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A Study on the Distribution and Level of Cadmium in Scallop Bractechlamys Vexillum (Reeve 1853) from the Visayan Sea, Philippines

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A Study on the Distribution and Level of Cadmium in Scallop Bractechlamys Vexillum (Reeve 1853) from the Visayan Sea, Philippines Perelonia et al. / The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 28(1): 33-43 January - June 2021 DOI: 10.31398/tpjf/28.1.2020A0008 RESEARCH ARTICLE A Study on the Distribution and Level of Cadmium in Scallop Bractechlamys vexillum (Reeve 1853) from the Visayan Sea, Philippines Karl Bryan S. Perelonia* , Riza Jane S. Banicod, Kathlene Cleah D. Benitez, Gezelle C. Tadifa, Bryan E. Tanyag, Flordeliza D. Cambia, Ulysses M. Montojo Fisheries Postharvest Research and Development Division – Seafood Quality and Safety Section National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Quezon City, Philippines ABSTRACT Bivalves such as scallop Bractechlamys vexillum are considered an essential resource for livelihood and revenues in the Visayan Sea, central Philippines. To date, there are several reports that the local marine ecosystems are contaminated with heavy metals like cadmium; hence, these species are also susceptible to bioaccumulation of cadmium because they feed mainly by filtering particles from contaminated water. In recent studies, scallops are suggested to be a potential bioindicator for cadmium contamination due to their ability to accumulate and tolerate the metal. This research aims to examine the anatomical distribution of cadmium in B. vexillum and measure the relationship between shell weight and cadmium concentration. The sites for this study include Carles, Iloilo, Madridejos, Cebu, and Cawayan, Masbate. Five organs were analyzed: adductor muscle, digestive gland, gonad, gill, and mantle. The analysis for quantification of cadmium in the different scallop parts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES Model ICPE-9820, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Results showed that cadmium preferentially accumulates in the digestive gland, accounting for 76.39% of the total metal concentration. Moreover, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.798, p < 0.01) between the cadmium content in the whole digestive gland and shell weight were observed. Thus, this tissue tends to have a potential marker of metal contamination in the environment. *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Keywords: cadmium, anatomical distribution, Received: April 29, 2020 scallop, Visayan Sea, contamination Accepted: November 17, 2020 1. INTRODUCTION (2013), scallops can be a potential bioindicator for cadmium contamination because of their ability eavy metal contamination has been widely to accumulate and tolerate the metal, capacity to studied for decades now and reported as withstand changes in environmental conditions, a potential hazard posing threats to local sedentary and long-living life, easy identification and Hmarine ecosystems and marine diversity (Khanh et sampling, high abundance, and availability. Hence, al. 2013). Harmful metals like cadmium (Cd) can the bioaccumulation of cadmium in this organism accumulate in aquatic organisms and in humans could be a basis for evaluating its capacity to reflect consuming these organisms. Bivalves such as scallop the level of contamination in the Visayan Sea. Bractechlamys vexillum (Reeve 1853) are considered In the Philippines, bioaccumulation of an essential resource for livelihood and profit in the heavy metals in aquatic organisms has been an Visayan Sea, central Philippines. It is also one of the interest for researchers. Some studies suggest that most commonly captured fishery products because the determination of the anatomical distribution they generally inhabit shallow water (Acabado et al. of cadmium in scallops will provide necessary 2018). Scallops accumulate cadmium as they feed by information on the species' economic value by filtering particles from water, including metals from eliminating the tissues with a high-level accumulation sediment and harmful substances caused by pollution of cadmium. Therefore, this research aims to (1) (Julshamn et al. 2008). In the study of Khanh et al. examine the anatomical distribution of cadmium in 33 | The Philippine Journal of Fisheries Perelonia et al. / The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 28(1): 33-43 B. vexillum and (2) measure the relationship between 2.3 Sample collection the shell weight and cadmium concentration. The sample collection was carried out last 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS March−June 2019 (dry season) and August−October 2019 (wet season) to assess the organ-specific 2.1 Chemicals and reagents accumulation of cadmium in B. vexillum. The scallop samples were authenticated by the Invertebrate Section All the reagents used in this study were of the National Fisheries Research and Development analytical reagent grade. Nitric acid (65%), hydrogen Institute (NFRDI), according to Carpenter and Niem peroxide (30%), and cadmium standard (1000 mg/L (1998). Ten scallops were collected and pooled from Cd in nitric acid) were purchased from Merck each sampling site. The shell's length and height were (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩcm measured using a Vernier caliper from the hinge resistivity) produced by a Milli-Q water system to the maximum parallel dimension to the nearest (Millipore, Massachusetts, USA) was used for all 0.1 mm. The soft tissues extracted from scallops dilutions. were carefully dissected to obtain the mantle, gills, digestive gland, gonad, and adductor muscle (Figure 2.2 Study site 2). Since the kidney was of small size and fragile, this organ was included in the digestive gland. The fresh The Visayan Sea (located between 11° to weight of each organ was also measured and stored 12° North latitude and 123° to 124° East longitude), at -20°C prior to homogenization and analysis. The having an estimated area of 10,000 km2, is bounded by temperature was monitored by placing a digital the islands of Masbate to the north, Iloilo to the west, thermometer with a probe in the freezer. Leyte to the east and Cebu to the south. B. vexillum was collected from validated sampling sites in Carles, 2.4 Determination of cadmium concentration Iloilo (CI), Madridejos, Cebu (MC), and Cawayan, Masbate, CM (Figure 1). Cadmium concentrations were quantified according to AOAC Official Method 999.10 Figure 1. Sampling sites of B. vexillum in the Visayan Sea. 34 | The Philippine Journal of Fisheries A Study on the Distribution and Level of Cadmium in Scallop Bractechlamys vexillum (Reeve 1853) from the Visayan Sea, Philippines (AOAC 2010) with slight modification. Aliquot of carried out to ensure the accuracy and reliability of samples (0.5 ± 0.1 g) were digested with 7 mL HNO3 analytical results. The calculated method detection (65% by volume) and 1 mL H2O2 (30% by volume) limit was 0.05 µg Cd/g, and the variability of using a microwave digestion system (Ethos ONE, reproducibility of the measurements was <5%. Italy). The digestion was programmed into two steps: ramping temperature to 200°C for 10 minutes and 2.5. Statistical analysis holding for another 20 minutes at 200°C. After the digestion process, each sample was diluted to 25 mL Data analysis was carried out using the with 0.1 N HNO3. statistical software package SPSS version 21. The The cadmium concentration was determined One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission to assess significant differences in cadmium levels Spectrometry (ICP-OES Model ICPE-9820, Shimadzu, in different scallop tissues from various sampling Kyoto, Japan). The instrumental conditions and sites. Statistically, different areas were determined settings are given in Table 1. Internal quality control using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The Pearson measures were conducted, such as blanks, mid- correlation test was used to check for significant standard, and spiking or fortifying the samples with relationships between the levels of cadmium and shell known cadmium concentration. All samples were weight of B. vexillum. The significance was set at a 95% measured in triplicate. Method validation was also confidence level (p < 0.05) Table 1. Instrumental settings for Shimadzu ICP-OES 9820 ICP-OES settings Carrier gas flow (L/min) 0.7 Plasma gas flow (L/min) 10 Auxillary gas flow (L/min) 0.6 Torch Mini Wavelength (nm) 214.438 Nebulizer type Concentric glass Spray chamber type Glass cyclonic spray chamber Plasma viewing mode Radial Figure 2. Anatomical fraction of B. vexillum used for cadmium analysis The Philippine Journal of Fisheries | 35 Perelonia et al. / The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 28(1): 33-43 3. RESULTS Cadmium was highly concentrated in the digestive gland ranging from 20.33 to 72.65 mg/kg 3.1. Levels of cadmium in tissues of scallop wet weight, approximately having 13-fold higher than that observed in the gonad, ranged from 1.70 to 5.05 Cadmium concentrations in muscles mg/kg wet weight, which had the second-highest and tissues of B. vexillum collected from different concentration. The highest concentration in adductor sampling sites around the Visayan Sea are given in muscle, being the usual edible portion of scallops in Table 2. Scallops of approximately 60 mm shell height the Philippines, was observed during the dry season were used. It can be observed that the cadmium in Chico Is., Cawayan, Masbate, with a mean value concentrations in all edible portions, such as adductor of 6.31 ± 0.42 mg/kg wet weight. Scallops from muscles and gonads of scallops, exceeded the Madridejos, Bantayan Is., Cebu exhibits the lowest maximum concentration set at 1.0 mg/kg wet weight mean concentration of 1.12 ± 0.05 mg/kg wet weight. by the European Food Safety Authority (2017) and the Nonetheless, cadmium concentrations distributed Philippines (BFAR 2001). In contrast, mantle collected in each organ still exceeded the maximum allowable from Gigantes Is., Carles, Iloilo, Cawayan, Masbate limit of 1.0 mg/kg wet weight instated by the European and Madridejos, Bantayan Is., Cebu during wet season Union (EU) and the Philippines. Levels were noticeably passed the regulatory limit of cadmium. It should be dispersed, resulting in a significant difference noticed that the level of cadmium decreases during the (p < 0.05) in each tissue’s cadmium concentration wet season if compared with seasonal variation. among different sampling sites. Table 2. Cadmium concentration (mean ± SD, µg·g-1 wet weight basis, n = 10) in muscles and organs of B.
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