20. Iron and Steel Part II Copy

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USES FOR TYPES OF STEELS • Low carbon steel (0.08 - 0.35 % carbon) is ductile with low brittleness. It is is used for ANCIENT IRON auto body parts, home appliances, tin cans, I beams for construction. AND STEEL • Medium carbon steel (0.35 - 0.5 % carbon) (Part II) is used as crankshaft, gears, railroad axels. (Part II) They are difficult to weld. • High carbon steel (> 0.5 % carbon) is used for railroad wheels and rails, wrenches, steel cable, tools, dies, piano wire etc. BLAST FURNACE CAST IRON (PIG IRON) • Contains 1.5 - 5 % carbon. • Its melting point is 1130 oC. • The metal will shatter with a hard blow. • Carbon in the form of graphite exists as flakes • Graphite serves as a lubricant (excellent bearing material). 1 Cast Grey Iron Blast furnace at Cast Grey Iron Karabük Iron works Cast Gray Iron Graphite flakes THE FINERY CAST IRON OBJECTS THE FINERY Cast cannon 15th. Cent. 2 INDIRECT METHOD OF STEEL BESSEMER PROCESS PRODUCTION (THE BESSEMER PROCESS) Crude cast iron from the blast furnace is remelted in a hearth (the finary) and subjected to a forced draught of air. The excess carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide. The refined pig iron which is called malleable iron is now ready for final forging. BESSEMER PROCESS FORMS OF IRON CAST IRON Decarburization From Blast Furnace M.P. 1130oC 1,5-4.5 % C Bessemer STEEL Process M.P. 1400o C 0.1-0.9 % C WROUGHT IRON From Bloomery Cementation M.P 1535o C 0.06 % C Carburization 3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLOOMERY ALLOY STEELS AND BLAST FURNACE • Increase in temperature (1300 - 1400oC) • Alloy steel describes steel that contain one or more alloying elements in addition to carbon. • Higher fuel to ore ratio yields CO/CO ratio 2 1. Low alloys: additions are <2%. over 90%. 2. Medium alloys: additions are Between 2-10%. • Constituents of slag fayalite (Fe2SiO4) and 3. High alloy: additions are <10%. wustite (FeO) reduce to metallic iron. • Common elements that are added are: Al, Cr, Co, • Lime and/or clay added as flux to create slag Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Si, S, Tim W, and V. • In all cases carbon content in < 1%. CHINESE IRON TECHNOLOGY CHINESE CAST IRON • Cast iron was produced in China sometime in the 7th or 6th century BC. (2000 years before west) • This was due to: Advanced skill of bronze founders Effective furnace design Good refractory clay Efficient double action piston bellows Use of water power for bellows Use of good quality coal that contains phosphorus 4 DURSUN USTA, ÖMERLİ 5 METAL SMITH AT KANDIRA 6 7 SOUGUS IRON WORKS THE FURNACE 8 WATER WHEEL BELLOW FOR BLAST FURNACE 9 SAND CASTING MOLDS Furnace charge used at Saugus iron works POWER HAMMER POWER HAMMER 10 THE FINERY IRON PRODUCT ROLLING MILL PRODUCTS 11 IRON CASTING WORKSHOP 12 REPLICATING DAMASCUS BLADE 13 14.

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On a Mathematical Model for Case Hardening of Steel
On a mathematical model for case hardening of steel vorgelegt von Dott.ssa Lucia Panizzi Von der Fakultät II ‚ Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. sowie der Classe di Scienze der Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa als Diploma di Perfezionamento in Matematica per la Tecnologia e l’Industria genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Berichter/Gutachter: Prof. A. Fasano (Univerisità di Firenze) Berichter/Gutachter: Prof. D. Hömberg (Technische Universität Berlin) Gutachter: Prof. L. Formaggia (Politecnico di Milano) Gutachter: Prof. M. Primicerio (Università di Firenze) Gutachter: Prof. F. Tröltzsch (Technische Universität Berlin) Gutachter: Prof. P. Wittbold (Technische Universität Berlin) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 05.03.2010 Berlin 2010 D83 i Eidesstattliche Versicherung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass die vorliegende Dissertation: On a mathematical model for case hardening of steel selbständig verfasst wurde. Die benutzten Hilfsmittel und Quellen wurden von mir angegeben, weitere wurden nicht verwendet. ii Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass die Anmeldung meiner Promotionsabsicht früher nicht bei einer anderen Hochschule oder einer anderen Fakultät beantragt wurde. Teile meiner Dissertation sind darüber hinaus schon veröffentlich worden, welche im Folgenden aufgelistet sind: • D. Hömberg, A. Fasano, L. Panizzi A mathematical model for case hardening of steel. angenommen zur Veröffentlichung in "Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences" (M3AS), 2009. • P. Krejčí, L. Panizzi. Regularity and uniqueness in quasilinear parabolic systems. angenommen zur Veröffentlichung in "Applications of Mathematics", 2009. iii Compendio Nonostante la disponibilità di numerosi nuovi materiali, l’acciaio rimane il ma- teriale di base della moderna società industriale. L’uso dell’ acciaio con peculiari caratteristiche (durezza, resistenza all’uso, malleabilità etc.) è perciò assai diffuso in molti settori della tecnica.
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UNDERSTANDING and MEASURING DECARBURIZATION Understanding the Forces Behind Decarburization Is the First Step Toward Minimizing Its Detrimental Effects
22 UNDERSTANDING AND MEASURING DECARBURIZATION Understanding the forces behind decarburization is the first step toward minimizing its detrimental effects. George F. Vander Voort, FASM*, Struers Inc. (Consultant), Cleveland ecarburization is detrimental to crostructure of carbon contents close to the maximum depth of decarburization the wear life and fatigue life of the core may be difficult to discern. The is established. Because the carbon dif- steel heat-treated components. MAD determined by hardness traverse fusion rate increases with temperature ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES | FEBRUARY 2015 2015 FEBRUARY | & PROCESSES MATERIALS ADVANCED D This article explores some factors that may be slightly shallower than that de- when the structure is fully austenitic, cause decarburization while concentrat- termined by quantitative carbon analysis MAD also increases as temperature rises ing on its measurement. In most produc- with the electron microprobe. This is es- above the Ac3. For temperatures in the tion tests, light microscopes are used to pecially true when the bulk carbon con- two-phase region, between the Ac1 and scan the surface of a polished and etched tent exceeds about 0.45 wt%, as the rela- Ac3, the process is more complex. Carbon cross-section to find what appears to be tionship between carbon in the austenite diffusion rates in ferrite and austenite the greatest depth of total carbon loss before quenching to form martensite and are different, and are influenced by both (free-ferrite depth, or FFD) and the great- the as-quenched hardness loses its linear temperature and composition. est depth of combined FFD and partial nature above this carbon level. Decarburization is a serious prob- loss of carbon to determine the maxi- lem because surface properties are infe- mum affected depth (MAD).
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An Introduction to Nitriding
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AISI | Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
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CONTROL of DECARBURIZATION of STEEL Paul Shefsiek
CONTROL OF DECARBURIZATION OF STEEL Paul Shefsiek Introduction Historically, heating steel for forming, forging or rolling, was done in electrical resistance or natural gas heated furnaces. It was inevitable that these furnaces contained Oxygen and Decarburization of the steel surface occurred. This decarburization was either ignored or minimized by coating the steel with “ stopoff “. Also, this decarburization was minimized through the use nitrogen atmosphere furnaces. But, decarburization could not be reduced to acceptable limits until the Chemical Potential of the Carbon in the furnace atmosphere matched the dissolved Carbon in the steel. The Furnace Industry that provides Equipment for the processing of steel, because of the temperature ranges involved, divided itself into two categories, namely, Reheat and Heat Treating. Each has its own special Technology. But, because of this division, quite often one division does not know the Technology of the other. In some cases this has been unfortunate. If the Reheat side of the Industry had the Carburizing Technology of the Heat Treating side, this Technology could have been applied to applications where preventing Decarburizing was a requirement. Therefore, the purpose of the following discussion is to separate out that part of Carburizing Technology that is applicable to preventing Decarburization in Reheat applications. Fundamentals Control of the Decarburization of Steel has been standardized to the monitoring of - The Metal Temperature (Furnace Temperature) - The Atmosphere Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) - The Atmosphere Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Knowing the values of these three (3) parameters and the knowledge of - Saturated Austenite in Iron - The Alloy Content of the Steel - The Equilibrium Constant for the Controllable Chemical Reaction between the Steel and the Gas Atmosphere it can be determined if the Atmosphere will prevent Decarburization of the Steel.
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1.1%Mn--0.05%C Steel Sheets by Silicon Dioxide and Development Of
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A Novel Decarburizing-Nitriding Treatment of Carburized/Through-Hardened Bearing Steel Towards Enhanced Nitriding Kinetics and Microstructure Refinement
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Feasibility of Solid-State Steelmaking from Cast Iron -Decarburization of Rapidly Solidified Cast Iron
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Kinetics of Decarburization Reaction in Oxygen Steelmaking Process
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