DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Identity and Migration Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Research Centre on Identity and Migration Issues University of Oradea RCIMI Journal of Identity and Migration Studies University of Oradea Publishing House Volume 11, number 1, May 2017 JOURNAL OF IDENTITY AND MIGRATION STUDIES The Journal of Identity and Migration Studies (JIMS) is an online open-access review published semi- annually under the auspices of the Research Centre on Identity and Migration Issues – RCIMI, from the Department of Political Science and Communication Sciences, University of Oradea, Romania. Director Lia Pop, University of Oradea, Romania Editor-In-Chief Cristina Matiuta, University of Oradea, Romania Deputy Editor-In-Chief Marius I. Tatar, University of Oradea, Romania Editorial Board Gabriel Badescu, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania Bernardo Cardinale, University of Teramo, Italy Radu Cinpoes, Kingston University, London, UK Vasile Cucerescu, Institute of International Relations, Chisinau Ioan Horga, University of Oradea, Romania Alexandru Ilies, University of Oradea, Romania Zaiga Krisjane, University of Latvia, Latvia Jan Wendt, University of Gdansk, Poland Luca Zarrilli, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy Assistant Editors Ioana Albu, University of Oradea, Romania Dan Apateanu, University of Oradea, Romania Alina Brihan, University of Oradea, Romania Gabriela Gaudenhooft, University of Oradea, Romania Ioan Laza, University of Oradea, Romania Irina Pop, University of Oradea, Romania The responsibility for the content of the contributions published in JIMS belongs exclusively to the authors. The views expressed in the articles and other contributions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors of JIMS. JIMS - JOURNAL OF IDENTITY AND MIGRATION STUDIES Research Centre on Identity and Migration Issues - RCIMI Department of Political Science and Communication Science University of Oradea Address: Str. Traian Blajovici nr. 2 Oradea, 410238 Romania Tel./Fax: +40 259 408 167 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: www.jims.e-migration.ro Copyright © JIMS, 2017. No parts of this publication can be reproduced without the written permission of the editors. ISSN 1843 – 5610 Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Volume 11, number 1, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS THEMATIC ARTICLES: FACETS OF MIGRATION IN AFRICA ........................................... 2 Internal Conflicts and Forced Migration in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective, Samson Adesola ADESOTE ....................................................................................... 2 Back Home at Last! Factors Influencing Return and Reintegration of Ghanaian Returnees, Mary Boatemaa SETRANA .................................................................. 27 Motivations for Remitting Behaviour of Zimbabwean Migrants in Johannesburg, Chipo HUNGWE ..................................................................................................... 47 RESEARCH ARTICLES .................................................................................................. 65 A Multilevel Analysis of Anti-Immigrant Sentiments in France, Viviana ANDREESCU ........................................................................................................... 65 The Politics of Presence: Immigrant Representation in the Swedish Parliament, Gunnhildur Lily MAGNUSDOTTIR........................................................................... 98 The Integration of Refugees into Host Country Labor Markets: Barriers and Best Practices in the EU, Andreea Florentina NICOLESCU ........................................... 118 POLICY PAPERS ........................................................................................................ 135 The Development of a Common European Immigration Policy, Stylianos KOSTAS ................................................................................................................ 135 On the Human Rights of Refugees and Immigrants, Homification and Immigration Policy, Tero AUVINEN .......................................................................................... 159 BOOK REVIEWS ........................................................................................................ 182 John B. Judis, The Populist Explosion. How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics, New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2016, 182 pages, review by Cristina MATIUTA ..................................................................... 182 Michael Collyer, Franck Duwell, and Irina Molodikova (eds) Transit Migration in Europe, IMISCOE Research, Amsterdam University Press, 246 pages, ISBN 9789089646491, review by Sanja TEPAVCEVIC ................................................... 186 Swen Hutter, Edgar Grande and Hanspeter Kriesi (eds.), Politicising Europe: Integration and Mass Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-107-12941-2 (hbk), 340 pages, review by Marius Ioan TĂTAR ........ 190 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ..................................................................................... 196 1 Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Volume 11, number 1, 2017 THEMATIC ARTICLES: FACETS OF MIGRATION IN AFRICA Internal Conflicts and Forced Migration in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective Samson Adesola ADESOTE Abstract. In historical perspective, internal conflicts in Nigeria spanned through three distinct epochs: pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial. The resultant effect of each historical epoch of internal conflicts was forced migration. The major thrust of this paper is the historical analysis of the post-colonial internal conflicts, with major emphasis on the Fourth Republic, and forced migration. It argues that since 1960, the eruption of varying types of violent internal conflicts have exacted a heavy toll on the country’s society, polity and economies, hindering her developmental potentials and democratic possibilities. Since the birth of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the Nigerian nation has continued to experience an upsurge of violent conflicts, which have taken terror dimensions, resulting in the killing of many people, large-scale internal population displacement, refugee production, wanton destruction of property, capital flight and so on. For instance, in November 2007, Nigeria was included among the seventeen countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, which were described as the world’s most fragile states. The paper, therefore, submits that in order to save the fragility of Nigerian state from collapsing, the adoption of a holistic and pragmatic approach in addressing the growing challenge of internal conflicts in the 21st century is fundamental. It concludes that it will be practically impossible to achieve any meaningful development in a war-torn society. Keywords: forced migration, internal conflicts, Nigeria Introduction Nigeria, a country with diverse culture, ethnic groups and religion could be best described as a pluralistic society. The pluralistic nature of Nigerian society has been one of the major problems responsible for unhealthy relationship among different ethnic groups living in it. One of the resultant effects of this development is perennial internal conflicts. Major forms of generalised violent conflicts that have been identified as the main determinants of forced migration in Nigeria since 2 Internal Conflicts and Forced Migration in Nigeria JIMS - Volume 11, number 1, 2017 independence include civil war, ethno-religious, indigene-settler syndrome and political conflicts. Arguably, forced migration remains one of the worst scourges that have continued to torment mankind. Thus, the socio-political history of Nigeria is marked by forced displacement of people both within and outside the country’s boundary. Meanwhile, the causes and consequences of forced displacement of population in the country are differently experienced in time perspective. Most importantly, the forced movement of population in the country since 1960, which was mainly caused by violent conflicts had been accompanied by untold sufferings, hardship, violations of human rights, economic backwardness and had exacted a heavy toll the country’s society, polity and economies, robbing her of her developmental potentials and democratic possibilities. The history of post-independence Nigeria, especially since the birth of the Fourth Republic, has been blighted by virulent conflicts of varying typologies. These conflicts, which have taken different dimensions, durations, scales and intensities triggered as a result of a combination of factors. Arguably, the systematic and overlapping patterns of inequality in the country could serve as breeding grounds for conflict. Adepoju explains that these conflicts find their roots in economic factors.1 In all, the factors responsible for different typologies of conflicts in Nigeria range from historical animosities and colonial legacies, to ones rooted in the complexity of post-colonial realities, forces of globalisation and global governance and external agencies. Although there are significant literature on the history of conflicts and its devastating effects in Nigeria, majority of them focus mainly on the period before the birth of the Fourth Republic. Meanwhile, the nature and dimension of violent conflicts and its socio-economic effects since 1999, which was unprecedented has not been adequately interrogated by historians. The various perennial violence conflicts of the 21st century Nigeria, which are associated with ethnicity, religious fundamentalism, economic marginalisation among others
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ceipi D'introduction Generale a La Propriete Industrielle Strasbourg, France 1978-1987
    ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE (OMPI) WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) ANNUAIRE DES PARTICIPANTS AU COURS OMPI!CEIPI D'INTRODUCTION GENERALE A LA PROPRIETE INDUSTRIELLE STRASBOURG, FRANCE 1978-1987 DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE WIPO!CEIPI GENERAL INTRODUCTORY COURSE ON INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY STRASBOURG, FRANCE 1978-1987 Photo de Ia couverture : Office Fran9ais du Tourisme, Geneve ANNUAIRE DES PARTICIPANTS AU COURS OMPI/CEIPI D' INTRODUCTION GENERALE A LA PROPRIETE INDUSTRIELLE organise conjointement par L'ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE (OMPI) et LE CENTRE D'ETUDES INTERNATIONALES DE LA PROPRIETE INDUSTRIELLE (CEIPI) en cooperation avec L'INSTITUT NATIONAL FRAN~IS DE LA PROPRIETE INDUSTRIELLE (INPI) STRASBOURG (France) 1978-1987 DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE WIPO/CEIPI GENERAL INTRODUCTORY COURSE ON INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY jointly organized by THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) and THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY STUDIES (CEIPI) with the cooperation of THE FRENCH NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY INSTITUTE (INPI) STRASBOURG (France) 1978-1987 PUBLICATION OMPI/WIPO No 667 ( F /E) ISBN 92 - 805 - 0203 - 4 © WIPO 1988 page 1 PREFACE Depuis 1978, chaque annee, l'OMPI a organise a Strasbourg, en cooperation avec le Centre d'etudes internationales de la propriete industrie11e (CEIPI) et avec 1" assistance, notamnent financiere, de 1' Institut national franc;ais de la propriete industrielle (INPI), un Cours d'introduction generale a la propriete industrielle a !'intention des pays en developpement. L'objectif de ce cours est de donner, en trois semaines, une vue d'ensemble des differents aspects de la propriete industrielle, notamment quant a leurs liens avec le developpement industrial et commercial des pays en developpement.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Gender-Based Violence Against Women
    Chapter 5 Gender-based violence against women 5.1 ISSUE ANALYSIS 5.1.1 Defining gender-based violence against women The Maputo Protocol defines violence against women (VAW) in a comprehensive way, to include Violence against women defined acts or threats of violence in both private and in the Maputo Protocol public spheres, in peacetime as well as during war Violence against women means and armed conflict. Provisions cover all spheres in ‘all acts perpetrated against women which women experience violence—that is, in the which cause or could cause them family, in the community (i.e. at school and at work) physical, sexual, psychological, and i and at the hands of the state. economic harm, including the threat to take such acts; or to undertake the This understanding is firmly grounded in and imposition of arbitrary restrictions further specifies the understanding of VAW as on or deprivation of fundamental articulated in the United Nations Declaration freedoms in private or public life in on the Elimination of Violence against Women peace time and during situations of (DEVAW) (1993), which was the first international armed conflicts or of war’ (Art. 1). instrument to explicitly define VAW.1 DEVAW defined VAW as ‘all acts of gender-based violence that result in, or are likely to result in, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life’ (Art. 3). The term VAW is often used interchangeably with the term gender-based violence (GBV).
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration and Conflict in Transnationally-Dispersed
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2017 Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families William John Suk Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Suk, William John, "Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families" (2017). Dissertations - ALL. 822. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/822 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Approximately one quarter of Zimbabwean adults left their country of birth during the past twenty years. These sojourners are increasingly dispersed as tightening immigration regimes in preferred destinations and fluctuating global opportunities lead them to places with fewer historical links to Zimbabwe. This dispersive process fractures many families between multiple international locations. Nevertheless, the idea of family remains centrally important to diasporans, who work with relatives around the world to care for children and elders, to acquire important documents like passports, and to prepare for an eventual return home. Following from performative and relational theorizations of kinship, this dissertation argues that collaborative projects are crucibles in which families are forged and reconfigured. This exploration of how dispersion shapes family life deploys three analytical lenses: history, space and technology. Contemporary journeys are historically linked to a century of dispossession and labor-migration in Southern Africa. Colonial governments used onerous “bioinformational regimes” to subjugate Africans and profit from their labor.
    [Show full text]
  • PEOPLE with ALBINISM WORLDWIDE a Human Rights Perspective
    PEOPLE WITH ALBINISM WORLDWIDE A Human Rights Perspective By Ikponwosa Ero, Samer Muscati, Anne-Rachelle Boulanger and India Annamanthadoo June 13, 2021 “Child with albinism” © Rick Guidotti ACRONYMS ii FOREWORD iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 PART II: A WORLDWIDE ACCOUNT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF PEOPLE WITH ALBINISM 18 Chapter 1: Multiple and Intersecting Discrimination experienced by people with albinism 19 Chapter 2: Right to Life 31 Chapter 3: Access to Justice 42 Chapter 4: Right to Education 51 Chapter 5: Right to Work and an Adequate Standard of Living 63 Chapter 6: Right to Health 75 Chapter 7: Women and Children 89 PART III: STATE ACCOUNTABILITY 100 PART IV: HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY 114 PART V: SUBSISTING CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 122 i People With Albinism Worldwide ACRONYMS CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CAT Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment HPAWR Harmful Practices Related to Witchcraft Accusations and Ritual Attacks UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UN United Nations ii A Human Rights Perspective FOREWORD Over the course of my mandate as Independent Expert, I have witnessed the human rights situation of persons with albinism in many countries shift and evolve.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: the Decolonisation of White Identity In
    Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles J. L. Fisher Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe J. L. Fisher THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/pioneers_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Fisher, J. L. (Josephine Lucy) Title: Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles : the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe / J. L. Fisher. ISBN: 9781921666148 (pbk.) 9781921666155 (pdf) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Decolonization--Zimbabwe. Whites--Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe--Politics and government--1980- Zimbabwe--Race relations. Dewey Number: 320.96891 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Contents Abbreviations. ix Preface . xi 1 ..Introduction. 1 2 ..Zimbabwe’s.discourse.of.national.reconciliation . 27 3 ..Re-inscribing.the.national.landscape. 55 4 ..Zimbabwe’s.narrative.of.national.rebirth. 79 5 ..Decolonising.settler.citizenship. 103 6 ..The.mobilisation.of.indigeneity. 131 7 ..The.loss.of.certainty. 173 8 ..Zimbabwe’s.governance.and.land.reform.crises—a.postscript.201
    [Show full text]
  • The Goffal Speaks: Coloured Ideology and the Perpetuation of a Category in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe
    The Goffal Speaks: Coloured Ideology and the Perpetuation of a Category in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe By Kelly M. Nims Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 ©2013 Kelly M. Nims All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Goffal Speaks: Coloured Ideology and the Perpetuation of a Category in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe Kelly M. Nims Significant changes for the Coloured community1 have occurred and continue to occur as a result of an ever-changing political landscape in Zimbabwe. These changes reveal a group2 consciousness or ideology that often translates into daily practices of methods of inclusion and exclusion based on ethnic affiliation and racial organization. Many Coloureds have historically denied the reality of the boundaries that have separated them from whites or Europeans, and more recently, have reinforced the boundaries that have separated them from black Africans. Zimbabwe at Independence was the poster child for progress and change on the African continent. It was a place where, “the wrongs of the past [would] stand forgiven and forgotten… [and] oppression and racism were inequalities that [would] never find scope in the political and social system.”3 Yet thirty years later, amid growing disillusionment over promises of a unified Zimbabwe, a destitute economy, and the perpetuation of racial inequality and oppression, there is an effort among Coloureds themselves to reify the Coloured category4. The categorization of people tends to develop in the course of specific histories of particular places. Local nuances color this. In Southern Africa, following the victory of the South African National Party (NP) in 1948, the term “community” was used as a euphemism for racial exclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Prensa Española Africa
    ASÍ VEN ÁFRICA S NUESTROS INFORMADORES - Presentado en el Campus de Excelencia 2007, celebrado en Fuerteventura, del 8 al 13 de julio de 2007 - Presentado en el Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores del Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Ecológicas (INICE), celebrado en Salamanca, del 6 al 9 de diciembre de 2007 Mª Ángeles Fernández J. Marcos 1 ÍNDICE Páginas Tema y objetivos.............................................................................................. 4 - Herramientas de trabajo y consideraciones muy a tener en cuenta..... 5 Hipótesis............................................................................................................ 7 Metodología......................................................................................................... 8 Conversaciones con los informadores.................................................................... 10 - Comité de Solidaridad con África............................................................. 10 - Gervasio Sánchez....................................................................................... 10 - Alfonso Armada......................................................................................... 11 - José Antonio Guardiola........................................................................... 11 - Yasmina Jiménez.................................................................................... 12 - Manuel Mediavilla..................................................................................... 12 - Isabel Martínez Reverte.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SS6 August 2008
    About Talented Cameroonians at Home and Abroad N° 013 Miss South Africa USA Miss Kenya USA Miss Liberia USA Miss Sierra Leone USA Miss Cameroon USA Miss Gambia USA Miss Guinea USA Nyasha Zimucha Victoria Njau Belloh Julius Philippa Lahai-Swaray Danielle Mingana Fochive Tanta Badjan Binta Diao Miami Florida Texas Georgia Georgia Maryland New York New Jersey Miss Zimbabwe USA Miss Ghana USA Miss Burundi USA Miss Nigeria USA Miss South Sudan USA Miss Ethiopia USA Miss Senegal USA Busi Mlambo Krystle Simpson Danielle Ntahonkiney Esosa Edosomwan Nathalie Zambakari Aziza Elteib Mariama Brown Texas Maryland Texas New York Georgia Georgia Miss Democratic Re- Miss Uganda USA Miss Zambia USA public of Congo Imat Akelo-Opio Mutinta Suuya Andrea Mvemba International Georgia ello Readers, Your favourite E-Magazine is one year old. We acknowledge that your interest and comments have been invaluable to our editorial work and so we hereby pledge our commitment to continue this initiative that ushers in a new era of hardwork, creativity and results that will accompany our country on the difficult path towards development. Things will never be the same again. H HEALTH FOR ALL has been a bestselling slogan and dream for so many decades in Cameroon like in other countries. While we all see Health For All as an achievement that permits everyone to get care in order to prevent or treat most common ailments at affordable prices, we still observe that despite all the individual, collective and government efforts aimed at improving on healthcare delivery systems , so many obstacles imposed by more communicable and non-communicable diseases still exist in an environment marked by poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Is “Our Industry and We Must Support It”: Exploring the Potential Implications of Zimbabwe’S Accession to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control E
    Lown et al. Globalization and Health (2016) 12:2 DOI 10.1186/s12992-015-0139-3 RESEARCH Open Access Tobacco is “our industry and we must support it”: Exploring the potential implications of Zimbabwe’s accession to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control E. Anne Lown*, Patricia A. McDaniel and Ruth E. Malone Abstract Background: Zimbabwe is the largest tobacco producer in Africa. Despite expressing opposition in the past, Zimbabwe recently acceded to the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). We explored why Zimbabwe acceded to the FCTC and the potential implications for tobacco control within Zimbabwe and globally. Methods: We conducted a qualitative archival case study based on 542 documents collected from 1) the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents; 2) media indexed in the Lexis-Nexis media database; 3) the websites for tobacco growers’ associations, tobacco control groups, and international agencies; 4) FCTC reports and Framework Convention Alliance newsletters; 5) Zimbabwe’s legal codes; and 6) the peer reviewed scientific literature related to tobacco growing. Results: Zimbabwe has a long history of tobacco growing. There are currently over 90,000 tobacco farmers, and tobacco growing is prioritized, despite widespread food insecurity and environmental degradation. Zimbabwean government officials have been outspoken FCTC critics; but recently joined the accord to better protect Zimbabwe’s tobacco growing interests. FCTC membership obligates nations to implement a variety of tobacco control measures; Zimbabwe has implemented several measures aimed at reducing tobacco demand, but fewer aimed at reducing tobacco supply or protecting the environment. Zimbabwe joins the FCTC amid increased efforts to protect FCTC proceedings from industry interference, to adopt recommendations for alternative crops and livelihoods and reduce environmental damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Nation Branding: Case Study of Zimbabwe S. Sena 2012
    NATION BRANDING: CASE STUDY OF ZIMBABWE S. SENA 2012 NATION BRANDING: CASE STUDY OF ZIMBABWE STEVEN SENA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT in the Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Promoter: Prof N. E. Mazibuko PORT ELIZABETH Co‐Promoter: Prof M. Tait DECEMBER 2012 DECLARATION I, Steven Sena, hereby declare that this thesis entitled: Nation branding: Case study of Zimbabwe is my own research work, which has not been previously submitted for a degree at any university. I also declare that all authors whose studies have been cited and reported here, have been acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature: Date: 07 December 2012 Language editing declaration I hereby, declare that I have performed the language editing of the thesis titled: Nation branding: Case study of Zimbabwe. Mrs V. M. Maqagi i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I appreciate and thank the support I got from the following people and institutions, whose continued support and facilitation made the completion of this thesis possible: From the NMMU I would to thank my promoters Professor N. E. Mazibuko and Professor M. Tait who saw me through this study. Their exceptional guidance, encouragement, and continuous support are highly appreciated. Mrs Sisi Maqagi the language editor did a tremendous job of editing my thesis. Dr. Jacques Pietersen’s assistance and guidance in statistical analysis is highly appreciated. Special mention goes to Mrs Naz Abrahams and Mr Riyaadh Lillah for their assistance through out the course of the study.I appreciate the NMMU Research Fund and the Publication DHET Subside Incentive Funding for their financial assistance without which this study was not going to be possible.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Held on Monday, 3 December 1990 WHTY-YIFTH SBSSION at 4 P.M
    UNITKII) NATIONS THILD COMMITTEE 6lst meeting General Assembly held on Monday, 3 December 1990 WHTY-YIFTH SBSSION at 4 p.m. Official Records New York SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 61st MEETING Chairman; Mr. SOMAVIA (Chile) CONTENTS AGENDA ITEM 1101 ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRIMJIPLE OF PERIODIC AND GENUINE ELECTIONS (continMa&) 12 December 1990 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: FRENCH 90-57491 3370s (E) \ / . A/C.3/45/SR.61 English Page 2 AGENDA ITEM 1101 ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PERIODIC AND GENUINE ELECTIONS (GQD~) (A1C.31451L.56, L.96* (reissued) and L.93) 1, The Cm said it would be recalled that draft resolution A/C.3/45/L.56 had been introduced by the representative of the United States at the 49th meeting, on 21 November, on behalf of the sponsors, now joined by Australia, Haiti, Honduras, Malta, Portugal and Saint Kitts and Nevis. 2. Amendments to that draft resolution had been submitted in document A/C.3/45/L.96* introduced at the 55th meeting, on 28 November, by the representative of Cuba, now joined by Lesotho, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. 3. The Committee also had before it the text of sub-amendments (A/C.3/45/L.99), introduced by the representative of the United States at the 59th meeting. 4. The CHAIRMAN invited the Committee to take a decision on the sub-amendments aB a whole, and called on those delegations which so wished to explain their vote before the vote. 5. Mr. PEgALOSA (Colombia) said that the Committee had to t;ke a decision on a draft resolution whose sole purpose seemed to be for the Secretary-General to examine suitable approaches that would permit the Organisation to respond to the requests of Member States for electoral assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Govt Mulling Raising Fees on Services to Cut Deficit
    SUBSCRIPTION MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2015 SAFAR 11, 1437 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Education Trump calls Southeast Asia McIlroy reaps development for return of bangs the massive plan to be waterboarding drum for payday after set by 20192 by13 US single21 market Dubai16 double Govt mulling raising fees Min 10º on services to cut deficit Max 23º High Tide 09:37 & 21:47 Assembly demands mechanism for hiking charges Low Tide 03:05 & 15:31 40 PAGES NO: 16706 150 FILS By B Izzak and Agencies conspiracy theories KUWAIT: The government is studying whether to raise fees for its services, Finance Minister Anas Al-Saleh said in Chaos creates comments published by the local Al-Rai newspaper yes- terday. Saleh said the study was part of a project to ration- alize spending, review subsidies and diversify sources of opportunities revenue. “It is not intended only to plug the (budget) deficit resulting from low oil prices - it will be permanent whether oil prices continue to drop or increase,” Saleh told the newspaper without specifying the fees that might be raised. He also said that any increase in service fees or gaso- By Badrya Darwish line prices would be decided by the Cabinet rather than through parliamentary legislation, but that the Cabinet would consult lawmakers on issues that required legislation, according to Al-Rai. The minis- [email protected] ter said increasing service fees is a complex issue that needs careful economic and technical t’s a disgrace what happened in Paris. Killing studies, adding that the goal is innocent people anywhere in this world is a to secure stability, whether oil Icrime.
    [Show full text]