Museums , Monuments and the Sites in Colonial and Post -C
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Southern Africa
339-370/428-S/80005 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1969–1976 VOLUME XXVIII SOUTHERN AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington 339-370/428-S/80005 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976 Volume XXVIII Southern Africa Editors Myra F. Burton General Editor Edward C. Keefer United States Government Printing Office Washington 2011 339-370/428-S/80005 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 339-370/428-S/80005 Preface The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The Historian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility for the preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editor, plans, researches, compiles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg first promulgated official regulations codifying specific standards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925. Those regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through 1991. Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es- tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series which was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. -
PUBLICATION No. 38 MARCH, 1978 THOMAS MEIKLE, 1862-1939
PUBLICATION No. 38 MARCH, 1978 THOMAS MEIKLE, 1862-1939 The founder of the Meikle Organisation sailed from Scotland with his parents in 1869. The family settled in Natal where Thomas and his brothers John and Stewart gained their first farming ex perience. In 1892 the three brothers set off for Rhodesia with eight ox- wagons. Three months later they had completed the 700 mile trek to Fort Victoria. Here they opened a store made of whisky cases and roofed over with the tarpaulins that had covered their wagons. Progress was at first slow, nevertheless, branches were opened in Salisbury in 1893, Bulawayo and Gwelo in 1894, and in Umtali in 1897. From these small beginnings a vast network of stores, hotels, farms, mines and auxilliary undertakings was built up. These ventures culminated in the formation of the Thomas Meikle Trust and Investment Company in 1933. The success of these many enterprises was mainly due to Thomas Meikle's foresight and his business acumen, coupled with his ability to judge character and gather around him a loyal and efficient staff. His great pioneering spirit lives on: today the Meikle Organisation is still playing an important part in the development of Rhodesia. THOMAS MEIKLE TRUST AND INVESTMENT CO. (PVT.) LIMITED. Travel Centre Stanley Avenue P.O. Box 3598 Salisbury Charter House, at the corner of Jameson Avenue and Kings Crescent, was opened in 1958. The name Charter House was given by The British South Africa Company to its administrative offices. It is now the headquarters of the Anglo American Corporation Group in Rhodesia. -
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ARTICLE A LOOK AT THE REASONS BEHIND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MOVEMENTS AIMED AT RESUSCITATING THE NDEBELE/MTHWAKAZI KINGDOM IN POST-COLONIAL ZIMBABWE Njabulo B. Khumalo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-408X National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe [email protected] ABSTRACT The resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom has been a topical issue in Zimbabwe. The Ndebele kingdom, which was established by king Mzilikazi ka MaShobana was destroyed by white settlers during the reign of his son Lobengula. The years following the colonisation of Zimbabwe saw a number of efforts being made to liberate the country. The liberation struggle came to an end in 1980 when Zimbabwe, a country which came to being as a result of nationalists was liberated and the black majority assumed power. However, there have been growing calls for the resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom, which in some circles mean breaking away from Zimbabwe. One wonders what the reasons behind the call for the resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom were: Is this move fuelled by poor service delivery in Zimbabwe? Are the Ndebele people unhappy with the current state of affairs in Zimbabwe? Is this another revolution waiting to happen? This study sought to establish the reasons behind calls to resuscitate the Ndebele kingdom in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research methodology was employed and interviews held with one of the heirs to the Ndebele throne, as well as the leader of one of the movements advocating for the resuscitation of the Ndebele or Mthwakazi kingdom. Keywords: kingdom; Lobengula; Mzilikazi; Ndebele; resuscitation; Zimbabwe INTRODUCTION Zimbabwe is a country in southern Africa, which attained its independence in 1980, a period that was followed by a genocide. -
JOSHUA NKOMO Issued 27Th June, 2000
FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF DR. JOSHUA NKOMO Issued 27th June, 2000 (Extracted from first day cover stiffener)2 Joshua's father, Thomas Nyongolo Letswansto Nkomo and his mother Mlingo, nee Hadebe, had a total of eight children. Joshua's parents worked for the London Missionary Society and brought up their family in a Christian manner, which included bible reading, hymn singing and prayers in the evenings. From Standard One until Standard Six Joshua Nkomo was a prize winning student who nearly always came out top of his class. After completing Standard Six he took a carpentry course at the Tsholotsho Government Industrial School. He studied there for a year before becoming a driver. He later tried animal husbandry before becoming a schoolteacher specialising in carpentry at Manyame School in Kezi. In 1942, aged 25 and during his occupation as a teacher, he decided that he should go to South Africa to further his education and do carpentry and qualify to a higher level. When he returned to Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) in 1947 he rose to the leadership of the Railway Workers Union and then to the leadership of the African National Congress in 1952. In 1960 he became President of the National Democratic Party. He married his wife Johanna Mafuyana on 1 October 1949. After the NDP was banned by the Rhodesian government, he formed ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union). After ZAPU was also banned he went into exile in Tanzania. On his return to Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) he was arrested by the government and then restricted to Kezi his birthplace near Bulawayo for three months. -
Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the Indigenous Communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934-2008
Living on the fringes of a protected area: Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the indigenous communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934-2008 by Baxter Tavuyanago A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR A. S. MLAMBO July 2016 i © University of Pretoria Abstract This study examines the responses of communities of south-eastern Zimbabwe to their eviction from the Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and their forced settlement in the peripheral areas of the park. The thesis establishes that prior to their eviction, the people had created a utilitarian relationship with their fauna and flora which allowed responsible reaping of the forest’s products. It reveals that the introduction of a people-out conservation mantra forced the affected communities to become poachers, to emigrate from south-eastern Zimbabwe in large numbers to South Africa for greener pastures and, to fervently join militant politics of the 1960s and 1970s. These forms of protests put them at loggerheads with the colonial government. The study reveals that the independence government’s position on the inviolability of the country’s parks put the people and state on yet another level of confrontation as the communities had anticipated the restitution of their ancestral lands. The new government’s attempt to buy their favours by engaging them in a joint wildlife management project called CAMPFIRE only slightly relieved the pain. The land reform programme of the early 2000s, again, enabled them to recover a small part of their old Gonarezhou homeland. -
In the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe
CHIPANGALI WILDLIFE TRUST CARNIVORE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CRI) Up-date of all Research Projects September 2005 CONTENTS Description Page No Project No 1 : The food and feeding habits of the leopard 1 (Panthera pardus) in the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. Project No 2 : The home range and movements of radio-collared 1 leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. Project No 3 : Capture and translocation of problem cheetahs, 3 leopards and brown hyaenas found killing domestic livestock and the monitoring of their movements after release back into the wild. Project No 4 : The home range and movements of a radio-collared 4 brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) in the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site. Project No 5 : Check-list and Atlas of the Carnivores of Matabeleland. 4 Project No 6 : Field Survey and Captive Breeding Programme of the 6 Southern African Python (Python natalensis). Project No 7 : Biodiversity of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site. 7 Acknowledgements. 9 PROJECT NO 1: THE FOOD AND FEEDING Leopard Kills Serval (Matopos National Park) HABITS OF THE LEOPARD (Panthera pardus) IN THE MATOBO NATIONAL PARK, ZIMBABWE On Tuesday 14th September, 2004 at 6:30am we were on our way to Maleme Vlei to catch This project commenced in January 2002 and after a invertebrates as part of our biodiversity survey of period of 4 years it will finally come to an end in the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site. December 2005. Up until the end of 2004 we had already collected 2630 different piles of droppings as At less than 20 metres from our tented camp at follows: Maleme Dam we came across signs of a kill that had taken place during the night. -
Zimbabwe's Liberation Struggle Era Conflicts and the Pitfalls Of
TITLE: Zimbabwe’s Liberation Struggle Era Conflicts and the Pitfalls of Reconciliation after Independence: A Case Study of Bikita District 1976-2013. By Dorothy Goredema A Thesis submitted to the Midlands State University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Faculty of Arts Midlands State University 2015 i Declaration I Dorothy Goredema, hereby declare that this thesis for the Doctor of Philosophy in History at the Midlands State University, hereby submitted by me, has not been previously submitted for a degree at this or any other institution, and that this is my work in design and execution, and all reference materials contained herein have been duly acknowledged. ………………………………………… …………………………………….. Signature Date I hereby certify that the above statement is correct. Main Supervisor, Prof. N.Bhebe………………. …. ………………………… Signature Date Co-Supervisor, Dr.T.M Mashingaidze…………….. …………………………… Signature Date i Acknowledgements I owe a special debt of gratitude to my main supervisor, Professor Ngwabi Bhebe, and Dr. T.M Mashingaidze. Firstly, Professor Bhebe, I will be forever indebted to you. Despite your busy schedule as Vice-Chancellor of a university, you would always make time for me as a student and for my work. You took an interest in my topic and gave direction to many of my disjointed ideas that marked the genesis of the study. You continuously assessed my work, giving me feedback on time and went an extra mile to facilitate co-supervisors and funds that supported my work. I will forever be indebted to your efficiency, wise counsel and critical mind. Thank you Professor for your mentorship and intellectual support. -
The Implications of Pegging the Botswana Pula to the U.S. Dollar
The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. The Implications of Pegging the Botswana Pula to the U.S. Dollar O. Ochieng INTRODUCTION The practice of peg~ing the currency of one country to another is widespread in the world: of the 141 countries in the world considered as of March 31, 1979, only 32 (23%) national currencies were not pegRed to other currencies and in Africa only 3 out of 41 were unpegGed (Tahle 1); so that the fundamental question of whether to ~eg a currency or not is already a decided matter for many countries, and what often remains to be worked out is, to which currency one should pef one's currency. Judging from the way currencies are moved from one peg to another, it seems that this issue is far from being settled. Once one has decided to peg one's currency to another, there are three policy alternatives to select from: either a country pegs to a single currency; or pegs to a specific basket of currencies; or pegs to Special Drawing Rights (SDR). Pegging a wea~ currency to a single major currency seems to ~e the option that i~ most favoured by less developed countries. The ex-colonial countries generally pegged their currencies to that of their former colonial master at independence. -
Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe 6596D FM UG 9/20/02 5:33 PM Page Ii
6596D FM UG 9/20/02 5:33 PM Page i Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe 6596D FM UG 9/20/02 5:33 PM Page ii Recent Titles in Culture and Customs of Africa Culture and Customs of Nigeria Toyin Falola Culture and Customs of Somalia Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi Culture and Customs of the Congo Tshilemalema Mukenge Culture and Customs of Ghana Steven J. Salm and Toyin Falola Culture and Customs of Egypt Molefi Kete Asante 6596D FM UG 9/20/02 5:33 PM Page iii Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe Oyekan Owomoyela Culture and Customs of Africa Toyin Falola, Series Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London 6596D FM UG 9/20/02 5:33 PM Page iv Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Owomoyela, Oyekan. Culture and customs of Zimbabwe / Oyekan Owomoyela. p. cm.—(Culture and customs of Africa, ISSN 1530–8367) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–31583–3 (alk. paper) 1. Zimbabwe—Social life and customs. 2. Zimbabwe—Civilization. I. Title. II. Series. DT2908.O86 2002 968.91—dc21 2001055647 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2002 by Oyekan Owomoyela All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001055647 ISBN: 0–313–31583–3 ISSN: 1530–8367 First published in 2002 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). -
The Secession of States As a Strategy for Resolving Intra- State Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Post-Colonial Africa: the Case of South Sudan
The Secession of States as a Strategy for Resolving Intra- State Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of South Sudan CLAYTON HAZVINEI VHUMBUNU 214580483 Supervisor: Dr Rudigi Rukema Joseph 2017 A Thesis Submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban; South Africa in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in International Relations PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I, Clayton Hazvinei Vhumbunu declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work and does not involve plagiarism or collusion. I know plagiarism is wrong and contravenes Rule 9 (e) (i) (ff) of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) Student Disciplinary Rules Handbook (2004). 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writings, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks and referenced. In all instances, a recognized convention for citation and referencing has been accurately used. 5. Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co- author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. -
Fast Track Land Reform in Matepatepa Commercial Farming Area, Bindura District: Effects on Farm Workers, 2000 – 2010
Fast Track Land Reform in Matepatepa Commercial Farming Area, Bindura District: Effects on Farm Workers, 2000 – 2010. By Joyline Takudzwa Kufandirori THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES, FOR THE CENTRE OF AFRICA STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE. NOVEMBER 2015 SUPERVISOR: PROF. I. R. PHIMISTER CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. R. PILOSSOF Declaration I, Joyline Takudzwa Kufandirori declare that the Master’s research dissertation that I herewith submit for the Master’s Degree qualification, Arts at the University of the Free State is my own independent work, and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher learning. I, Joyline Takudzwa Kufandirori , hereby declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the Free State. I, Joyline Takudzwa Kufandirori, hereby declare that all royalties as regards intellectual property that was developed during the course of and/ or in connection with the study at the University of the Free State, will accrue to the University. ……………………… ……………………… Joyline Takudzwa Kufandirori Bloemfontein 1 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................iii Dedication …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……iv Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv Chapter One: Introduction and -
Flag of Defiance – the International Use of the Rhodesian Flag Following Udi
FLAG OF DEFIANCE – THE INTERNATIONAL USE OF THE RHODESIAN FLAG FOLLOWING UDI BRUCE BERRY University of Pretoria ([email protected] ; +27 82 909 5829) Abstract The international response to Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was to proclaim the colony to be in a state of rebellion, the government in Salisbury to be illegal, and to request the United Nations to apply sanctions against the ‘rebel regime’. The ensuing political impasse resulted in the need to promote a more distinctive national identity and the symbols to reflect this newfound independence. The first, and most obvious, change came with the adoption of a new national flag on the third anniversary of UDI on 11 November 1968. As the most visible symbol of post-UDI Rhodesia, the international use and display of the new flag became the subject of demonstration and controversy. This paper shows how the green and white Rhodesian flag came to highlight Rhodesia’s contested statehood when flown outside the country during the UDI period. Rhodesia’s new flag became a symbol of the country’s defiance, and the emotion it evoked, and continues to evoke, causes controversy even to this day. Keywords: Rhodesia, symbols, flags 1 1. INTRODUCTION After years of fruitless negotiations on the issue of independence, at 11 a.m. on 11 November 1965 (the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month) Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and his Cabinet signed a Proclamation of Independence from the British Parliament, whilst retaining loyalty to the person of the Monarch as the Queen of Rhodesia.1 The immediate response by the British Government to this Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was to proclaim Rhodesia to be in a state of rebellion, the Government in Salisbury to be illegal and to request the United Nations to apply sanctions against the ‘rebel regime’.