Research in Marine Sciences 587 Volume 4, Issue 4, 2019 Pages 587 - 598

Age and growth of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Perciformes; Sparidae) from the Gökçeada Island, North Aegean Sea

Hakan Ayyidiz1,*, Aytaç Altin1, and Bayram Kizilkaya2

1Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Gökçeada School of Applied Sciences, Department of Fisheries Technology, 17760, Gökçeada, Çanakkale, Turkey

2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, 17760, Gökçeada, Çanakkale, Turkey

Received: 2019-09-16 Accepted: 2019-11-06

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe age, growth and the relationships between otolith morphometrics and fish length, weight and age of the common pandora,Pagellus erythrinus. This study was carried out from the shores of Gizli liman to Kefalos Cape in the north of Gökçeada Island, between April-June 2018. The samples were collected at the depths of 40-120m by long lines. The 90 individuals obtained from P. erythrinus ranging in total length (TL) from 18.5 to 34.5 cm. The calculated length–weight relationships was calculated as W= 0.022TL2.7767 (R2 = 0.92). Individual ages were macroscopically determined by counting the annuli of sagittal otoliths. Estimated ages ranged from 2 – 14 years old. The von Bertalanffy growth curve was fitted to the age/total length data as follows: L∞= 51.13 cm, K= 0.061 and t0= -4.96. The common pandora sagittal otolith length, width and mass were measured between 7.67-12.95mm, 5.38–8.65mm and 0.0810-0.2706g, respectively. No significant differences in otolith morphometrics were found between left and right otoliths. This study provides valuable data for the stock assessment of common pandora in fishing grounds Gökçeada Island located in the NorthAegean Sea.

Keywords: Age structure; Otolith morphometry; Pagellus erythrinus; Gökçeada.

* Corresponding Author email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-0421 588 Age and growth of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Perciformes; Sparidae)... / 587 - 545

1. Introduction between species (Maisey, 1987). It is possible to identify the fossils by otolith morphology Age structure of a fish species plays a major and to determine the species and size of food role to better-understand the biology of fish and resources in the stomach of a predatory fish about their population dynamics (Megalofonou, (Echeverria, 1987; Gamboa, 1991; Nielsen et 2006; Cassoff et al., 2007). Age and growth al., 2010). In addition, a considerable number data provide important information about both of researchers have reported that the age of the individuals and populations (Quist et al., 2012). fish can be determined by otolith morphology Thus, determination of age and growth rates of a (Shakman et al., 2008; Skeljo and Ferri, 2012; fish species has great importance (Jackson, 2007). Emre et al., 2014; Pattoura et al., 2015; de Otoliths are the most preferred structures Santana et al., 2018). because they provide the most accurate estimates The common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus of age (Campana and Thorrold, 2001). Otoliths (Linneaus, 1758), which belongs to the are a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule Sparidae family (https://www.fishbase.in/ or utricle of the inner ear, which contribute to summary/893), is a commercially important hearing and balance (Campana, 1999). These seabream for coastal fisheries in the Turkish structures continue to grow throughout the life waters. It is a demersal fish species, distributed of a fish, and this occurs by the accumulation throughout the Mediterranean, along the of protein and calcium secreted by the macular Atlantic coast of Europe and Africa, from cells surrounding the surface of the otolith Angola to Norway (Bauchot and Hureau, (Campana and Neilson, 1982). These are 1986). They usually live in rocky, gravel, natural data loggers that record information sandy and muddy places with depths of 0 –200 2. 2. Material and Methods about growth and environment at different m in the Mediterranean Sea or 0 – 300 m in temporal scales into their microstructures and the Atlantic (Bauchot and Hureau, 1990). This This study was carried out from the shores of Gizli liman to Kefalos Cape in the north of chemistry (Kalish, 1989; Campana, 1999). species is a protogynic hermaphrodite female OtolithsGökçeada are Island, species–specific Turkey (Figure and1). The have sample a thats were becomes collected male using in their long third lines, year from (Bauchot 40– characteristic120m depths betweenshape with March–June great differences 2018. and Hureau, 1990). There is a large volume

Figure 1. Sampling stations where common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus were collected with long lines from the island of Gökçeada, Turkey, March – June 2018

2.1. 2.1. Length–weight relationships The common pandora were measured for total length (TL) and total weight (W). Sexes were determined by morphological examination in the laboratory. The Mann–Whitney U test was applied to examine the differences between sexes according to the total length. The relation between the total length and the weight was calculated for each sex separately using a power function:

W = aTLb

where, b is the regression coefficient and a is the regression constant. The regression parameters a, b and the coefficient of determination (R2) were estimated for all individuals and for each sex. The allometric index value (b) was compared to the theoretical value of 3 by a t-test (Zar, 1984).

2.2. 2.2. Age and Growth Sagittal otoliths of common pandora were extracted and stored in eppendorf tubes. Randomly selected otoliths were immersed in plastic vial with glycerin solution for one hour. Sagittal otolith annual rings were counted from the core to the outer edge under a light microscope (Figure 2). Two readers independently counted the annual rings without prior knowledge of

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Research in Marine Sciences 589 of published studies describing the age and determined by morphological examination in growth characteristics of this species due to the laboratory. The Mann–Whitney U test was its high economic value (Pajuelo and Lorenzo, applied to examine the differences between 1998; Somarakis and Machias, 2002; Abecasis sexes according to the total length. The relation et al., 2008; Fassatoui et al., 2012; Ayyildiz and between the total length and the weight was Altin, 2018). calculated for each sex separately using a The aim of this study is to determine the age power function: and growth rates of the common pandora from W = aTLb Gökçeada, Turkey. In addition, the relationships where, b is the regression coefficient and a is the between otolith morphometry and fish length regression constant. The regression parameters and age were investigated. a, b and the coefficient of determination2 (R ) were estimated for all individuals and for 2. Material and methods each sex. The allometric index value (b) was compared to the theoretical value of 3 by a This study was carried out from the shores t-test (Zar, 1984). of Gizli liman to Kefalos Cape in the north of Gökçeada Island, Turkey (Figure 1). The 2.2. Age and Growth samples were collected using long lines, from Sagittal otoliths of common pandora were 40–120mfish length. depths Estimates between ofMarch–June the precision 2018. of growth ring counts between readers were extracted and stored in eppendorf tubes. 2.1.determined Length–weight by using therelationships average percentage errorRandomly (APE) of selected (Beamish otoliths and Fournier, were immersed 1981) and coefficient of variation (CV) (Chang, 1982). in plastic vial with glycerin solution for The common pandora were measured for total one hour. Sagittal otolith annual rings were length (TL) and total weight (W). Sexes were counted from the core to the outer edge under

Figure 2. Image of the annual rings seen in a sagittal otolith of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus collected from Gökçeada, Turkey. This fish was aged at 8 years and had a total length of 26 cm female. Line corresponds to an annual growth ring.

The von Bertalanffy growth curve was fitted to the length at age data using non-linear least squares parameter estimation (Von Bertalanffy, 1938);

(-K (t-t0)) TL = L∞ [1-e ] where, TL is the fish length at age t, L∞ the theoretical asymptotic length, K the growth rate coefficient, and t0 the theoretical age when fish length is zero.

2.3. 2.3. Otolith morphometry Otolith length (OL) and width (OW) were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm using Q Capture Imaging Software and weighed (OM) to the nearest 0.00001g using a Shimadzu electronic balance. OL was defined as the longest axis between the anterior and posterior otolith edge and OW as a distance from the dorsal to the ventral edge. Differences between left and right otoliths were tested by paired t-test. Furthermore, the relationships between the fish length and the otolith morphometry were investigated. Moreover, the relations between age and otolith weight were calculated using the exponential model.

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590 Age and growth of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Perciformes; Sparidae)... / 587 - 598 a light microscope (Figure 2). Two readers theoretical asymptotic length, K the growth independently counted the annual rings without rate coefficient, and t0 the theoretical age when prior knowledge of fish length. Estimates of fish length is zero. the precision of growth ring counts between readers were determined by using the average 2.3. Otolith morphometry percentage3. 3. Results error (APE) of (Beamish and Fournier, 1981) and coefficient of variation Otolith length (OL) and width (OW) were (CV)A total (Chang, number 1982). of 90 Pagellus erythrinus weremeasured sampled to fromthe nearestGökçeada, 0.01 Turkey.mm using The Q Capture Imaging Software and weighed (OM) Thecommon von Bertalanffy pandora individuals growth curve ranged was in fitted size from 18.5 to 34.5 cm total length (Table 1). to the length at age data using non-linear least to the nearest 0.00001g using a Shimadzu squaresFemale parameter and male estimation total lengths (Von rangedBertalanffy, from 18.5electronic to 28.5 balance.cm and from OL was18.5 definedto 34.5 cm, as the 1938);respectively (Figure 3). The Mann–Whitney testlongest revealed axis betweensignificant the differences anterior and between posterior (-K (t-t0)) otolith edge and OW as a distance from the TLsexes, = L∞ regarding [1-e TL] (U = 472, Z = –3.881; P < 0.05). The overall male: female ratio (M: F = where, TL is the fish length at age t,L the dorsal to the ventral edge. Differences between 1:1.51) was biased in favor of females. ∞

Table 1. Summary of the total lengths in centimeters of Pagellus erythrinus collected from Gökçeada. The number of specimens (n) and range, mean, and standard deviation of the mean (SD) for total length are provided

Female Male Undetermined

Capture Date n Min. Max. Mean SD n Min. Max. Mean SD n Min. Max. Mean SD March 18 7 21.5 27.4 24.2 1.82 6 22.2 31.0 27.7 3.21 … … … … April 18 43 18.5 28.5 24.4 2.48 26 21.4 34.5 27.4 3.21 1 20.6 20.6 20.6 … May 18 3 22.5 25.0 24.0 1.32 1 30.5 30.5 30.5 … 1 24.5 24.5 24.5 … June 18 … … … … … 2 18.5 21.4 19.9 2.05 … … … …

Figure 3. Length–frequency distribution of males and females of common pandora collected from Gökçeada, Turkey

3.1. 3.1. Length-weight relationships The parameters of the length–weight relationships are provided for each sex and all individuals in Table 2. Our data suggested that common pandora from Gökçeada showed negative allometric growth. The parameter b of length–weight relationships was significantly different from 3 (P < 0.05). The allometric exponent b of females was greater than males.

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Research in Marine Sciences 591 left and right otoliths were tested by paired female ratio (M: F = 1:1.51) was biased in t-test. Furthermore, the relationships between favor of females. the fish length and the otolith morphometry were investigated. Moreover, the relations 3.1. Length-weight relationships between age and otolith weight were calculated using the exponential model. The parameters of the length–weight relationships are provided for each sex and 3. Results all individuals in Table 2. Our data suggested that common pandora from Gökçeada showed A total number of 90 Pagellus erythrinus were negative allometric growth. The parameter b of sampledTable 2. from Parameters Gökçeada, of the Turkey. length–weight The common relationships length–weight for males, females, relationships and all individuals was significantly of pandoracommon individuals pandora from ranged Gökçeada, in size Turkey from 18.5 to different from 3 (P < 0.05). The allometric 34.5 cm total length (Table 1). Female and male exponent b2 of females was greater than males. total lengths ranged from 18.5n to 28.5 acm and b R P from 18.5 to 34.5 cm,Female respectively 53 (Figure 0.0136 3). 2.95133.2. Age 0.9082 and Growth<0.01 The Mann–WhitneyMale test revealed 35 significant 0.0406 2.6207 0.9239 <0.01 differences betweenAll sexes, regarding 90 TL 0.0223 (U = 2.776Ages were 0.9285 determined <0.01 successfully from 90 472, Z = –3.881; P < 0.05). The overall male: otoliths of common pandora that ranged in size 3.2. 3.2. Age and Growth

TableAges 2.were Parameters determined of the successfully length–weight from relationships 90 otoliths for males,of common females, pandora and all individualsthat ranged of in size commonfrom 18.5 pandora to 34.5 from cm Gökçeada, TL. Based Turkey on the annual growth ring counts of common pandora

otoliths, the maximum observen d agea was 14 byears andR the2 minimumP observed age was 2 years old (Table 3).Female Most of53 the fish, 0.0136accounti ng2.9513 for 73.3% 0.9082 of the total<0.01 sample, were between 5 and 9 years old.Male The APE 35 and CV 0.0406 were calculated2.6207 as0.9239 5.6% and<0.01 4.0%, respectively. Only All 90 0.0223 2.776 0.9285 <0.01 males represented age classes of older than 9 years. 3.2. 3.2. Age and Growth Table 3. Age–length key for common pandora from Gökçeada, Turkey. Ages were determined successfully from 90 otoliths of common pandora that ranged in size Age Total Length (cm) from 18.5 to 34.52 cm3 TL.4 5Based 6 on the7 annu8al growth9 ring10 counts12 of13 common 14 pandora N otoliths,18-19.9 the maximum 1 1 observed age was 14 years and the minimum observed age was 22 years20-21.9 old (Table 3). Most7 4 of1 the fish, accounting for 73.3% of the total sample, were between12 22-23.9 1 3 3 1 8 5 and 9 years old. The APE and CV were calculated as 5.6% and 4.0%, respectively. Only 24-25.9 1 10 18 2 31 males26-27.9 represented age classes of older than10 9 years.5 2 17 28-29.9 1 5 6 1 13 Table 3. Age–length key for common pandora from Gökçeada, Turkey. 30-31.9 2 2 1 5 32-33.9 Age 1 1 Total Length (cm) 34-35.9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 1 N1 18-19.9N 11 19 8 14 18 14 10 10 3 1 1 1 902 20-21.9 7 4 1 12 22-23.9The von Bertalanffy1 (1957)3 3 model was used 1 to describe common pandora growth (Figure 4).8 24-25.9 1 10 18 2 31 The estimated parameters of the equation were; L∞= 51.13; W∞= 1332.96; K= 0.061 and t0= - 26-27.9 10 5 2 17 4.96. 28-29.9 1 5 6 1 13 30-31.9 2 2 1 5 32-33.9 1 1 34-35.9 1 1 N 1 9 8 14 18 14 10 10 3 1 1 1 90

The von Bertalanffy (1957) model was used to describe common pandora growth (Figure 4).

The estimated parameters of the equation were; L∞= 51.13; W∞= 1332.96; K= 0.061 and t0= - 4.96. 592

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592 Age and growth of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Perciformes; Sparidae)... / 587 - 598

Figure 4. The von Bertalanffy growth curves for Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey

Figure 5. The relationships between otolith morphometry and age for Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey; Otolith length (a), Otolith width (b), Otolith mass (c)

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Research in Marine Sciences 593

from 18.5 to 34.5 cm TL. Based on the annual and age were described in Figure 5. An growth ring counts of common pandora otoliths, exponential model explained between 80% the maximum observed age was 14 years and and 91% of the variation in age. No significant the minimum observed age was 2 years old differences were found between ages estimated (Table 3). Most of the fish, accounting for from otoliths and ages predicted from OL, OW, 73.3% of the total sample, were between 5 and and OM (Mann-Whitney U test; P>0.05). 9 years old. The APE and CV were calculated as 5.6% and 4.0%, respectively. Only males 4. Discussion and Conclusion represented age classes of older than 9 years. The von Bertalanffy (1957) model was used The maximum length and weight reported in to describe common pandora growth (Figure this study (TL = 34.5 cm for W = 456.1 g) 4). The estimated parameters of the equation are the second biggest reported values from

were; L∞= 51.13; W∞= 1332.96; K= 0.061 and Turkey. Akyol et al. (2007), Metin et al. (2011),

t0= -4.96. Çiçek et al. (2012), and Ozvarol (2014) in their studies from Turkey reported that the larger 3.3. Otolith morphometry individuals were 41.0, 27.8, 21.5, and 15.8 cm in total length, respectively. The biggest Otolith length, width and mass were ranged individual of common pandora was observed between 7.67–12.95 mm, 5.38–8.65 mm and in the French Catalan coast and reported as 0.0810–0.2706 mm, respectively (Table 4). No 58 cm. The observed difference between our significant differences in otolith morphometrics study and the study from Catalan coast may were found between left and right otoliths possible due to the growth of common pandora (paired t-test, P>0.05). OL and OW showed in the East Mediterranean is faster than West significant linear relations with the TL while Mediterranean, or it may only be due to the OM represented by power model (Table 5). sampling procedure (Crec’hriou et al., 2012). The relationships between otolith morphometry

Table 4. Otolith length (OL), width (OW) and mass (OM) measurements according to the age of Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey Table 4. Otolith length (OL), width (OW) and mass (OM) measurements according to the age of Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey Table 4. Otolith length (OL), width (OW) and mass (OM) measurementsLeft according to the age of Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey Right Left Age OL RightLeft OW OM Right OL OW OM Age OL OW OM OL OW OM Age OL OW OM OL Min. Max. MeanOW SD Min. Max. MeanOM SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD

Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max.2 7.67 Mean2 7.67 SD 7.67 7.67 --- 7.67Min. 5.38 Max. 7.67 5.38 Mean 5.38------SD 5.38 0.09 0.09 5.38 Min. 0.09 Max. 5.38 --- Mean --- 7.84 7.84SD0.09 7.84 0.09 --- 5.83 0.09 5.83 --- 5.83 --- 7.84 0.097.84 0.09 0.09 7.84 ------5.83 5.83 5.83 --- 0.09 0.09 0.09 --- 2 7.67 7.67 7.67 --- 5.38 5.38 5.38 --- 0.09 0.09 0.09 --- 7.84 7.843 7.85 7.843 8.90 7.85 --- 8.39 0.42 8.905.83 5.54 5.838.39 6.65 0.42 6.14 5.83 0.45 5.54 --- 0.08 0.11 6.65 0.09 0.09 6.14 0.09 0.01 0. 0.0945 7.73 8.78 0.08--- 8.27 0.11 0.40 5.83 0.09 6.64 0.01 6.18 0.28 7.73 0.088.78 0.11 0.09 8.27 0.01 0.40 5.83 6.64 6.18 0.28 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.01 4 8.83 9.66 9.25 0.59 6.71 6.95 6.83 0.17 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.01 8.86 9.76 9.31 0.64 6.81 6.96 6.89 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.01 3 7.85 8.90 8.39 0.42 5.54 6.65 6.14 0.45 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.01 7.73 8.785 8.69 8.274 9.60 0.40 8.83 9.28 0.41 9.665.83 6.15 6.649.25 6.93 0.59 6.61 6.18 0.36 0.28 6.71 0.12 0.15 6.95 0.08 0.13 6.83 0.11 0.01 0. 0.0917 8.71 9.820.01 0.11 9.35 0.12 0.50 6.07 0.12 6.95 0.01 6.62 0.38 8.86 0.129.76 0.14 0.13 9.31 0.01 0.64 6.81 6.96 6.89 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.01 4 8.83 9.66 9.25 0.59 6.71 6.95 6.83 0.17 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.01 8.86 9.766 9.36 9.315 10.33 0.64 8.69 9.85 0.49 9.606.81 6.54 6.969.28 7.01 0.41 6.79 6.89 0.24 0.11 6.15 0.13 0.16 6.93 0.11 0.14 6.61 0.12 0.01 0. 0.1136 9.56 10.480.01 0.12 10.01 0.15 0.46 6.57 0.13 7.18 0.01 6.79 0.34 8.71 0.139.82 0.16 0.14 9.35 0.01 0.50 6.07 6.95 6.62 0.38 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.01 7 9.376 10.91 9.36 10.33 0.53 10.33 6.50 9.85 7.83 0.49 7.14 0.42 6.54 0.12 0.19 7.01 0.16 6.79 0.02 0.24 9.47 11.09 0.13 10.39 0.16 0.47 6.37 0.14 7.69 0.01 7.13 0.39 9.56 0.1310.48 0.19 10.01 0.16 0.02 0.46 6.57 7.18 6.79 0.34 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.01 5 8.69 9.60 9.28 0.41 6.15 6.93 6.61 0.36 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.01 8.71 9.828 10.24 9.35 11.30 0.50 10.76 0.446.07 7.05 6.95 8.10 7.56 6.62 0.38 0.38 0.17 0.19 0.12 0.18 0.14 0.01 0.13 9.94 11.280.01 10.78 0.58 7.12 7.94 7.61 0.32 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.01 6 9.36 10.33 9.85 0.49 6.54 7.01 6.79 0.24 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.01 9.56 10.489 10.70 10.017 11.92 0.469.37 11.14 0.55 10.91 6.57 7.48 10.33 7.18 7.96 0.53 7.75 6.79 0.200.34 6.50 0.19 0.21 7.83 0.13 0.20 7.14 0.16 0.01 0. 10.81 0.1442 12.480.01 0.12 11.42 0.19 0.60 7.44 0.16 8.15 0.02 7.79 0.29 9.47 0.1911.09 0.21 10.39 0.20 0.01 0.47 6.37 7.69 7.13 0.39 0.13 0.19 0.16 0.02 7 9.37 10.91 10.33 0.53 6.50 7.83 7.14 0.42 0.12 0.19 0.16 0.02 9.47 11.0910 11.65 10.398 12.35 10.240.47 12.00 0.49 11.30 6.37 7.93 10.76 7.69 8.20 0.44 8.07 7.13 0.190.39 7.05 0.24 0.25 8.10 0.13 0.25 7.56 0.19 0.01 0. 11.56 0.1638 12.530.02 0.17 12.05 0.19 0.69 8.04 0.18 8.30 0.01 8.17 0.18 9.94 0.2511.28 0.25 10.78 0.25 0.00 0.58 7.12 7.94 7.61 0.32 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.01 12 11.70 11.70 11.70 --- 8.52 8.52 8.52 --- 0.27 0.27 0.27 --- 12.88 12.88 12.88 --- 8.62 8.62 8.62 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 --- 8 10.24 11.30 10.76 0.44 7.05 8.10 7.56 0.38 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.01 9.94 11.2813 11.80 10.789 11.80 10.700.58 11.80 11.92 --- 7.12 8.63 11.14 7.94 8.63 0.55 8.63 7.61 --- 0.32 7.480.27 0.27 7.96 0.17 0.27 7.75 0.20 --- 0. 11.64 0.1820 11.640.01 0.19 11.64 0.21 --- 8.60 0.20 8.60 0.01 8.60 10.81 --- 0.2612.48 0.26 11.42 0.26 --- 0.60 7.44 8.15 7.79 0.29 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.01 9 10.70 11.92 11.14 0.55 7.48 7.96 7.75 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.01 10.81 12.4814 12.93 11.4210 12.93 11.65 0.60 12.93 12.35 --- 7.44 8.55 12.00 8.15 8.55 0.49 8.55 7.79 --- 0.29 7.93 0.26 0.26 8.20 0.19 0.26 8.07 0.21 --- 0. 12.95 0.2019 12.950.01 0.24 12.95 0.25 --- 8.65 0.25 8.65 0.01 8.65 11.56 --- 0.2612.53 0.26 12.05 0.26 --- 0.69 8.04 8.30 8.17 0.18 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00

10 11.65 12.35 12.00 0.49 7.93 8.20 8.07 0.19 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.01 11.56 12.53 12.0512 11.70 0.69 11.70 8.04 11.70 8.30 8.17 --- 0.18 8.52 8.52 0.25 8.52 0.25 0.25--- 0.000.27 0.27 0.27 --- 12.88 12.88 12.88 --- 8.62 8.62 8.62 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 --- 12 11.70 11.70 11.70 --- 8.52 8.52 8.52 --- 0.27 0.27 0.27 --- 12.88 12.88 12.8813 11.80 --- 11.808.62 11.80 8.62 8.62 --- 8.63 --- 8.63 0.26 8.63 0.26 0.26--- 0.27--- 0.27 0.27 --- 11.64 11.64 11.64 --- 8.60 8.60 8.60 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 --- 13 11.80 11.80 11.80 --- 8.63 8.63 8.63 --- 0.27 0.27 0.27 --- 11.64 11.64 11.6414 12.93 --- 12.938.60 12.93 8.60 8.60 --- 8.55 --- 8.55 0.26 8.55 0.26 ---0.26 0.26--- 0.26 0.26 --- 12.95 12.95 12.95 --- 8.65 8.65 8.65 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 --- 14 12.93 12.93 12.93 --- 8.55 8.55 8.55 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 --- 12.95 12.95 12.95 --- 8.65 8.65 8.65 --- 0.26 0.26 0.26 ---

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Table 5. Parameters of the relationships between the otolith morphometry and the fish total length and weight for Pagellus erythrinus from Gökçeada, Turkey. n = number of specimens, a = slope of the regression line, b = y-intercept, r2 = coefficient of determination; TL = fish total length, OL = otolith length, OW = otolith width, OM = otolith mass.

Otolith–fish relationships Model n a b r2 P TL - OL Linear 90 1.980 1.110 0.916 <0.05 TL - OW Linear 90 2.234 1.245 0.850 <0.05 TL - OM Exponential 90 55.39 0.406 0.884 <0.05 W - OL Exponential 90 0.108 3.248 0.901 <0.05 W - OW Exponential 90 0.131 3.743 0.855 <0.05 W - OM Exponential 90 1774.8 1.156 0.892 <0.05

During4. 4. theDiscussion present study, and negativeConclusion allometric mentioned by Carbonara and Follesa (2019) growth was determined for the males, females the increment between consecutive growth andThe whole maximum sample length separately and weight from reported Gökçeada, in this ringsstudy (TLshould = 34.5 decrease cm for with W = age456.1 for g) theare true Turkey. For the same species, Metin et al. (2011) growth rings of common pandora. Similar the second biggest reported values from Turkey. Akyol et al. (2007), Metin et al. (2011), reported similar type of growth from Gulf of study was done by Coelho et al. (2010), based Izmir,Çiçek and et alÇiçek. (2012), et al . and(2012) Ozvarol from İskenderun(2014) in theiron st otolithudies readings,from Turkey reported reported the oldestthat the fish for Baylarger and individuals by Ercan (2008)were 41.0, from 27.8, Saros 21.5, Bay. andIn 15.8this cmspecies, in total a 21-year-old,length, respectively. measuring The 40 cm addition,biggest individualthe findings of ofcommon the current pandora study was are observedof total inlength. the FrenchIn this study,Catalan we coast found and that the consistent with those of other studies conducted oldest fish was 14 years old and 34.5 cm of reported as 58 cm. The observed difference between our study and the study from Catalan from Mediterranean Sea (Giacalone et al., total length. 2010;coast Crec’hrioumay possible et dueal., to2012; the growthMoutopoulos of common The pandora calculated in the asymptotic East Mediterranean length for is the etfaster al., 2013). than Although,West Mediterranean, there are many or factorsit may onlycommon be due pandora to the ofsampling Gökçeada procedure population affecting the b value throughout the fish life (Le shows similarity with other researches (Crec'hriou et al., 2012). Cren, 1951), most of the previous studies have especially for the population in the Southern shownDuring that the common present pandorastudy, negativeshowed negativeallometric Portuguesegrowth was region determined and Southernfor the males,Tyrrhenian allometric growth. Sea (Coelho et al., 2010; Busalacchi et females and whole sample separately from Gökçeada, Turkey. For the same species, Metin The results of this study indicate that the al., 2014). Lower asymptotic lengths were estimatedet al. (2011) ages reported of the commonsimilar type pandora of growth was frompresented Gulf of for Izmir, the populationsand Çiçek etin althe. (2012) Saros Bay, betweenfrom İskenderun 2 and 14 Bayyears. and For by males, Ercan the(2008) oldest from SaGulfros ofBay. Izmir In addition, and Iskenderun the findings (Ercan, of the 2008; specimencurrent study determined are consistent as 14 withyears those old, ofwhile other studiesMetin conductedet al., 2011; from Çiçek Mediterranean et al., 2012). Sea The the oldest female was 9 years old. We have calculated asymptotic length values by some (Giacalone et al., 2010; Crec'hriou et al., 2012; Moutopoulos et al., 2013). Although, there observed some false rings before the first authors (Metin et al., 2011; Çiçek et al., 2012) growthare many ring factors of the affectingsagittal otoliths the b value of common throughout are the smaller fish life than (Le Cren,the older 1951), individual most of obtainedthe pandoraprevious (Figure studies 2).have These shown false that ringscommon can pabendora from showed our study. negative These allometric differences growth. may be due formed during the pelagic phase and/or during to the size range of sampled fish (Mouine et theThe transition results of from this pelagicstudy indicate to benthopelagic that the estimated al., 2010; ages Agiusof the Darmanin common etpandora al., 2019). was The lifebetween (Carbonara 2 and 14 andyears. Follesa, For males, 2019). the oldest As specimenfindings determined observed as in14 yearsthis old,study while mirror those the oldest female was 9 years old. We have observed some false rings before the first growth ring of the sagittal otoliths of common pandora (Figure 2). These false rings can be formed during the pelagic phase and/or during the transition from pelagic to benthopelagic

596

Research in Marine Sciences 595 of the previous studies (Coelho et al., 2010; Acknowledgement Busalacchi et al., 2014) that found a lower k values indicating a slower growth rate. This study was funded by Çanakkale Onsekiz Otolith morphology has proven to be a Mart University, The Scientific Research powerful tool in various taxonomic studies Coordination Unit, Project number: FBA- (Rani et al., 2019). This paper investigates the 2018-1406. relationship of fish TL and age with otolith morphometrics (OL and OW) by a linear References regression model and OM by power model. The results of this study indicate that OL Abecasis, D., Bentes, L., Coelho, R., Correia, and the OW were linearly while the OM was C., Lino, P.G., Monteiro, P., et al. 2008. exponentially correlated to the fish TL. The Ageing seabreams: A comparative study OL was found to be a better parameter than between scales and otoliths. Fisheries the others (OW and OM) in estimating fish Research, 89: 37-48. length and weight. These results are consistent Agius Darmanin, S., Karakulak, F.S., and Vella, with those of other studies and suggest that A. 2019. Population dynamics of the annular fish size and weight could be estimated by seabream Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, using the otolith morphometrics (Ayyildiz et 1978) from the Maltese Islands reveals a new al., 2014; Yilmaz et al., 2015; Ayyildiz and maximum age record. Journal of Fisheries Altin, 2018; Rani et al., 2019). However, and Aquaculture Research, 4: 16-27. the best model for predicting the fish age Akyol, O., Kınacıgil, H.T., and Şevik, R. of common pandora was found for OM. In 2007. Longline fishery and length-weight recent years, researchers have reported that relationships for selected fish species otolith morphometric characteristics could in Gökova bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey). be effectively used instead of age readings International Journal of Natural and (Megalofonou, 2006; Skeljo and Ferri, 2012; Engineering Sciences, 1: 1-4. Ayyildiz and Altin, 2018). Ayyildiz, H., and Altin, A. 2018. Age and In conclusion, the findings of present study growth rates at the early life stages of showed that total length and weight could common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) be estimated from its otolith morphometrics based on analysis of otolith microstructure. or vice versa. Information about the otolith Fishery Bulletin, 116: 183-189. morphometrics is considered as an important Ayyildiz, H., Emre, Y., Ozen, O., and Yagci, marker for the identification of fish species and A. 2014. Age and growth of Capoeta erhani determines the prey size that obtained from the (actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) stomach contents of piscivorous predators. The from the Menzelet Reservoir, Turkey. Acta results provide essential information needed for Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 44: 105-110. stock assessment and management of common Bauchot, M.-L., and Hureau, J.-C. 1986. pandora in the Mediterranean Sea. Sparidae, in: Whitehead, P.J.P., Bauchot, M.- L., Hureau, J.-C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic 596 Age and growth of common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Perciformes; Sparidae)... / 587 - 598

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