occurrence of pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, while pneumonia in small ruminants and aerobic the aerobic bacteria associated with bacterial isolates were used. Chi - square bronchopneumonia in the ruminants during the statistics was used to determine the level of wet season were E. coli, M . haemolytica, association between the season, species, breed, Streptococcus pyogenes and K. pneumoniae. sex and the occurrence of pneumonia. Furthermore, the aerobic bacteria associated Significance was accepted at p<0.05. with interstitial pneumonia in the ruminants

during the dry season were S . aureus, S . RESULTS pyogenes, E. coli and K . pneumo niae, while the

aerobic bacteria associated with interstitial Three hundred and eighty - two (382) lungs were pneumonia in the ruminants during the wet examined, 116 ovine and caprine lungs were season were S . aureus, S . pyogenes, K. positive for different types of pneumonia namely pneumoniae and E. coli (Table 2). bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. The percentage of aerobic bacteria Bronchopneumonia (41.29 %) was more isolated from the caprine and ovine lungs prevalent than interstitial pneumoni a (33.54 %) o bserved with pneumonia were 37(32.47 %), (Figure 1) . The distribution of pneumonia 16(13.39 %), 12(9.97 %), 19(16.23 %), among breed s of small ruminants slaughtered at 23(19.94 %), 4(3.13 %), 4(3.41 %) and 2(1.42 Nsukka abattoir indicated that the Kano brown %) positive for E. coli , K . pneumoniae, M . breed of goat record ed the highest occurrence haemolytica, S . pyogenes, S . aureus and P . of pneumonia (Table 1) . multocida respectively (Figure 2) . T he frequency distribution of the The gross lesions observed were histopathological findings and associated majorly, suppurative pneumonia, exudative aerobic bacteria isolates in goats and sheep pneumonia, congestion (Figure 3) . Enlarged slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir, during the dark red wet lung (arrow) in a Kano brown dry and wet season s indicated that goat. Note the inset - blood expressed from bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia alveoli of the cut surface of the lungs in Fig ure 3 were commo n in the ruminants regardless of and the con solidation in Figure 4 and the season (Table 2). hyperaemia in Figure 5.

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Table 1: Breed distribution of small ruminants with pneumonia slaughtere d at Nsukka abattoir Species Goats Sheep Total Breeds Kano Brown WAD Goat Yankasa WAD Sheep Seasons Dry season 31 11 12 0 54 Wet season 42 14 5 1 62 Total 73 25 17 1 116

Table 2: Frequency distribution of the histopathological findings and associated aerobic bacteria isolates in small ruminants slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir, during the dry and wet seasons Histopathological Findings Number Number Most frequent aerobic bacteria isolates of of Goats Sheep Dry season Bronchopneumonia 24 5 Mannheimia haemolytica, E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus

Interstitial pneumonia 18 7 Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia

Wet season Bronchopneumonia 30 5 E. coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae Interstitial pneumonia 26 1 Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli

Caprine lungs Ovine lungs 12 Streptococcus pyogenes 20 15 Staphylococcus aureus 24 3 Pasteurella multocida 4 19 Mannheimia haemolytica 30 17 Klebsiella pneumoniae 28 34 Escherichia coli 55

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Prevalence (%)

Figure 2 : Percentage of aerobic bacteria isolated from the caprine and ovine pneumonic lungs of small ruminants slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir

Histopathological examination revealed the two diagnosed with bronchopneumonia were types of bronchopneumonia, fibrinous characterised by neutrophilic exudates were pneumonia in 17 out of 155 (10.96 %) present in the alveolar spaces and lumens of the ruminants and catarrhal bronchopneumonia in bronchioles and bronchi, and in some occasions 47 out of 155 (30.32 %) ruminants, and a mixture of various amounts of cell debris, interstitial pneumonia occurred in 52 out of 155 neutrophils and macrophages were observed in (33.54 %) ruminant lungs examined. The lungs these areas and there are also distended

Animal Research International (201 7 ) 1 4(1 ): 264 4 – 26 51 Pathomorphology and aerobic bacteria associated with pneumonia in small ruminants 2646264 8

Figure 3 : Enlarged dark red wet lung (arrow) in a Kano brown goat. Inset showing blood Figure 7: Interstitial pneumonia case expressed from alveoli of the cut surface of the characterised by interalveolar space infiltrated lungs with predominantly polymorphonuclear cells. Inset showing lymphocytes, macrophages an d a few neutrophils

interlobular space, infiltrated with inflammatory cells, distended alveoli (E) and collapsed alveoli (A) (Figure 6), while the lungs with interstitial pneumonia were characterised by interalveolar space infiltrated with predominantly Figure 4: Consolidation (arrowed) of the caudal polymorphonuclear ce lls namely lymphocytes, lung lobe in a West African dwarf goat macrophages and a few neutrophils (Figure 7).

DISCUSSION

The major types of pneumonia namely bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia were observed during the histopathological examination. The types of pneumonia observed were the most common types of pneumonia encountered in most studies. Tijjani et al . Figure 5. Hyperemia (arrowed) of the caudal (2012) reported bacterial flora and pathologic lung lobe of a Yankasa sheep lesions of caprine pneumonic lungs in Maiduguri , Nigeria , Yesu f et al . (2012) had equally reported histopathological changes and bacterial flora associated with pneumonic lungs A of small ruminants slaughtered at Gondar, Ethiopia , and Ashraf et al. ( 1986) had reported incidence and pathology of pneumonias in sheep and goats slaughtered at Faisalabad , Pakistan . Sheep and goats slaughtered in this study were positive for E. coli , K . pneumoniae, E M . haemolytica, S . pyogenes, S . aureus and P . multocida . The aerobic bacteria isolate d from Figure 6: Bronchopneumonia case characterised the pneumonic lungs agreed with the ones by neutrophilic exudates were present in the alveolar spaces and lumens of the bronchioles isolated by Raji et al . (200 0 ) from ovine and and bronchi ( thick arrow), there are also caprine in Zaria, Nigeria and Asaduzzaman et al. distended interlobular space ( thin arrow), (2013) from black Bengal goat s in Bangladesh . infiltrated with inflammatory cells, disten ded alveoli (E) and collapsed alveoli (A)

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The observed variation in the prevalence of (2007) and Azizi et al. (2013) in Ethiopia a nd different types of pneumonia among different Iran respectively , in terms of infection intensity species of small ruminant in this study agree d and pathogenicity, it seems that M. haemolytica with Obasi et al. ( 2001 ) . This may be attributed assumes greater prominence than Pasteurella in to the fact that the ratio of the alveolar surface Nsukka environment. Although Ugochukwu to metabolic weight is very low i n sheep when (2008 ) reported r elatively low prevalence of P. compared to other ruminant species (Aden et multocida (1.15%) in Nsukka as against 4.31% al., 2012). in this study, the possible role of P. multocida in Above 55 % of the pneumonic lung the aetiology and pathogenesis of caprine and sample d were positive for E. coli, this was ovine pneumonia should not be under higher than report s by previous researchers estimated. (Sayed and Zaitoun, 2009; Enany et al., 2012 ) No bacteria could be isolated from but lower than the report of Tijjiani et al . 8(5.80 %) sample d lungs support ed the findings (2012). E. coli was the most prevalent aerobic of Yimer and Asseged (2007) in Dessie, bacteria, this agree d with the findings of Ethiopia, Elsheikh and Hassan (2012) in Sudan Ouchriah et al . ( 2015) who also isolated more E. and Azizi et al . (2013) in South western Iran. coli than any other aerobic bacteria from new - The variation in the prevalence of born calves slaughtered in Batna, Algeria but different types of pneumonia in small ruminants disagree d with the findings of Enany et al . in different seasons may be attributed to the (2012) for buffalo calves slaughtered in Ismailia variation in nutritional status, breed and the Governorate, Egypt. effect of stressors involved during Furthermore, 27.58 % of the transport ation, overcrowding and seasonal pneumonic lung samples were positive for K. variation in climatic factors such as temperature pneumoniae, this was higher than the results and humidity (Obasi et al., 2012). For the reported by previous researchers Enany et al . caprine species, more of the Kano brown than (2012), Sayed and Zaitoun (2009) , but lower the WAD and Sahel goats examined had than the results reported by Tijjani et al . (2012) . pneumonia, this was also similar to what was Thirty - five of the pneumonic lungs observed in the sheep, where more of the sampled were positive for M. haemolytica was Yankasa breed had pneumonia. This difference higher than the results reported by Enany et al . was mainly due to the fact that the butchers (2012) but lower than the results reported by slaughtered mor e of these breeds and could Tijjani et al . (2012) . 24.13 % of the pneumonic also occur due to genetic variation of the breed lung s sample d were positive for S . pyogenes, which influences their immune response and this was higher than the results reported by host receptor interaction with colonizing Sayed and Zaitoun (200 9), Enany et al . (2012) bacteria of the selected species (Yesuf et al., and Tijjani et al . (2012) but lower than the 2012). The results confirm ed the findings by results reported by Enany et al . (2012). Raji et al . (2000) that rainstorms, heavy rainfall Twenty - three representing 19.82 % of the and dry harmattan are important stress factors pneumonic lung samples were positive for S . in the pathogenesis of pneumonia in sheep and aureus, this was higher than the results goats . reported by previous researchers Enany et al . (2012), Tijjani et al . (2012) but lower than the Conclusion : In conclusion, based on the results reported by Sayed and Zaitoun (2009). results obtained in this study, the prevalence of Five representing 4.31 % of the the diagnosed pneumonia were higher in the pneumonic lung samples were positive for P . wet season than in the dry season, higher in multocida; th is was higher than the results sheep than the goats examined and higher in reported by Ugochukwu (2008) but lower than females than in males examined. I t was also the results reported by Sayed and Zaitoun concluded that several bacterial species inhabit (2009) and Enany et al . (2012). In agreement the respiratory passageways of apparently with previous reports of Yimer and Asseged normal goats and sheep but stressful conditions

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