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PHARMANEST an International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences P a g e | 2130 eISSN: 2231-0541 CAS CODEN: PHARN8 An EMBASE, EMCare Covered Journal PHARMANEST An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 3|May-June 2014|Pages 2130-2141 Review Article A REVIEW ON PHARMACOGNISTIC, PHYTOCHEMICAL, CHEMICAL PROFILE AND APOPTOSIS INDUCTION IN YEAST CELLS OF GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA aUV RAMAKRISHNA, aSUKESH NARAYAN SINHA*, bNEELAM KUMARI, cVIJAY BHATNAGAR aResearch Scholar, Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad – 500007, INDIA a*Scientist-D, Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad – 500007, INDIA bNarma Niketan, Kameshwar lane, Kalambagh road, Muzaffarpur - 842002, INDIA cDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut – 250005, INDIA Author for Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 04-06-2014 Revised: 21-06-2014 Accepted: 26-06-2014 Available online: 01-07-2014 ABSTRACT Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. belonging to the family Sterculiaceae and commonly called Pigeon wood or Bastard cedar, in Telugu known as Bhadraksh or Rudraksha. It is Native to Tropical America and widely distributed in tropical America from Mexico to northern part of Argentina & the middle part of Brazil. The bark and leaves have been traditionally used antibacterial, antidysenteric, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, emollient, febrifuge, hepatoprotective, pectoral, refrigerant, stomachic, styptic and sudorific. Phytochemically plant contains fatty acids, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, mucilage. Preclinical study on plant performed till date Anti-diabetic action, Anti-Hypertensive, Anti-microbial action, Anti-Oxidant, Antiulcer Action, Hair growth promoter, Weight loss agent. Key Words: Guazuma ulmifolia, Pharmacognistic, Phytochemical, Clinical, Essential Oils. INTRODUCTION of fodder for livestock, especially at the end of Medicinal Plants, as a source of remedies, are the dry season when there are no grasses. widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for In many places farmers feed the leaves and the prevention or treatment of many diseases1. fruits to cattle. Taxonomy of plant as Kingdom: Essential oils from aromatic and medicinal Plantae, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Order: plants have been known to possess biological Malvales, Superdivision: Spermatophyta, activity, notably antibacterial, antifungal and Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, antioxidant activities2,3. Biological activity of Subclass: Dilleniidae, Family: Sterculiaceae, essential oils depends on their chemical Genus: guazuma, Species: Guazuma ulmifolia composition determined by genotype and Lam 9. It is commonly known as Bastard cedar influenced by environmental and agronomic but in different languages it has different conditions 4,5. common or vernacular names in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. belonging to the Bengali- Nipaltunth family Sterculiaceae and commonly called English- Bastard cedar, Honey fruit tree, Bastard cedar is native to tropical American Musket tree countries. It was introduced into India more Kannada- Bhadrakshi mara, Bucha, Rudrakshi than 100 years ago 6. It has naturalized to the Malayalam- Rudraksham, Uttharasham, local climatic conditions. This species has high Oriya- Debodaru economic importance. Its wood is used as fuel Tamil-Rudrasam, Tenbachai, Thenmaram, wood and charcoal, and its leaves are used as tubakki fodder for livestock. A beverage prepared from Sanskrit (Ayurveda)-Pundraaksha, Rudraakshi crushed seeds soaked in water is used to treat (fake rudraaksha) ailments like diarrhoea, dysentery, cold, cough Telugu- Rudraksha, Thene-chettu, Udrikpatta, and venereal disease. It is also used as a Siddha system- Rudraksham, diuretic and astringent 7. Rope and twine are Trade name -guazima firewood 10-12. made from the tough, fibrous bark and young Sterculiaceae family is widespread in the stems 8.In dry areas it is an important source tropics of the world, especially in America and Africa, with about 68 classes and 430 species. PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 3| May-June 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net P a g e | 2131 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. known as “chico- are in a branched pattern around 2.5–5 cm in magro” or “mutamba”occurs in all of Latin. It is length and are found at the bottom of the popularly used for the treatment of dandruff, leaves. The flowers come in many, are short hypercholesterolemic and to reduce13. stalked, small in size, have a brown-yellow Antimicrobial properties have been described color, five parted, 1 cm in length and have a previously from G. ulmifolia leaves and stem small fragrance to them. The calyx contains bark 14 species also showed antiulcer activity are lobed (2-3), have hairs that are brown or that is related to the presence of several light grey in color, as well as greenish. They anthocyanidins isolated from stem bark of G. have 5 petals with a yellow-like stamen, ulmifolia ethyl acetate fraction15. In addition, 15anthers per pistil, 5 stigmas (combined), this species showed promising antioxidant ovary lighter green in color with hairs, and also capacity, being related to the presence of contains a style. The fruit which have capsules phenolic compounds and flavonoids 15. The that are round to elliptical in shape are 15- literature search did not reveal any report on 25mm in length. They have many seeds which the essential oil composition of G. ulmifolia. are shaped like eggs and are 3mm in length, However, in a study conducted by Reid et al. 16 grey in color18. with five species of Sterculiaceae family, was Pharmacognistic and Phytochemical verified the presence of essential oils in three Profile species.Chemical composition of essential oil Guazuma ulmifolia is wood Tree. It is of Helicteres guazumifolia leaves commonly found in deciduous forest. It is 30 (Sterculiaceae) was investigated, and the main m in height leaves are alternate with two rows components essential oil this species are non- distributed in alternate pattern. Leaves are terpenoids volatile secondary metabolites ovate to lanceolate with toothed margin (30.28%) 17. usually texture is rough. Leaves are covered Description with small star shaped hairs. The panicles are Guazuma ulmifolia grows to 30 m in height and in branched pattern around 2.5 to 5 cm in 30–40 cm in diameter and comes with a length flowers many and are short stalked rounded crown. Leaves are distributed in an small in size, brown to yellow in colour. Seeds alternate pattern with 2 rows in assembled are brown in colour19. flatly. The leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, T.S OF LEAF finely saw toothed margin, usually have a Leaf anatomy shows upper and lower rough texture and are 6–13 cm in length and epidermis i9s composed of rectangular cells 2.5–6 cm in diameter.3-5 main veins arise with thin visible cuticle.The mesophyll tissue from the base (rounded or notched, unequal differentiated in to palisade parenchyma and sided) of the leaf which has a darker green spongy parenchyma.Trichomes are present on upper surface and a fairer green color leaves and stem they are unicellular, underneath. They are virtually hairless and on-glandular and stellate. Anisocytic stomata thin. The leaf stalks of this species are lean, are confine to abaxial surface(figure 1-2) 19. approximately 6-12mm long, and are covered with small “star-shaped” hairs18. The panicles (indeterminate flower clusters) Fig.1.Stomata Fig.2.Trichome T.S STEM Stem is circular in out line, differentiated in to The endodermis surrounds the vascular tissue. epidermis, cortex and conjoint, collateral open Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral,open vascular bundles. The epidermis is single and arranged in ring. Secondary xylem is layered with in the parenchyma cells covered present. At the center thin walled by thick cuiticle.Just beneath it 2 to 3 layered parenchymatous pith is present. vessels are collenchymatous hypodermis and multilayered long with scalariform thickening on lateral parenchymatous genral cortex is present. walls and both the end wall plates are 19 oblique(figure 3) . PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 3| May-June 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net P a g e | 2132 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING Photochemical screening of G.Ulmifolia fruit and leaf showed the presence of different groups of secondary metabolites viz.Alkaloids, Tannins, Sapponins, Flavonoids,Terpenoids, cardiac Glycosides,Steroids which are of medicinal importance. The aqueous extract showed positive result for most of the test compounds (Table 1) 19. Fig.3.T.S Stem Table.1. Photochemical screening results of G.Ulmifolia fruit and leaf Plant Cardiac Tannins Saponins Flavonoids Terpenoids Alkaloids Steroids Parts Glycoside Fruit + + + + + + - Leaf + + + + + + + Leaves: Contain octacosanol, taraxerol-oac, Dysentery, friedelin-3-á-oac, â-sitosterol, and friedelinol- Elephantiasis, 3-acetate. Fevers, Heartwood: Kaempferol. Fractures, Fruit: Sweet edible mucilage. When eaten in Gastrointestinal Pain, excessive quantities it is reported to cause Gonorrhea, diarrhoea. Grippe, Bark: Contains friedelin, betulin, and Hemorrhage, â-sitosterol 19. Hemorrhoids, ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL USE Hypertension, The bark and leaves have been traditionally Infections, used by herbal medicine practitioners for their Influenza,
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