Review N°89 - Spring 2015

An Association of Concerned Africa Scholars (ACAS) Tribute to Terence O. Ranger (29 November 1929 – 3 January 2015)

Compiled by Timothy Scarnecchia, Teresa Barnes, and Peter Limb

April 8, 2015

This special ACAS Review pays tribute to Terence O. Ranger who passed on January 3, 2015, just after midnight just past his 86th Birthday. We sent out a call for tributes in January. We also know that Terry’s students, as well as the Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies, and the members of the British Zimbabwe Society will be producing their own tributes. We at ACAS who worked and knew Professor Ranger wanted to add our small contribution by focusing here on his role as an activist scholar.

Peter Limb, Terri Barnes, Terry Ranger, and Jim the Guardian. Diana Jeater previously wrote Brennan at the Conference organized in honor of an excellent academic biography of Ranger’s Terry held at the University of Illinois in 2010. contributions, and also reproduced an interview she did with Terry in the "Terence Fortunately, there are many useful ways to Ranger: Life as Historiography" History learn more about Terence Ranger’s life and Workshop Journal (Spring 2012) 73 (1): 193- work. His students, Jocelyn Alexander and 210. David Maxwell, wrote an obituary for

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 1

Peter Limb has written an excellent review of Ranger’s impact in his "Terence Ranger, “Once in while there comes on stage a man African Studies and South African who dares to challenge orthodoxy. Terry Historiography," Historia 56, 1, May 2011, pp. did that; he interpreted colonial history 1-25 and recorded a podcast, “Terence from the perspective of Africans - those who Ranger and the Making of History in Africa”. resisted and fought against Africa's colonization and enslavement by Europe. The Journal of Southern African Studies did a Terry was a colleague who preceded me special issue (Vol 23: 2 (1997)) in honor of first in Tanzania and then in Zimbabwe. My Terry, and currently the publishers of JSAS wife and I share the loss to the family and are making Terry’s articles available outside friends of this good man; please pass our of the firewall until the end of 2015. Professor condolences to them. Africa will miss Terry Clapperton Mavhunga at MIT has also written but remember him.” an obituary for Terry at Africa is a Country. --Yash Tandon Most importantly, Terry wrote a memoir in 2013, Writing Revolt, published by Weaver ______Press in Harare and James Currey in England.. From Alois Mlambo: Given all of these excellent sources, we are Although I had been familiar with his very not going to reproduce an intellectual influential published works on Zimbabwean biography here, although we do include at the history for a long time, I only first met Terry end a bibliography of Terry’s works, thanks to at the 1996 conference on ‘The Historical Weaver Press for allowing us to reproduce it Dimensions of Democracy and Human Rights’ here. Many of us in North America were at the University of Zimbabwe and, thereafter, fortunate to have had the chance to show our worked with him at the University of respect and honor Terry at a conference Zimbabwe where he lectured after his entitled “Making History: Terence Ranger and retirement from Oxford in 1997, as well as at African Studies” in October 2010 organized the Zimbabwe International Book Fair (ZIBF) by Professors Teresa Barnes and Jim where we were both members of the Brennan. There are photos from that organisation’s trustee board. He was closely conference in the following pages. We were involved in the 2002 ‘100 Africa’s Best Books’ also able to successfully nominate Terry Project, which had been inspired by the late Ranger for the Distinguished Africanist award Professor Ali Mazrui in celebration of Africa’s from the African Studies Association in 2009. contribution to the world of letters and which He appreciated that award, seeing as he had I helped co-ordinate. I also served with him already been awarded the ASAUK’s on the UK-based Southern African Book distinguished Africanist award, the USASA Development Trust (SABDET) for several award was further validation of the influence years. Throughout all this time, I was always he has had on African studies beyond impressed by Terry’s unquestioning Zimbabwean history. We have included his readiness to give of himself and his time to acceptance speech as Appendix A. others, his affability and his humanity. His unflagging commitment to promoting

scholarship on and in Zimbabwe is legendary,

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 2 whether through his prolific research and very best! Unlike the experiences related by publications, as a lecturer at Oxford and the some of my contemporaries when co- University of Zimbabwe, or as a trustee of the supervisors fought their academic battles ZIBF and SABDET and co-founder of the over a supervisee, Terence Ranger and Megan Britain-Zimbabwe Society. He is fondly Vaughan resolved from the start that any remembered by all Zimbabweans who had differences of opinion that would arise out of the opportunity to interact with him. May his their reading of the thesis materials I gave soul rest in peace! them to review as supervisors, would be ironed out between them before they gave me Alois Mlambo, Professor of History feedback. They both knew who they were as scholars; they saw no need to traumatize a University of Pretoria student to prove their worth. This is not to say they treated me with kid gloves. When Terence Ranger would comment on a Remembering Terence Ranger submitted draft that I had provided “the bones of a good chapter”, I soon learnt, that From Josephine Nhongo-Simbanegavi was his way of telling me that my so-called As a highly productive scholar of Africa, chapter was a mere skeleton without flesh! Terence Ranger left a rich and voluminous After he retired from Oxford and came to the amount of written work for those wishing to University of Zimbabwe where I also had a engage him or to be engaged by him to lectureship now following the completion my continue to do so even though he might not DPhil, Terence Ranger partnered with fellow be physically with us any longer. As that Zimbabwean scholars, notably with Professor scholarly work is already in the public Ngwabi Bhebe, who was then heading the domain, my reflections here will be limited to History Department. The partnership saw just a few of some of the things I view as the building of what could arguably be one of having set Terence Ranger apart from a good the most fruitful team research efforts in the number of those who made their names as Department’s history. Even as the political African Studies experts. At the same time, I atmosphere in Zimbabwe was gradually would like readers to view most of what I heating up, Terence Ranger would not let that have here as personal opinions emanating interfere with the intellectual conversations mostly from my own interactions with he wanted to see on campus as well as off- Terence Ranger, the memories of which I will campus. His home was one of the few places always treasure dearly. where blacks and whites met and socialized Having been one of his doctoral research outside the context of work-related students at Oxford University, I must say that interactions. Not only did he and his wife I could not have asked for more in a Shelagh play host to guests from across the supervisor. In the last two of my three and historical racial divide in Zimbabwe, they half year stay in Oxford, he invited Megan created space for up-coming and seasoned Vaughan to team up with him as a co- academics, as well as key figures in politics supervisor. I can say without hesitation that and civic society to meet and talk in a relaxed they gave me exceptional academic guidance, atmosphere, despite the deepening of and in my opinion, they were among Oxford’s political tensions in our country.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 3 As a researcher who showed immense when the secretaries told him the man respect for those who gave him his subject seemed so stuck that they had ended up materials, there is a lot Terence Ranger’s giving him some money to cover his fares to approach could teach us about working travel back into the city from the University. across cultural and other divides. Avoiding Not only did Terence Ranger reimburse the false proclamations of a prior love of Africa fares the man had been given, he also left a and Africans as a few have been tempted to donation for him, asking the secretarial staff do in accounting for their connections or to keep it safe in the office. In case the man associations with the continent, Terence returned, he did not want him to leave empty- Ranger stated honestly that he became a handed again. It was clear that despite the historian of Africa by accident. However, the toxic racialization of the discourse around positions he took in African struggles were land, Terence Ranger was viewed and spoken not accidental. They were choices he made of differently in the same circles where the and continually reviewed. He knew he self-elected spokespersons of war veterans enjoyed a privileged position in comparison were baying for blood, and ordering whites to to the lives of the majority of the people who pack their bags and return to England! He did owned the past he studied, and who shared not lose sight of the fact that many peace- the present he became part of as a de facto loving but genuinely impoverished and land- citizen of conflict-torn Rhodesia and later, hungry former fighters and ordinary post-colonial Zimbabwe. Zimbabweans had become pawns in the self- serving and colour-coded discourse of Having such de facto Zimbabwean citizenship scheming politicians. at the turn of the millennium came with its challenges though. However, as some of his In thinking of how Terence Ranger could be interactions with the controversial land honored, I recall how Zimbabwe’s Ministry of reform campaign did show, Terence Ranger Education once made a pre-election time embraced its reality. One afternoon, a scruffy- announcement of school name changes that looking man came to the UZ History eventually never saw the light of day. His Department looking for “Mr Ranger”, before name was on the list compiled to replace the identifying himself as a war veteran and a colonial names currently in use. While he had newly-settled farmer. Unsure of the purpose his suspicions about the timing of the of his visit in the toxic atmosphere of anti- announcement and while he did not like the white threats of violence by some of the top-down nature of the proposed changes, leading figures in the land reform campaign, Terence Ranger asked then to be taken to the the secretarial staff in the office told him that school that had been identified for naming Professor Ranger was away in England, which after him. He thought that he should at least was not true. Terence Ranger was in the see it before flying back to England. Reflecting country. It turned out the man was actually on the dire situation of Zimbabwe’s education looking for help with farming inputs. He had system now, if he was still alive, he would been advised by some of his comrades that very unlikely view school name changes as a “Mr Ranger” might be able to assist. When priority. However, the University of Professor Ranger came to the office the Zimbabwe has several lecture theatres following week, he heard of the man’s visit currently carrying mere numbers and letters and was sorry to have missed him, especially for names. Terence Ranger organised

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 4 engaging seminars and delivered memorable lectures in some of those places. It would be a very fitting tribute if one of those lecture theatres could get a real name now, perhaps the name of Terence O. Ranger. Josephine Nhongo-Simbanegavi, Zimbabwean Historian.

Third Year Economic History Students at UZ after a lecture, November 2013

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 5 From Ned Alpers: this was very much a part of Terry’s commitment to writing a usable past for the I first met Terry Ranger in a London pub with present moment in African history. Richard Gray, my SOAS mentor. This would have been some time in the Spring of 1965. I Apart from the daily routine of can’t say that I recall anything about our teaching and research at Dar, Terry also conversation, but that shared drink organized a combination lecturing and constituted the interview for my first collecting tour of southern Tanzania that academic appointment. About a year later included John Iliffe, John McCracken, and me. Terry invited Annie and me for drinks at the The most memorable moment was a dinner at home of his mother, who was also named the UMCA mission at Masasi at which the Annie, something Terry often noted. As Annie head of table was Bishop Trevor Huddleston, Alpers recalls, Terry’s mother served us her with Terry holding down the other end of the homemade elderberry liqueur. By July 1966, table in his own magisterial fashion. having defended my Ph.D. thesis a week previously, Annie and I arrived in Dar es Both Annie and I served on various Salaam, where I took up a two-year committees with Terry, I as a member of staff, appointment as Lecturer at what was then she as Administrative Secretary of the the University College of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Branch of the East African Academy, which was then still a constituent campus of of which Terry was an officer. Two things the University of East Africa. Dar was an stand out in our joint memories of those incredibly energetic place to be a young meetings. First, while taking notes in his very historian in the mid-1960s. Terry seemed to recognizable angular printing, Terry also be everywhere in those days, leading weekly habitually doodled elaborate cartoons. history seminars, very much at the center of Second, Terry had an uncanny ability to sum campus activities, and soon deeply engaged up a meeting so that everyone sitting at the with the re-organization of the College table felt that their input was being curriculum in the aftermath of the Arusha recognized, when in actuality Terry had Declaration. Terry’s Revolt in Southern absorbed everything stated at the meeting Rhodesia was published in 1967 and provided and produced his own, usually very personal a framework around which the first Africanist synthesis that reflected his own sense of what generation of Maji Maji research was had transpired. organized. Terry’s leadership in revising the Before I completed my contract at Dar colonial historiography of Tanzania in March 1968 Terry and I talked about his manifested itself in the two teachers own plans for the future and his decision to conferences organized with the Ministry of move on from Tanzania before too long. Education. The first of these, held in January Although I had not yet set foot in Los Angeles, 1967, resulted in Aspects of Central African we discussed the possibility of his coming to History (1968), which Terry edited; the other, UCLA, which he eventually did in 1969. At held in December of that same year, produced UCLA Terry immediately attracted a diverse A History of Tanzania (1969), which Isaria cohort of graduate students eager to explore Kimambo and Arnold Temu co-edited. Both the possibilities of the Dar School and his own very clearly reflected the dominant brand of resistance historiography and style nationalist historiography of the period, but

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 6 of expressing historical African agency. A After Terry returned to the U.K. our particularly noteworthy example of Terry’s professional and life trajectories were no intellectual vision was his seminar on the longer linked as they had been from 1966 comparative history of resistance and revolt through 1974. Although Annie and I remained in Africa and by Native Americans, which in occasional contact with Terry through his inspired at least one graduate student, George annual Christmas letters; visits to Los Phillips, to apply Terry’s model to the history Angeles, where he stayed with us several of Cahuilla resistance to Spanish colonialism times; and encounters in Manchester and in southern California. On February 9, 1971 at Oxford, the last of which was a delightful pub an evening session of the seminar that was lunch (thus completing the circle, I suppose) held on the 10th floor of Bunche Hall we were in September 2008 with John and Inez Sutton. suddenly shocked by the very destructive 6.6 By then Terry had donated his library and San Fernando or Sylmar earthquake that personal papers to the African Studies Centre caused the entire building to sway from side at Oxford, although we were both impressed to side. Terry maintained his usual by the piles of political asylum dossiers that equanimity throughout the long tremor, while Terry had presented over the years and that one Native American participant commented still occupied a corner of his study at home. that he had nothing to fear as this was “his land.” Thus assured by both Terry and our Ned & Annie Alpers, January 23, 2015 native Californian colleague, we continued the seminar as scheduled.

Terry’s other major intellectual contribution to UCLA was the continuation of From Allison Shutt: his deep and abiding interest in African religions, which also attracted the interest of Unlike many who have contributed to this many graduate students. The culmination of memory site, I did not have a personal planning begun in Dar and subsequently relationship with Professor Ranger. Of supported by a major Ford Foundation grant course, like everyone else, his work was to the African Studies Center at UCLA resulted foundational to my own. And like many in a stimulating conference on the history of others, I admired his efficiency in writing and African religious systems held at the the pioneering way he cleared the path for University of Dar es Salaam (as it had just others to follow. For me that trail began with then become) in June 1970. A selection of the Ranger’s wonderful biography, Are We Not papers from this conference was published as Also Men?, which established the historical The Historical Study of African Religion significance of the purchase areas for middle (1972), which Terry co-edited with Isaria class mobilization. I was an academic Kimambo. After five years at UCLA, in 1974 follower. Terry resigned his professorship to take up Lately, though, I’ve come to spend time with a the Chair in Modern History at the University more personal part of Professor Ranger’s life of Manchester, the first Africanist to hold a by studying the anti-colour bar campaign in general chair in History in the U.K. Salisbury. As his memoir Writing Revolt makes so clear, he was deeply involved in the

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 7 struggle for a more just society—he wrote He was the consummate organizer, always and acted (I always liked the way Professor arranging informal seminars and conferences Ranger used italics as a tool to emphasize his that brought different specialists and points). The anti-colour bar campaign was students together. He was the sublime exhilarating, fun, and also very, very serious. networker, and built up the Department of The absurdity of being thrown into the Les History at the University of Dar-es-Salaam to Brown pool in response to his effort to be the leading such department in Africa. His integrate the pool was understood by Ranger interests were so wide that his department most of all. It was a performance. But it was embraced archaeology, Pan-African and an effective one, and one that illustrated the Diasporan Studies and the role of Revolution absurdity of racial thinking in Southern in changing accepted institutions, that did not Rhodesia. And now, with Professor Ranger’s feature elsewhere in Africa on a regular basis last book and his archives we have robust until a decade later. He also gave African evidence to help us think through anew the history an integrity that facilitated tangled paths of nationalism in the late 1950s comparisons with the history of countries like and early 1960s. Typical Ranger—leading Russia and japan that were so far away but the way, and not waiting at all for us to catch which had some comparable experiences. up. But what sticks in my mind, what stays with me after everything else is something else, something that surprises me because it I have happy memories of him, many created isn’t an academic influence at all; it seems when we were together at a conference in personal, in fact. He was a good man, a brave Lusaka in 1963 in which he was the vital man, a generous man; his was a life worth force using all the resources available at that following, even if I always felt I was trailing time to gain a deeper appreciation of the behind. African past. For Terry, history was not an arcane discipline concerned with archives, Allison Shutt, Professor of History, written records and colonial institutions but a Hendrix College living tradition in which Africans, closely From Merrick Posnansky: integrated with change, had to have a major voice and voices which would be heard I was very sorry to hear of Terry Ranger's regardless of the traditional status of their passing from my colleague Ned Alpers at speakers. I slightly got him into trouble as UCLA. Terry was the foremost African coming from Uganda, at that time, I decided historian of his age and introduced so many to take out the Uganda students of the of us to new approaches and appreciation of nascent University of Zambia. Terry joined the African past. I replaced Terry at UCLA in me and suggested a bar right in the centre of 1977, but no one could ever replace Terry Lusaka, in a rather posh neighborhood, where whose interests in Africa were so very vital in we duly went. Talk of Independence was in Politics, Religion, the development of the air in Northern Rhodesia at that time, a University Education and the betterment of year before Independence, but when we sat everyone in all the countries where he served. down the manager said he could not serve a He was a man of boundless energy. It was mixed group. We protested, a policeman was difficult to keep up with his varied activities. called and we were ejected. Because Terry

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 8 was a well known person and a persona non resistance or women’s history. We all learnt a grata in parts of the Central African lot for which we can be grateful as we have Federation, he was ticked off and warned. filtered his ideas though our own students. Terry was not phased and shrugged off the whole incident. Merrick Posnansky, Professor Emeritus History and Anthropology, UCLA

I also had the pleasure of his company and knowledge when he organized the Pan From Liz Gunner: African History Congress in Dar, the only one Terence Ranger – an appreciation as it happened, in 1970. Terry was close to Nyerere, who was delighted to be involved with all the participants. Terry arranged for Terry Ranger had such a great influence on so me to sit with him at the congress dinner - a many lives in so many different ways that it is real pleasure for me as he was such and easy extremely hard to pin down the things that person to talk to and had a great feeling for mattered to me personally. There is no doubt the African past and its importance for our that he shaped my thinking and in some ways understanding as Africa made it way out of my life. His work on religion in Africa was colonialism. I had recently had contacts with hugely influential and will continue to leave its mark on later work for a long time. For me Milton Obote of Uganda who was difficult to one of the most important of his books is his talk to and could never agree that on many path-breaking study of the Beni dance and African topics there were multiple opinions. It popular culture in East Africa. He covers 80 was easy to grasp why Nyerere was so years of the genre’s life and weaves together beloved and Obote feared. It also explained archival sources, the voices and shape of the why History, as iterated by Terry Ranger, as dance and dancers with such force and was so important for the development of elegance. I read it again thoroughly a few months ago and the canvas was as fresh as if Africa. newly done. I believe he set out the importance of culture within history so

strongly there that its influence is still Terry and his wife very kindly invited my profound. wife Eunice and I to Manchester in 1976, we My best memory of him in conference mode had a delightful evening and both Terry and was when he and I co-organised the his wife gave us some do’s and don’ts about Bulawayo conference on Land Culture and LA and UCLA that proved very useful. He History in Southern Africa. We called it Views could not have been more gracious and of the Land. It was in July 2000 shortly after the elections in Zimbabwe and the country helpful and down to earth when discussing was tense. The conference began shakily as I mundane aspects of life in Los Angeles. I nearly killed Jabulani Sithole, Malcolm Draper never saw him again until he visited UCLA. As and myself by driving too fast from so often happens our paths diverged but I Pietermaritzburg to the airport in Durban, to shall always be grateful for the freshness with catch the plane for Harare. But we made the which he clothed African history, his constant plane and got to Bulawayo at about the same time as all those coming from much further enthusiasm, and his search for new afield. It was an amazing few days: Bulawayo approaches through religious, labor,

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 9 was looking tattered but still grand. We held From Eliakim Sibanda: some of our meetings in the large lecture theatre of the museum and stayed at the A Tribute to Professor Terence Ranger, Bulawayo Club which very reluctantly Scholar, Activist and Friend accommodated the women participants but we were not allowed to drink at the bar. This Professor Terrence Ranger, “Terry” as those caused outrage but the rules were firm and of us who knew him very well fondly called remained. There was also the Bulawayo Art him, was a very special human being who Gallery directed then by the magnificent uncritically accepted friend and foe alike. In Yvonne Vera. We met there too and I was my tribute to Professor Ranger, I will refer to lucky enough to chair a session when Yvonne him as “Terry” not because I disrespect him Vera and Chenjerai Hove spoke about their but because he was a friend beyond being a craft as writers. Terry listened intently, scholar; just as he too, like most of my close perhaps planning Bulawayo Burning as the friends, used to call me “Kim”. What I enjoyed author of Butterfly Burning spoke freely to us. most and indeed revered about Terry was his way of dealing with difference in an On the last night there was the launch of evenhanded and open-minded manner. In as Violence and Memory; the three authors, much as we had sharp differences over his Jocelyn Alexander, JoAnn McGregor and Terry writings, politics and personalities, I must say sat on the stage with four of their main I learned a lot from Terry about how not to researchers. The theatre was packed with the have differences undermine friendships. He intelligentsia and political dignitaries of also contributed extensively to my academic Bulawayo. They were in full flight. There was progress, especially my research on wonderful talk and debate and an air of Zimbabwe. I recall that when he gave over his defiant joy at the work that had been done. scholarly work to the Archives, I was among the first, and if not the first researcher to This generous and eminent man has left us whom he gave unfettered access to his un- but the imprint of his work and mind indexed papers. Terry did this despite remains. knowing that I would find much in Liz Gunner, University of Johannesburg communications between and amongst Auckland Park Johannesburg. politicians, especially around the time of the split in ZAPU leading to the formation of ZANU that differed drastically from the version offered in some of his works about the split. Certainly, his ‘archive’ was a treasure trove for me on the history of Zimbabwe, as understood “from below up (history from below).”

This might sound hyperbolic, but I will say it nonetheless; there cannot be any gainsaying the fact that Terry made significant and sustained contributions to the field of the history of African people in Zimbabwe, especially during the time he lived in Tanzania after being expelled from Zimbabwe for participating in the struggle for the decolonization of the country. As a progressive and engaged intellectual, academic and practitioner, it came as no

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 10 surprise that his first book in this field, which history for many years, correctly point out. happens to be his best known seminal and Some scholars, myself included, questioned classic work, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, his classic Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896- 1896-7, despite being controversial, provided 7, which posited that spirit mediums a ‘useable’ past to Africans in that it united coordinated the AmaNdebele and VaShona them across ethnic lines. Moreover, it struggle in their resistance of colonialism in inspired many to form national parties that the late 1890’s; and also his one-sided transcended ethnicity as they struggled for ‘celebratory’ writings which seemed to favor the decolonization of Zimbabwe. It was a ZANU-PF’s narrow and self-serving definition truly groundbreaking book in the sense that, of nationalism, and its leader Robert Mugabe, for the first time, a book written by a prior to and after independence up to 2000 – westerner gave Africans agency. His research at which point the versatile Terry changed and writing across multiple genres (including course and started writing in condemnation books, articles, essays, reports etc.), in the of patriotic history and against Mugabe’s use eyes of most of us, shaped the direction of the of violence as a tool of control. (I mention this history of the African people of Zimbabwe not because I intend to review his work, but and their historiography at a time when such rather give context to our commonalities and history was still in the fringes both locally and differences.) Most of us shared common internationally. threads with Terry but we were definitely different textures in the same fabric! Terry explained Zimbabwean African people Certainly, these critiques in no way diminish to the Western world. His books and articles the significance and influence of Terry’s on the agency of Zimbabwean Africans in research and writings, the conduit through particular, especially during the colonial which he impacted Zimbabwe. That Zimbabwe, became the only works by a scholarship continues to shape the writing of westerner that resonated even beyond Africa. history on Zimbabwe even now. I believe that non-Zimbabweans, particularly westerners, understood Terry’s works All this to say I will always remember Terry because he was a clear communicator whose for his unflagging commitment to the growth lucidity expressed very complex ideas in a of a particularly Zimbabwean history and highly accessible way; he explained historiography, and for the more than forty complicated African concepts in ways that fruitful years he invested in the growth of the they could grasp. I applaud Terry’s prolific field. Terry was not only a writer but a publication on Zimbabwe which definitely mentor as well, encouraging others to came as a result of hard work; especially research and write, especially on Zimbabwe, a given that Terry was not an African historian specific constituency he had intentionally by training. Indeed, Terry’s training was far decided to serve. Throughout the years, he from Africa in focus, era and geography. He cajoled and nudged many budding scholars to was essentially a medievalist who wrote his write and gave very insightful and dissertation on 17th Century Ireland and who constructive feedback. subsequently self-invented as an African Historian – talk about versatility and Terry’s legacy will not be confined to his multidisciplinarity. academic life. In the early 1960’s Terry joined African nationalist movements in Zimbabwe It would be disingenuous if I were to say that in the struggle for decolonization, first NDP Ranger’s written works on Zimbabwe, albeit and when it got banned, ZAPU. Later he priceless in their significance and usefulness, would tell me that he never joined any other were without serious “blemishes” which party after ZAPU was banned in the country. some scholars, including those to whom he Needless to say his membership in nationalist was an academic ‘hero’ of Zimbabwean organizations ‘earned’ him deportation. In

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 11 other words, we will remember Terry for his the city. Terry gets excited that he will now role as a scholar who brought the history of have the chance to interview Nkomo as he is the African people in Zimbabwe to the being driven to his next appointment. When mainstream but also because he was a they get to the cars, Terry is ushered into a passionate, dedicated fighter for justice. Years different car than Nkomo. Just as the car later, after independence, he would fight for convoy gets into the city the driver asks Terry Zimbabweans when they fled their country where his hotel is, and thus where he was from political persecution by their being driven. He would always end his story government to seek political asylum in by saying “The moment the driver asked me Britain from 2000 on. He would stand as a where my hotel was I became excited, I stalwart supporter of their asylum became favorably impressed that Nkomo was applications. coming to my hotel!” You see, the car in which Ranger was being driven was at the head of My own personal observation of Terry as a the convoy. Little did he know he was being friend, which I constructed from my many dropped at his hotel by one of Nkomo’s visits with him at his home and teashops – bodyguards. I wish I could tell the story with and cannot in clear conscience end this the elegance and beauty with which Terry tribute without sharing – is that he was a told it. Unfortunately, I cannot outflank Terry raconteur par excellence. Terry relished whose storytelling punch lines were telling stories. Zimbabwean nationalists with exquisite! whom he interacted for many years and innumerable ordinary Zimbabweans he met No doubt, Terry’s physical presence will be on his research trips were often his focus. The missed by all of us; by friends and by those story that he would tell to me repeatedly, and who were spurred to research and write would ultimately urge me to include in my because of his provocative writings and biography of Joshua Nkomo, the late Vice- presentation on the history of the President of Zimbabwe, is how Nkomo Zimbabwean African population, one which avoided giving him an interview. by and large he clearly loved. Personally, I will miss his stories and our growthful, As the story goes, Terry was promised an inspiring and unique friendship built largely interview by Nkomo, someone he knew very on our difference in perspective. While we all well and with whom he had many pictures are truly saddened by his passing on we are, taken together during the struggle for on the other hand, assured that his memory Zimbabwe, and as a member of NDP and and influence will continue through his ZAPU both parties of which Nkomo was the vibrant legacy of fighting for Zimbabweans, leader. Nkomo instructs Terry to go and wait especially the vulnerable and, as a scholar for him at his daughter’s business in and practitioner, through his writings. His Bulawayo. Terry waits for Nkomo for twenty scholarship will indeed have a lasting impact, minutes and when he finally arrives, he and is one that will shape the historiography invites Ranger for a tour of interior of the and history of Zimbabwe far beyond his business. As they walk around Nkomo keeps limited time on earth! We unreservedly asking Terry about what kind of curtains, celebrate Professor Terence Ranger’s chairs and carpet would suit the house. After achievements and life as a scholar, social a 20-minute ‘consultation’ tour, Terry justice practitioner and friend. reminds Nkomo that he has come to interview him. Nkomo turns around and in Eliakim Sibanda, PhD ‘wonderment’ and says, “Oh, I thought you Professor and Chair were an interior designer” after which he Department of History announces he has to leave for his next University of Winnipeg appointment but will give Terry a ride into

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 12

Road sign from Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe, showing the way to the regional capital, Bulawayo, a smaller city to the south called Gwanda, and a regionally significant mission station of the Brethren in Christ Church called Mtshabezi.

From Wendy Urban-Mead: handed me a topic that I have studied and written about ever since. When I was a brand-new Ph.D. candidate at Columbia University in 1994, studying under At that point I had only read his 1986 review Marcia Wright, all I knew is that I wanted to essay for African Studies Review, “Religious find a case study that would allow me to take Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan a deep look at an African mission-founded Africa.”1 This piece had for me proved a church from its inception, from the Africans’ crucial starting point; from there I proceeded side of the story. She mentioned this to to read nearly everything he had ever Terence Ranger when she saw him that year. published, plus many of his unpublished At that time he was researching what would papers. Of particular importance to me in the become Voices from the Rocks. His instant early years of my preparation to conduct suggestion was that I should investigate an research in Matabeleland were two: Are We American Protestant group that he had Not Also Men? and The African Voice in encountered in the Matopo Hills -- the Southern Rhodesia. The first, because in Brethren in Christ -- whose records in painting a portrait of the Samkange family, Pennsylvania were too far away for him or his students at UZ or Oxford to pursue. Thus it 1 “Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan was that Terry, whom I had not yet met, Africa,” African Studies Review, 29(2), 1986, 1–69.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 13 Terry featured the importance of the the way was opened also for histories of Methodist Church in the family’s history. Zimbabwe to undertake themes based in the Terry’s credibility as a historian firmly on the previously under-researched western side of African nationalist aspirations, province. established with the publication of Revolt in Southern Rhodesia in 1967, rendered his I benefited enormously from both of these taking seriously the role of the mission thematic openings. My forthcoming book, The churches in Zimbabwe’s (and, more broadly, Gender of Piety: Family, Faith, and Colonial Africa’s) social history all the more Rule in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (Ohio Univ significant. This imprimatur from Ranger Press, 2015) bears an enormous debt to opened the way for a new wave of historical Terry. He not only suggested back in 1994 studies on the role of the mission churches in that I look into the Brethren in Christ in southern African history generally. Prior to Matabeleland, he also checked in on me while this, mission studies was the province either I was doing field work in Bulawayo, and of Eurocentric historical accounts of the maintained a lively and interested spread of Christianity in Africa, or the work of correspondence with me until the last year of missiologists. Ranger was among the first of his life, all the while read many drafts of the secular Africanist historians to focus on articles and chapters over the years. His way and take seriously the importance of the of prioritizing, supporting, and valuing the “Black St. Pauls,”2 who worked ahead of and work of Zimbabwean scholars served as a alongside the white missionaries before and powerful example to me. His invitations in during the colonial period, to establish the recent years that I participate in the BZS Christian churches in Africa. research days were only one aspect of his ceaseless interest in, and support for, my The significance to me of The African Voice is work—and the work of many others also that this slim volume published in 1970 researching Zimbabwe’s history. He waited featured sketches of the lives and political impatiently for this book to be published and careers of Lobengula’s sons – and thus I have deep regret that he never got to hold it Matabeleland featured prominently. Terry’s in his hands. last three monographs: Violence and Memory (co-authored with Jocelyn Alexander and Wendy Urban-Mead, Africa History Faculty, Bard College JoAnn MacGregor), Voices from the Rocks, and Bulawayo Burning, all featured themes grounded in Matabeleland. Thanks to this wave of publication at the end of his career,

2 “Protestant Missions in Africa: The Dialectic of Conversion in the American Methodist Episcopal

Church in Eastern Zimbabwe, 1900-1950,” in Thomas D. Blakely, Walter E.A. van Beek, and Dennis L. Thompson, eds. Religion in Africa: Experience and Expression. (London: James Currey; Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1994), 275-313.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 14 From Isabel Mukonyora:

In writing this piece for the Association of Concerned African Scholars Review, I decided to be as spontaneous as possible.

My first encounter with Terence Ranger was through his books, followed by the sudden and rather overwhelming encounter with a man sitting across the table from me in the National Archives of Zimbabwe. This was a time in my life when looking at the relationship between missionaries and colonial administrators became a way of explaining modern Africa to my curious mind.

Before I knew it, I became one of many students of Terry associated with St. Antony's College in Oxford. He is cited in each and every one of my publications so far because I could not help but see and appreciate the _Paul Landau and Terry at the University of determination with which he stood for both Illinois Conference 2010. ______the emancipation of Africa and the continual From Paul Landau: development of serious academic work on Africa. I have been asked to write something about Terry and so I will. In Jan Vansina’s Terry passed away a year after one more autobiography, Jan registers me as a kind of meeting with him in which I promised him a adopted junior kin, borrowed intellectually book that will show one more time that I too not only from Steve Feierman, but also from should stand firm as a scholar. This my proper ancestor, Terry Ranger. (He also forthcoming book, "Global Christianity for an affiliated me maternally with the sociologist Era of Climate Change", celebrates T. O. Karen Field, another parallel offspring of Ranger's great achievements. Terry Ranger’s.)

I am honored to be invited to say these few I am not sure about that, but there are several words in memory of a great historian and reasons Terry influenced me greatly as an Bella's good friend of the academy for many historian, even while he and I only years. occasionally crossed paths as people. First, he thought through things to the point where Isabel Mukonyora, Associate Professor, one saw an independent logic emerge, located Western Kentucky University in the knot of reality he evoked in his articles, a logic he ended up calling “peasant consciousness.” The idea that consciousness is something connected to material realities on the ground (I recognize Terry claims never

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 15 to have read Marx, but anyway) . . . that it had far as this could be reconstructed. There were a logic and a reality . . . I was already thinking few assertions, few postulates of what the through this way of seeing the world reading people “believed.” Instead one glimpsed a E.E. Evans-Pritchard, Gwyn Prins, and other logic. The historian following Terry need not great historically minded anthropologists or betray people’s expressed words: When historians aware of anthropology, Richard people did speak of belief, when they argued Werbner, James Fernandez, Jean Comaroff, that God and grace motivated them, they for instance. I was studying Christians and ought also to be taken seriously. Especially their modes of thinking and questioning the instructive to graduate students, at least to Eliadean mysticism of so many scholars. me, was Terry’s debate over various issues Terry demonstrated that one could elaborate with Dick Werbner and Julian Cobbing and and explain African modes of thinking about then with other critics over (inter alia) the the world without betraying their intended historicity of his attribution of “high god” meaning or the historical context. stature to Mwali, the function of “religion” in politically active times, the reality of the cult In his many articles, about inoculation component — the Mhondoro seers and the campaigns and dance movements in incarnations of ancestors, and the roles the Tanzania, about central African religious mediums played in the 1896/7 rebellion movements, about peasants and Christian (Chimurenga) and (thus?) also the 1969–80 churches (in which he destroys the implicit war against the Ian Smith regime. Norma Africa v. Christianity set-up of many Kriger also criticized Terry’s forbearance historians), one finds the same location of a toward ZANU-PF in their various logic, a language, a situation of active people transgressions and atrocities. in a zone of thought we can both credit and interpret in history. That moment was always Another of Terry’s interventions (in 1986) one of change instead of stasis: Terry’s was seen by some as a scholarly challenge to reconstructions were four dimensional. As for Jean and John L. Comaroff’s framing of praxis as an historian he set the bar quite Christianity in the story of colonialism and high. If there was economic data, one had to resistance in South Africa. (In their vision, see it and mine it. In his work on war and Christians in the big healing churches — demobilization and ethnic constructions in whether or not they agreed with resistance, Zimbabwe and elsewhere, which put him in politically speaking — were involved in a touch with Eric Hobsbawm and a wider dialectical process of maturing their audience, we see the same process: the consciousness(es) until they could clearly history of the construction of a domain of grasp their actual material situation (their self-understanding, or identity, functional to a position in relations of production) and changing world. derive their behavior from it. This mode was a vehicle for describing state-tolerant Zionist There was an optimism in this. He had no churches’ healing rituals — as “resistance” to good speaking-knowledge of Shona. Some of colonialism.) I had just finished my initial his arguments are high-wire acts of preparations for my exams when this debate interpretive verve. At all times Terry turned began to make me think in new ways again. the reader’s attention to the basis for African J.D.Y. Peel thereafter echoed Terry with people’s understandings in the real world as related complaints: if the playing field were

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 16 taken as discursive, one had to credit what vocabulary. Whatever Mwali was, he was a religious people actually said. On what spirit, and he was going to keep on talking grounds were Christians’ statements taken as about spirits. The manner of his disagreement Rosetta stones for the growth of political or was to point to the will, to insistence, as the material consciousness, and not as a fully reason for recognizing the Divine: I took the formed kind of consciousness? message to mean faith is transcendent. I write about these debates lest they be forgotten or My own orientation grew through my glossed over, because Terry was a great and thinking about these matters as debates. But subtle debater. The idea that you could argue one could imagine the meaningful about things in print or at a lecturn that development of the domain called “religion” mattered and were researched and real and (and what was left over, a space of secularity yet were about intention and self- called “politics”), without that development understanding — that was paradisical to me. being a maturation of political consciousness. That was the key for me. Following Terry, Terry could not only argue but could also noticing that the official administration of revise his views — as he did (for instance) in religion generally came with the production considering Chris Lowe’s and other work and of ethnic socialities, or “tribes,” as actual revisiting the idea of “imagined” ethnic social identities, I looked for similar dynamics identities. As it often did Terry’s in mid-19th century highveld South Africa. interventions are on the side of the real: My argument was that the emergence of scarcely any ideology can be discerned “religion” as a separate sphere was not the behind his interpretations save a general same as the culmination of self-realizations desire for justice and fairness. The question of leading to proper consciousness. Instead of what identities are not constructed, and self-conceptions for the motor of whether there are legitimate and illegitimate transformation I instead like Terry looked at forms of identity, has not been yet been the material use of land and the positioning of reconciled with a simple or easy formula. He labor. I found great data, but I can’t really wrote in a way that suggested the African imagine I’d have been able to make any of the people he wrote about would agree with him argument without Terry’s work. if they could be introduced to his interpretation. He was largely right. On the other hand, sometimes Terry disagreed with me. Some of the force of It can’t be denied that it was very important Terry’s interventions came out of his own to me that such a great historian of southern humane, deep understanding of Christianity, Africa such as Terry had time for me — from which I lacked. That wasn’t all of it: I won’t the instant in 1990 when he introduced speak for him but I am sure he disagreed himself to me to every other crossing of correctly with other aspects of my work paths. He had many graduate students and which like so much else he voraciously read colleagues who will undoubtedly recollect he digested for what was best, not worst. things about Terry invisible to those like me Terry did however make it clear (notably in who were never his student. But being one talk I was fortunate to see) that he recognized by such a person, with such disagreed with (inter alia) my attempt to obvious quality of mind, application, and eliminate the concept of “spirit” from our sharpness, was a huge boost to me as an

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 17 historian, in thinking about what I myself was housebound until the spring, which was capable of — what I might attempt to do — looked forward to. I am happy they got to and illustrating what quality was. That Terry experience another thaw together, another and I had a chance to take a few meals whole Oxford summertime, but I wish it could together, and that he had a chance to be have been many more. introduced to my book on precolonial - to - colonial era African politics (2010) in As an historian, Terry demonstrated a model southern Africa, and read and commented on of engaged, thoroughly researched, clearly and ultimately supported most of the presented narrative about cooperations and arguments about Zimbabwe’s and South clashes among Africans and Europeans in Africa’s deep political connectedness, — that central and eastern Africa, about the creation was a final gift to me personally. I last spoke of new categories of expression, in ways with him and Shelagh his wife early last year, accessible from all sides. As a committed at their home, after reading his short and reviewer and judge of others’ work, he was snappy autobiography of his time in the engaged, generous, and argumentative. As a 1960s in Southern Rhodesia. He turned the person, he was helpful and supportive. He conversation to mutual friends and then to will be missed. me and my labors, wanting news. It was Paul Landau, Professor of History, winter and slick outside and they were fairly University of Maryland

From Jonathan Zilberg:

I’ve chosen to share by way of tribute this photograph of one of my favorite meetings with Terry and Sheelah. Terry mattered a great deal to me and sharing archival information with him as it surfaced during my research in Oxford and London in the last years of his life has perhaps been the greatest pleasure of all during my work on Zimbabwean art history. Sharing such data with Terry provide me a way to be close to someone I cared deeply for and it mattered especially as we had a longstanding mutual love for the art of Cyrene and how it provided a vast and particular record of the Zimbabwean landscape through these Rangers a few specimens from their children’s and young adults’ eyes. collection of Cyrene art on a sunny day at This photograph was taken by Garry home in 2011. The Charnock collection is a Charnock of his wife Anne showing the very large sample of what remains of the

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 18 show of Cyrene art which travelled the UK and Prof. Bhebe’s edited collections; attended from 1949 through 1957, the documentation the landscape conference at the Bulawayo of which is to be found in Rhodes House and Museum in 2000; I reviewed a couple of his in the United Society for the Propagation of books, we sent emails back and forth, I visited the Gospel archives in London. Having just him once in Oxford and had tea; helped put the final touches on his last book organize a conference in his honor at the manuscript, Terry gladly agreed to write a University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign on short essay on Cyrene and the art of Cyrene what was to be his last trip to the US in 2010. as he knew it in his experience. That essay I was immensely honored to accept the will soon be made digitally available, African Studies Association’s “Distinguished alongside my own, as part of a Special Africanist” award on Terry’s behalf in 2010, Collection of Cyrene Art now kept in the and to read out his lovely acceptance speech. Harold Robbins Library in National Museum One has to just accept the passing of a great of African Art in the Smithsonian Institution person, of course, but it is impossible to think in Washington, D.C. of the field of Zimbabwean history without the figure of Terry Ranger beside it, always I’ll always remember with the greatest nurturing, analyzing, prompting, reflecting, fondness the first time I was introduced to researching. He was an intellectual father of Terry as a young graduate student at the all of us, and now we have lost our father. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1988, the moments I was lucky enough to Many of the things that Terry said and wrote share with him and the last time we met at ring in my ears: the British Zimbabwe Society meeting in 2013 when a small selection of the Charnock My very favorite quote is from the activist Collection of Cyrene art was on display. Terry, from a speech he made about academic Thank you and farewell, dear Terry. freedom at the University of Cape Town in 1981. UCT has an annual academic freedom Jonathan Zilberg, University of Illinois at lecture, and Terry said, “Academic freedom is Urbana-Champaign, Center for African not something to be claimed. It is something Studies, Alumnus to be exercised.” This simple and profound truth cuts through all the usual cant and ______angel-pinhead debate about managerial freedom, institutional autonomy and Remembering Terry Ranger whatnot, and reminds me that the activism of By Teresa Barnes, 8 January 2015 historians is really rooted in the work they do and the way they do it. One doesn’t know how to write about someone like Terry. He was a colossus in our My next favorite quote comes from “Are We field who also, to my astonishment and Not Also Men,” the Samkange family pleasure, seemed happy to regard a person biography. One of the chapters ends with the like me as a friend in later years. I might have sentence, “But things were not as they first met him when I was a graduate student seemed.” I always aspired to have the power at the University of Zimbabwe in the mid- to write like that, to be the kind of historian 1980s; I contributed a chapter to one of his who could draw such a dramatic distinction

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 19 between the obvious superficial and the wanted to breathe in the red dust kicked up subterranean forces rumbling underneath. along the sides of the roads, and feel the crinkly carbon paper files in the National Running a close third is Terry’s evocation of Archives sigh between his fingers. So as his the rustling of crisply starched 1950s strength failed and the trip became township petticoats in “Bulawayo Burning”. impossible, I guess he was right. One day I would like to teach a whole course on Yvonne Vera’s “Butterfly Burning” in Looking for a correct date for this piece, conversation with “Bulawayo Burning”. I inevitably and fittingly the Internet pulled up could have whole weeks of the two talking to a speech Terry gave at the University of each other, what a pleasure that would be. Virginia in 2001 which begins with a mention of his friend, Jeff Guy. I think the community I remember Terry saying flatly and of historians of southern Africa will always unapologetically, in fact, provocatively, “I am remember this transition from 2014 to 2015 a relentlessly narrative historian.” as the turning point when we lost both Jeff When he came to Illinois in 2010 it was and Terry. October, chosen because it wouldn’t be cold Rest in peace, Professor Terence Osborn yet. Terry wore his slippers throughout. Ranger. The world is a better place because of When I saw how slowly he was walking, I you. rushed out and bought a collapsible wheelchair; the distances between his room Teresa Barnes, Associate Professor, in the Illinois Union and various speaking Department of History, University of venues seemed, all of a sudden, quite vast. Illinois Terry was quite content with the chair, content to put his feet up and be maneuvered ______through the American undergraduates like a big Britain/Zimbabwe Society flagship. From Enocent Msindo Content to dazzle us with his reminiscences, the precision of his memory, to have us in Tribute to Terence Ranger stitches with the impeccably droll delivery of his one-liners, content to meet and charm When I was doing my high school in everyone who came his way: students, Zimbabwe, I used to read with great historians, the dean, high school teachers. admiration the works of Terence Ranger, including the debates between himself and Lastly I remember and salute Terry’s love and Julian Cobbing and David Beach. To-date, devotion to Zimbabwe. In our 2010 there is no single scholar that I have read so conference he said, “I feel like I was born avidly like Terence Ranger! I did not know when I went to Zimbabwe.” No one else that I would be one of the lucky ones to be returned year after year, either for research taught by him for two of my three years at the or to teach undergraduate classes, to work University of Zimbabwe in the 1990s. Terry alongside and inspire young Zimbabwean was a model and mentor to me. It is now trite historians. He also said once, “I felt that all the to say the obvious, that he was a very well power would go out of my body if I didn’t accomplished scholar and teacher. He had return to Africa every year.” I think he always great passion for empowering Black African

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 20 students and is the reason why I took African historiographies of the 1896 risings where I history seriously for my post-graduate criticised Terry’s work, Beach’s and Cobbing’s studies. In the 1990s, Terence Ranger worked all at once for not giving us sufficient clues with a number of Black Zimbabwean students about the 1896 wars. He awarded it a who are now senior scholars on Zimbabwean distinction, but he commented, “Good work, history and African studies generally. These but how can you be more objective?” include myself; Gerald Mazarire; Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni; Jocelyn Nhongo- In 1999, Terence Ranger shared with me Simbanegavi; Busani Mpofu, and many proofs of their book, Violence and Memory, a others. As we remember Terence Ranger, we year before it was published. Very well should not try to imagine what else he would written and indeed challenging, I instantly have written about had he still been alive. I developed an interest in researching on the think Terry did all that he could in his time. histories of Matabeleland. He was of course He raise a generation that will forever learn very happy to support my Gates Cambridge from his accomplishments, whether we agree Scholarship application for my MPhil and PhD with his views or not! degrees under John Lonsdale, a colleague of him who was part of the founding of the Dar Terence Ranger had an infectious personality. Es-Salaam School of Africanist historiography He had a subtle way of getting students to be which revolutionised academic African interested in studying African History, this history, not only in East and Central Africa, included throwing some debatable issues to but continentally. We will forever miss a very the students so as to generate in-class serious historian, but his legacy lives on. discussions. He also made sure that we became keen to get to the National Archives Enocent Msindo is Associate Professor of by setting essay questions that develops one’s History at Rhodes University, South Africa. appetite to want to hear from the archive He writes in his personal capacity. itself. He also did not take it personal when his writings were criticised but dealt with issues as a measured gentleman. I remember writing an undergraduate essay on the

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 21 Tim Scarnecchia, Terri Barnes, James Brennan, and Terry Ranger, at the University of Illinois Conference honoring Terry in 2010.

Terence Ranger: the Dissident Activist and I think that is a good way of looking at his Scholar consistent and meaningful contributions throughout the many active years of his From Timothy Scarnecchia career. We can also learn from Terry’s example about the importance at times to Like many academics working on make ourselves heard, because we are in Zimbabwean history, I was always careful in positions that generally allow us to be heard, my professional relationship with Terry and at times to act behind the scenes quietly Ranger. He could be a very prickly person, and without public notoriety because it is the and at times his ego could be, like his career, right thing to do. Terry did both of these indeed larger than life, as a colleague recently things, as exemplified by many of his public put it. He had a way of making life-long positions and support for Zimbabwean enemies as he did life-long friends. I would nationalists, and at times his quite devotion not consider myself to have been a close to helping those who suffered from the harsh friend of his, but I appreciate all that Terry brutalities of tyranny in Rhodesia and later in did for me in my career. I was never a student Zimbabwe too. of his but he did a great deal for me and for that I am forever grateful. What I want to In the early 1990s, when I first spent some write about here though is the inspiration he months in Oxford to meet him and his gave to me, and indeed to many scholars and students and work in the Rhodes House students around the world, to combine Library collection, I was very surprised that academic work with a commitment to someone at Oxford would be so generous and activism. From Terry’s life we can all learn a open with his time. I attended his seminars in lot about how to be an active scholar while his office at 100 Woodstock Road and enjoyed also doing what we can to support those who his generosity and that of his students who are actively engaged in fighting against were there, as well as from Phyllis Ferguson tyranny and injustice. As he concludes in his who ran the office for Terry at that time. recent memoir, he saw himself as a dissident, When I left from Oxford to live in Harare for a

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 22 year and a half, I would see Terry when he the campaign to desegregate Salisbury’s came to the National Archives of Zimbabwe. public spaces, to bring food and money to the These were very good years to be working on families of political detainees, or to write Zimbabwean history in Harare. What I revealing and critical articles about police remember about my encounters with Terry brutality and abuses of Africans in the then is that he always wanted to know how townships by the Rhodesian authorities and my work was going and that he encouraged their police. Writing Dissent with Reed, which me to go and do interviews to find out as they would mimeograph in the basement of much as possible about the African voice in the Methodist church in Salisbury, was one of township politics during the 1940s to the these exercises. Similarly, he and Shelagh 1960s. would have their house searched on occasion for incriminating materials by the CIO late in When I would do interviews in Mbare and the night. He received death threats from Highfield, former participants in the early racists and he was eventually made a years of the NDP and ZAPU would ask me if I prohibited immigrant and left Rhodesia in knew about professors John Reed and 1963, just as the split between ZAPU and Terence Ranger, as they were two of the ZANU was underway. white members of the NDP and ZAPU they remembered giving speeches and holding After leaving Rhodesia and ending up at the meetings in Salisbury during those years. I University of Dar es Salaam, Terry went on to had the chance to interview Terry in 1996 write and publish many books and many about his early experiences and his more articles but he still remained engaged in observations of the formative years of what political debates and kept his pulse on what would become Zimbabwe’s two main engaged students and politically minded nationalist organizations. It was an insightful scholars. He tells a classic Ranger story in his interview and fortunately Terry has written memoir about his attending a talk by Stokely extensively now on these years in his memoir, Carmichael at the University in Dar in early Writing Revolt. What I remember most about 1968. According to Ranger, one of the the interview was that Terry credited his wife messages Carmichael wanted to get across to Shelagh with being the braver of the two. She the packed auditorium of Tanzanian students had joined the National Democratic Party was that it “was necessary, but hard, to hate (NDP) first and she and others in the NDP the whites.” Ranger writes, “A history would stage silent protests in Cecil Square student, sitting next to me, was shouting ’I do during Founders Day, getting spat on and hate the whites, I do hate the whites’, pausing cursed at by angry whites etc. Terry also to whisper to me ‘I don’t mean you, Professor credited John Reed, who taught English at the Ranger.’ Stokely’s then wife, Miriam Makeba, University, with being the wiser in their sang ‘Nkosi Sikelele Afrika’, a moment of true partnership about working class politics and emotion. It was the only meeting I have ever trade unions, and you can see in Terry’s been to at which it was impossible for me to recent memoir this respect and admiration raise a question or to make an objection.” for Reed’s observations and advice to Terry Terry loved being the center of attention and who was, as he tended to put it, always a bit he would make sure he was recognized in a out of his element even as he had the room such as this. But Carmichael’s speech conviction and guts to take risks whether in and topic had silenced him, if only this once in

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 23 his career. He also genuinely would have been ZANU stalwart during all these years, as some moved by the scene and so many years later suggest. He was, as he writes, always a still recalls it as an important emotive dissident voice. example of pan-African nationalism and black power, a movement Terry would contribute In the 1980s and 1990s he continued to stay to in Zimbabwe, in his own way, through his current with academic and political trends, early nationalist histories written for writing about subaltern studies, for example, Zimbabweans. and how these new post-colonial theories built on what he and Eric Hobsbawn had so Whatever faults and criticism these early effectively translated earlier into the works have received, their emotive power is “Invention of Tradition.” In the 2000s he was difficult to match. Assigning sections of Revolt still debating and talking about race and in Southern Rhodesia to students today recalls politics with academics around the world. the power of his argument and prose, and his While the crisis in Zimbabwe developed, conviction that history was on the side of Terry became very involved in providing African interests fighting against an unjust expert testimony for asylum cases in the and brutal settler state. British courts on behalf of Zimbabweans attempting to escape political violence. We Once back in the UK at the University of have included as an appendix in this tribute Manchester he continued to stay in contact an example of Ranger’s expert testimony with Zimbabwean nationalists in Zambia and during 2008 at the height of the political Tanzania during the crucial decade of the violence. Like his earlier convictions to reveal liberation war. Many critics of Terry would the brutality and injustice of the Rhodesian later over simplify, in my opinion, his past, he had the same conviction in the 2000s. relationship with ZANU as someone who Once again the target of his writing was the blindly defended ZANU throughout his career. abuse of power and the dangers that come Based on Terry’s personal letters available in from one group feeling they have an intrinsic the Aluka collection, it is possible to see that and historical right to subject other groups to his personal relations with many nationalists humiliation and physical abuse for their meant that he had misgivings about ZANU’s beliefs and their commitment to change. ability to “go it alone” without ZAPU. He expressed this to Fay Chung in 1975. When There is something very remarkable about Fay Chung asked Terry to serve on an Terry Ranger as a model of the activist advisory board to help defend ZANU scholar. He could have easily lived a “life of detainees arrested after Herbert Chitepo’s academic elitism” once he landed his assassination in Zambia, Ranger wrote that he impressive position at St Antony’s but that could not do so. One of the reasons for his wasn’t his personality. He was an extremely decision to not support a pro-ZANU solidarity driven scholar, and as much as he would group was that he was not convinced that always say he felt most alive when he was in ZANU’s decision to ‘go it alone’ without ZAPU Harare, Bulawayo, or Dar, he never stopped was a good one. Ranger also writes in his turning the energy he gained from his African memoirs about his difficulties relating to his experiences into real contributions, both nationalist friends after the split in 1963, and academically and politically. Nothing seemed it is therefore a stretch to say that he was a to make him happier than the success of his

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 24 Zimbabwean friends and students. His commitment to the University of Zimbabwe’s history departments is well known. I also remember Terry’s devotion to the late Zimbabwean novelist Yvonne Vera and the respect he expressed for her work and life. When he gave a talk at the University of Illinois in 2010 about her and how her work inspired his book Bulawayo Burning, I remember his talk as quite impressive and moving.

As many others will attest, Terry could often transcend the barriers that most of us get trapped in, whether defined by race, class, gender, or by expat vs. national, and all the From Marcia Lynne Tiede: attendant privileges within these structural divides. That is why whatever criticism were My only encounter with Terence Ranger was cast at him for his intransigence, egoism, in attending the 2010 conference at UIUC. I academic feuds, etc., he still had a compassion am passing along my primary memory from and gift that helped many of us find a way that event -- certainly not an example of Great forward in a discipline and field that is far Intellectual Influence, but just what I from easy to navigate, especially in the early retained, and have recounted several times years of one’s career. Hopefully, those of us since. He was describing a visit to a church in working to contribute to Zimbabwean Zimbabwe, and the records of that church had historiography can now reflect on Terry’s been moved into a garage or storage shed, lifetime of activism and intellectual where he was shown them by the person in dissidence in order to find ways to charge, who said something about probably continually challenge these barriers in the tossing them soon. Ranger was then left future. Whatever his critics may say about alone with the files. He proceeded to do him, they cannot fault him for his ability to act "what any self-respecting archivist would do", and to speak his own mind and to fight for which was to stuff as many of the papers into what he saw to be much more serious goals his pants as he could before leaving. than those of academic honors. Most Marcia Lynn Tiede, Catalog Librarian, importantly, he achieved all of this while Herskovits Library of African Studies, demonstrating the courage of his convictions. Northwestern University Timothy Scarnecchia, Associate Professor, Department of History, Kent State University.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 25 Terry Ranger: Writing Revolt launch He of course went on to do great things in Dar es Salaam, California Los Angeles, Manchester by Robin Palmer and then up the road here in Oxford. But I derive much satisfaction from the fact that the UCRN class of 1961 were the first honours [Below are extracts from a speech I made at students to benefit from, and be inspired by, the launch of Terry’s final book, Writing his lecturing skills. We got him first! Only Revolt at the Friends Meeting House in Oxford later, when some of us could compare, did we on 5 March 2013] fully realize how very fortunate and privileged our small first group of history honours students was. Last October, Terry sent me the MS of his latest book with the comment that he was In due course I went on to become a history doing so because I was one of the few people lecturer myself in what Ian Smith used to call mentioned in the book who was still alive! I ‘certain countries to the north of us.’ I could guess that I’ve been asked to speak this not have had a finer role model, both as a evening on the same principle! lecturer and as a scholar who always took the time to encourage young scholars and their But seriously, it’s a great privilege to be asked work, including myself. It was a characteristic to do so. which I greatly admired and sought to emulate. In early 1960, 3 Kingsley Fairbridge scholars travelled out by boat from Southampton to (Moving ahead somewhat, when I left the Cape Town and up by rail to Bulawayo and University of Zambia in 1977, Mike Kelly, the then on to Salisbury, the capital of the ill-fated Dean of Education, wrote me a farewell letter, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. I praising my conscientious teaching, my imagine the idea was that we fine British imaginative stimulation of student research, chaps would help to stiffen the Empire! I was my rigorous standards, and in particular all I one of the 3. had done in building up the History M.A. He concluded, ‘Professor Ranger’s recent report We enrolled at the University College of is a most excellent tribute to you.’ This was Rhodesia and Nyasaland (UCRN), which took Terry in his unglamorous but much students from all 3 federal territories and appreciated role as External Examiner.) offered external University of London degrees. I started a B.A. General degree, but Apart from being a rather good lecturer and a the following year the History Department brilliant warden of a hall, which he talks initiated a History Honours course, in which I about a bit in Writing Revolt, Terry also found and 11 others enrolled. Half of us went on to the time to be a keen supporter of some of the collect PhDs, which is not a bad strike rate! university sports teams, which was much appreciated. The Department comprised Professor Eric Stokes, Dr. Terence Ranger and Mr. Richard In his new book, Terry writes engagingly Brown. All 3 were wonderful people – about the campaign against the colour bar Richard Brown and I opened the batting for and of course about his deep involvement in the university cricket team – but Terry was nationalist politics, which so enraged many clearly out on his own as a brilliant and white Rhodesians. Ultimately, he was inspirational lecturer. deported, in February 1963. This is depicted on the front cover of Writing Revolt. It was a time, as you can see, when people wore very silly hats. I think that deportation enraged

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 26 many in the country, not least we History From Stephanie Kitchen: Honours students who still had a year to go before we graduated! The Rhodesian Front I first focused Terence Ranger’s work in 2001, had just come into power and all hopes of any when I was employed as a publishing political compromise in Southern Rhodesia administrator for the African Books Collective rapidly faded. in Oxford. I had to enter new titles received by the collective/distributor into our In recent years, I’ve had the great good database. The Historical Dimensions of fortune to have engaged with - and sought to Democracy and Human Rights in Zimbabwe, encourage – a number of young Zimbabwean edited by Ranger and Ngwabi Bhebe, made an scholars working on post-Fast Track land immediate impression on me. I was very reform, in the teams led by Prosper Matondi much a novice in ‘African studies’ then and and by Ian Scoones. I’ve stressed to all of largely unaware of the debates this text them my huge debt to the university in evoked around historicizing and Harare and stressed to myself the desire to contextualizing ‘human rights’. But the book try to pay something back for the wonderful (and its follow-up volume) struck a chord. Its and privileged education that I received there content – and form – inspired me. I still half a century ago. Two factors about these remember it’s clear and direct style and the young scholars stand out for me. First, is their inherent inclusivity of such a writing strategy. commitment to undertake good, old- I felt Ranger was also writing for the non- fashioned serious, rigorous research in the academic, for me, for the African student. most challenging environment imaginable post-2000. Second, they invariably address I soon learned that Ranger was a me as Professor! longstanding resident in Oxford and also a founder of another keen interest of mine, the So thank you Terry, for your key role in my Oxfordshire based charity Asylum Welcome, educational upbringing – and thank you on which worked on behalf refugees and behalf of so many of us for all the immigration detainees housed in the inspirational books and articles which you’ve infamous Campsfield House Immigration written on Zimbabwe and elsewhere over the Removal Centre close to the city (I years, and which take 11 pages to list at the subsequently became a trustee of the same back of your new book. And thank you to organization alongside Terry). Terry was James Currey Publishers for having the perhaps equally concerned about the human wisdom to publish them. rights abuses in this affluent liberal university town as he was about his first love Robin Palmer, Land Rights Adviser, (Zimbabwe). I don’t think the local charity Mokoro and activists necessarily realized he was such a towering figure in African history. He had a kind of historical vision that easily ______encompassed and joined up the local, the international and the postcolonial.

He worked tirelessly representing

Zimbabwean refugees, sometimes in the highest courts in the country, always a thorn in the side of UK Home Office officials: puncturing their ‘cases’ to deport Zimbabwean refugees with his expert knowledge of the country. [See Appendix B for an example of one of his Expert

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 27 Testimonies from 2008] He was also an Gatsheni; to Wendy Urban Mead’s history of instrumental figure in the first wave of the quietist Brethren in Christ church in opposition to a possible second detention Matabeleland; to Ken Wilson et al.’s centre in Oxfordshire (near Bicester). The combination of agrarian, social and religious campaign was successful. history. There are many more diamonds to be found in the scholarly soil of Zimbabwe.’ My second stand-out memory of several encounters with Terry came some 10 years Stephanie Kitchen, Managing editor/Chair later. Then, as managing editor of the of the Publications Committee, International African Institute/Africa the International African Institute, London book reviews editor and I invited Terry to ______review for our journal five new books that had recently come out on Zimbabwe. Bearing A tribute to Terry Ranger in mind it can be difficult to get busy, senior academics to review a single work, Terry Murray McCartney, Weaver Press, Harare replied promptly in the affirmative offering to review ‘all’ the important new work coming The depth and distinction of Terry Ranger’s out on the country. When the review article scholarship is well enough known to students came back (subsequently published as of African history and sociology. Less well ‘Zimbabwean Diamonds’ in Africa 81(4), known, perhaps, is the stalwart support and 2011, pp 649-61) it included no less than 13 generous credit he gave to publishers on the books (including his own recent book!), continent, particularly in Zimbabwe. noting en passant that ‘It could easily have been twice that number if I had included all In May 2012 Terry sent us the ms of his last the journalist quick fixes, the inexplicably popular white Zimbabwean memoirs, and the book, ‘Writing Revolt’. His decision to have it necessary but short-lived accounts of the first published in Harare was a rare and brutal violence of 2008’. The piece finished on heartening act of solidarity, and it was fitting a personal note expressing characteristic that I undertook the editing two months later enthusiasm and encouragement for the field in Akçabuk, southern Turkey, a stone’s throw of Zimbabwean scholarship: ‘As a from the birthplace of Herodotus. Zimbabweanist I rejoice in this abundance of books and hope it will continue. As a historian I hope there will be more books which make a deep connection between the present and the past. I think the time has come for Zimbabwean scholars to move from historiography to history even if it is sometimes ‘empiricist’…we can look forward in the next two years to Jocelyn Alexander’s study of imprisonment and restriction in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe; to Joost Fontein’s monograph on the Africanization of a European landscape at Lake Kyle; to a revision of Gerald Mazarire’s masterly doctoral thesis on the imagined landscape of Chisanga, which is a landmark in pre-colonial Prior to ‘Writing Revolt’, Weaver Press co- history; to Busani Mpofu’s history of published (with James Currey) ‘Bulawayo Bulawayo from 1960 to the present; probably Burning’ and ‘Violence and Memory’; prior in to several works by the prolific Ndlovu- turn to those, Baobab Books co-published

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 28 (again with Currey) ‘Voices from the Rocks’ Editor’s note: and ‘Are We Not Also Men?’ The following Bibliography was produced Such collaboration with small – and often and checked by Murray McCartney and Irene struggling – African publishers is not as Staunton of Weaver Press, Harare, for Terry’s common as it might be. James Currey himself memoir, Writing Revolt. Murray and Irene was of course an imaginative pioneer in this were kind enough to allow us to reproduce it regard, but without academic writers to fan here. For an interesting read and to get to the embers and carry the torch, western know Terry Ranger’s own views of his publishers are less and less likely to follow in influential political and academic years, be his wake. sure to locate a copy of his memoir.

Local sales of titles such as these are never You can find it at the Weaver Press website as going to hit the thousands, and certainly no well as on the James Currey website. fortunes will be made; but without the likes of Terry batting for us – or David McDermott Hughes sweethearting Washington, or Luise White nagging Chicago – the books wouldn’t be here at all.

We have other reasons to be grateful to Terry. His championing of the Zimbabwe International Book Fair, and the attendant Indaba, in their heyday; his wide knowledge of – and enthusiasm for – Zimbabwean fiction; his patronage of Harare’s Book Café; for all of these he was a tireless advocate.

In 1999 he wrote a review article for JSAS (Vol. 25, No. 4), ‘The Fruits of the Baobab: Irene Staunton and the Zimbabwean Novel’. An elegantly written tribute to a woman who receives few enough tributes – elegantly written or otherwise – by a man who knew the country’s fiction as well as he knew its historiography. We need more like him.

Murray McCartney, Weaver Press, Harare.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 29 Terence Ranger Bibliography T. Ranger. 1985. Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, James Currey).

D.Phil Thesis

T. Ranger. 1959. The Career of Richard Boyle, T. Ranger. 1995. Are We Not Also Men? The first Earl of Cork in Ireland, 1588-1643, Samkange Family & African Politics in (University of Oxford, D. Phil. Thesis). Zimbabwe, 1920-64 (London, James Currey; Cape Town, David Philip; Portsmouth NH, Heinemann; Harare, Baobab Books).

Books

T. Ranger. 1999. Voices From the Rocks: T. Ranger. 1967. Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, Nature, Culture & History in the Matopos Hills 1896-7: A Study in African Resistance (London, of Zimbabwe (Oxford, James Currey; Heinemann). Bloomington, Indiana University Press; Harare, Baobab Books).

T. Ranger. 1969. The African Churches of Tanzania (Nairobi, East African Publishing T. Ranger, Jocelyn Alexander and JoAnn House). McGregor. 2000. Violence and Memory: One Hundred Years in the ‘Dark Forests’ of Matabeleland (Oxford, James Currey; Harare, Weaver Press; Cape Town, David Philip; T. Ranger. 1970. The African Voice in Southern Portsmouth NH, Heinemann). Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (London, Heinemann; Illinois, Northwestern University Press; New York, International Publications Service; Nairobi, East Africa Publishing House). T. Ranger. 2011. Bulawayo Burning: A Social History of a Southern African City (Woodbridge, James Currey; Harare, Weaver Press). T. Ranger. 1975. Dance and Society in Eastern Africa, 1890-1970 (London, Heinemann).

T. Ranger. 2013. Writing Revolt: An Engagement with African Nationalism, 1957- T. Ranger. 1979. (2nd edn) Revolt in Southern 67 (Woodbridge, James Currey; Harare, Rhodesia, 1896-97: A Study in African Weaver Press). Resistance (London, Heinemann).

T. Ranger. 1985. The Invention of Tribalism in Zimbabwe, (Gweru, Mambo Press). Edited Collections

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 30 T. Ranger and E. Hobsbawm (eds). 1983. The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, Cambridge T. Ranger, W. Foy and J. Reed (eds) Dissent, University Press). periodical published in Salisbury from c1959- 1961.

T. Ranger and P. Slack (eds). 1992. Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception T. Ranger (ed.). 1968. Aspects of Central of Pestilence (Cambridge, Cambridge African History (London, Heinemann). University Press).

T. Ranger (ed.). 1968. Emerging Themes in T. Ranger, W. Beinart and R. Turrell (eds). African History (London, Heinemann). 1992. Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3: Special Issue on Violence.

T. Ranger and I. Kimambo (eds). 1972. The (London, Historical Study of African Religion T. Ranger and N. Bhebe (eds). 1995. Soldiers Heinemann). in Zimbabwe’s Liberation War (London, James Currey; Portsmouth NH, Heinemann; Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications). T. Ranger and M. Hlashwayo (eds) African Religious History: a newsletter for the historical study of African religious systems in T. Ranger and O. Vaughan (eds). 1993. East, Central and Southern Africa, from 1971- 1975. Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa (London, MacMillan).

T. Ranger and J. Weller (eds). 1975. Themes in T. Ranger, Y. Samad and O. Stuart (eds). 1996. the Christian History of Central Africa (London, Heinemann). Culture, Identity and Politics: Ethnic Minorities in Britain (Aldershot, Avebury).

T. Ranger and W. Shiels (eds). 1982. The T. Ranger and N. Bhebe (eds). 1996. Society in Church and Healing (Oxford, Basil Blackwell). Zimbabwe’s Liberation War (London, James Currey; Portsmouth NH, Heinemann; Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications). T. Ranger and J. Peel (eds). 1982. Past and Present in Zimbabwe (Manchester, Manchester University Press). T. Ranger and R. Werbner (eds). 1996. Postcolonial Identities in Africa (London, Zed Books).

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 31 T. Ranger. 1963. ‘Revolt in Portuguese East Africa: The Makombe Rising of 1917’, in K. T. Ranger and N. Bhebe (eds). 2001. The Kirkwood (ed.), St Antony’s Papers, No. 15. Historical Context of Human Rights and Democracy in Zimbabwe: Pre-colonial and Colonial Legacies (Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications). Awarded prize for T. Ranger. 1964. ‘The Early History of non-fiction at the Zimbabwe Book Publishers’ Independency in Southern Rhodesia’, in W. Awards, August 2002. Montgomery Watt (ed.), Religion in Africa (Edinburgh, mimeo).

T. Ranger and N. Bhebe (eds). 2003. The Historical Context of Human Rights and T. Ranger. 1964. ‘The Last Word on Rhodes?’, Democracy in Zimbabwe: Nationalism, Past and Present, No. 28. Democracy and Human Rights (Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications; Oxford, Africa Books Collective). Awarded first prize T. Ranger. 1965. ‘The “Ethiopian” Episode in for non-fiction in the Zimbabwe Book Barotseland, 1900-1905’, Rhodes Livingstone Publishers’ Awards, August 2004. Journal, 37.

Terence Ranger (ed.). 2008. Evangelical T. Ranger. 1966. ‘Roger Casement and Africa’, Christianity and Democracy in Africa (New Transition, Vol. 26, No. 3. York, Oxford University Press).

T. Ranger. 1966. ‘The Role of the Ndebele and Articles Shona Religious Authorities in the Rebellions of 1896 and 1897’, in E. Stokes and R. Brown

(eds), The Zambesian Past: Studies in Central T. Ranger. 1957. ‘Richard Boyle and the African History (Manchester, Manchester University Press). Making of an Irish Fortune, 1588-1614’, Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 10, No. 39.

T. Ranger. 1966. ‘Traditional Authorities and T. Ranger. 1961. ‘Stafford in Ireland: A the Rise of Modern Politics in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1930’, in E. Stokes and R. Revaluation’, Past and Present, Vol. 19. Reprinted in T. Ashton (ed.). 1967. Crisis in Brown (eds), The Zambesian Past: Studies in Europe, 1560-1660 (London, Routledge and Central African History (Manchester, Kegan Paul). Manchester University Press).

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 32 T. Ranger. 1968. ‘Nationality and Nationalism: Historical Study of African Religion (London, The Case of Barotseland’, Journal of the Heinemann). Historical Society of Nigeria, Vol. 4, No. 2.

T. Ranger. 1973. ‘The Apostle: Kolumba T. Ranger. 1968. ‘Connexions Between Msigala’, in J. Iliffe (ed.), Modern Tanzanians “Primary Resistance” Movements and Modern (Nairobi, East African Publishing House for Mass Nationalisms in East and Central Africa. the Historical Association of Tanzania). Part One’, Journal of African History, Vol. 9, No. 3.

T. Ranger. 1973. ‘Territorial Cults in the History of Central Africa’, Journal of African T. Ranger. 1968. ‘Connexions Between History, Vol. 14, No. 4. “Primary Resistance” Movements and Modern Mass Nationalisms in East and Central Africa. Part Two’, Journal of African History, Vol. 9, T. Ranger. 1974. ‘The Meaning of Mwari’, No. 4. Rhodesian History, Vol. 5.

T. Ranger. 1968. ‘Introduction’, in Aspects of T. Ranger. 1975. ‘The Mwana Lesa Movement Central Africa History (London, Heinemann). of 1925’, in T. Ranger and J. Weller (eds), Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa (London, Heinemann). T. Ranger. 1968. ‘African Politics in Twentieth Century Southern Rhodesia’, in Aspects of Central African History (London, Heinemann). T. Ranger. 1976. ‘From Humanism to the Science of Man: Colonialism in Africa and the Understanding of Alien Societies’, T. Ranger. 1968. ‘The Nineteenth Century in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Southern Rhodesia’, in Aspects of Central Vol. 26. African History (London, Heinemann).

T. Ranger. 1977. ‘The People in African T. Ranger. 1971. ‘The Historiography of Resistance: A Review’, Journal of Southern Southern Rhodesia’, TransAfrican Journal of African Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1. History, Vol. 1, No. 2.

T. Ranger. 1978. ‘Reflections on Peasant T. Ranger. 1972. ‘Missionary Adaptation of Research in Central and Southern Africa’, African Religious Institutions: The Masasi Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 5, No. Case’, in T. Ranger and I. Kimambo (eds), The 1.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 33 T. Ranger. 1980. ‘Foreword’, to M. Nyagumbo, With the People: An Autobiography from the T. Ranger. 1978. ‘Faction-Fighting, Race Zimbabwean Struggle (London, Allison and Consciousness and Worker Consciousness: A Busby; Salisbury, Graham Publishers). Note on the Jagersfontein Riots of 1914’, South African Labour Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 5.

T. Ranger. 1980. ‘The Changing of the Old Guard: Robert Mugabe and the Revival of T. Ranger. 1978. ‘Summary Report of the ZANU’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Situation of Refugees in Zambia and Vol. 7, No. 1. Botswana’, Zimbabwe Revolution, Vol. 7, No. 516.

T. Ranger. 1981. ‘Kolonialismus In Ost-Und Zentral Afrika’, in J.H. Grevemeyer (ed.), T. Ranger. 1979. ‘European Attitudes and Traditionale Gesellschaften Und Europaischer African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Kolonialismus (Frankfurt, Syndikat Matola Chiefs of South East Tanzania’, Journal Publishers). of African History, Vol. 20, No. 1.

T. Ranger and C. Murray. 1981. ‘Introduction’, T. Ranger. 1979. ‘Foreword’, to J.M. Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 8, Schofeleers (ed.), Guardians of the Land: Essays on Central African Territorial Cults No. 1. (Gweru, Mambo Press).

T. Ranger. 1982. ‘The Death of Chaminuka: T. Ranger. 1979. "The Mobilisation of Labour Spirit Mediums, Nationalism and the and the Production of Knowledge: The Guerrillas in Zimbabwe’, African Affairs, Vol. Antiquarian Tradition in Rhodesia’, Journal of 324, No. 81. African History, Vol. 20.

T. Ranger. 1982. ‘Guerrilla War and Peasant T. Ranger. 1979. ‘White Presence and Power Violence: Makoni District, Zimbabwe’, in Africa’, Journal of African History, Vol. 20, Political Violence, Institute of Commonwealth No. 4. Studies, London, Collected Seminar Papers, No. 30.

T. Ranger. 1980. ‘Making Northern Rhodesia Imperial: Variations on a Royal Theme, 1924- T. Ranger. 1982. ‘Medical Science and 1938’, African Affairs, Vol. lxxix, No. 316. Pentecost: The Dilemma of Anglicanism in Africa’, in T. Ranger and W. Shiels (eds), The Church and Healing (Oxford, Blackwell).

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 34

T. Ranger. 1982. ‘Race and Tribe in Southern T. Ranger. 1985. ‘Rendre Present Le Passe Au Africa: European Ideas and African Zimbabwe’, Politique Africaine, No. 1. Acceptance’, in R. Ross (ed.), Racism and

Colonialism (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff).

T. Ranger. 1986. ‘Religion, Development and African Christian Identity: The Case of T. Ranger. 1982. ‘Revolutions in the Wheel of Zimbabwe’, Neue Zeitschrift für Zimbabwean History’, Moto, Vol. 1, No. 8. Missionswissenschaft, Vol.42, No. 1.

T. Ranger. 1982. ‘Tradition and Travesty: T. Ranger. 1986. ‘Religious Movements and Chiefs and the Administration in Makoni Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa’, African Studies District, Zimbabwe, 1960 to 1980’, Africa, Vol. Review, Vol. 29, No. 2. 52, No. 3.

T. Ranger. 1986. ‘Religious Studies and T. Ranger. 1983. ‘The Church and War: Holy Political Economy: Mwari Cult and The Men and Rural Communities in Zimbabwe, Peasant Experience in Southern Rhodesia’, in 1970-1980’, in B. Shiels (ed.), The Church and W.M.J. Van Binsbergen and M. Schoffeleers War (Oxford, Blackwell). (eds), Theoretical Explorations in African Religion, Politics and Patriarchy (London, Routledge).

T. Ranger. 1983. ‘Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911’, Journal of T. Ranger. 1986. ‘Resistance in Africa: From Southern African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1. Nationalist Revolt to Agrarian Protest’, in G. Okihiro (ed.), In Resistance: Studies in African, Afro-American and Caribbean History T. Ranger and D. Birmingham. 1983. ‘Settlers (Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press). and Liberators in the South, 1953-1980’, in D.Birmingham and P. Martin (eds), History of Central Africa, Volume Two (London, T. Ranger. 1987. ‘From Commaid to Service: Longman). Trevor Huddleston in Masasi, 1960-1968’, in D.D. Honore (ed.), Trevor Huddleston: Essays on his Life and Work (Oxford, Oxford T. Ranger. 1984. ‘Religions and Rural University Press). Protests: Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1900 to 1980’, in J. Bak and G. Benecke (eds), Religion and Rural Revolt (Manchester, Manchester T. Ranger. 1987. ‘An Africanist Comment’, University Press). American Ethnologist, Vol. 14, No. 1.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 35 T. Ranger. 1988. ‘Introduction: Penetrating Appearances’, Journal of Southern African T. Ranger. 1987. ‘Concluding Summary’, in K. Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2. Holst-Petersen (ed.), Religion, Development and African Identity (Uppsala, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies). T. Ranger. 1988. ‘Review Articles: Africa Looks at Southern Africa: A Review of Journals’, Journal of Southern African Studies, T. Ranger. 1987. ‘Pilgrimages and Holy Places Vol. 14, No. 3. in Twentieth Century Zimbabwe’, Past and Present, No. 117, November.

T. Ranger. 1989. ‘Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in T. Ranger. 1987. ‘Pugilism and Pathology: Zimbabwe’, in L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of African Boxing and the Black Urban Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, James Experience in Southern Rhodesia’, in W.J. Currey). Baker and J.A. Mangan (eds), Sport in Africa: Essays in Social History (New York, Africana Publishing Company). T. Ranger. 1989. ‘Whose Heritage? The Case of the Matobo National Park’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2. T. Ranger. 1987. ‘Religion in the Zimbabwean Guerrilla War’, in J. Obelkevich et al. (eds), Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy (London, Routledge). T. Ranger. 1989. ‘Matabeleland Since the Amnesty’, African Affairs, Vol. 351, No. 88. .

T. Ranger. 1988. ‘African Traditional Religion’, in S. Sutherland and P. Clarke (eds), T. Ranger. 1991. ‘Ethnicity and Nationality: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New The Case of Matabeleland’, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, Collected Religion (London, Routledge). Seminar Papers.

T. Ranger. 1988. ‘The Influenza Pandemic in Southern Rhodesia: A Crisis of T. Ranger. 1992. ‘Plagues of Beasts and Men; Prophetic Responses to Epidemics in Eastern Comprehension’, in D.A. Arnold (ed.), Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies and Southern Africa’, in T. Ranger and P. Slack (Manchester, Manchester University Press). (eds), Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 36 T. Ranger. 1992. ‘Power, Religion and the (eds), Religion in Africa: Experience and Community: The Matobo Case’, Subaltern Expression (London, James Currey). Studies, Vol. 7.

T. Ranger. 1994. ‘Tribalisation of Africa. T. Ranger. 1992. ‘War, Violence and Healing in Retribalisation of Europe’, The Woodstock Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Road Editorial. An Oxford Magazine of Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3. International Affairs, Vol. 16.

T. Ranger. 1993. ‘The Invention of Tradition T. Ranger. 1994. ‘Studying repatriation as Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa’, in T. part of African Social History’, in T. Allen and Ranger and O. Vaughan (eds), Legitimacy and H. Morsink (eds) When Refugees go home: the State in Twentieth Century Africa (London, African Experiences (London, James Currey). Macmillan).

T. Ranger. 1995. ‘Concluding Remarks’, in T. Ranger. 1993. ‘The Communal Areas of A.H.M. Kirk-Greene (ed.), The Emergence of Zimbabwe’, in T. Bassett and D. Crummey African History at British Universities (Oxford, (eds), Land in African Agrarian Systems WorldView Publications). (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press).

T. Ranger. 1996. ‘The Moral Economy of T. Ranger. 1993. ‘The Local and the Global in Identity in Northern Matabeleland’, in L. de la Southern African Religious History’, in R.W. Gorgendiere et al. (eds), Ethnicity in Africa Hefner (ed.), Conversion to Christianity (Edinburgh, Centre of African Studies). (Berkeley, University of California Press).

T. Ranger. 1999. ‘The Nature of Ethnicity: T. Ranger. 1994. ‘African Identities: Ethnicity, Lessons from Africa’ in E. Mortimer (ed.), Nationality and History. The Case of People, Nation and State (London, I.B. Tauris) Matabeleland, 1893-1993’, in J. Heidrich (ed.), Changing Identities. The Transformation of Asian and African Societies Under Colonialism T. Ranger and J. Alexander. 1998. (Berlin, Centre for Modern Oriental Studies). ‘Competition and Integration in the Religious History of North-Western Zimbabwe’, Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 28, No. 1. T. Ranger. 1994. ‘Protestant Missions in Africa: The Dialectic of Conversion’, in T.D. Blakely, W.E.A. Van Beek and D.L. Thomson

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 37 T. Ranger and J. McGregor. 2000. ‘Displacement and Disease: Epidemics and Ideas about T. Ranger. 2002. ‘Taking on the Missionary’s Task: African Spirituality and the Mission Malaria in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe, 1945- Churches of Manicaland in the 1930s’, in 1996’, Past and Present, Vol. 167. David Maxwell (ed.), Christianity and the African Imagination (Leiden, Brill).

T. Ranger. 2000. ‘The Reception of Mau Mau in Southern Rhodesia, 1952-1961’ in Piet T. Ranger. 2002. ‘History has its ceiling. The Konings et al, (eds). Trajectoires de liberation Pressures of the past in The Stone Virgins’, in en Afrique contemporaine (Paris, Karthala). R. Muponde and M. Taruvinga, (eds), Sign and Taboo: Perspectives on the Poetic Fiction of Yvonne Vera (Harare, Weaver Press; Oxford, T. Ranger. 2001. ‘Priestesses and James Currey). Environment in Zimbabwe’, in Alaine Low and Sonya Tremayne, (eds), Women as Sacred Custodians of the Earth? (New York and T. Ranger. 2002. `The Zimbabwe Elections: A Oxford, Berghahn Books). personal experience’, Transformation, Vol. 19, No. 3.

T. Ranger. 2001. ‘Pictures Must Prevail: Sex and the Social History of African Photography T. Ranger. 2002. ‘Evangelical Christianity and in Bulawayo, 1930-1960’, Kronos, Vol. 27. Democracy in Africa’, Transformation, Vol. 19, No. 4. (Also Published in the Journal of

Religion in Africa, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2003).

T. Ranger. 2002. ‘Zimbabwe. Cultural Revolution’, The World Today, Vol. 58, No. 2. T. Ranger. 2002. ‘Peeling Back the Layers of Yoruba Religion’, Politique Africaine, ‘Les T. Ranger. 2002. ‘African Local Sujects de Dieu’, 87. Historiographies: A Negative Case’, in Axel Harneit-Sievers (ed.), A Place in the World: New Local Historiographies from Africa and T. Ranger. 2003. ‘Women and Environment in South-Asia (Leiden, Brill). African Religion’, in William Beinart and JoAnn McGregor (eds), Social History and African Environments (Oxford, James Currey).

T. Ranger. 2002. ‘Kulturlandschaften und Afrikanische Heschichte am Beispiel Zimbabwes,’ in Bernd Busch, (ed.), Erde T. Ranger. 2003. ‘A Historian’s Foreword’, in (Köln, Wienand). Howard Phillips and David Killingray (eds),

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 38 The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19 (London, Routledge). T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Christianity and the First Peoples: Some Second Thoughts’, in Peggy Brock (ed.), Indigenous Peoples and Religious T. Ranger. 2003. ‘Christianity and Indigenous Change (Leiden, Brill). Peoples: A Personal Overview’, Journal of Religious History, Vol. 27, No. 3.

T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Chimurengas’, in Prem Poddar and David Johnson, (eds), A Historical T. Ranger. 2003.’Commentary’ in J. A. Draper, Companion to Postcolonial Literatures in (ed.), Orality, Literacy and Colonialism in English (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Southern Africa (Atlanta, Society of Biblical Press). Literature).

T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Rule by historiography: the T. Ranger. 2004. ‘Zimbabwe’, in Gabriel struggle over the past in contemporary Palmer-Fernandez (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Zimbabwe’, in Robert Muponde and Ranka Religion and War (London, Routledge). Primorac (eds), Versions of Zimbabwe: New Approaches to Literature and Culture (Harare, Weaver Press). T. Ranger. 2004. ‘Dignifying Death: The Politics of Burial in Bulawayo, 1893 to 1960’, The Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 34, No. 1. T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Postscript’ in Ton Otto and Paul Pedersen (eds), Tradition and Agency: Tracing cultural continuity and invention T. Ranger. 2004. ‘Bicycles and the Social (Aarhus, Aarhus University Press). History of Bulawayo’ in Jane Morris (ed.),

Short Writings from Bulawayo, (Bulawayo, ’amaBooks). Awarded first prize for work in T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Zimbabwe: Spirit Mediums, English, Zimbabwe Publishing Awards, 2005. Guerrillas, and Nature’ and ‘Zimbabwe’s Matopo Hills’ in B. Taylor (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Nature (London, Continuum). T. Ranger. 2004. ‘Nationalist History, Patriotic History and the History of the Nation: the struggle over the past in Zimbabwe’, Journal T. Ranger. 2005. ‘The Uses and Abuses of of Southern African Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2. History in Zimbabwe’, in Mai Palmberg and Ranka Primorac (eds), Skinning the Skunk – Facing Zimbabwe Futures (Uppsala, Nordic T. Ranger. 2005. ‘The Narratives and Counter- Africa Institute). Narratives of Zimbabwean Asylum: female voices’, Third World Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 3.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 39 T. Ranger. 2005. ‘Christian Mission, T. Ranger. 2007. ‘Scotland Yard in the Bush: Capitalism and Empire: The State of the Medicine Murders, Child Witches and Debate’, Le Fait Missionaire: Social Sciences Deconstructing the Occult: A Literature and Missions, No. 17. Review’, Africa, Vol. 77, No. 2.

T. Ranger. 2005. ‘The Rise of Patriotic T. Ranger. 2007. ‘City versus State in Journalism in Zimbabwe and its Possible Zimbabwe: Colonial Antecedents of the Implications’, Westminster Papers in Current Crisis’, Journal of Eastern African Communication and Culture: Special Issue, Studies, Vol.1, No. 2. ‘The Media and Zimbabwe’.

T. Ranger. 2007. ‘Going to Extremes in T. Ranger. 2006. ‘The Meaning of Urban Zimbabwe and Britain: Reflections on the Violence in Africa: Bulawayo, Southern Scholar Activist. The first biannual Marja- Rhodesia, 1890-1960’, Cultural and Social Liisa Swantz Lecture’, Finnish Journal of History, Vol. 3, No. 2. Ethnicity and Migration, Vol. 2, No. 2.

T. Ranger. 2006. ‘African Religion, Witchcraft T. Ranger. 2007. ‘Living Ritual and Indigenous and the Liberation War in Zimbabwe’, in B. Archaeology: The Case of Zimbabwe’, in Nicolini (ed.), Studies in Witchcraft, Magic, Evangelos Kyriakidis (ed.), The Archaeology of War and Peace in Africa: Nineteenth and Ritual, 3 (Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute, Twentieth Centuries (Lampeter, Mellen Press). UCLA).

T. Ranger. 2006. ‘From Ireland to Africa; a T. Ranger. 2008. ‘Myth and Legend in Urban personal memoir’, History Ireland, Vol. 14, No. Oral Memory: Bulawayo, 1930-60’, Journal of 4. Post-colonial Literature, Vol. 44, No. I.

T. Ranger. 2006. ‘Storiografia nazionalista, T. Ranger. 2009. ‘Myth and Legend in urban storia patriotitica e storie della nazione. Il oral memory: Bulawayo, 1930-60’, in Ranka confliction sul passato nello Zimbabwe’, Primorac (ed.), African City Textualities Passato e Presente, 69. (London, Routledge).

T. Ranger. 2007. ‘Reconstructing Zimbabwe’s T. Ranger. 2009. ‘The Politics of Past: The Professional Historians Return’, Memorialisation in Zimbabwe’, in Susana Safundi, Vol. 8, No. 2. Carvalho and Francois Gemenne (eds), Nations and Their Histories: Constructions and

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 40 Representations (Basingstoke, Palgrave T. Ranger. 1961. State and Church in Southern Macmillan). Rhodesia, 1919-1939, Salisbury, Historical Association of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

T. Ranger. 2010. ‘Reclaiming the African City: The World and the Township’, in Achim von T. Ranger. 1962. The Inglorious age: Review Oppen and Ulrike Freitag (eds), Translocality: article: The navy and commerce under the The Study of Globalising Processes from a early Stuarts, Salisbury, Historical Association Southern Perspective (Leiden, Brill). of Rhodesian and Nyasaland.

T. Ranger. 2011. ‘Dignifying Death: The T. Ranger. 1969. The Recovery of African Politics of Burial in Bulawayo’, in Michael Initiative in Tanzanian History, University Jindra and Joel Noret (eds), Funerals in Africa: College, Dar es Salaam. Death, a Focal Institution and Social Change (New York, Berghahn Books). T. Ranger. 1971. The Agricultural History of Zambia, (Lusaka, National Educational Company of Zambia, for the Historical Association of Zambia). T. Ranger. 2012. ‘Caves in Black and White; The Case of Zimbabwe’, in Holley Moyes (ed.), Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the T. Ranger. 1981. Ritual Use of Caves (Boulder, University of Towards a Radical Practice of Colorado Press). Academic Freedom: The Experience of East and Central Africa, Cape Town, University of Cape Town.

T. Ranger, ‘Religion and Landscape at Cyrene Mission’, in Anne and Garry Charnock (eds), Catalogue of the Cyrene Paintings, T. Ranger. 1988. Chingaira Makoni’s Head: forthcoming. Myth, Mystery and the Colonial Experience, Bloomington, Africa Studies Program, Indiana University.

T. Ranger. 1989. Rhodes, Oxford and the Study of Race Relations, (Oxford, Clarendon). Pamphlets and other publications

T. Ranger. 2002. Christianity and Indigenous T. Ranger. 1960. Crisis in Southern Rhodesia, People’s: A personal overview, (Basel, Basler Fabian Commonwealth Bureau. Afrika Bibliographien).

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 41 T. Ranger. 2003. ‘Zimbabwean Diasporas’, Report for the Britain Zimbabwe Society.

T. Ranger. 2004. ‘What History for Which Zimbabwe’, A report on the Britain Zimbabwe Society Research Days.

T. Ranger. 2008. ‘Introduction’ to Peter Mackay, We Have Tomorrow: Stirrings in Africa, 1959-1967, (Wilby, Michael Russell).

T. Ranger. 2009 ‘Preface’ to the on-line publication of The Rose of Rhodesia.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 42 APPENDIX A: REMARKS AT BESTOWAL OF the ASA conferences – the fractious one in DISTINGUISHED AFRICANIST AWARD FROM Montreal and a huge affair in New Orleans. I THE AFRICAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION US remember some of my UCLA graduate (2009) students attending an ASA meeting and Robert Rotberg asking where I was. ‘Oh, I had Terence Ranger forgotten’ he then said. ‘Ranger is a small I am touched and delighted to receive conference man’. And it is true that I have this award. I am only sorry I cannot come in always preferred meetings where all the person to accept it because I was already sessions are plenary and everyone has the same experience. When my term as President booked to launch my latest book, Bulawayo of the UKASA was over I organized such a Burning, in Bulawayo itself at the National Gallery at the same time. This Bulawayo series of plenaries in Oxford on whites in launch is emotionally important to me Africa. But when William Beinart’s presidential conference took place in Oxford because Bulawayo Burning is dedicated to my great friend, the late Yvonne Vera, who was this year there were over 300 papers Director of the Gallery and held some delivered to multiple simultaneous sessions. wonderful township photo and art It is encouraging that in these hard times exhibitions there. I spoke there myself at the African Studies is still so strong. launch of Yvonne’s novel of township life Butterfly Burning to which the title of my own book obviously relates. That launch was a I did of course have five years of great occasion, with myriads of butterflies experience at a Centre of African Studies in crafted in all materials by Voti Tebe, and the the United States, though that was a long time legendary Cool Crooners performing ago: UCLA, 1969 to 1974. I had completed six township jazz. My own launch this month years as Professor in Dar es Salaam and won’t be anything like as colourful but I hope wanted to make way for an African successor. both official and unofficial Bulawayo will be Somehow I found myself moving from one of pleased at my tribute to their history. It says a the poorest countries in the world to one of great deal for the charms of San Francisco the richest of the United States. It was a that I seriously considered for a moment moment when there was a critical shortage of cancelling my Bulawayo launch and coming to middle aged American Africanists. I did not the ASA instead. I apologise to the Association realize how exceptional it was that I should and to all my American friends that I stuck to be offered Professorships in North-Western, Bulawayo. No doubt this was partly because I Wisconsin and UCLA, all at the same time. I celebrate my 81st birthday three days after did no bargaining but chose between them the launch and plan to spend it in my solely on climatic grounds. It was March. The favourite landscape – the Matopos hills. lake was frozen solid at Northwestern; the streets of Madison were decked with snow. I must be the only man sold a job by landing at This is a generous award, I think, Los Angeles airport – there was sun, there because I have not been deeply and were palm trees, there was the sea. Give or continuously involved with American African take a few differences it was Dar es Salaam all Studies. In fact I have attended only two of over again. (Though the differences were

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 43 mind boggling. It took me weeks to recover come before you with our participles from my first visit to a Californian super- dangling’ one of them told me. Fortunately for market). me the great Basil Davidson came for a term and made a much more squirarchical impression. I was able to return to Africa to My wife accompanied me very research every year. There was an Ashanti reluctantly. California represented everything Master Drummer and great art holdings. she disapproved of. We had to go, she What was there not to enjoy? thought, in a missionary spirit and it was appropriate that we ended up living in a little house in the central mission enclave of Pacific Yet we left UCLA in 1974 in a real Palisades, Haverford Avenue, named for the missionary spirit. When I became Professor of pioneer Quaker missionary to western Kenya. Modern History in Manchester I took a 50% It was a little house and one of Shelagh’s salary cut and undertook three times as many prosperous Catholic friends on visiting it told contact hours. Much of Manchester still bore her sincerely ‘I do so much admire your the scars of war-time bombing. Britain was in witness to poverty’. But after a year or two economic and political crisis. My children still Shelagh examined me closely and said think of California as a Garden of Eden from accusingly: ‘You are enjoying this’. And I did which their parents were expelled for some enjoy UCLA. very original sin. The main effect on me was that I virtually stopped going to the United States. Manchester terms were long. I As a veteran of Rhodesian confrontation I was believed almost irrationally that all the power amused by the Cambodian invasion protests would go out of me if I did not get to Africa at UCLA, where the Faculty interposed their every year. And by hook and by crook even bodies between the police and the students, without the UCLA research grants I have wearing PM armbands, as Peace Marshalls. I managed to visit Africa every year for the last did not join the academic strike, arguing that fifty years. By contrast I have visited the Unite all my teaching was anti-imperialist anyway. States only four or five times. I have never The History Department was very strong. My done research in an American archive – all Africanist colleagues included Ned Alpers and my books are based on sources in Africa. I Chris Ehret, stalwarts at UCLA ever since. But didn’t even produce a first batch of doctorates above all there were the students. No quota from UCLA since five years turned out to be had yet been imposed so UCLA was awash too short a time to bring my students to with graduates. A good audience was completion. The fifty or so accomplished guaranteed for any course one chose to offer. doctorates which I now have to my name are And although the students were profoundly the product of my Oxford period. critical of their government and of the system, they were critical in an optimistic way, very different from the cynical I do not think I could have let my pessimism of British students at that time. American connections become so attenuated They were great to teach. For their part they had I been working on East Africa. The found me formally British – ‘We are afraid to renaissance of Tanzanian history, for

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 44 instance, has come largely through American Appendix B: Terry Ranger’s scholarship in alliance with Tanzania. But the expert testimony in an asylum one part of Africa for which there is real strength in British African Studies is Southern case for a Zimbabwean seeking to Africa. I have been blessed, for example, by remain in the UK because of the collaborative and vibrant cluster of political violence and threats in British Zimbabweanists who work so closely with the wonderful school of young Zimbabwe. Terry wrote 175 of Zimbabwean historians .As I have discovered these before submitting this one. very recently, at the workshop on ‘Making We have truncated this version. History; Terence Ranger and African Studies’ at the University of Illinois there are indeed August 13 2008 rich veins of southern African historiography to tap in the US. But essentially my work since UCLA has been a British/Zimbabwean project. In your email of August 6 you asked me to prepare a general report on conditions in And this is why, in conclusion, I think Zimbabwe and to answer some specific this award is such a generous one. You are questions. I present the report first and not honouring me for services to American answer the questions at the end largely on African Studies or for services with American the basis of material contained in this African Studies. You are honouring me for assessment. services to Africa and in this spirit I accept the award with pride and joy.

The grounds of my expertise on Zimbabwe.

Terence Ranger I have been familiar with Zimbabwe and its African politics since 1957. In 1963 I joined the National Democratic Party (in the same month as Robert Mugabe) and thereafter joined its successor, the Zimbabwe African Peoples’ Union. I was deputy chair of the Salisbury district committee of ZAPU and a frequent speaker at nationalist rallies. I was on terms of close friendship with many of the late leaders – Joshua Nkomo, Leopold Takawira, Herbert Chitepo, Sketchley Samkange and many others. I have known Robert Mugabe since 1960 but never intimately. In those days the explicit ideology of the nationalist movement called for democracy and human rights – now

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 45 stigmatized in the Zimbabwean state press as published two books, one about southern neo-liberal hypocrisies. Matabeleland, Voices From the Rocks, James Currey, Oxford, 1999, and one (with Jocelyn I was declared a prohibited immigrant in Murray and JoAnn McGregor) about northern 1963 at the instigation of the Federal Matabeleland, Violence and Memory, James Government of Sir Roy Welensky. I left the Currey, 2000). Research for these books country, to which I was unable to return until intensified my disillusionment with the 1980, but I continued my study of and my results of the victorious nationalist connection with its nationalist movement. movement. The earlier aspirations for plural While I was Professor of History at the democracy and human rights had been University College of Dar es Salaam I wrote replaced by a ruthless one-party and published two books, Revolt in Southern majoritarianism, ready to repress any Rhodesia, 1896-7, HEB, London, 1967; and opposition. In 2003 the University of The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898- Zimbabwe published my edited collection, 1930, HEB, London, 1970. I returned to The Historical Dimensions of Democracy and Zimbabwe in 1980 and commenced research Human Rights in which I and my contributors on the guerrilla war, publishing in 1985 my trace the development within the nationalist Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War, movement from emancipation to James Currey, London. Since then I have been totalitarianism. I have also published an eye- in Zimbabwe every year between 1980 and witness account of the 2002 presidential 2006, my wife’s and my own health making it election and an influential article on the impossible for me to go last year. After my regime’s ‘patriotic history’. retirement from my Oxford Chair in 1997 I spent the years 1998-2001 teaching at the As President of the Britain Zimbabwe Society University of Zimbabwe. I have published I am also a member of its panel of expert four more monographs on the modern asylum assessors. In this capacity I have history of Zimbabwe, edited some 15 written several country judgement opinions collections and written very many articles. and some 175 individual assessments. The material which I have seen provides abundant proof of the patterns of regime In 1981 I established the Britain Zimbabwe violence in Zimbabwe since 2000. Society of which I am now President. The BZ I am not a member of the Movement for was designed as a friendly society, committed Democratic Change or any other Zimbabwean to the interests of the people as a whole organization and aim in my expert opinions rather than to any particular party or regime. to provide objective and informed It protested against the violence of the newly assessments. independent state in Matabeleland – Gukurahundi – and over the years it has become very critical of the authoritarian nature of the Zimbabwean regime. In 1985 I resolved myself to discover what had happened in Matabeleland and I diverted my research there for several years. Eventually I Patterns of Political Violence in Zimbabwe

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 46 Most of what follows cites reports and The regime believed that it lost the March testimonies for the period between March 2008 elections because voters were bribed by 2008 and the present. I can claim no first- promises of western aid; because polling hand experience since I have not been in officers were trained by western agencies; Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, what has been because churches, indigenous NGOs, teachers happening fits into a longer pattern with and nurses influenced rural people against which I am familiar as a historian. Robert the government; because voters were too Mugabe, a very able but introverted man, has cowardly and self-interested to defend the dealt ruthlessly with opposition throughout revolution. Between March and the June his career. He did so in Mozambique during presidential re-run a co-ordinated campaign the 1970s; he did so in Matabeleland in the was set on foot to ‘remedy’ all these 1980s; he did so in breaking the challenge of weaknesses. In a real sense the ballot box was Edgar Tekere’s Zimbabwe Unity Movement; shot. he did so during the presidential run-off campaign between March and June this year; and the evidence suggests he is prepared to Poll Postings and Retaliation do so again should the current talks break down. What we have been seeing this year is the worst violence for years but it falls into and repeats long established patterns. In One of the democratic assets of the March terms of ZANU/PF’s ideologies of ‘national elections was turned to devastating account. democracy’, we have moved from Eddison A wholesale distortion of the March votes was Zvogbo’s declaration in the 1980s that ‘we made impossible because details of voting worship the majority as Christians worship were posted outside every counting station. Christ’ to an editorial in the Herald of 3 May Accumulated photographs of these notices 2008 which takes the majority to task for made large-scale rigging very difficult. Even betraying the revolution. Its author, George the recounting exercises demanded by the Charamba, Mugabe’s publicity secretary, government changed no results. Hence laments that ‘a mere X on a piece of paper, all control of the House of Assembly was lost by done in time shorter than life-creating ZANU/PF and although very many people still ecstasy, can steal a free people, steal a believe that Tsvangarai in fact achieved more heritage, steal a freedom, steal a land, steal a than 50% of the presidential vote at least it future’. Maybe, he says, we shall have to was not possible for ZANU/PF to conceal that ‘shoot – yes shoot – the ballot box for the he had won more votes than Mugabe. preservation of your independence’. The presidential run-off was announced as the people’s ‘last chance’ to avoid a resumption of But these locally posted results allowed revolutionary war and Mugabe himself militia gangs, soldiers and CIO to identify declared that he was prepared to go back into targets. By early May many press reports the bush if he were again defeated at the were appearing of retaliations. On May 8, for polls. instance, the Globe and Mail carried a report from Stephanie Nolen, drawing on unidentified colleagues in Zimbabwe. It

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 47 described how ‘the worst violence in Zimbabwe’s recent political history’ had taken place in Mapondera village. There the Another vivid and disturbing report had been posted results showed that 70 people had filed earlier, on 16 April, by Chris McGreal. voted for the MDC and only 10 for ZANU/PF. This described how nurses and patients were Militia attacked at night, telling people that dragged out of Louis Guidotti hospital in ‘you made us lose and you have to pay for it … Mutoko. They were addressed by armed men They pulled out husbands and wives, with the same message: ‘This is your last separated them and killed them on the spot; chance. You messed up when you voted. Next then they proceeded to the school where they time you must get it right or you die’. killed four teachers.’

Teachers as Targets

Orla Guerin’s report for the BBC on 6 May described wider scale threats: Teachers once again became targets, as there were in 2000 and 2002. Many of them had acted as polling officers and were The intimidation began at the top, subsequently accused of favouring the MDC. with local chiefs, who then passed On May 3 the state alleged that instructions down to village elders. Herald ‘teachers who have been trained in South ‘The chief’s headman told us the Africa and here to rig the poll started fleeing message for ZANU was go and tell the country to avoid the long arm of the law. the people to vote for the To this day they remain in exile.’ The president’, a village elder said. ‘If New for May 8 quotes the Zimbabwe you don’t you will see what will York Times Teacher’s Union to the effect that 2,700 happen to you’. This man knows teachers had fled or been evicted; dozens of only too well what to expect. He schools had been closed; 121 were in use as says his home was torched and his militia bases. 123 teachers had been charged wife beaten back in 2002. At with election fraud and 496 questioned by meetings called by the ruling party the police. The correspondent quoted a and its henchmen, explicit threats Times ZANU/PF Politburo member as saying: ‘We were made. ‘They told us that if are giving the people of Zimbabwe another President Mugabe lost the run-off opportunity to mend their ways, to vote there would be war. They saidwhat properly. This is their last chance … Prepare happened during the war of to be a war correspondent’. liberation would happen again. There would be a second round of that’ … Mixed with the threats was more than a hint of desperation. Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights issued ‘They said “We are begging you to a statement on 25 April on ‘Continued Arrest vote for ZANU, in the name of and Harassment of Election Officers’. 34 had Jesus”.’ been arrested in Masvingo alone and while in police custody had been interrogated by war

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 48 veterans in an attempt to extract civil society appendage of the MDC’. In the ‘confessions’. The Lawyers point out that June re-run election the ZESN was barely able presiding officers would be needed for the re- to function. run and that very many of the same people would find themselves pressed into duty. On April 30 2008 the Institute for War and Peace On May 1 the Financial Gazette, in its Reporting issued a statement entitled ‘National Report’, documented an intensified ‘Zimbabwe: Teachers fall victim to rural crack-down on civil society. During the violence’. This recorded ‘hate speech’ against previous week police had arrested the and assaults on teachers countrywide. It information and policy manager of the highlighted the experience of Mavis Rugare, a National Association of Non Governmental teacher in Shamva. She was attacked by Organisations, NANGO, Fambai Ngirande, militia: ‘My house was burnt and everything who had presented a report on Zimbabwean was taken away from me, including my cell- violence to SADC. ZESN’s director, Rindai phone and teaching items’. She fled to a safe Chipfunde, had been detained and house. questioned. On 10 May the Standard described how ‘the police last week descended on civil society and the media, NGOs and Civil Society attacked arresting two journalists, two trade unionists, a human rights lawyer and three student leaders’.

In April and early May 2008 there were many reports of attacks on indigenous NG0s. It was alleged that they were funded by the west; Reports in April and May that they ‘invented’ human rights abuses in order to maintain this funding; and that under the guise of political education they These and other examples of violence were taught people to vote for the opposition. The documented in an unprecedented number of Zimbabwe Elections Support Network (ZESN) videos and reports. On 28 April the Solidarity was an obvious target after its work in Peace Trust issued a DVD, ‘After the Elections: observing and verifying results in March. On A Crisis in Zimbabwe’, which showed 25 April CID officers raided its offices and horrifying pictures of murdered, mutilated took away all its records on the March and tortured people. The Kubutana Trust election. On 13 May ZESN protested against issued a power-point presentation, harassment and the confiscation of its ‘Operation Mavoterapapi: who did you vote vehicles. It had ‘broken no Zimbabwean law for?’, which it warned was not for ‘sensitive and had conducted its electoral observation viewers’. These and other videos were used efforts in accordance with the laws of the to great effect. They were shown, for instance, country.’ It ‘urged the police to launch a to President Mbeki’s various emissaries, one massive campaign that protects observers, of whom Veritas quoted on 10 May: ‘We have party agents and supporters of any political seen it, there are people in hospital who say party’. For its part the government press they have been tortured, you have seen the described ZESN as ‘an American sponsored

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 49 pictures of houses that have been destroyed.’ After the presidential re-run had taken place, Business Day reported on 14 May that South reports began to appear which were able to African generals sent to investigate summarise and to bring out patterns from the allegations of violence had been gravely violence of the preceding three months. disturbed by the images they had seen. ‘What we have heard and seen is shocking. We have heard horrific stories of extreme brutality, In late June 2008 Human Rights Watch issued and seen the victims’, said one of the generals. ‘Bullets for Each of You’. State Sponsored ‘We have seen people with scars, cuts, gashes, Violence since the March 29 Elections, a 72 bruises, lacerations and broken limbs, and page long document. On 29 July the Solidarity bodies of those killed. It’s a horrifying Peace Trust issued Desperately Seeking picture’. Sanity: What Prospects for a New Beginning in Zimbabwe, a 44 page report. Meanwhile the Zimbabwe Peace Project issued a series of In addition to these videos there were reports reports between March and June which issued by the United Nations Special Mandate climaxed with a cumulative report for Holders on 29 April 2008 who asserted January-June 2008 published on 28 July. Each ‘organised and co-ordinated’ violence, of these reports was carefully researched. expressing particular concern about hate Human Rights Watch made ‘research broadcasting, including regular repetition of missions’ in March, April and May; carried out songs which incited violence against ‘sell- 70 interviews, and received numerous outs’; by the Zimbabwe Association of documents. The Solidarity Peace Trust drew Doctors for Human Rights on 25 April which on reports from all the Zimbabwe Human described ‘grotesque, cruel and shameful acts Rights NGOs. The Zimbabwe Peace Project of violence’; by the Zimbabwe Congress of had ‘a permanent network of monitors’ Trade Unions, which emphasized that ‘urban resident in every constituency in the country. dwellers have also not been spared, as There can be no doubt of the objectivity of gratuitous assaults are the order of the day in these reports despite what Human Rights the high density area’; by the Zimbabwe Watch calls ‘the contradictory and grossly Lawyers for Human Rights on 25 April. Rarely duplicitous’ denials of state sponsored had there been such unanimity about the fact violence by the Zimbabwean government. of crisis. Even Dumiso Dabengwa, a ZIPRA war hero and until recently a leading member of ZANU/PF, declared that Zimbabwe is Each found that the ‘overwhelming majority’ ‘virtually under military rule … the (HRW p.57) of violent incidents were the deployment of the army, the militia and the work of state agents or ZANU/PF activists. so-called war veterans smacks of a de facto The Solidarity Peace Trust report (p.5) found coup’, (Standard, 10 May 2008). that ZANU/PF was responsible for 82% of the violence and the MDC-T for 1%. Each found that this period saw ‘a phenomenal increase Three Major Reports in June and July of violence’ (ZPP, June, p.1); that ‘the scope and scale of the post-election violence far exceeds that seen during past election years’

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 50 (HRW, p.15); and that what had taken place of Assembly seats. In Mashonaland East, was ‘the worst state-led violence’ since another area that has seen high levels of Gukurahundi in Matabeleland in the 1980s. ZANU/PF violence (almost 50 per cent of the cases documented by Human Rights

Watch) ZANU/PF won 19 of the 23 There is inevitably a good deal of repetition in contested House of Assembly seats. these three reports, in estimates of deaths, However, closer scrutiny of the polling abductions and other incidents, for example. station results indicate that the MDC made It is probably safest to cite the figures given in significant inroads in each of these the final cumulative report of the Zimbabwe provinces, losing by much narrower Peace Project, namely that there were more margins than ZANU/PF had expected. than 16,400 incidents of violence and some (p.15) 77 murders, while noting their caveat that these ‘figures were an underestimate as … field workers had to flee from some of the In these and other areas the report stresses most violent areas’. Nevertheless each of that ‘ZANU/PF supporters and their allies these reports has particular emphases which have not found it necessary to prove that a are worth noting. person voted for the MDC before meting out “punishment”. Instead they have examined results posted outside polling stations to The Human Rights Watch Report of June identify areas where people voted for MDC in 2008 describes abductions, re-education large numbers, even if the MDC lost to meetings, torture camps, No-Go areas, urban ZANU/PF in those areas’. They beat men ‘curfews’, looting and burning; attacks on civil ‘simply because they believed’ they were society. It identifies and names the MDC members. In Mudzi, Mashonaland East, commanders responsible for co-ordinating ZANU/PF supporters accused their victims of the violence. It argues that ‘the violence has ‘bringing the disease of MDC into the area’, been concentrated in areas traditionally thereby ‘necessitating a cleansing process viewed by ZANU/PF as “strongholds”, in the that would be achieved through beating provinces of Mashonaland West, people into repentance’. In many places there Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland East’. were veritable ‘witch-hunts’ It writes: for suspected MDC voters. (p.16) ‘They even picked up relatives if they couldn’t find who they were looking for’. (p.50) For the first time in its history, The Solidarity Peace Project report on 29 July ZANU/PF either suffered heavy losses or 2008 documented the same abuses. It too won by much narrower margins than it emphasized the general nature of the expected in its “strongholds” in the violence. Only 43% of victims claimed MDC parliamentary elections. For example, in affiliation. The report stressed that ‘ZANU/PF Mashonaland Central, one of the areas of had a recognizable policy of attacking not just rampant ZANU/PF violence, ZANU/PF key people in MDC leadership, but also of actually won 16 of the 18 contested House targeting their families and those who

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 51 sheltered them. It has been fairly unusual in particularly pernicious form of extra-judicial Zimbabwe during the violence of the last killing with very severe long term eight years for families of the wanted to be consequences for families and communities. specifically hunted down in the way that has Families are left without closure, being thus occurred in recent months. The ruthless deprived of the basic human right to mourn murder and beatings of wives and even their dead.’ (p.23) children of MDC activists who may themselves have gone into hiding is a new and terrible phenomenon. Entire families, not In its various reports the Zimbabwe Peace just of MDC members, but of civic activists, Project, while covering many of the same were sought out in rural areas, beaten and/or points as the others also makes some had homesteads burnt down’ (page 29). additional ones. So far as its monitors are concerned it has been Manicaland in eastern Zimbabwe which ‘tops the list of politically In addition to the provinces identified by motivated violence’ (May, p.1). 18 out of 26 Human Rights Watch as the epi-centres of seats in Manicaland were ‘wrestled’ out of violence, this report also spoke of ‘targeting ZANU/PF control and the seven seats won by MDC strongholds’: ZANU/PF were only narrowly gained. ‘A sustained campaign of fear, retribution, displacements, disenfranchisements and fencing off the province seems to be the only For the first time, Harare became available route for the ruling party to reclaim literally under siege … as the state struck its strength in the province.’ (June, p.18). at the heart of MDC support. There was a clear strategy in Harare to target its leadership and key grassroots activists … There were consistently reported death- The sequence of ZPP reports proposes a lists and targeted abductions and sequence of violence. Initially violence was assassinations … The public visibility of triggered against celebrations of MDC the MDC was, in a few short weeks, victories. ‘The displaying of results outside reduced almost to nil ... the polling stations resulted almost immediately in unofficial curfews at most The party was effectively unable to beer halls in high density suburbs of Harare’. meet or organize in any way with virtually But soon these immediate consequences of their entire structures in Harare in hiding the March election gave way to thousands of and on the run. (p.29) abductions. In its May report the ZPP found that even animals were being killed since ‘the perpetrators believe that anything associated The Solidarity Peace Trust has for years been with the MDC should be killed.’ It found that: involved with the discovery of the abandoned dead in Matabeleland, dating from the 1980s, and with arranging reburial and Women, men and children are all victims commemoration. Now it warns that of the violence … [There are] numerous abductions and murders constitute ‘a

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 52 cases where women and children are still in place; people returning home from the being taken as ransom and forcibly towns were being beaten and fined; several detained in set up bases until their murders were reported. ‘ZANU/PF attacked husbands or fathers who fled violence MDC refugees at Chinyaradzo in Gokwe on 6 return to their villages. Women are also July 2008, many people died and some were being assaulted, tortured and sexually injured. Survivors were scattered in the harassed … The Internally Displaced forests’. Persons are in a desperate situation. Most

of these people are farmers who have left These reports were confirmed by items in the their homes, fields, livestock and property press. On 19 July the reported that: unattended and this has created untold Standard psychological trauma.

Internally displaced MDC This was bad enough but in its June report the supporters who are returning to ZPP found ‘a phenomenal escalation of their homes … are being hauled election violence.’ The nature of the violence before village kangaroo courts had changed ‘to more extreme physical, chaired by war veterans to answer systematic and retributive acts’. There was ‘a charges of ‘selling out’ and ‘seeking chilling craving to inflict physical harm, to refuge’ in other parts of the eliminate, to disenfranchise, to displace and country … [In Mutambara MDC to starve … features that are reminiscent of officials] were found guilty of scorched earth strategies [in] a well co- seeking asylum … The militia told ordinated programme of violence’ (p.3). And the MDC activists that they had by early June ‘post- election and pre run-off disgraced the country’s name by violence had reportedly transformed into full fleeing their homes and seeking state sponsored retributive violence with sanctuary at embassies of foreign visible involvement of the police, army, countries ... Headmen and village prison officers and CIO operatives’ (p.14). heads, affiliated to ZANU/PF were telling the returnees to join former The report found a ‘resort to liberation war British Prime Minister Tony Blair strategies characterized by the setting up of in London.’ liberation war style bases, use of war language, fist pointing, hate speech and hate politics’ (p.21). It emphasized that so much Reports on Women damage had been done to social relations that it would be very difficult to restore anything like normality. The cumulative report for January-June reported 77 murders in June Among the many people attacked in rural and continued violence even after the violence were those who represented NGO presidential polls. On July 4 and July 7 1980 networks autonomous of ZANU/PF. The party the ZPP reported that ‘violence is still going could not tolerate alternative leadership and on in most provinces’. Illegal roadblocks were blamed influential NGO representatives for

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 53 electoral defeats. As we have seen already, She was accused of receiving money and guns residential observers of the Zimbabwe Peace from overseas and left for dead. She crossed Project were attacked. So were members of into Mozambique on 18 April and says: ‘I will the Zimbabwe Election Support Network. But never forgive the Mugabe Government for the hatred of young militia members was destroying the spirit of girl child particularly directed at women who had been emancipation and defending women’s rights’. working to improve rights for girls, especially access to education.

The founder of the Girl Child Network is Betty Makoni, a fearless activist who has In late June the International Relief Service established a number of village refuges for issued an Appeal for Zimbabwean Women in girls and who has rescued many girls given to Mozambique. More than five thousand placate the anger of ngozi spirits. Makoni has women, children and unaccompanied minors attracted the criticism of the state press who had fled across the border had been because she has received international registered by IRS. Thousands more were human rights awards. On August 7 2008 she ‘unreachable’ in the mountains along the gave a press conference at the International border. They came with no clothes other than Aids Conference in Mexico City. She spoke of those they were wearing, no belongings, no ‘marauding gangs’ punishing ‘targeted sanitary pads. IRS gave one example. This victims’ in the villages. They raped women ‘in concerned Alice Mucheta (not her real name) front of their family members; men have been who had worked as an activist for CAMFED, forced to rape their mother in law; some the Cambridge based charity for female women report having been stripped naked education, and had collaborated with the Girl and flogged in public while others said that Child Network. She had ‘sensitized churches pesticide had been shoved in their vaginas.’ on girl child rights’; CAMFED had paid for the Some were told ‘We are raping you so that erection of a hostel for thirty girls at the local you will give birth to ZANU/PF babies’. 63 secondary school and she became matron. In women had come forward to testify to rape, the March elections, however, her village gave the latest case being on July 24, well after the only 4 votes to ZANU/PF. On April 16 five beginning of talks between the parties and truckloads of soldiers came: the supposed moratorium on violence. Makoni said that some of the women raped were ‘church leaders from the Anglican Church and wives of ministers and members’; I was the prime NGO workers; teachers. The organization target … I was stripped naked, AIDS-Free World announced on August 7 that humiliated and tortured as other it proposed to send lawyers to take women were forced to dance. statements from the abused women and to Circling and stomping around me, document a charge of crimes against singing war jingles, condemning humanity by the Mugabe regime. my community role with the Girl Child Network.

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 54 Violence and the Churches and perhaps the new ones also. We want to see the Africanisation of the Church, which does not means bringing an African God It is significant that Betty Makoni specifically because there is only one universal God, but mentioned Anglican churchwomen as victims the running of the Church’. He praised the of rape. Church congregations represent the self-promoted Archbishop Norbert Kunonga, biggest national network of non-party who had broken away from the Anglican institutions in Zimbabwe. At the top level the Province of Central Africa; declared his own Evangelical Fellowship, the Zimbabwe Harare diocese autonomous; and defied the Catholic Bishops’ Conference and the Archbishop of Canterbury as a ‘pope’. Zimbabwe Council of Churches combined on (Kunonga, by now excommunicated by the 23 April to accuse the state of genocidal Province, said the prayers at Mugabe’s violence – people were being ‘abducted, presidential inauguration in June). [Terence tortured, humiliated, and in some cases Ranger, ‘Mugabe’s Act of Supremacy’, The murdered. The deterioration in the Tablet, 21 June 2008). humanitarian situation is plummeting at a frightful pace ... There is widespread famine. The shops are empty … the victims of The state’s support for Kunonga involved organized torture who are ferried to hospitals more than just words. Police were sent to bar find little solace as the hospitals have no the way into the Anglican cathedral to drugs or medicine to treat them … We warn supporters of the orthodox bishop, Sebastian the world that if nothing is done to help the Bakare; police broke into churches where people of Zimbabwe from their predicament, clergy loyal to him were celebrating the we shall soon be witnessing genocide’. The eucharist; threw down altars; and beat church leaders were violently attacked in the members of the Women’s Union. On May 29 state press. Catholicism, wrote George the Archbishops of Canterbury and Cape Charamba, entered Zimbabwe with Town met with the Secretary-General of the imperialism, ‘killing for the Eucharist’; the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, and afterwards colonial sword ‘taught the cross how to pacify issued a statement. For Harare’s Anglicans, and then govern the natives through a rough they said, ‘harassment and intimidation is and ready hand’. Anglicanism, the state their daily bread’; they lived in a ‘climate of church of imperial Britain, was even more fear’. The Archbishops asked what the UN and ferociously indicted. And yet, ZANU/PF SADC were doing to prevent ‘people being intellectuals complained, these compromised torn away from altar rails on the orders of churches dared to talk about human rights. ruling party or state officials’. Robert Mugabe himself demanded that all churches in Zimbabwe be loyal to the ‘nation’ At the grassroots level, too, there has been and throw off external affiliations. much violence directed against the churches. Immediately before the March 2008 elections This has been documented in various Mugabe preached on a Sunday morning in the denominational publications. On May 9, for Apostolic Faith Mission church in Lobengula example, the Presbyterian News Service high-density suburb in Bulawayo. ‘Our people reported that: must be able to head, even the old churches

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 55 Churches and church quoted Alois Chaumba, head of the Catholic hospitals are being targeted by Commission for Justice and Peace saying: ‘No- supporters of Zimbabwe President one is immune to these raids. [I am] afraid of Robert Mugabe … Representatives what may happen to me and my family and of the Christian Alliance, a loose my friends’. In the raid on the centre heavily grouping of Roman Catholic, armed police and CIO men arrested five staff Protestant and Evangelical members of the Student Christian Movement churches and organizations, issued and the Christian Alliance. The Student a recent warning of increased Christian Movement issued a statement violence by pro-government forces saying that the raid was ‘part of a broader … Supporters of President Mugabe campaign orchestrated against defenceless forced a church and two hospitals citizens’ and proclaiming ‘our sacred duty as to suspend their operations civil society and opposition forces to continue recently … The Zimbabwe Human fighting for the opening up of democratic Rights Association said in a report space and justice in Zimbabwe.’ The time had released on May 2 that at least five come for church groups ‘not only to speak but people had been beaten up at the also to act against injustice, oppression and Driefontein Sanitorium and the corruption’. Chaumba also said that Anglicans Muvonde Hospital in Mvuma, in Zimbabwe ‘are being beaten up in their central Zimbabwe … The mission churches and are bearing the brunt of lack of includes a school and one of the freedom of worship’. Meanwhile Anglican country’s best hospitals for bishops from Botswana, Malawi, Zambia and tuberculosis patients. Members of Zimbabwe issued a pastoral in early June the gang raided their victims’ saying that the sufferings of Anglicans in homes at night and broke doors Harare and the countryside ‘mirrors the with metal bars to force their persecution of Christians of the early church, victims to come out ... In and in this context we remind the Zimbabwe’s second largest city of perpetrators that then, as now, God still Bulawayo, a grouping of pastors triumphs over evil.’ said on May 6, that the Assemblies On 20 June the carried a long of God church in the southern Bubi Church Times report on the harassment of Christian district was closed down after the students, NGO workers and clergy after the resident pastor fled following suspension of the activities of all food aid attacks by militants … The pastor, a agencies by government in mid June. It prominent Christian leader in the quoted Useni Sibanda of the Christian area, is currently hospitalized, as Alliance: ‘We have hunger here and things are he was traumatized by the threats just getting worse. The most vulnerable will and accusations. be the most affected … They are totally dependent on the food agencies’. It also quoted the Archbishop of Cape Town, Thabo On 11 June the Catholic News Service in Cape Makgoba, declaring after a visit to Zimbabwe Town commented on the police raid on the that the country was now a police state. Ecumenical Centre in Harare on June 9. It Finally it quoted a delegation of Zimbabwean

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 56 churchwomen to the World Council of MDC rallies were ‘systematically disrupted’, Churches in Geneva. ‘We are watching a silent the Botswana team and other SADC observers genocide of the poor and powerless, due to seeing for themselves on 22 June the breaking politically induced murders, criminal actions up of a Tsvangarai ‘Star rally’ by youths in and the collapse of basic services.’ ZANU/PF regalia, who beat and chased those attending while the police stood by. ZANU/PF youth ‘mounted illegal road blocks, forcing ….. people to attend ZANU/PF rallies and had bases where they tortured perceived opponents under the guise of re-educating them’. ‘The team observed a high level of Reports by Election Observers of the June intimidation and politically motivated presidential re-run violence that escalated with the approach of the run-off elections leading to injuries to persons, internal and external displacements ZANU/PF overplayed its hand in its use of of people, abduction, loss of lives, theft and electoral violence. As many human rights looting. In short, the mayhem observed by the reports note, unlike previous uses of political team had the effect of depriving the people of terror, this time there was no letting up in the Zimbabwe [of] the opportunity to fully days before the re-run vote. African observers participate in the electoral process.’ could see for themselves the intimidation and harassment that was taking place, often in front of their eyes and sometimes directed ‘Some Observers were subjected to against them. As a result the election was harassment. On different occasions, some declared illegitimate even by those who had members of our team were chased away from been allowed to observe it. No nation has rallies … In some instances, Observers were recognized the legitimacy of the June re-run threatened with violence’. They concluded election. that re-run was not free and fair but fatally compromised by ‘atrocities’.

The Botswana Observer Team were the most The BBC reported the overall SADC findings outspoken. On July 27 2008 they issued a on 30 June. They were briefer and less cogent statement. Botswana had provided 50 of the than the Botswana statement but found that 413 SADC observers, drawn from all three ‘the elections did not represent the will of the parties represented in the Assembly, civic people of Zimbabwe.’ There was ‘politically- bodies, civil servants and academics, Its team motivated violence, intimidation and ‘were able to cover all 10 provinces of displacements’. The Pan-African Parliament Zimbabwe’. It found that Zimbabwean state observers issued an interim statement on 30 TV and other media denied coverage to the June. It had deployed sixteen teams to all ten MDC-T; that postal voting by police took place provinces. It found the ‘prevailing secretly and in the presence of Commanding atmosphere tense, hostile and volatile’ with Officers who ordered their subordinates to ‘high levels of intimidation, violence, vote for ZANU/PF on pain of dismissal; that displacements of people, abductions, and loss

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 57 of life.’ It saw traces of violence in all the ‘Blood by Tracks in Rural Midlands’ and had provinces visited, with houses burnt down been sent to the Voice of America ‘pirate and people badly wounded. It ‘visited various radio’. The Police said that they had received locations of the evicted and displaced’. It also no reports of the incidents recorded. On the visited ‘aggrieved/bereaved families’ and 26 July the Herald reported that the chairman ‘attended the funeral of one victim.’ ‘Political of Transparency and University of Zimbabwe tolerance in Zimbabwe has deteriorated to Politics Professor, John Makumbe, had ‘failed the lowest ebb in recent history … neighbours to substantiate claims of post June 27 have turned enemies, Zimbabwean against presidential run-off violence admitting that Zimbabwean’. In comments to reporters, the he was relying on reports from a foreign Chairman of the PAP team, Marwick Khumalo, pirate radio station and a foreign newspaper’. spoke of a woman whose hands and feet were On 31 July the Zimbabwe Independent cut off – ‘she was chopped’ – and then thrown reported that Zimbabwe Congress of Trade into her blazing house. This was only one of Unions President, Lovemore Matombo, and ‘so many horrendous stories’. Secetary-General, Wellington Chibebe, were facing charges ‘of spreading falsehoods prejudicial to the state’. They had been arrested on May 8 and held for eleven days in jail before being bailed. They were charged with ‘inciting the public to rise against the government’ by telling a May Day rally that State suppression of data on violence. teachers in Guruve had been killed by ZANU/PF.

Despite the observations of the African election observers the Mugabe regime proclaimed its own legitimacy and sought to suppress and refute documented allegations Allegations Against the British Government of violence. Botswana’s own condemnations were dismissed in the state press on the During all this time the Zimbabwean ground that President Khama was half government and the state media persistently British. Meanwhile action was taken against denied any responsibility for the violence and Zimbabwean activists. blamed the MDC-T for attacks on ZANU/PF members. Allegedly MDC-T had a secret plan On 25 July the Herald reported that Peter to form and arm terror cells, to dress its Muchengeti, regional manager of the Civic members in ZANU/PF or army regalia, and to Trust, had been arrested ‘for peddling carry out ‘dirty trick’ operations based on malicious falsehoods to the international those conducted by the notorious Rhodesian media and hostile nations to Zimbabwe in a unit, the Selous Scouts in the 1970s. The bid to portray the country as lawless.’ A atrocities now being reported, it was said, document alleging ‘that ZANU/PF was were so horrendous that their only parallel perpetrating violence in the Midlands was the Selous Scouts operations and clearly Province was seized together with diskettes the Scouts were back. British ‘blood money’ and cassettes. The document was entitled had been paid to fund these operations. Yet

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 58 none of the Reports summarised above found bullet … Britain are the creators of any trace of such operations and police the MDC to fight the revolutionary arrests and charges have produced no result. party of Mugabe and Nkomo. Desperate to find some genuine Rhodesian agents, the police raided the army veterans’ club, The Memorable Order of the Tin Hats, in Even after the Memorandum of Harare, finding, it was reported, dozens of Understanding was signed between ZANU/PF weapons. But the weapons, like the old and the MDC these allegations continued. On Rhodesian veterans who drank in the club, July 26 in the Herald George Charamba, turned out to be antiques. Mugabe’s information secretary, writing Lack of evidence did not hamper Robert under his pen name, Nathaniel Manheru, Mugabe’s attacks on Britain in his election repeated that the MDC was ‘an all-British speeches. On March 27 he told a rally in company’. According to Charamba, the British Bindura that ‘the British were sending in tried, but failed, to dictate the terms of the clandestine operatives in a bid to compromise Memorandum. There was: the peace and security situation’, including Redhot anger in London and members of the SAS and Special Air Service. Washington … Chapter 7 of the UN The MDC ‘might bring in arms caches or Charter under which Britain, anything, and land, you know, in hidden through the US and smaller states places … The enemy has lots of plans against which sponsored the resolution us’. ( , 28 March 2008). He was still Herald against Zimbabwe in the Security attacking Britain in the run-off campaign. On Council is a war segment of the UN June 19 the carried a long report of Chronicle charter. Britain was and is ready to Mugabe’s speech at Manama in Matabeleland go to war over Zimbabwe, against South: Zimbabwe. The resolution was The British realized that they could meant to be a phased declaration of not argue with us on the land issue war, adorned with a patina of and hatched a plan to rope in their international legitimacy. Had the allies into the dispute by resolution succeeded, Britain fabricating excuses such as would have fought a second allegations that there was no colonization war here, in the full democracy in Zimbabwe, no rule of joy of a UN mandate … a righteous

law, no freedom. war to unrighteous ends. That means the UN would have been Hakuna democracy. Was there complicit in inaugurating Berlin freedom when maBritish ruled this Conference 2 … But the message country? Did they give you had gone home. Britain was and is democracy? We had no vote at all … ready for a dire decision against We figured that the only way we Zimbabwe … With Mugabe and can now win, the only language Tsvangarai sharing lunch and which the settlers and the British thoughts Britain and her understand is the language of the overriding interests were

Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 59 temporarily impotent. The Teresa Barnes, Peter Limb, and Tim question is whether the British are Scarnecchia would appreciate your sending permanently shut out … The British your tribute/reflection piece/remembrance are all out to wreck the project to us. We know that Terry touched the lives towards settlement here. and helped advance the careers of many students and scholars around the world, and that his work contributed to the development Mugabe’s speech at Heroes’ Acre on August 11 of a counter-narrative to Eurocentric African repeated this message. studies, so we would like to hear from you and also ask that you share this invitation …..[Editor’s Note: 15 pages omitted for space with others who you think would like to write reasons] something for this ACAS Bulletin and blog.

I have tried to provide an objective Please send your writing to either assessment of the situation in Zimbabwe and or to answer your specific questions. In doing so I have drawn on my knowledge of the facts and in full recognition that my responsibility is to the court.

Terence Ranger, D.Phil., D.Litt., FBA

Emeritus Professor

University of Oxford For more information on the Association of Concerned Africa Scholars, please visit our website at:

http://concernedafricascholars.org/

To continue the tribute:

If you would like to add your own tribute to Terry Ranger to this issue, please read the call for tributes below and send us what you want to add, this edition will be updated in the future on the ACAS blog.

The Association of Concerned African Scholars (ACAS, founded in 1977 by scholars to organize scholarly analysis and action toward moving U.S. policy in directions more sympathetic to African interests) is putting together a tribute publication celebrating the life and work of Terence O. Ranger who passed away peacefully on January 3, 2015.

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