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University of São Paulo Luiz De Queiroz College of Agriculture Local and Landscape Drivers of Tropical Forest Regeneration in A 1 University of São Paulo Luiz de Queiroz College of agriculture Local and landscape drivers of tropical forest regeneration in agricultural landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil Ricardo Gomes César Thesis presented to obtain the degree of Doctor in Sciences. Area: Forest Resources. Option in: Conservation of Forest Ecosystems Piracicaba 2018 Ricardo Gomes César Forester Local and landscape drivers of tropical forest regeneration in agricultural landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Advisor: Prof. Dr. PEDRO HENRIQUE SANTIN BRANCALION Thesis presented to obtain the degree of Doctor in Sciences. Area: Forest Resources. Option in: Conservation of Forest Ecosystems Piracicaba 2018 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA – DIBD/ESALQ/USP César, Ricardo Gomes Chronossequence and landscape effect in tropical forest succession / Ricardo Gomes César. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2018. 165 p. Tese (Doutorado) - - USP / Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Florestas secundárias 2. Restauração florestal 3. Ecologia de paisagens 4. Regeneração natural I. Título 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Conmigo vienen, vienen los de atras! - Calle 13 There are many, many people behind the dozens of pages and four years of this work. The name of a few of them should be in the cover, along with me and my tutors. However, this would violate scientific writing conventions and would lead to a long and awkward discussion about the restrictions of scientific publications and the relevant people for the development of science. In other words, a discussion that I would certainly lose. Besides, I already violated these conventions several times before getting to this final version so, to avoid further hassle for the library staff, mentioning these people that are very dear to me just in this section will have to do. Regarding gratitude, the first time I felt it was for my family, so it would be fair to start from them. They were also the first to hear me talking about nature, science, the universe and everything else. For caring, hearing, inspiring, laughing and arguing (and not sleeping a single time while I was explaining my thesis), I thank my parents Francisco Ignácio Giocondo César and Marli Valverde Gomes, my sister Sofia Gomes César and my beloved Glaucia Zaina Gonsalves. I am also thankful for my grandparents Ricardo Gomes Filho and Antonieta Valverde Gomes for the weekends in the country house and for the first books about nature. I was also inspired by my grandfather and forester Geraldo de Barros Cesar, which I would like to have known better. Finally, I am thankful for my aunts Marisa and Magali Valverde Gomes, for being always there supporting me! Glaucia, in a 14 billion-old universe that extends to who-knows-where, with millions of species in this 210 million km² planet, where seven billion people live in thousands of cities, you make the best place to be at your side, and the best time now. I hope that the reader notices that this work was masterfully guided mainly by two people that pruned hedges, opened doors, pointed paths and donated themselves. For better or worse, all graduate students have a tutors. I was lucky to have tutors that became friends along this work. Every good tutor questions, research, write and apply. But you do all of this smiling and looking in the eyes of people. I have so much to say to both of you, that I prefer to keep it in simple words that encompass a lot: thank you Pedro and Robin! Your love move forests! (To Pedro this acknowledgement extends to the end of my undergraduate studies, when we first worked together). These pages look clean, but they hide a lot of sweat, dust and cuts from many volunteers that faced the remaining and forgotten secondary forests, where we collected most of our data. I’m very thankful to GEPEM for their help since the early stages of this work. Thank you Bianca Torres, Hellen Pecchi, Kerolin Amarante, Julia Martins, Ana Carolina Yamaguchi and Karen Beneton. I also thank GADE and mainly Leandro Degrandi. I thank Paula Meli, Adriano Adinolfi Ito (best tapioca in the field!), Marina Peluci, Monica Borda Niño, Saulo E. X. F. de Souza, Felipe Brancalion, Carol Giudice Badari, Flávia Garcia Flórido (that endured several wasp stings), Renan Afoacy (that rescued me out of the forest when I injured my eye) and Henrique Sverzut Freire de Andrade. Interested and motivated people like you make this kind of project possible. 4 I’m super thankful to Vanessa Moreno, a strong ally during data gathering in the field. Thank you for your attention to details, for reviewing our data, helping in almost every field expedition of this work and having the energy to sample even more forests. Thank you for your help in the ups and downs, stresses and laughs, ticks and mud of the field work. And for the brainstorm to guess if it will rain or not. I am very thankful for the help of Alex Mendes: the one that never spoiled Game of Thrones, the watcher of canopies, guardian of epiphytes, the one that went North and back, the wise of endless patience. Thank you Alex! Research is always bigger than any single person, therefore I acknowledge for my colleagues that are also investigating the different aspects of second-growth forests in the Corumbataí watershed. Thank you Vanessa Moreno, Alex Mendes, Vanessa Oliveira, Daniella Schweizer, Monica Borda Niño, Danilo Almeida (thanks for the help with statistical analyses in the first chapter!), Juliano van Melis (thank you very very much for all the help in the second chapter and in many other analyses from other projects!), Marina Peluci, Eduardo Alexandrino, Alessandro Palmeira and Paulo Guilherme Molin. I just noticed that, even with so many people collecting data and asking questions about these forests, there is still so much more to collect and ask. These pages also travelled a lot! The foreign collaborators that I had the privilege of working with were Prof. Jos Barlow, Prof. Fernando Espírito-Santo, Alessandro Palmeira and Leighton Reid. Many “obrigados” to all of you. These pages are also stained with laughter, conversations and philosophic discussions. For enchanting the everyday routine, I am thankful to LASTROP: Andréia Moreno, Daniella Schweizer (and Carlos and Lucia), Paula Meli, Andreia Alves Erdmann, Carina Camargo Silva, Juliano van Melis, Daniel Palma Perez Braga (the main source of philosophical discussions), Vanessa Erler Sontag (who will build a time machine someday), Danilo Almeida, Fabrício Hernani Tinto (for the food supply), Frederico Domene, Luciana Maria Papp (who also gets extra points for the food supply), Marina Melo Duarte (for helping eating all the food supply with me), Monica Borda Niño, Nino Tavarez Amazonas, Vanessa Souza Moreno, Luis Eduardo Bernardini, Carol Giudice Badri, Prof. Edson José da Silva Vida and Pedro Henrique Santing Brancalion. For making (much, much) more than their professional requirements in all material logistics, equipment, bureaucracy, keys, resources and conversations; I am very thankful to Andréia Moreno, Giovana Oliveira and Jeferson Polizel. You certainly help moving the wheels of graduate (and undergraduate) activities work better. For contributing to my mental sanity and insanity during all this process, I thank my friends from “Raízes e Asas”, mainly Dante Moretti, Raquel Galvani, Fabio Camolesi, Amarílis Ibanez, Ivo Racca, Bárbara Contarini, Paulo Santini, Jéssica Telhada and Beatriz Abud. Finally, I acknowledge the FAPESP for the funding granted by Processes #2014/14503-7 and 2017/05662-2. 5 “A minha surpresa é só feita de fatos De sangue nos olhos e lama nos sapatos” Chico Buarque de Hollanda 6 SUMMARY RESUMO………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….........................8 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 9 2. EARLY ECOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF NATURAL REGENERATION AND TREE PLANTATIONS FOR RESTORING AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES……………………...……..17 2.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 17 2.2. METHODS ............................................................................................................ 19 2.3. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................24 2.4. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................29 3. SURROUNDING LAND USE AND FOREST COVER AS MAJOR DRIVERS OF BIOMASS AND TREE DIVERSITY RECOVERY BY SECOND-GROWTH TROPICAL FORESTS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES………………………………………………………………………..39 3.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................39 3.2. METHODS ............................................................................................................ 41 3.3. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................48 3.4. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................52 4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS………………………………………………………………………........61 APPENDIXES .......................................................................................................................................65
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