Biologia Floral De Zeyheria Tuberculosa (Bignoniaceae)

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Biologia Floral De Zeyheria Tuberculosa (Bignoniaceae) Campus de Botucatu BIOLOGIA FLORAL DE ZEYHERIA TUBERCULOSA (BIGNONIACEAE) CAMILA VAZ DE SOUZA Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Mestre no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Área de concentração: Morfologia e Diversidade Vegetal. BOTUCATU – SP 2015 1 Campus de Botucatu UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “Julio de Mesquita Filho” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS DE BOTUCATU BIOLOGIA FLORAL DE ZEYHERIA TUBERCULOSA (BIGNONIACEAE) CAMILA VAZ DE SOUZA PROFª DRª ELZA MARIA GUIMARÃES SANTOS ORIENTADORA PROFª DRª SILVIA RODRIGUES MACHADO CO-ORIENTADORA Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Mestre no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Área de concentração: Morfologia e Diversidade Vegetal. BOTUCATU – SP 2015 2 3 Dedico esta dissertação à minha mãe, pela educação, amor incondicional, carinho e apoio em todos os momentos da minha vida. 4 Agradecimentos Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa de estudos concedida. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo suporte financeiro (TEM-Biota proc. 2008/55434-7; Coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Silvia Rodrigues Machado). À equipe do Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, IBB, UNESP, pela assistência no processamento das amostras. Ao Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, coordenado pela Profª Drª. Tatiane Maria Rodrigues, pela assistência no processamento das amostras. À Profª Drª Elza Maria Guimarães Santos, pela imensa dedicação em minha orientação, por confiar e acreditar em mim sempre me incentivando a crescer, por todos os ensinamentos, paciência, conselhos, carinho e amizade, pelo comprometimento e amor à ciência que ela transmite a todos os seus orientados e por ser o exemplo de profissional que um dia almejo me tornar. À Profª Drª Silvia Rodrigues Machado, pela orientação, dedicação, apoio, confiança, paciência e pela disposição em compartilhar seus valiosos ensinamentos comigo. Ao Dr. Massimo Nepi pela colaboração e processamento das amostras de néctar referentes à composição de açúcares. Ao Dr. Anselmo Nogueira, por todas as contribuições no trabalho. Aos queridos companheiros de Pós-Graduação, especialmente Angelica Lino, Katiane Reis, Luiz Ricardo Tozin, Sérgio Adachi e Yve Canaveze, pela amizade, companheirismo, pelas conversas e conselhos e por estarem sempre dispostos a ajudar. Aos queridos amigos que fazem ou fizeram parte do Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução das Interações Bióticas, Adriano Valentin, André Santachiara, César Trevelin, 5 Erika Ono, Fernanda Tresmondi, Heloíza Cassola, Janete Ferreira, Priscila Tunes, Raquel de Arruda, Vinicius Nunes, pela amizade, pelo apoio diário e no campo, pelo carinho, incentivo, conversas e conselhos fundamentais em momentos de crise, pelos cafés, almoços e por tornar o cotidiano tão divertido. Em especial, gostaria de agradecer à Marília Quinalha, que além de tudo anteriormente citado, foi fundamental em todas as etapas deste trabalho. Sem sua amizade, companheirismo, me apoiando e ajudando diariamente eu não teria conseguido. Aos meus queridos e eternos amigos e companheiros de casa, Ana Paula Marques, Samuel Thomaz, Talita Aleixo, pela amizade, amor, carinho e companheirismo, dividindo comigo os melhores e piores momentos desde primeiro ano de graduação, quando ainda estávamos descobrindo um mundo cheio de possibilidades à nossa frente, até agora, compartilhando as alegrias e dissabores que a vida adulta traz. Obrigada por estarem presentes e me apoiarem sempre. Às minhas queridas amigas Ana Maria Ruocco, Fernanda Helena Palermo e Marília Quinalha, pela amizade, amor, companheirismo, paciência e respeito, por todos os conselhos e conversas, por deixarem a vida mais leve e por ao longo do mestrado terem se tornado a família que levarei para vida. À minha querida família, vó Ermelinda, tia Darci, tio Elias, tia Maria, tia Diva, pelo amor, carinho, dedicação e apoio durante toda a minha vida. Amo e admiro muito vocês. Aos meus queridos irmãos, Franciele e Júnior, pelo amor, carinho, amizade, apoio, companheirismo, pelos momentos mais divertidos e por me acompanharem pra sempre nessa estrada da vida. À minha mãe Delma, pela educação, amor, apoio e por todos os esforços que vez para criar a mim e aos meus irmãos da melhor maneira possível. Obrigada por ser meu exemplo de caráter e bondade que há no mundo. 6 SUMÁRIO RESUMO...................................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................10 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL E REVISÃO DE LITERATURA...................................................12 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.....................................................................................16 CAPÍTULO I – Floral biology and nectar secretion pattern of a threatened Bignoniaceae tree from brazilian tropical forest………………………………..………………………………...21 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….22 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...24 Material and Methods…………………………………………………………….…...26 Results………………………………………………………………………………...30 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………....38 Literature cited…………………………………………………………………….….45 CAPÍTULO II - Structural and histochemical characterization of floral nectary in Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl (Bignoniaceae)………………………………………… 52 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….…53 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...54 Material and Methods…………………………………………………………………55 Results………………………………………………………………………………...57 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………60 Literature cited………………………………………………………………………..63 Figure legends...............................................................................................................67 Figures...........................................................................................................................71 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS..................................................................................................77 7 VAZ, C. BIOLOGIA FLORAL DE ZEYHERIA TUBERCULOSA (BIGNONIACEAE). 2015. 79p. DISSERTAÇÃO (MESTRADO) – INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS, UNESP – UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA, BOTUCATU. Resumo - A família Bignoniaceae é um bom modelo dos tipos de diversificação evolutiva que deram origem à diversidade de comunidades de plantas tropicais, sendo sua interação com os polinizadores um fator determinante para tal. Zeyheria tuberculosa é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção e apresenta características relacionadas à síndrome de melitofilia. Informações sobre a reprodução desta espécie poderão auxiliar na compreensão dos processos ecológicos que podem ter levado esta espécie a ser incluída na lista vermelha das espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo central investigar a biologia floral de Z. tuberculosa, enfocando o padrão de secreção de néctar e as características funcionais e estruturais do nectário floral, responsável pela produção do recurso essencial à manutenção da interação com os visitantes florais. Os resultados obtidos foram divididos em dois capítulos que abordam questões específicas e complementares. O primeiro contempla informações sobre os eventos ocorridos durante a antese floral, a ecologia da polinização e o padrão de secreção de néctar em plantas de Z. tuberculosa situadas em fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecídua, imersos em uma paisagem alterada. O segundo aborda a estrutura e o funcionamento do nectário floral desta espécie, com enfoque nas características relacionadas ao tipo de secreção. Para o Capítulo 1, monitoramos flores durante todo o período de antese; fizemos observações focais dos visitantes e os capturamos para examinar a área de deposição de pólen; registramos a porcentagem de grãos de pólen viáveis e verificamos o período de receptividade do estigma; obtivemos dados relativos à morfometria das flores e das abelhas polinizadoras; fizemos testes de autoincompatibilidade para avaliar a dependência de vetores de pólen para a fecundação cruzada; avaliamos a dinâmica de secreção de néctar através dos parâmetros volume, concentração e miligramas totais de açúcares, utilizando este último parâmetro para calcular a oferta calórica média disponível aos polinizadores por flor e por planta e realizamos análises da composição química de açúcares do néctar floral. Para o Capítulo 2, realizamos análises estruturais utilizando métodos convencionais de anatomia vegetal e de microscopia eletrônica, além de realizarmos testes histoquímicos para verificar as principais classes de compostos presentes nos tecidos secretores do nectário. Zeyheria tuberculosa mostrou-se uma espécie melitófila, dependente de abelhas médias para a transferência de pólen entre plantas por ser autoincompatível. O néctar foi o principal atrativo primário e fonte de energia floral para seus polinizadores, sendo rico em hexoses, com predomínio dos monossacarídeos glicose e frutose, o que corresponde às preferências 8 alimentares de abelhas. Registramos um aumento na concentração de açúcares ao longo da antese, o que possivelmente ocorreu por evaporação, já que as flores campanuladas de Z. tuberculosa aparentemente não conferem uma barreira tão efetiva contra a perda d’água, quanto as flores de Bignoniaceae que possuem tubos cilíndricos e longos. De modo geral, houve variação significativa nos miligramas
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