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Collaboration and Conflict in Transnationally-Dispersed Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2017 Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families William John Suk Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Suk, William John, "Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families" (2017). Dissertations - ALL. 822. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/822 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Approximately one quarter of Zimbabwean adults left their country of birth during the past twenty years. These sojourners are increasingly dispersed as tightening immigration regimes in preferred destinations and fluctuating global opportunities lead them to places with fewer historical links to Zimbabwe. This dispersive process fractures many families between multiple international locations. Nevertheless, the idea of family remains centrally important to diasporans, who work with relatives around the world to care for children and elders, to acquire important documents like passports, and to prepare for an eventual return home. Following from performative and relational theorizations of kinship, this dissertation argues that collaborative projects are crucibles in which families are forged and reconfigured. This exploration of how dispersion shapes family life deploys three analytical lenses: history, space and technology. Contemporary journeys are historically linked to a century of dispossession and labor-migration in Southern Africa. Colonial governments used onerous “bioinformational regimes” to subjugate Africans and profit from their labor. Today, former colonial powers deploy similar technologies against descendants of subjugated populations in order to restrict access to opportunity that was produced and spatialized through colonial processes. Concurrently, contemporary diasporans build on the “transferable skills” received from previous generations of sojourners. For instance, they use “spatial subterfuge” and “collaborative parenting” to create families of choice—families which may not conform to either indigenous ideals or immigration regimes. Each of the many places where diasporans live is imbued with unique structures of opportunity and oppression. These localized social and economic conditions powerfully influence migrant outcomes and shape how they are able to engage in family projects. People in wealthy countries like Canada and the UK have more economic power than relatives in South Africa or Botswana. Women also find more plentiful opportunities than their husbands and brothers, while younger diasporans tend to fare better than parents and elder siblings. Emergent economic differences may upset expectations about how money and power should be distributed in families. Such disjunctures—combined with the challenge of negotiating overwhelming family needs in the context of scarcity—often leads to conflict between relatives. Distance also results in “separate development” as family members in various locations develop individuated friendships, routines, experiences and even beliefs. These new dimensions of life may be poorly understood by loved ones far away. Today, internet-mediated communications technologies are enabling people in dispersed families to salvage some of this lost relational immediacy. Social media like Facebook enable a degree of passive, contextual monitoring; while group chats on platforms like WhatsApp allow multinational conversations to unfold much as they do over the course of a leisurely weekend visit. New discursive registers like the “meme” even allow pluralistic discussions about important questions of collective interest, as everyone with a claim on being “Zimbabwean” creatively weighs in on the meaning of this identity, and as Zimbabweans of various backgrounds who live in divergent spaces debate whether the spoils of migration are worth its dangers and sacrifices. This dissertation accordingly examines how families negotiate the marked challenges of prolonged separation and international dispersion, and how these efforts relate to negotiations of identity and belonging in the broader Zimbabwean diaspora. These interlinked questions of collaboration and conflict, continuity and change, proximity and distance are similarly important in many other migrant communities, as increasingly restrictive immigration regimes and the fluctuating global economy shape who is able to move and where they may settle. COLLABORATION AND CONFLICT IN TRANSNATIONALLY-DISPERSED ZIMBABWEAN FAMILIES By William Suk B.A. Long Island University, 2005 M.A. Syracuse University, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology. Syracuse University December 2017 Copyright © William Suk 2017 All rights Reserved Acknowledgements Thank you to my wife Gillian for your patience and unwavering support, and for believing in me when I did not believe in myself. Thanks Taps and Anesu for not caring. Thank you to Mom, Dad, Dela, David and Mariya for loving me whatever happens. Thank you gogo and sekuru wa Tapiwa, without you it would not have been logistically possible. Thank you Dr. Deborah Pellow for going far beyond the call of duty, for using a carrot and a stick. Your training permeates this dissertation. Thank you to Dr. Dominic Pasura for showing me what I did not see, for reading everything I gave you with an attentive eye, and for offering unexpected help which proved instrumental. Thank you Dr. Maureen Schwarz for an extremely careful reading of the first draft with detailed marginalia. It was tremendously valuable. I hope you will read the next iteration! Thank you to Dr. John Burdick for encouraging, helpful comments which make students feel good about their abilities! Thank you to Dr. John Western for agreeing to be on my committee at the very last minute, and for catching foolish errors. Thank you to Dr. Bill Kelleher for the theory. Wish you had made it to the defense. Thank you to participants in this research study for so generously sharing your lives. Thank you Paul, Mbizi, Nzou, Givi, Mai Mike, Inno, Mind, Reg, Flava, Rocks and the many other friends I made in the process. Thank you Mr. Nherera for teaching me a difficult but important lesson. Thank you to John Crowe and others at Africa University where I spent a month in residence. Thank you Dr. Ruparaganda, I hope to come to UZ in the future. v Rest in Peace Ranjit and David. Love & Respect. Rest in Peace Mai Sithole. Maita basa makandidzidzira Shona. This research was done with the assistance of a Fulbright IIE and a Fulbright Hayes grant, as well as a FLAS award for language study. I also received assistance from the Goekjian grant at the Moynihan Institute in addition to generous funding from the Department of Anthropology at Syracuse University. vi Dedication: to not quitting, and the many people who helped me not quit, especially Gillian. vii CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 The dispersal of Brian and his siblings .............................................................................................. 2 Collaboration and conflict in dispersed families ................................................................................ 9 The Spatialization of Opportunity ................................................................................................... 19 Technologies of Relatedness .......................................................................................................... 25 A Contextual Approach to Collaborative Family Projects ................................................................ 28 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Outline of the Chapters .................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter One: Two Centuries of Migration ............................................................................. 34 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 34 Tamuka .......................................................................................................................................... 37 Population Upheaval: 1820-1900 .................................................................................................... 40 Dispossession: 1900-1960 ............................................................................................................... 45 Labor Migration: 1920 - 1980 ......................................................................................................... 54 Transferrable skills ......................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter Two: Contemporary Dispersion ................................................................................ 74 The War of Liberation: 1960 - 1981 ................................................................................................. 76 Post-independence
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