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Vieira Leandrotavares M.Pdf i ii iii “Aprender é a única coisa de que a mente nunca se cansa, nunca tem medo e nunca se arrepende”. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) iv Agradecimentos À CAPES pela bolsa de estudos e à FAPESP pelo suporte financeiro para a realização do projeto. Um agradecimento especial ao professor Fernando Roberto Martins pela dedicada orientação, confiança e amizade. Aos membros da pré-banca e banca pelas preciosas sugestões: Rafael Oliveira, Rosemary de Oliveira, Marco Assis e Vanilde C. Zanette. Aos grandes professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e da Biologia Vegetal: Flávio Santos, João Semir, Jorge Tamashiro, Carlos Joly, Rafael Oliveira, André Freitas, Ricardo Rodrigues, Sergius Gandolfi, Marlies Sazima, Thomas Lewinsohn, Woodruff Benson, Vera Solferini, George Shepherd e tantos outros que tanto contribuíram para a evolução do meu pensamento científico, mesmo que tenha sido por breves momentos. “Eram os deuses astronautas?”. À Ligia Sims pelo louvável auxílio em campo e ao Luciano Pereira pelo auxílio em campo e nas identificações das plântulas. Ao Tamashiro Sama pela enorme ajuda na identificação das espécies, principalmente com os indivíduos de 2 cm de altura com apenas uma folha carcomida e ao João Semir pelo auxílio com as herbáceas em geral. Aos especialistas de algumas famílias, que alguns eu nem cheguei a conhecer, mas que colaboraram muito para que o máximo de espécies fosse identificado. São eles: Ana Paula Santos Gonçalves (Poaceae); Washington Marcondes-Ferreira (Apocynaceae); Edson Dias da Silva (Fabaceae); Marcos José da Silva (Fabaceae); Itayguara Ribeiro da Costa v (Myrtaceae); Tiago Domingos Mouzinho Barbosa (Lauraceae); Marco Assis (Bignoniaceae); Júlio Lombardi (Hippocrateaceae); Juan Domingo Urdampilleta (Sapindaceae). À Célia, pelo seu profissionalismo exemplar acompanhado de um carinho todo especial com que trata todos os alunos da Ecologia. Aos funcionários e administradores do Condomínio Colinas do Atibaia. Ao pessoal do transporte: João Batista Santos, Carlinhos e Joaquim que foram de uma simpatia e comprometimento insuperáveis. À todos os amigos que também ajudaram muito na identificação das espécies: Bruno Aranha, Guilherme Aguirre, Leonardo Meirelles, Arildo Dias, Juliano van Melis, André Rochelle. Aos meus amigos contemporâneos de curso: Alexandre, Carlão, Sebastian, Gui Becker, Mônica, Gui Aguirre, Carol, Kamila, Marcela, Leonardo, Fernanda, Shirley, Joana, Vanessa. Aos amigos do laboratório. Vou me esforçar para não esquecer de ninguém: Júlia (esta mereceria um parágrafo só pra ela), Priscila, Alessandra, Rafael, Bruno Aranha, Bruno Rosado, Pedro, Ligia, André, Arildo, Juliano, Christiane, Carina, Carol Scultori, Carol Virillo, Roque, Sandro, Silvana, Rose, Rosemary, Larissinha, Larissão, Maíra, Mari Cruz, Mariana, Fabíola, Viviane, Antônio, Archimedes, Marisa, Cristina, Luciano. Aos amigos da ecologia e da taxonomia: Henrique, Lucas, Adriana, Marina, Gaby, Paulo Henrique, Rafael, Leonardo, Roberta, André, Rubão, João Aranha, Cátia, Marcelinho, Gustavo, Tiago, Leo. vi Aos meus amigos da vida, que são muitos, mas pensei em cada um nesse momento. Alguns longe, outros perto, mas todos são importantes para mim. Aos meus eternos amigos de infância, os quais eu amo muito e sem eles como uma referência tudo ficaria dez mil vezes mais difícil: Eduardo, Diogo, Danilo, Fernando, Lana Angelina, Luciana, Paulo César, Helen, Henrique e Juliana, Priscila, Luciana Diehl, Paulo Henrique, Rafael, Natália, e um agradecimento especial ao Luciano, pois sem sua ajuda este sonho não teria nem começado. À eles dedico esta dissertação juntamente com minha família. À minha família, meu irmão Ricardo, meus avós, tios, primos que tanto me ajudaram de todas as formas possíveis em todos estes anos. Agradeço com todo meu amor aos meus pais, João e Beth, que são meus exemplos, meus guias, meus heróis. vii ÍNDICE RESUMO ......................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ................................................................................................. 5 Mata Atlântica .............................................................................................................. 5 Mata Ribeirão Cachoeira – Floresta Estacional Semidecídua...................................... 6 Estrato Herbáceo........................................................................................................... 8 a) Vegetação Rasteira........................................................................................... 9 b) Estrato Herbáceo............................................................................................ 10 Objetivos..................................................................................................................... 11 Referências Citadas .................................................................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO 1: Seasonality effects on the ground layer of a Tropical Semideciduous Seasonal Forest fragment in Southeastern Brazil. .................................................... 15 Abstract....................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18 Material and Methods................................................................................................. 21 Study Site ................................................................................................................ 21 Sampling................................................................................................................. 22 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................... 25 Results ........................................................................................................................ 32 Species richness and composition .......................................................................... 32 Rainy vs. Dry season .............................................................................................. 35 Shannon-Weaver and Simpson Indices .................................................................. 37 Canopy openness and plant cover.......................................................................... 37 Multivariate Analysis.............................................................................................. 37 Discussion................................................................................................................... 39 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 44 Literature Cited........................................................................................................... 45 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................. 55 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................. 61 Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................. 67 Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................. 73 Appendix 5 ................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix 6 ................................................................................................................. 77 Appendix 7 ................................................................................................................. 79 viii CAPÍTULO 2: Geographic distribution of herb layer species in Southern and Southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragments.................................................... 81 Abstract....................................................................................................................... 82 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 84 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 90 Floristic data .......................................................................................................... 90 Classification of the forest formations ................................................................... 91 Primary Matrices.................................................................................................... 93 Multivariate Analyses............................................................................................. 95 Results ...................................................................................................................... 100 Floristic Data ....................................................................................................... 100 Multivariate Analyses........................................................................................... 101 Floristic Centers................................................................................................... 108 Discussion................................................................................................................
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