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Fountain Grass - '" Turn Off the Spigot! 'V As If We Haven't Learned a Lesson from the Invasive Ability to Escape Cultivation in Florida

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Fountain Grass - ' :Fforitfa EPPC FLORIDA EXOTIC PEST PLANT COUNCIL ''An organization concerned with Florida's Environmental Future" Volume 6 Number 2 Spring 1996 Fountain grass - '" _ Turn off the spigot! 'V As if we haven't learned a lesson from the invasive ability to escape cultivation in Florida. Its preference for natal grass, Pennisetum purpureum, along comes foun­ dry sites could spell trouble for pineland and scrub habi­ tain grass, Pennisetum selaceum. 1bis African species is tats. widely cultivated as an ornamental in southern and cen­ tral Florida and has become popular with landscape The Asian grass Burma reed, Neyraudia reytllludiall/J, architects. It is also frequently offered through mail-or­ aggressively invades dry sites, especially the globally der gardening catalogs. imperiled pine rockland habitat in Dade County. Now that effective management techniques have been devel­ While the tall, exceptionally invasive natal grass oped to control this rampant grass, it is especially im­ colonizes low-lying, wetland areas and canal banks, portant that fountain grass be regulated before it too fountain grass seems to prefer dry sites and is included becomes an environmental and budgetary nightmare. on lists of potential plants for xeriscaping. On Key Largo in Monroe County, fountain Identification grass has recently been discovered as an escapee in three separate locali­ "This species war­ Fountain grass can be recog­ ties by Keith Bradley. Voucher speci­ nized by its clustering habit, narrow mens have been deposited in the rants being regulated elongate leaves to about one meter herbarium at Fairchild Tropical Gar­ because it is already a tall, and nodding plumose inflores­ den in Miami. Other naturalized serious weed in Hawaii cences that stand above the foliage. populations have been found in a The inflorescence can vary in color disturbed area along the edge of a and is now demonstrat­ from light pink to purple and there pine rockland in Homestead and in ing its ability to escape are several named cultivated varie­ a vacant lot in Cutler Ridge, both in cultivation in Florida." ties with varying leaf color as well. southern Dade County. The cuJtivar rubrum produces rose- colored foliage, cepreum produces reddish foliage, and bears purple foli­ Fountain grass has recently been nominated by the alrosanguineum age. Resource managers should keep a watchful eye for author to be included on the prohibited species Jist of this species and report any findings to the EPPC to docu­ the Department of Environmental Resources Manage­ ment its spread in Florida. ment (DERM) in Dade County. This will likely raise the ire of the Florida Nursery Growers Association. 1bis Roger Hammer species warrants being regulated because it is already a Natural Areas Management serious weed in Hawaii and it is now demonstrating its Metro-Dade Park & Recreation Department Dwarf Papyrus - Not a Rose by Any Name... You may run across a sedge offered for sale as a water variety of C. haspan L., a pantropical species considered garden ornamental with the moniker Dwarf Papyrus; it native to Florida. The correct Latin name for the species may also be labelled in Latin as Cyperus haspan. Please is Cyperus prolifer Lam. (synonyms include C. isocladus be advised that the plant commonly carrying this nick­ Kunth and C. aequalis VahI). It is native to eastern and name in Florida is definitely not a dwarf form of papy­ southern Africa, including Tanzania, Zanzibar, Mozam­ rus (Cyperlls papyrus L.), nor is it a cultivar form, or bique,and South Africa (TItiselton-Dyer 1902). Misap- Florida EPPC Newsletter Page 2 plication of Latin names in this case probably derives been noted - in Pasco County - by FDEP regional biolo­ from ambiguities in horticultural references: "Cyperus gist Rob Lovestrand, in King Lake and in a canal near a haspan viviparus ... maybe C prolifer" (Graf 1976, 1985) cypress strand. C. prolifer is available by catalog and has and "Cyperus papyrus... 'Nanus' : C. isocladus" (Bailey been sold in Miami, Wmter Park, Sarasota, and Talla­ and Bailey 1976). hassee. A specimen in our Ta\lahassee lab garden ap­ pears to be overwintering well. "Dwarf Papyrus" is Naturalized, spreading populations of C. prolifer certainly a plant to keep your eye out for. have been documented by Florida Department of Envi­ ronmental Protection (FDEP) regional biologist David Fb Identification Demmi for four lakes surrounded by residential devel­ opment in Highlands County: Crooked (on urbanized It is fairly easy to distinguish in the field. Look for a part of lake), Francis, Huntly, and Lotela. (Identification stoutish Cyperus sedge (to 0.6 m or so in height), with of a sample was confirmed by a specialist in sedge tax­ many flowering stems and few or no leaves (it has onomy, Richard Carter of Valdosta State University.) mostly bladeless sheaths, brownish in color), and with One lakeside homeowner was so distressed that an in­ no conspicuous leafy bracts subtending the inflores­ nocent planting had expanded into "strong colonies" cence (it has bracts, but they're quite small). The inflo­ she obtained a permit to control the population chemi­ rescence is distinctive: it has many slender, short cally. About the time she thought she had nearly eradi­ primary rays, or branches (as many as 50 - 100), all of cated it, she discovered several more colonies elsewhere nearly equal length. This flowerhead form makes C. on the lakshore. As the species name implies, the plant prolifer standout amongst our sedges. proliferates vegetatively as well as by seed. A new clump of more than a dozen stems can arise from just Kathy Burks, Bolanlst one old inflorescence that has fallen over into the water FDEP and taken root. Bureau of Aquatic Plants. Occurrences of this species as a escapee from culti­ vation may not be limited to Highlands County. Since Demmi's reports last year, two other populations have Fb Literature cited Baily, L.H. and E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third. Revised by staff, L.H. Baily hortorium, Cornell Univ. Macmillan Publishing, New York, NY Graf, A.B. 1976. Exotica series 3. 9th ed. Roehrs co., E. Rutherford, NJ Graf, A.B. 1985. Exotica series 4. 12th ed. Roehrs Co., E. Rutherford, NJ Thiselton-Dyer, W.T. 1902. Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. vm: Pontederiaceae to Cyperaceae. Reeve and Co., Ashford, Kent, England Oeceoclades maculata A Fast-spreading Newcomer to Florida The tropical orchid Oeceoc1ades maclIlata (syn. Eulo­ While the genus Oeceoc1ades evolved in equatorial phidium macula tum) was first discovered in Florida by Africa, O. maclIlata is the only species in the genus that Dr. Robert Grimm while leading a group of botany stu­ is indigenous to both Africa and South America. The dents through Matheson Hammock (Dade County) in early European explores William Burchell collected the 1974 (Hammer, 1981). Since then, this species has rap­ type specimen of O.maculala at "Porto-Real" in Brazil on idly colonized virtually all of the hardwood forests March 24, 1829. There are also Florida native orchids throughout Dade County, including Everglades Na­ with an African distribution. Eulophia alta and Polys­ tional Park, and is now also known from Broward, Col­ tachya concrela are both indigenous to Africa as well as lier, Lee, Palm Beach, and Monroe Counties. It has the New World, and there is speculation that Eulophia formed extensive colonies on North Key Largo and oc­ alta was brought to the New World by African slaves curs within Long Key and Bahia Honda State Recreation who used the basal corms in folk medicine. There is also Areas in the Florida Keys. Plants taken to Gainesville in speculation that the newly-arrived Oeceoclades maculala 1988 by William Stem, Professor, University of Florida, underwent a natural expansion of range northward escaped cultivation and have survived the cold winters from South America as a result of gradual climatic of northern Florida's Alachua County (Stem, 1988). change (Huntley, 1991). U it did, indeed, arrive in Flor­ ida naturally, should it be accepted as a new addition to Florida EPPC Newsletter Page 3 our native flora? The possibility exists, of course, that it wood hammocks and tree orchards where it thrives in spread into Florida habitats from cultivated plants, and, leaf litter, not actually rooted into soil. under such conditions, it should be deemed an invasive exotic. However it got here, it is probably here to stay. O. maculata is currently listed in the Exotic Pest Plant Council's Category I list of Florida's most invasive spe­ O. maculata is a terrestrial species with mottled, two­ cies. To help document the spread of this rapidly dis­ tone green, longitudinally-keeled leaves that superfi­ persing orchid in Florida, it is requested that resource cially resemble members of the genus Sansevieria managers note its occurrence and report any findings to (Agavaceae). Erect flower spikes appear from the base Roger Hammer, Resource Management Supervisor, of the pseudobulbs, usually in September and October Natural Areas Management, 22200 Southwest 137 Ave­ in Southern Florida. Flowers are about 1/2 inch and nue, Miami, FL 33170, or call (305) 257-0904. bear pinkish-brown sepals and petals with a white lip that is adorned with two parallel pink blotches. The Roger Hammer disturbance caused by rainfall effectively pollinates the Natural Areas Management flowers (Gonzalez-Diaz and Ackerman, 1988) and seed Metro-Dade Park & Recreation pods are readily set. This is a species of shady hard- Deparrtment Fl:i SELECTED REFERENCES Gonzales-Diaz, N., and J. D. Ackerman, 1988. Pollination and fruit set in the orchid oeceoclades maculata. Lyndleyana 3: 150-155. Hammer, R. 1981. Finding new orchids: A contribution to the Drchidaceae of Florida. Fairchild Tropical Gardens Bulletin 36: 16-18. Huntley, B. 1991. How plants respond to climate change; migration rates, individualism and the consequences for plant communities.
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