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INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pagels) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 73-15,943 GO, Rodney Chun-Pung, 1945- THE GENETICS OF PIGEON POPULATIONS ON OAHU. ~liversity of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1972 Biology-Genetics University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan . © 1973 Hnc!tll'Y Chull-Punr Go ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFIlMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. l~E GENETICS OF PIGEON POPULATIONS ON OAHU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GENETICS DECEMBER 1972 By Rodney C. P. Go Dissertation Committee: Geoffrey C. Ashton, Chairman Ming P. Hi Chin S. Chung Hampton L. Carson Andrew J. Berger PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. .. vi LIST OF FIGURES • . xvi ABSTRACT· ..• ..xviii I. INTRODUCTION. 1 II. ELECTROPHORESIS, THEORY AND APPLICATION 5 III. THE PIGEON· •• 14 3.1. History • 14 3.2. Origin- . 14 3.3. Taxonomy- •..•...••• 16 3.4. Previous Genetic Analysis . 16 IV. SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES TRAPPED· 21 4.1. The Honolulu Zoo· ... 21 4.2. St. Andrew's Belfry .. ... 22 4.3. Bethe1-Pauahi Building. 23 4.4. Waldron's Grainery. 23 4.5. Piers 27 and 32 . 25 V. TRAPPING PROCEDURES AND BLOOD COLLECTION AND STORAGE. 26 5.1. Blood Collection and Storage. 28 VI. STATISTICAL PROCEDURES .• 30 6.1. Introduction. ..• 30 6.2. Estimation of Gene Frequencies and a, Inbreeding Coefficient...•..... 31 6.2.1. Two Autosomal Alleles with No Dominance 31 6.2.2. 3 Autosomal Alleles with Dominance Phenogram, 3-3-6.•••••..•. 32 6.3. Two Allelic Sex-Linked Genes with Dominance in the Homogametic Sex; Data on Both Sexes .•. 33 6.4. Estimations of F, the Inbreeding Coefficient. 34 6.4.1. Chi-Square Assuming Panmixia. ...•• 34 6.5. Test of Homogeneity of Gene Frequencies, Two Co-dominant Alleles ....•.•....•. 34 iv Page 6.6. Tests of Independence (interaction, homogeneity) Between Samples. An RXC Contingency Chi-Square. 35 6.7. Heterogeneity X2 Test for Testing Homogeneity of an Underlying Genetic Hypothesis in Different Samp les. ................. 35 6.8. Simple Linear Regression Analysis. .••. 36 6.9. Haldane's Test for Sex-Linkage in Samples From Populations ..•.• 38 6.10. Woolf's Analysis ..•.. ..•. 39 6.11. Summary .•..• 40 VII. ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSFERRIN LOCUS .• 42 7.1. Introduction •..... 42 7.2. Materials and Methods •. 45 7.3. Results and Discussion 47 7.4. Summary . 53 VIII. ANALYSIS OF THE 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE LOCUS· ..•..• 54 8.1. Introduction .•.• 54 8.2. Materials and Methods· . 56 8.3. Results and Discussion . 58 8.4. Summary ..•..• 64 IX. ANALYSES OF THE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LOCUS 66 9.1. Introduction •........ 66 9.2. Materials and Methods .• 68 9.3. Results and Discussion • 70 9.4. Summary ..•..... 76 X. ANALYSES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 77 10.1. Feathered Shanks ....• .. .•.. 77 10.2. Analysis of Plumage Color and Pattern Phenotypes . 79 10.3. Analysis of Eye Color Phenotypes . 84 10.4. Sex and Age Distribution . 86 10.5. Summary. .. •...•. 89 XI. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INBREEDING. 91 11.1. Randomly Mating Populations and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. ..••.....••..• 91 11.2. The Inbreeding Coefficient: Its Methods of Estimation and Powers of Detection 92 11.3. Population Structure. •.•.•.••. 97 v Page 11.4. Analysis of Population Structure in Pigeon Populations ..••.•..• .108 11.5. Assortative Mating and Inbreeding. • · .114 11.6. Analysis of Assortative Mating in the Zoo Population ................ ·. .120 11.7. Homing Behavior and Its Consequences .•. • .122 11.8. Evolutionary Consequences of Population Structure and Assortative Mating · .124 11.9. Summary . • .128 XII. ELECTROPHORETIC VARIABILITY IN A SINGLE PIGEON POPULATION .•... · ..131 12.1. Introduction •. ·• .131 12.2. Materials and Methods. • .131 12.3. Results and Discussion • .142 12.4. Summary. ..... .146 XIII. BREEDING DATA .. · .147 13.1. Introduction . · .147 13.2. Materials and Methods. · .147 13.3. Results and Discussion .148 13.4. Summary. .•.. · .148 XIV. SUMMARY. •• .150 APPENDIX 1 • .153 LITERATURE CITED •. .273 vi LIST OF TABLES Page 7.3.1. Heterogeneity chi-square test for homogeneity of samples over all areas - Transferrin locus.... 157 7.3.2. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within sexes .. · · · ·· · · · · · · ·· · 158 7.3.3. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within ages. .... ··· · · · · · · ·· · · · 158 7.3.4. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within shank phenotypes. · ·· · · · · · · ·· ·· · 159 7.3.5. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within the white and colored populations ..• 159 7.3.6. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within eye color phenotypes ...••.. 160 7.3.7. 2 X 2 contingency table of transierrin homozygote and heterozygote frequencies within the sexes. • 160 7.3.8. 2 X 2 contingency table of homozygote and heterozygote frequencies within ages - the transferrin locus....•..•••..•.•... 161 7.3.9. 2 X 2 contingency table of homozygote and heterozygote frequencies within shank phenotypes - transferrin locus ...••...•.• 161 7.3.10 2 X 2 contingency table of homozygote and heterozygote frequencies within the white and colored populations - the transferrin locus. ....... .. ..... 't •••••• 162 7.3.11. Woolf's analysis to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies between sexes - the transferrin locus. ....... 163 7.3.12. Woolf's analysis to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies between ages - the transferrin, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase loci •... 164 vii Page 7.3.13. Woolf's analysis to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies between the white and colored populations - the transferrin, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase loci. .. •.•••.......•165 7.3.14. Woolf's analysis of 2 X 2 comparisons of the eye color phenotypes, to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies the transferrin locus ..•. ..•• .166 7.3.15. Contingency table to test first order interactions between the transferrin and 6-PGD loci••••...•167 7.3.16. Contingency table to test first order interactions between the transferrin and alkaline phosphatase loci...• .... ...... .167 7.3.17. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes over the years 1969-1972 •.... .168 7.3.18. Contingency chi-square values and their associated p values, to test for homogeneity of transferrin phenotype frequencies between sexes within localities169 7.3.19. Contingency chi-square values and their associated p values, used for testing the homogeneity of transferrin phenotypes between ages within localities170 7.3.20. Contingency chi-square values and their associated p values, used to test first order interactions between the transferrin locus and shank locus, within their respective localities. .... .171 7.3.21. Contingency table of transferrin phenotypes within the orange eye color and within localities...•..172 7.3.22. Woolf's analysis to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies between the sexes, and within localities - the transferrin locus 173 7.3.23. Woolf's analysis to test for differences in homozygote and heterozygote frequencies between ages and within localities - the transferrin locus..•.......174 7.3.24. Heterogeneity chi-square to test for heterogeneity between the samples from the different localities - the transferrin locus ••.....•••.•.•..175 viii Page 7.3.25. Test of homogeneity of gene frequencies for the different localities - transferrin locus••.••176
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