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Analysis, Management and Protection of The UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA, VARESE Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences Ph.D. School: Biological and Medical Sciences Ph.D. Program in: “ANALYSIS, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY” - XXIII Course - Biodiversity in eastern Mediterranean marine aquaculture: an approach to new species Dr George Anastasiades Guide Professor: Marco Saroglia December, 2010 Abstract Aquaculture is an important agro-food activity to ensure the amount of EPA and DHA indicated by WOS for human health, on the top of precious proteins. In spite that in the Mediterranean area only few marine species (sea bass and sea bream) cover the 92.4% of the market, an increased biodiversity in the production would improve the nutritional quality, as well as the resource for the market and the possibility to better exploit natural resources. This research work is focused on the evaluation of biological and physiological functions of new species, such as rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) and common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), in respect to their capacity for aquaculture production. Morphometric measurements on wild rabbitfish revealed that the TL-TW relationship is described by the equation y=0.068x+11.044. Condition factor (K) was 1.65±0.17, HSI was 1.4±0.4 and GSI was found to reach maximum values near the full moon during summer months. Respirometry on individual cultured rabbitfish was measured at 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. Oxygen consumption rate increased with water -3 -2 temperature and it was varied between 2.4×10 mg O2/g BW/min at 17°C and 1.1×10 mg O2/g BW/min at 26°C. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, which responds to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, was identified in brain and liver samples. Growth experiment on rabbitfish that lasted for 1 year and tested two feeds with different protein content, 35 and 44%, showed no significant difference between the two treatments. Experiment on the effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin on the reproduction performance and quality of eggs and larvae in common pandora, showed that vitamin C improves the reproductive capacity of broodstock and the quality of offsprings. Sodium- dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT-1) was identified in samples of liver of common pandora. The increase of biodiversity in eastern Mediterranean marine aquaculture is a feasible task, but further work should be done on new species that constitute possible candidates for aquaculture. 2 Aknowlegments I would like to thank my promotor Prof. Marco Saroglia, who was always next to me to supervise, support and guide my experimental work. His supervision and direction during my thesis writing were also essential for the completion of this work. Thanks Prof. Saroglia for guiding me throughout the last three years and teaching me aquaculture. I would like to thank Dr. Genciana Terova for her guidance and help during the genomic work. Special thanks also go to all the staff and students of the Unit of Animal Biotechnology and Aquaculture. Last but not least, I would like to thank the staff of Meneou Marine Aquaculture Research Station for their help during the experimental work. 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 2 AKNOWLEGMENTS ................................................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.1. Marine Biodiversity ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2. Biodiversity and Aquaculture ................................................................................................13 1.3. Context of aquaculture in the Mediterranean ........................................................................16 1.3.1. World aquaculture ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.2. Aquaculture in Europe..................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.3. Aquaculture in the Mediterranean ................................................................................................... 22 1.4. Need for diversification of Mediterranean marine aquaculture production ..........................23 1.5. New species in Mediterranean aquaculture ..........................................................................26 1.5.1. Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) .......................................................................... 26 1.5.2. Common Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) ......................................................................................... 31 1.5.3. Common Dentex (Dentex dentex) ................................................................................................... 34 1.5.4. Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) ............................................................................................. 36 1.5.5. Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) ......................................................................................................... 39 1.6. Fish Nutrition ........................................................................................................................40 1.6.1. Protein ............................................................................................................................................. 40 1.6.2. Lipids .............................................................................................................................................. 45 1.6.3. Vitamins .......................................................................................................................................... 48 1.6.4. Carotenoids ..................................................................................................................................... 51 1.6.5. Carbohydrates ................................................................................................................................. 53 1.7. Energy metabolism and respiration .......................................................................................54 1.8. Quality of livestock ................................................................................................................57 1.8.1. Genomics ........................................................................................................................................ 58 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................................60 2.1. A preliminary study on physiology and reproduction of marbled rabbitfish (S. rivilatus) ....60 2.2. Effect of temperature on energy metabolism in marbled rabbitfish (S. rivulatus) .................61 2.3. Effect of nutritional protein level on growth performance of marbled rabbitfish (S. rivulatus) ..........................................................................................................................63 2.4. Effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin supplementation in broodstock diet on reproductive performance, and egg and larval quality in common pandora (P. erythrinus) .....................65 2.5. Statistical analysis .................................................................................................................69 3. RESULTS .........................................................................................................................................71 3.1. A preliminary study on physiology and reproduction of marbled rabbitfish (S. rivilatus) ....71 3.2. Effect of temperature on energy metabolism in marbled rabbitfish (S. rivulatus) .................71 3.3. Effect of nutritional protein level on growth performance of marbled rabbitfish (S. rivulatus) ..........................................................................................................................79 3.4. Effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin supplementation in broodstock diet on reproductive performance, and egg and larval quality in common pandora (P. erythrinus) .....................82 4. DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................................................91 5. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................97 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Off-shore sea cages of sea bass and sea bream in Cyprus. ................................ 14 Figure 2. World capture and aquaculture production. ...................................................... 17 Figure 3. Aquaculture production by region in 2006. ....................................................... 18 Figure 4. World aquaculture production: major species group in 2006. .......................... 19 Figure 5. Total protein supply by continent and major food group (2003-05 average). ... 20 Figure 6. European aquaculture production (in quantity percentage)
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