Om Typologi Och Grafisk Variation I Den Äldre Futharken

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Om Typologi Och Grafisk Variation I Den Äldre Futharken ARKIV FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI UTGIVET MED UNDERSTÖD AV AXEL KOCKS FOND FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI SAMT STATSBIDRAG FRÅN DANMARK FINLAND NORGE OCH SVERIGE GENOM SVEN BENSON UNDER MEDVERKAN AV SIHRD FRIES KRISTIAN HALD EYVIND FJELD HALVORSEN JON HELGASON LUDVIG HOLM-OLSEN LARS HULDÉN \ALTER JANSSON BENGT LOMAN KRISTIAN RINGGAARD REDAKTIONSSEKRETERARE B E N G T P A M P ETTHUNDRADE BANDET SJUNDE FÖLJDEN. SJUNDE BANDET MCMLXXXV REGISTER TILL BAND 41-100 CWK GLEERUP CWK Gleerup är produktlinjenamnet för vetenskapliga skrifter utgivna av LiberFörlag, Malmö Tryckt med stöd av Nordiska publiceringsnämnden för humanistiska tidskrifter Axel Kocks fond för nordisk filologi ISSN 0066-7668 ISBN 91-40-05116-1 Berlings, Arlöv 1985 Innehåll Benson, Sven, professor, Göteborg, Ejder, Bertil, professor, Lund, och Pamp, Bengt, arkivchef, Lund: Litteraturkrönika 1984 ........ 167-198 Benson, Sven, professor, Göteborg: Register till ANF band 41-100 207-250 Brennecke, Detlef, Dr, Birstein: Zur Strophe 78 der Sólarljóð .... 97-108 Ejder, Bertil, se Benson, Sven Faust, Malgorzata, Ph. D., Warszawa: Meaning Borrowings from English in Contemporary Swedish ....................................................... 135-150 Gade, Kari Ellen, Cand. Philol., Minneapolis: Skjalf ....................... 59-71 Jakobsen, Alfred, professor, Trondheim: Har Snorri Sturluson „revi­ dert“ Gisla saga Súrssonar? ................................................................. 89-96 Kroesen, Riti, Dr, Voorschooten: Hvessir augu sem hildingar. The awe-inspiring eyes of the King ................................................................ 41-58 Moberg, Lennart, professor, Uppsala: Subst. ho ’tråg, ränna’. Ett härledningsförslag .................................................................................... 109-117 Odenstedt, Bengt, universitetslektor, Umeå: Om typologi och grafisk variation i den äldre futharken. Några reflexioner kring Kai-Erik Westergaards avhandling Skrifttegn og symboler. Noen studier over tegnformer i det eldre runealfabet ............................................ 1-15 Pamp, Bengt, se Benson, Sven Sperberg-McQueen, C. Michael, Ph. D. candidate, Princeton: The Legendary Form of Sigurðarkviða in Skamma ................................. 16-40 Stemshaug, Ola, første amanuensis, Trondheim: Dei norske stad­ namna i Gíslasaga .................................................................................... 72-88 Tveitane, Mattias, overbibliotekar, dr. philos., Bergen: Trondheim og Trøndelag ............................................................................................. 151-154 Wiktorsson, Per-Axel, docent, Uppsala: Dalalag eller Äldre Väst- mannalag? - II .......................................................................................... 155-166 - Fragmentet av Upplandslagens Ärvdabalk ......................................... 118-134 Meddelande ................................................................................................... 166 Till red. insända skrifter ............................................................................ 199-205 BENGT ODENSTEDT Om typologi och grafisk variation i den äldre futharken Några reflexioner kring Kai-Erik Westergaards avhandling Skrifttegn og symboler. Noen studier over tegnformer i det eldre runealfabet 1. Inledning Doktorsavhandlingar i runologi hör inte till de vanliga begivenheterna. Men i Norge publicerades år 1981 två avhandlingar inom detta ämnesområde. Den ena var Ottar Grønviks Runene på Tunesteinen , enligt min mening en briljant bok, vars innehåll och betydelse sträcker sig långt utöver den blygsamma titeln. Särskilt skall här framhållas det viktiga tredje kapitlet, där Grønvik - mot den vanliga uppfattningen - hävdar att man redan i de äldsta runinskrifterna kan påvisa nordiska särdrag när det gäller ljudskick, morfologi och ordförråd. Den andra avhandlingen var Kai-Erik Westergaards Skrifttegn og symboler. Noen studier over tegnformer i det eldre runealfabet (Osloer Beiträge zur Germanistik, Bd. 6. Oslo, 1981). Westergaards arbete är en studie över runor­ nas form er i den äldre futharken, över några utvalda runteckens typologi och variantformer. Huvuddelen av avhandlingen (kapitel 5 och 6) ägnas åt två problem: //-runans former och ljudvärde (s. 136-188) och (framför allt) hur den omstridda 200-talsinskriften från Kowel skall läsas och tydas (s. 189-309). I fyra kortare inledningskapitel läggs grunden till dessa båda djupstudier; bl.a. redo­ görs för den äldre futharkens fundamentala uppbyggnadsprinciper och för 200- talsvarianter av ett antal runor som är av betydelse för läsningen av Kowelin- skriften. Westergaards bok är välkommen - den är veterligen den mest ingående typologiska studie av den äldre futharken som publicerats. Den har avsevärda förtjänster, inte minst metodiskt. De båda huvudproblem som författaren uppställer för sig må synas begränsade, men de är både viktiga och ytterst komplicerade. Westergaard angriper dem med berömvärd grundlighet och sakkunskap och inte utan framgång. Läsningen underlättas av de många peda­ gogiskt föredömliga tabellerna och illustrationerna. Boken är ovanligt väl­ skriven. Trots bokens förtjänster måste jag tillstå att flera av dess huvudteser inte övertygat mig. I några fall synes mig Westergaard dra felaktiga eller tvivelaktiga slutsatser från sitt material. I andra fall drar han utifrån sitt begränsade 200- talsmaterial (19 korta inskrifter) slutsatser som knappast står sig om man även 2 Bengt Odenstedt beaktar något senare inskrifter, främst ristningar från 300-talet. Jag avser att i första hand granska de båda huvudkapitlen 5 och 6. 2. Westergaards diskussion av {/-runan I kapitel 5 görs //-runan och dess varianter i de äldre inskrifterna till föremål för en ingående analys. Kapitlets rubrik, ”Runetegnet som stadig skifter ham”, är välfunnen - med undantag av y-runan finns det ingen runa som uppträder i så många skiftande former. 2.1 ryrunans typologiska avgränsning gentemot yrunan Äldre runologer hade svårt att skilja /7-runan från y-runan. Gallehusinskriftens tredje ord lästes exempelvis länge holtigan; man antog alltså att tredje runan från slutet, <>, betecknade /7. Det var först S. Bugge och O. v. Friesen som kring sekelskiftet fann det för //-runan avgörande kriteriet - den måste innehål­ la en sluten fyrkant eller cirkel: <c>, □, o etc. ; y-runan skrivs däremot <>, 0, ^ etc. (se Westergaard, s. 137 ff.; v. Friesen 1933, s. 40; Grønvik 1981, s. 22ff.). 2.2 t}-runans uppkomst I avsnitt 5.2 refererar Westergaard olika teorier om //-runans uppkomst. L. Wimmer ansåg att runan uppkommit genom en fördubbling och symmetrisering av latinets C, medan v. Friesen ville se runans ursprung i grekiskans r r och W. Krause i ett gammalt germanskt symboltecken för ’fruktbarhet’ eller ’år’. E. Moltke har uttryckt den uppfattningen - enligt min mening den rimligaste - att //-runan (liksom flera andra runor, t.ex. n, j, p, z) är en nyskapelse av fu- tharkens uppfinnare (Moltke 1976, s. 50ff.). Westergaard framför (s. 141 f.) en teori om runans uppkomst som jag finner mycket tilltalande: ”Det er imidlertid meget fristende å se de små runetegn ’k’, T °g O’ under ett innen tegnoppbygningssystemet til den eldre runerekken. Man kunne da ta som utgangspunkt k-runen i formen < dvs. en liten vinkel. Neste rune er da ’j’ i formen dvs. to små vinkler hver sin vei som ikke henger sammen. Tilbake står da rj-runen i formen o dvs. to små vinkler hver sin vei som henger sammen”. Westergaard finner det dock egendomligt att just dessa tecken uppträder i reducerad storlek. Enligt min mening finns det emellertid en naturlig förklaring härpå; se härom avsnitt 2.5 nedan. 2.3 q-runans förekom st Enligt Westergaard (s. 143 ff.) förekommer {/-runan i 14 inskrifter (varav 10 säkra och 4 sannolika belägg). Påfallande är att samtliga 14 inskrifter är nordiska (11 inskrifter) eller östeuropeiska (3 inskrifter). Runan är inte belagd i det europeiska kärnområdet och förekommer inte efter 500-talet. (Ett undantag Om typologi och grafisk variation i den äldre futharken 3 utgör dock ett i Thames påträffat, till 800-talet daterat svärd. Det har den egendomligay-runan £. Se Page 1973, s. 47, 61 f., 114ff.; Westergaard, s. 156, 175). //-runan har enligt Westergaard (s. 153) tre huvudvarianter: ”firkantgrup- pen” ( o, □), ”lanternegruppen” ( f, j>, ?) och ”spesialgruppen”, den sista endast belagd i Opedalsinskriften (<?). Westergaard finner det remarkabelt (s. 173) att man inte kan påvisa någon ”enhetlig hovedform” för runan. Han anser (s. 139f., 174) att en utveckling ( o > ) <>> <f>> f (som ofta antagits) inte har något stöd i materialet och hävdar att en motsatt utveckling f > i> o är minst lika trolig. Han stöder sig därvid på att i de (enligt hans mening) äldsta beläggen (på Vimosebeslaget från 200-talet och på den gotiska 300-talsinskriften från Letcani, Rumänien), runan har ”lanterneformen” i full storlek ( i resp. ? ). Nu finns det enligt min mening goda skäl att betvivla att dessa två inskrifter innehåller säkra belägg på //-runan. Mest suspekt är Vimoseinskriften, om vilken Erik Moltke säger: ”Det er uvisst, om kradserierne på DaRun 207a, et skedebeslag fra Vimose kan opfattes som runer” (Moltke 1976, s. 116). Vid ett studium av foton på inskriften (t.ex. i Krause - Jankuhn 1966, Tafel 12) är man benägen att hålla med Moltke. Den förmodade //-runan har inte den form Westergaard anger ( f ) utan har detta utseende: ; möjligen är inskriften skadad under tecknet ifråga. Den av C. J. S. Marstränder föreslagna tolkningen awgs, vilket skulle vara ett gotiskt
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