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THE ROLEOFASTROLOGYIN MA ThesisinMedievalStudies Central European University PANNONIUS Áron Orbán May 2012 Budapest
THEPOETRYOFJANUS
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Budapest
Central European University, Budapest, inpartial fulfillment of therequirements THE ROLEOFASTROLOGYIN Thesis submittedtothe Depa Accepted inconformance with ______of theMasterArtsdegreeinMedievalStudies Chair, ExaminationCommittee Thesis Supervisor PANNONIUS Áron Orbán (Hungary) May 2012 Examiner Examiner by rtment ofMedievalStudies, thestandardsofCEU THEPOETRYOFJANUS
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Budapest Central European University, Budapest, inpartial fulfillment of therequirements THE ROLEOFASTROLOGYIN Thesis submittedtothe Depa Accepted inconformance with ______of theMasterArtsdegreeinMedievalStudies PANNONIUS External Reader Áron Orbán May 2012 (Hungary) by rtment ofMedievalStudies, thestandardsofCEU THEPOETRYOFJANUS
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Budapest Central European University, Budapest, inpartial fulfillment of therequirements THE ROLEOFASTROLOGYIN Accepted inconformance with Thesis submittedtothe Depa ______of theMasterArtsdegreeinMedievalStudies. ______External Supervisor PANNONIUS Áron Orbán Supervisor (Hungary) May 2012 by
rtment ofMedievalStudies, thestandardsofCEU THEPOETRYOFJANUS
CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 14May2012 this form toanyotherinstitution of higher education for anacademic degree. person’s orinstitution’s copyright. Ialsodeclareth and illegitimate usewasmade of external information asproperly herewith that thepresent thesisisexclusively in Comparative History, withthe specialization inInterdisciplinary Medieval Studies declare I, theundersigned, Áron Orbán , candidatefortheMAdegr credited innotesand the workofothers,andnopartthesisinfringes onany my ownwork,basedonresearchandonlysuch
at no partofthethesis hasbeen submitted in ______
bibliography. Ideclare ee inMedievalStudies Signature
that nounidentified or MA degree MAdegree CEU eTD Collection Geréby, whosecriticalremarks were research possible. Iwanttogivethanksespecially tofourteachersfortheirsupport: György put intowordsmy gratitudetomy wifeforto ITI), whoplaced herPhD dissertation andsome impor me aboutandhelpedme toacquiresome most recentstudiesatmydisposal;toAndrás express my gratitudetoLászló possible. Ihavealsoreceivedagreat dealof translations. IwanttothanktheDepartment for Cristian-Nicolae Ga corrected mywriting,diditwithutmost care, supervisor), whostrengthened I ammost sincerelygrateful ş par, whowasalwaysmosthelp ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jankovits (University my self-confidencemany times; JudithRasson,whoalways to thewholeMedievalStudies alwaysedifying;GyörgyEndreSz valuable researchmaterial; andtoEnik lerating theshadysideofmy academic zeal. Végh(BudapestHistory Museum), whoinformed supportfromoutsidetheuniversity.Iwantto
thus continuouslyimproving my English;and rendering my fruitfulre
of Pécs) forhis advice andforplacing his tant Italian studies atmy disposal. Icannot ful in checking my Latin-English Department for making my search triptoRome őnyi (my other ő Békés(MTA- CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY c.Shortreferencesintwo laterpoems b.TwoelegiesmourningthedeathofJanus’mother Conclusions III. Astrology inJanus’poetry II. AstrologyinJanus’Environment I. ThenotionofastrologyintheEuropeanRenaissance Introduction List ofabbreviations…………………………..…………………………..………………………ii List offigures…………………………..…………………………..……………………………...i
5. Did Janus use his own birth horoscope? ...... 94 ...... 94 5. DidJanususehisownbirthhoroscope? ...... 74 4. Astrologicalideasinsome Hungarianelegies b.AnepigramonFrederickIII a.Italianpoemsofpraise………………………………………………………..59 ...... 58 3. Astrologicalideasinpoems ofpraise ...... 51 2. Referencesonthepracticeofjudicialastrology ...... 47 1. Thefrequencyofastrologicalsymbols 2. Judicialastrologyatthe c.Poetry b.Patronage a.Education ...... 23 1. AstrologyinJanus’Italianenvironment 3. Towhatextentwasastrology c.Therelationofstars,fateandGod b.Theobjectoftheeffects a.Thedegr ...... 11 2. Theproblem oftheheterogeneityastrology 1. Historicalframeworks...... 10 2. JanusPannonius’life...... 6 1. Objectivesandpreviousresearch...... 101 ...... 101 .....1 ...... 1 a.“Destellaaestivomeridievisa” d. Conclusionsonterminology ...... 106 ...... 106 …………………………..…………………………..………………….27 ee ofcomplexityandthemaintypesastrology …………………………..…………………………..……………...25 …………………………..………………………………………….23 court of Matthias Corvinus...... 33 court ofMatthiasCorvinus...... 33 ...... 47 ...... 47 accepted in the Renaissance? ...... 19 ...... 19 accepted intheRenaissance? TABLE OF ...... 23 ...... 23 …………………………..……………………………14 …………………………..……………………….16 …………………………………………………..65 CONTENTS i
……………………………………………..74 …………………………..………………...15 …………………………………………..89 ...... 9 ...... 9 …………………………...79 …………………….12 .1
CEU eTD Collection i.3 h aiiyo rdrc I (oans Schöner, (Johannes Fig. 3.ThenativityofFrederickIII Fig. 2.ThenativityofMatthiasCorvinus Fig. 1.Theclassification Fig. 4.The LXVI/a)
verior nativity ofFrederickIII(Biblio of astrologicalideas LIST OFF (Bibliotheka Jagie ii
IGURES IGURES theka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225) Opera mathematica, lnk,cd 25 llonska, cod.3225) Nürnberg 1561, CEU eTD Collection OrszágosSzéchenyiKönyvtár SISMEL Società Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények Internazionale OSZK Cambridge UniversityPress per Itk CUP LIST OFABBREVIATIONS lo StudiodelMedioevoLatino iii
CEU eTD Collection 1 Scholarly opini the variousforms ofastrology? questions. WhatcouldJanus’real clearly astrological innature. Why isthisso? Thisbasicquestion leads to atleast two main sub- compared tocontemporary humanist poetry; moreover, agreatmany astralreferencesare ofthese of Renaissanceastrology. and understandingtheessenceofmyargument w to humanist poetry,Iwillmostly analyzetextswh seemingly strangeculturalphenomena thatarouseour modern interests.Sincemy topicpertains mindset fromours,but of theagehadadifferent interest of those whoareinterested in thecultur In otherwords, thisthesis concerns theintell political history,artClassicalandRenaissancephilosophy,Classicalphilologysoon. astrology, butmy investigationswilldrawonthe 1. Objectivesandpreviousresearch C. Mantello and A. G. Rigg (Washington: Catho astrology, seeCharlesBu (signs, planets, aspects and houses or websites, since the elements of modern astrology do not basically differ from those of Renaissance astrology difficult and does not require mathematicalor astronomical knowledge), may look into it in anumber of handbooks Renaissance astrology. Those who are interested in the rudiments ofastrology, in the system itself (which is not so
In the first chapter I will summarize the terminological problems and the different types and attitudes of of attitudes and types different the and terminological problems the Iwillsummarize firstchapter the In The significanceofastrologyintheRenaissanc As thetitlesuggests,mythesispertainsprim It isconspicuoushowfrequen Medieval Latin: an Introduction and Bibliographical guide Bibliographical and rnett, Introduction an “Astrology,” Latin: inMedieval 1
are the mostare the important elements). Fo attitude have beentowardsas tly thestarsappearinpo Introduction lic University of Ameri of lic University ectual historyoftheRenaissanceandrelieson e andintellectual life of thisageingeneral. 1 ons varyconcerninghowfarthepoetryofa ich donotinvolvetechnical ill notrequire athorough technicalknowledge results of anumber ofotherscholarlyfields: itisthedifferentwaysofthinkingand arily toliteraryhistoryandtheof e demonstrates thatingeneralthepeople
ca Press, 1996). 1996). ca Press, r the Medieval Latin terminology of terminology Latin Medieval r the trology –more exactly,towards etry ofJanusPannonius,even astrologicaldetails , ed. F.A. CEU eTD Collection (see later). with texts horosco itsometimes the makes necessarycollate to Iwill if comparerequired, th and thetexts, of problems investigate the biographical backgro sign of Elizabeth’s horoscope.) traditional interms ofliterarytheory. 4 3 2 scholarship ontherelationofas Renaissance phenomenon ofmeldi second groupofquestionsconc astrological ideas,eitherontheirownorinvolve Seen through theexample ofJa facet ofthe research:Howcanas addressee, andmanycircumstances. other However, systematic way, but–asisusualinpoetry Theproblembecomes evenmore complicated in theframework ofdifferentphilosophicalormythologicalworl textual analysis. unanswered questionswillcertainly remain. Ingeneral,I willmostly employ variouskindsof poems, together withanexplorationofthe behind therhetoricandfindr hum Routledge, 1976), Routledge, hist some in areidentified poetry in symbolism (El stylized, ithardlyallows to trace back itsmotives.” Éva Kocziszky: “Acsillaghit Janus költészetében. Panegyric on Guarino “ al an toexpress and inherences suggestdeeper to means vast number of “The ex 57. 1990), AttilaTudományegyetem, József (Szeged: Klaniczay Tibor tiszteletére Ihave not found any theoretical study dealing directly with this problem, but sometypical forms ofastrological The fact that Ilook fortheauthoria abstract, very “theisalways poem humanist opinions: differing two greatly here quote I theproblem, Illustrating Immensus nil solepraestantius orbis ő tanulmány).” [Astral belief in the Poetry of Janus (Preliminary Study)] Study)] (Preliminary Janus of Poetry the in belief [Astral tanulmány).” anist allowsthereadertoidentifypoet’sviews; anist repetitio, interrogation, anaphora, locus communis locus anaphora, interrogation, repetitio,
59-66. (Although Yates does not mention the important fact that the Virgin was the Ascendent 3
] , Studium [Collectanea Tiburtiana. Studies 10 (1979), 4. 4. (1979), 10
” trology andpoetryingeneral, und, the rhetorical thesources, characteristics, sometimesthe grammatic (Neoplatonista vonások a Guarino-panegyricusban) eal author.Itrequiresthethorough nus’ works,whywashumanist po l intent alsomeans thatmy approach My methods will become clearasmy th trology beconnected to other setsofideasinhumanistpoetry? ern thepoetryofperiodin ng thevariousworldviews. orical monographs, like monographs, orical em to contemporary texts. My highly interdisciplinary topic 2 in differentforms dependingonthegenre, ways present basic philosophical attitude.” István János, János, István attitude.” philosophical basic present ways historical-biographical d in other world views? Theanswerstothisd inotherworldviews? in honor of TiborKlaniczay] ternal ornaments and formal elements of rhetorics, the the rhetorics, of elements formal and ternal ornaments pes or to check the planetary positions of a given date of date a given positions planetary the to check or pes because hisastrological ideascould appear this seems tobean etc. are not autotelic humanist etc.arenotautotelic flourishes,butthe 2 itiscertainly a difficult task tolook 4 Iwillatbest suggestsome further in Francis A. Yates, Astraea Collectanea Tiburtiana. Tanulmányok to the works by Janus is basically d views,inaddition,nota investigation of etry suitable forexpressing Since there is hardly any esis develops: ingeneral, I will general,andthestrange background; evenso, even more interesting , ed. Géza Galavics et al., , ed.GézaGalavicsetal., [Neoplatonic ideas in the [Neoplatonic ideasinthe all therelated (London: (London: CEU eTD Collection Thesescholarlyworkshardlytookinto accountthecontextof contemporary astrology and JózsefHusztiwasthefirsttorealizeth the Poetry of Janus Pannonius] (Budapest: Argumentum, 2003). 2003). Argumentum, (Budapest: Pannonius] Janus Poetry of the 340-345. (1978): „Asztrológiai Huszti, by 6 (1927) (henceforth:„Huszti, „Asztrológiai”). 9 8 7 6 5 facilities (first of alltheinternet) that scholars first, relativelyshort,pioneeringworksonthet astrological poetryinItalynotatal nativity andacomet identified bythe poet. modern scholar’sattention.Hisworkincludes astrological sourcesofthepoems, some even to histhorough knowledgeofantiquepoetryandsc aspects specified bythe title;heidentified nearly Pannonius,” philologist, withhislastwork Kocziszky. analysed certainpoems withastrological image “enlightened” ofthe Janus. relevant poems, thoughhemade thefirstimporta wrote ashortstudyin1927, scholars. possible directionsofresearch;thefirstquestionhasalready JánosBollók, “Acsillaghit.” Kocziszky, csillagászati két Bartha, Pannonius Lajos Jr., “Janus This view was held, for example, by JánosErdélyi, Ern as József Huszti,“Janus Pannonius 8 Thescholarwhobroughtaboutaturnin 9 publishedposthumously in2003.Stilltodaythis Asztrális misztika ésasztrológia Janus Pannonius költészetében , ”
44.
5 ztrológiai álláspontja”[JanusPannTowardonius’sAstrology], Attitude whichinfactdidnotgobeyondasuperficialoverviewofthe entitled “Astral Mysticism andAstrology inthePoetry of Janus l, buttheymust notbeexpectedtohavedoneso;theywerethe 6 Inlatergenerationsofsc references, thoseof verse” [Two Astronomical Poems by Janus Pannonius], Pannonius], Janus by Poems verse” [Two Astronomical hidden referenceswhichwouldnormallyhidden escapea have nowadays.Nevertheless,theyalsoneglected two boldandintriguinghypotheses,aboutJanus’ opic andthesescholarsdidnothavetheresearch 3 ő e importance ofastrologyinJanus’poetryand OmpolyiDezs M., allthepoems withastrological references. Due nt observationswhichundermined theearlier ientific literature, he the researchwasJánosBollók,aClassical istheonlygeneralanalysisof ő holars onlytwoshortstudies Lajos Bartha, jr., Csánki. Theproblemis summarized arous [Astral Mysticism and Astrology in in Astrology and [Astral Mysticism ed theinterest ofsome explored most ofthe 7 andÉva Minerva Itk 82 82 CEU eTD Collection Beyondthefewworkswhichdirectlydiscuss (Budapest: Typotex, 2004), 131–144. 131–144. 2004), Typotex, (Budapest: ΓΕΝΕΣΙΑ. Tanulmányok BollókJános emlékére Text the [To szöveghagyományához” elégiáinak Pannonius tradition of the texts of Janus Pannonius] (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1981), 8-19; forthe elegies: Gyula Mayer, “Janus Vitéz, who Vitéz, who were stigmatized asas of his contemporaries and his astrological standpoint differ “Asztrológiai,” highlighted (1559 Padova, 1569 Vienna). moreSee in Csaba Csapodi: among the printed books, which appeared from 1476 onwards, the editory activity ofJános Zsámboky has to be
12 11 10 modern editionshavebeenbasedonanum primary texts, notonly of Janusbut also of th most famous humanist ofHungary,consequently other studies Idrewonwillappear inthediscussi 3); hereonlythebasicworksof literaryhistory philological research. Themain tendenciesof the and resultsofvariousbranchesscholarshi investigating theseviews themselves. exploration oftheconcretebiog careful differentiationwithinthevariouskindsofas or thetotalrejectionofastrologywouldbeo thinks ofclearjudicialastrology Bollók contrastsJanus’beliefatthe astrology, Huszti remained ambiguous. Allthescholarsmentioned a to dif Themostmanuscripts important arethe“Viennese” (ÖNB C Bollók, detail itin studies astrology, on value “He setsgreat ferentiate theoretically within thediffere Asztrális, 109.
49); “Janus Pannonius studied astrology and believed in the power of the stars just as much asmost 10 andBollók uperstitious astrologer”(Ibid., 45.). astrologer”(Ibid., uperstitious
11 (in myterms), butthenitisnotclearwhethernaturalastrology evenconcludedthathebelievedinastrology–butwhatkind? raphical-historical contextofJa end ofhislifewithanearlier [Studies in Memory of János Bo János of Memory in [Studies ber ofmanuscripts andearlyprintedbooks. p, primarily the historyof astrologyandliterary- 4 pposite attitude.Myresearchhastobeginwitha nt astrologicalattitudes,sotheirconclusions will bementionedwhichconcernmytopic,all e authors related tohim, hasgreat traditions; the literatureonhim is on of thedifferent aspects. Janus wasandisthe ed atmost in nuances from and believes in the influence ofthe stars.” (Huszti, former willbeoutlined inthenextchapter (I. ual Tradition of the Elegies of Janus Pannonius], in Pannonius], Janus Elegies of ofthe Tradition ual trology, thenIwillhave bove perceivedthatJanuswasinterestedin od. Lat. 3274) and the “Vatican I.”(Vat. Lat. 2847); my topic,Ihadtocoll A Janus Pannonius-szöveghagyomány A Janus nus’ astrological views, before nus’ astrologicalviews,before period; itis clear thatBollók llók], ed. László Horváth et al. llók], ed.LászlóHorváthet al. immense. Theeditionof that of,for example, János ect thescattereddata tocontinuewiththe 12 Thefirst [The CEU eTD Collection Theonlyexistingmonography on textual problem concerning a Sevillan code a Sevillan problem concerning textual 295–296. 31–144, Ábel), (Utrecht: Wild, JP-Tel.). (henceforth: 1784) monographyPannonius],Huszti: Janus –József spectantia litterarum Hungaria 2006) (henceforth: JP-Mayer). Janus andthehistoryofideas,th relative lackofindividualinte Zsigmond Ritoók,andMariannaBi 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 grammatical orintellectual historical pointof have similar oroppositeastrological ideas.It be far toolong for this thesis– butitwillbe fr IwilldiscussJanus’poems againstth contemporary humanists. Thisdoesnotmean aco about themeagreness ofinte significant andproductive build oncertainbiographical,rh are stillvalidanduseful. published in1931,itcannotbeconsider only theepigrams havebeenissued, works werealsoissued. critical editionwasissued János,“ Except for the research onthe influence of Neop monográfiáról éves “Egy hetven LászlóJankovits, József Huszti, HereI would liketogivethanks to Gyula Mayerfor Forexample: Adalékok a humanismus történetéhez Magyarországon – Analecta ad historiam renascentium in Iani Pannonii Opera Quae Manserunt Omnia. Vol. I.Epigrammata Iani Pannonii Poemata quae uspiam reperiri potuerunt omnia Immensus,” 3. Immensus,” Janus Pannonius Janus 14 18 Anewcriticaleditionofallhisknownworksisbeingedited;sofar in Utrechtasearly1784, , ed.Jen scholars nowadaysseem Asforthevariousfieldsofrese (Pécs: Janus Pannonius Társaság, 1931). 1931). Társaság, Pannonius Janus (Pécs: llectual historicalresearch
rpretations ofhispoems, andI e problem ofhisworldview(s). ő Ábel(Budapest-Leipzig: Akadémia etorical, and philological studies;in these fields the most x will be mentioned in chapter III.2. in mentioned chapter x will be 15 rnbaum. Comparedtothevast buttheearliertextsofth ed outofdate,most ofhis Jelenkor latonic ideas,analyzed primarily byIstván János. Janus isthatbyJózsefHuszti; view, whileonalargescale theforeign poems will uitful tocompare poems bydifferent authors which – 44 (2001), 970–972. 970–972. (2001), 44 5 Huszti József: Janus Pannoniu Janus József: Huszti pieces ofinformationconcer willhelp tointerpretJanus’textsfrom a e backgroundoftheNeo-Latinpoetry mprehensive comparative analysis –itwould to beLászló Jankovits 13 20 onthelevelofage;later,newlyfound , 1-2. vol., ed.SámuelTeleki, Sándor Kovásznai isstillvalidtoday. ., ed. Gyula Mayeretal.(Budapest: Balassi, arch intoJanus’work,Iespecially e othergenres arereliable. have foundhardlyanystudieson 19 i-Brockhaus, 1880) (henceforth:AH- ThestandpointofIstvánJános collected dataandobservations literature onJanus,thereisa ning theeditions. A special s” [Onaseventy-year-old , ÁgnesSzalayMrs. 17 althoughitwas 16
CEU eTD Collection nella letteratura e nell'arte dall'età classica Rinascimento al classica dall'età e nell'arte letteratura nella latin nyelv latin Tateo, 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 central figureinthelaun of Várad(todayOradea),laterthearchbishop Ivan Januswasbornnearthemouth Dr ofthe Croatia) on29August1434.Hisoriginalname was 2. JanusPannonius’life monography onCallimaco monograph onthesewaswrittenbySoldati scholarly works focusmostlyonthe longer,explic abundance ofastrologicalideasinthesepoems, researchonthem ismeagre. Eventhesefew century almost all humanist poems werestill composed inItaly. poetry, both because Janus wastrained in Italy a help m individual research. century criticaleditions; theco hardly anyscholarshipatall.Therelevant Tanulmányok Janus’s original nationality has long been been long has nationality Janus’s original Esperiente Callimaco Paparelli, Gioacchino Roellenbleck, Georg. “L’astrologia nella poesia del Pontano.” In F. Tateo, Mauro DeNichilo, Soldati,Benedetto hu the outside Italy,poets in even Indeed, Č 24 esmi ark outtheframeworksark withinwhichJanu Roellenbleck ű Astrologia e moralità in Pontano in Giovanni emoralità Astrologia költészet JanusPannonius korában” [Janus Pannonius. Studies], ed. Tibor Kardos, Sándor V. Kovács (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1975). 1975). Akadémiai, Kovács (Budapest: V. Sándor Kardos, ed.Tibor Studies], Pannonius. [Janus č ki. 27 From 1447hestudiedinFerr . I poemi astrologicidi Giovanni Pontano: storia testo del La poesiaastrologica nelquatrocento 25 ). Generalworks onthe relevant ch ofhumanistic cultureinHungar 26 ) may contain usefulinformation, but
llected passagesfrom anyItalian manist centerspursuedmedieval thetypically debated among Hungarian among Hungarian debated (Salerno: Beta, 1971). Beta,1971). (Salerno:
[Latin Poetry at the Time of Janus Pannonius], in in Pannonius], Janus of Time Poetryatthe [Latin poems publishedinmodern, twentieth- havebeen (Bari:Adriatica,1960). ara attheexpenseofhis 22 6 ), mainly on thosebyPontano(De Nichilo, s’ astrologymay beplace . Florence Esztergom androyalchancellor;Vitézwasthe nd because inthethird quarterofthefifteenth . Milano: Nuovi orizzonti, orizzonti, . Milano: 1992. Nuovi itly astronomical-astrological poems (thebasic ava River(intheHunga probably JánosKesincei orCsezmicei, or L'astrologia e la sua influenza nella filosofia, filosofia, nella influenza sua ela L'astrologia : and Croatian scholars. scholars. Croatian and Le Lettere y. Januswastrainedinthehumanist greater poets(likePaparelli’s (Bari: Dedalo libri, 1975). 1975). libri, (Bari:Dedalo poet are basicallythe results of forthe“lesser”poetsthereis , 21 1986 Comparedtotherelative uncle, JánosVitéz,bishop d. IwillusetheItalian versificatio. rian Kingdom, today Janus Pannonius. Pannonius. Janus J.Ijsewijn, “A 23
CEU eTD Collection 30 29 28 acquaintances hadprovidedfo have beenthelackofinspirationwhich thevivi can bedatedtotheHungariany definitely composedfewerpoems inHungarythan Most ofhissurvivinglettersa while, andhesoonbecame bishopofPécs.Hespentmost ofhistime atMa influence atthesideofyoungking.Vitéz’snephew,Janus,workedchanceryfor a János Vitéz,havinglonghadacloserelationsh had turnedfavorableforhim: MatthiasCorvinus meanwhile, hecontinuedcomposing poems an famous contemporary poets.From 1454hestudied members oftheFerraresecourtanduniversity,patr genres whichprobably etc.) Martialhastobehighlight elegies, andpanegyrics(heonlywroteinLatin). poetry. Theyoungpoetprovedproductive; his poems and Greeklanguagethan wasusualbythehumanis humanist world viewandvalues(indeed,helaid and most renowned studentsoftheschool. of themost important literarycenters inNorthern Italy, school ofGuarinoVeronese,whohadEuropeanfa Janus, Janus, Huszti, supporting sources For primary Casimir von Ch łę By thetime Janusreturnedto 58-62. 58-62. dowski , Der Hofvon Ferrara contributed themost tohispopularity. this evaluation, see Huszti, seeHuszti, evaluation, this
r him (thoughhumanism itselfhadastrongposition nd orationspertaintohispolitic ears andheceasedtowritepane ed; hegavepatternsforJanus’ Hungary inthesummerof1458,politicalsituationthere (Munich: Müller, 1919), 48. 29 Theimpact ofGuarino,w d eventranslatedGreekauthors. 7 Among hismany Classicalguides(Virgil,Ovid, d literarylifeinFerarraandhismany humanist evenmorestressonrhetoricaleducation,Latin (1458-90)hadjustacce Janus, me. andhispupilsmade Guarino Ferraraone in Paduaandgraduatedcanonlaw1458; ip totheHunyadis,hadimmense political in Italy;lessthanone ons fromoutsideFerrara,andfamous orless ts), was definitive throughout Janus’ lifeand 28 24-29. are traditionally classified asepigrams, andJanuswasoneofthemosttalented 30
ironicanderoticepigrams, the
gyrics. Oneofthereasonsmay Hemade theacquaintanceof al anddiplomatic activity.He ho representedthetypical quarter ofhisepigrams ded tothethrone,and tthias’s Budacourt. at Matthias’s CEU eTD Collection Medvevár (Medvedgrad,Croa organized byJánosVitéz,butth not agreewiththepoliticsofking.In1471he literary activitysoondecreasedagai Padua, Florence,andtheacquisition ofmany books,gave Istropolitana and Janusalsomanaged toobtainpa succeeded ininducingthepopetoprovidefinancia Marzio, hisbestfriend).In1465he court asearlythe1460s,andJanushadsom in Pozsony(todayBratislava tia) on27March1472. e plotfailed.During n. Histuberculosisbecame more wasappointedalegatetolead pal approvalforthefoundationof ). The Italian travel, which included visits toFerrara, 8
e humanistfriendsin l support forMatthias’waragainsttheTurks, participated inaconspiracyagainstMatthias the flight,Janusdied himnewinspirationforpoetry,but,his andmore seriousandhedid a visittoPopePiusII.They Hungary, likeGaleotto of his illness in Universitas CEU eTD Collection X) (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2003). 2003). C.H.Beck, (Munich: 34 33 32 31 mentioning themost basichandbooksusedintheRenaissance. few wordsthemajor turningpointsinthehistor world ofastrologyfrom atheoretical humanist towardastrology–inth various typesandconceptsofRenaissanceastr always hastokeepinmind thatthesharpdi two notionswereoftenusedinterchangeablyin works of the major authoritie astrology dealswiththeireff of Seville:astronomy investigates themotions astronomy andastrology.Thedifferencecanbesummarized followingthede Themedieval mind consideredthescienceof could differentiatebetweentwocomplementary considered asastronom considered workson Klostermann, 1988) orKockuStuckrad, von For a general historical survey, Albertus Magnus, Two of his works, Almagest (Math Etymologiae A more seriousproblem isth The notion ofastrology in , III, 27. Speculum astronomiae, y and astrology, respectively. respectively. astrology, y and ects onthesublunarworld.
s inastrologylikePtolemy see,example, for W. Knappich, ē is case,thatofJanusPannonius–onehasfirsttoexplorethe matik pointofview.Beforethis,itseems necessaryto outline ina Opera omnia, omnia, 1. (Opera e tendencyinmodernscholars ē Geschichte derAstrologie: Von den Anfängen bis zur Syntaxis, Almagestum Chapter I. fferentiation onlyexistsinourmodern minds. theEu 9
the Middle Ages and the Renaissanceandone theMiddleAgesand aspects of thisdiscipline ology. Inordertoclarifytheattitudeofany and positionsoftheheavenlybodies, while y ofastrologyuptothefifteenthcentury, ed. A. Borgnet et al. [Paris: Vives, 1890-1899], Vol. Vol. 1890-1899], etal.[Paris:Vives, Borgnet ed. A. theheavenlybodiesasonediscipline.One 32 31 ropean Renaissance orAlbertusMagnus. The differentiation isexplicit inthe ) and Tetrabiblos ( Tetrabiblos and ) 34 GeschichteAstrologie der
hip tolump togetherthe , whichcanbecalled Quadripartitum finitions ofIsidore 33 However,the (Frankfurt: (Frankfurt:
Gegenwart
) canbe
CEU eTD Collection Princeton University Press, 1953), 42-51. Mythological Tradition and its Place in Renaissance Humanism and Art, Seznec, seeJean Christianity itself: into infiltrated ideas astrological and García-Ballester, Roger French etal Asecondwaveinthespreadofastrological ideascame fifteenthcentury,andthe inthe golden ageofEuropeanastrologyca a representativesummary. thirteenth and forteenth centuries, the 38 37 36 35 Neoplatonism, magic oranyothe which hadaworldviewbasedonanalogical thinking.Astrologycouldbecombinedwith propagated, rediscovered,andtranslatedintoLatin but Latinauthors(Scot,Bonatti)al “mathematical and predictive.” material agreatdeal.Afterbeing“qualita twelfth centuryincreased itssignificance agai astrology into century. IntheEarlyMiddleAgesattitudeof the most detailed handbook,the authoritative astrologicalhandbookfo the lastcenturies oftheRoman Empire. Ptolemy wrotethe rulers, etc.)developedintheHe 1. Historicalframeworks the “fixed stars.” only object, not mean heavenly any “stars”will while Earth, the around revolve to wereheld which bodies heavenly Knappich: Roger French, “Astrology Nevertheless, this period also yielded astrological works; various star beliefs continued to exist onapopular level, that thesense “star”in terms and the Iwilluse “planet” Astrology asarefinedsystem w Geschichte the background, , ch. 7. in MedicalPractice,” in
. (Cambridge: C. U. P., 1994), 34. 34. 1994), P., C. U. . (Cambridge: 37 36 llenistic period.InEurope,itsfi Arabicauthorswerethemost butthetranslationofArabic r setofideaswhichwereba Mathesis, so startedtowritebooks.Among the n beputbetweenaround1450and1650. Speculum astronomiae r theMiddleAgesandRenaissance,insecondcentury; ith severalvariables(planets, was compiled byFirmicus Maternus in thefourth Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black to Black Death the Salerno from Medicine Practical 10 tive andcosmological,” astrologywasagain is usual in astrological writings: the “planets” are the seven arethe “planets” the writings: astrological in is usual n, bringingbackandimproving theClassical Christianity, whichbasicallyrejectedit,pushed literary, philosophical Tetrabiblos, of AlbertusMagnuscanberegarded sed onthecorres trans.Barbara F. popular(Albumasar, Alcabitius), rst popularityseems havebeen to texts from thebeginningof The Survival of Pagan Gods 35 signs,houses,aspects, which became themost summae , andhermeticaltexts 38 pondence between Sessions (New York: Italianhumanists written inthe , ed.Luis . The The CEU eTD Collection
Albertus designated astrology in general, Burnett Astrology in the Renaissance: The Zodiac of Life, and magic into Neoplatonic and hermeticist frameworks, thus “justifying” astrology and magic. Eugenio Garin,
but evensome apredilectionforastrology. popeshad a courtastrologerwhocould,firstofall,predictfu professional (ephemerids, etc.)usage.Manykings,pr 42 41 40 39 under thenotionofjudicialastrology: if atalldefined,varieswiththedifferentauthor judicial andnaturalastrology,or for thetypesofstar-effects.Abasicdichotomy satisfactory terminology inmodern scholarship, this 2. Theproblemoftheheterogeneityastrology printing made workswidelyavailablebo Bracciolini andbecame amodel forastrological long didacticpoem byManilius(firstcenturyAD),whichwasfoundin1417Poggio translated, primarily the m The otheropposition goes backto methods ofastrology;divinatory stellis auguriantur, quique etiam duodecim caeli signa per singula animae vel corporis membra disponunt, membra velcorporis animae singula signa per caeli duodecim etiam quique stellis auguriantur, in qui sequuntur, quam mathematici estilla vero Superstitiosa stationes. temporum certas velstellarum cursus, lunae Etymologiae, III, 27: example,For LeoJulius II, X,PaulIII (Seznec, The high medieval icrocosm andmacrocosm, acommonplacein theRenaissance. Iudicium While thevariouselementsofhoroscopesan meant the“judgment” ofthestars, hence the expression providesa Picatrix good example. Itcametobewide Astrologia vero partim naturalis, partim supe partim naturalis, partim vero Astrologia Tetrabiblos
astrologia naturalis astrology; thepracticeofastrol thatofIsidore ofSeville, ; ancientworkswererediscovered,likethe 41 , “Astrology,” 372. trans. C. Jackson and J. Allen (London: Routledge, 1983), 46. 46. 1983), Routledge, J. (London: and Allen C.Jackson trans. , 57). , 57). Survival astrologynotaccepted th forpopular(almanacs, annualpredictions is sometimes expressedbyopposing,forexample, 11 s. Similar, butnotidentical,thingsareunderstood poetry intheRenaissance.Fromaround1470 ture events.TheattitudeoftheChurchvaried, isnotthecasewithth 40 inces, prelateshelditindispensabletohave and d thebasicmethods ofastrologyhavea
superstitiosa rstitiosa est. Naturalis, dum exequitur solis et solis exequitur dum est.Naturalis, rstitiosa scientia iudiciaria scientia ly read in the Renaissance; it put astrology the itput Renaissance; in ly read 42 whosedifferentiationbetween 39 ogers; orastrologyingeneral. Astrological texts were also by the church; the complex , but the meaning of these, and its variants, which for its which variants, and e variouspossibilities Astronomicon, a ) and and
CEU eTD Collection 43 astrology” was used in asimilar sense. siderumque cursu nativitates hominum et mores praedicare conantur. beginning oftheyear,hencename year); thiswasdonewhentheSunreturnsto from theplanetconsideredmost important inthehoroscope( ( catarchic astrology(thesegenerallypertai divided intofourbranches:“rev Themost typicalmethod ofinquiringintoth horoscopes, whichrequireddifficultastronomi a.) Thedegreeofcomplexityand divisions aremore important. – pertainsboth tohim andthecommunity; the l handbooks, andthefateofaking–th However, thedifferencebetweenperson-related Astrologicalinferences couldpertain bothto whole nationsandcountries,orth Janus oranyotherhumanist successfully. in ordertoclarifytheterminology; has toberethoughtbyananalysisandcomparison “natural” an “revolutionsconjunctions.” and revolutiones Ifollow here the terminology of Albertus Magnus, d “superstitious”astrology isuseful ) 43 hastwomain subtypes.Accordingtothe olutions” (thispertainstogene the maintypesofastrology e worlditself.Thelatteriscal thereisnootherwaytoexplor e most typicalsubjectofpred revolutio annorum(mundi).
12 cal calculations.Thisco eader represents his country. Thefollowing three n toindividualastrology).“Revolutions” butambiguous. Therefore,thewholeproblem Speculum astronomiae, astronomiae, Speculum the first minute of the Ram,the firstminute ofthe theastronomical and generalastrologyisnotstressedbythe of allpossibleforms ofRenaissanceastrology individuals or greater communities, often e message ofthestarswascasting one, theeventsofa Later, in natural philosophy, theterm Later, in “natural natural philosophy, led generalormundane astrology. ral astrology),natal,horaryand e theastrological dominus anni iction inthesu When theconjunctionsof 7; other handbooks called this mplex astrology can be mplex astrologycanbe year arepredicted , the lordof the rviving sources standpointof
CEU eTD Collection kinds of prediction. conjunctiones dominant aspect ofthe particular schola considered as a kind a magic (Burnett, “Astrology,” 376). 46 45 44 as well(complexastrology).Theco moon couldberelatedto(simple physician requiredinformation about astrological applicationcouldbegradedonascaleofcomplexity. Inmedical astrology,whenthe astrologers these willbe seenlater).Thesedidnotrequire connected tocomets, orapplyingthesimple versionofchronocrator-astrology(examples forall Asopposedtothecomplexmethods, severalsimple astrologicalmethods existed,like taking into consideration thecritical daysincase of illness,recalling the stereotyped predictions of thestarsweremost favorable. undertaking (operation,battle,ci astrology ( moment when thequestionwasuttered:Thehorosc ( could bereadfromnotonlyapredictivemethod. nativity,thisis Horaryastrology the for thedateofbirth.Sincenotonl term referringtonativitie the future, thisiscalled planets (inp interrogationes Henceforth /„astrology I the Henceforth will use „astrologer” words Themaking of astrological talismans, which Albertus Magnus adds asthe last branch of astrology, can also be Albertus Magnus treat The secondbranchofcomplexastrology,genethlialogyornatalastrology( 46 , but in fact astrometeorological predictions are involved in revolutions or conjunctions, or in simpler electiones articular the farthest ones, Saturnan couldalsopracticethem. Infact,inthe )
was appliedwhensomeone hadaquest s astrometeorology( ) meant thattheastrologerhelped coniunctiones. s, i.e.birthhoroscopes)wasthe
r’s activity; infacteach of these schol ty foundation,etc.)bydefiningthemoment whenthepositions astrology), buttheotherplanets, y thewholecourseoflifebutal met couldsimply signifythed 45
de temporum mutatione 44 the courseofanillness,it
13 difficultastronomical know ” the „astronomer” or accordancewith /„astronomy” in d Jupiter) are heldtobe themost definitive for ope gavetheanswerofstars.Catarchic different fieldsofdailylifeaparticular ) asathird type besides most popular:Thechartwasdrawnup ion andhadahoroscopecastforthe choose thedateofanimportant ars pursued one andthe same science. wasnotonlytheSunthat moreover, thesigns,houses eath ofthekingcountry so thecharacterof theperson ledge, soothersthan revolutio annorum nativitates , the and and
CEU eTD Collection
48 47 foretell wars,death,catastrophe statements refer tochanges inthematerial world, whileconjunction orcomet predictionswhich material effectoratotaleffect.Within gene Afterall, whenoneclassifies theastrological effects ofthestars,thereare properties of ahuman; thisidea isin influenced bodyandsoulalike. people –mainly intheRenaissance –didnotmake scholastic naturalphilosophy; and flow of tides, but alsomenstruation or some illnesses. Allthese effects were treated in Middle Agesthaninourmodern age;thech called a“physical” effect.However, agreatervarietyofsucheffectswasrecognized inthe generally acceptedthat theyhadeffectsonthemate b.) Theobject of theeffects or catastrophesingeneral,butastrologerscould at bestonlyindirectly(forexampl representative ofscholasticthin returns”) withthenativitycould simple orcomplex) wascommon,forexample, direction, zodiacalsignorhouseof Edward Grant, Summa Theologica Summa A subsequentproblem isthefollowing:what Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200-1687 I. a, a.4. q. 115,
47 two possibilities:onecantellwhet s foretelltotaleffects. king, itwasnaturalthat forThomas adisciple Aquinas, tell something forthenext year. Indeed,thesecelestialpower e, throughthefourbodilyhumors). thecomet. Furthermore, mixing thevariousmethods (either volved atleast inthe nativities. anging phasesofthemoon causednotonlytheebb 14 ral astrology,forinstance,astro-meteorological work outadetailedpredictionbasedonthecolor, the comparisonofbirthday-horoscopes(“solar thisdifferentiationandbelievedthatthestars rial world.With amodern term, this couldbe statements withrespecttotheobjectof the thestarsaffectth exactly do the Itwas stars influence? (Cambridge:U.P., C. 1994),569 ff. of AlbertusMagnus,thegreatest s candefinetheunchangeable
her itisrather about abodily, 48 e body,butnotthesoul, However,anumber of
CEU eTD Collection dissertation, Szegedi Tudományegyetem,2012) ,43-45. eszmetörténeti vizsgálata
into a unique system of ideas, his astrological standpoint is far standpoint from astrological Garin, representative, his being ideas, system aof unique into Press, 1923-1958], IV. 417) or in Ficino, who held the stars to be signs rather than causes; but Ficino put astrology Thorndike, (Lynn causes or signs with the problem of twins: twins are born under the the twins are twins: under born problem of the with
53 52 51 50 49 misfortune toman, butthisalsodependsonthebe merely warnaboutorhelpexecute thewillof Themost common standpoint,heldbyThomas thinkers, wasthatthestars arethe instruments of astrology,whichpartlygoesbacktoClassicalauthors, reconcile abelief intheeffect of thestarswith only signifythewillofGod;God seems thatthedifferentanswersoutlinethree different wayscanastrologyfitintosomeone’s c.) and causes,infact,theyaresigns because was naturalformedieval orRenaissancepeople. the stars,obviousincaseofSunandMoon Still, his consideration of stars Garin , Astrology, The Augustinian idea occasionally recurred in the Renaissan itself,see Enik differentiation threefold Forthe De civitate De civitate Dei, V.1. V.1-7. Cicero had already written about the problem of free will in this context and had argued and had free thiscontext problemwillin of the about written already Cicero had Dei,V.1-7. De civitate Therelationofstars,fateandGod Augustine, achurchfatherauthoritativealsofo The most difficult butperhaps the most inte 16 .
[An Intellectual Historical Analysis of Analysis of Historical [An Intellectual A History of Magic and Experimental Science
only endowed themwiththisability. endowed assignswasnotcommonafter
they arealsocauses.” ő same constellations, still they have fates( different have stillthey same constellations, Békés, Békés, main types ofworldvi the roleof Godandhuman free will;hisrefutation 15 God. Heisomnipotent; hecanbringfortuneor of God. They donothavetheirownof God.They wills; they 52 but extendedalsototheotherheavenlybodies, Galeotto Marzio De doctrina promiscua cím promiscua Dedoctrina Marzio Galeotto religious, theological,metaphysical It views?
“ ce, forexample,thein deba havior ofman. Thefuture The celestialconfigura resting questionisthefollowing:Inwhat r theRenaissance,maintained thatthestars De doctrina promiscua Aquinas,Pietrod’Abanoandmany other 51 wasexemplary forlatercriticism. 53
50 ThisChurchFathercouldnot ews concerningastrology. [New York: Columbia [NewYork: University him; the“physical”effectof te overwhether comets are by Galeotto PhD Marzio], Galeotto by tions werebothsigns isinthehandof Astrology De fato V , 69. ű m ű vének ). 49
CEU eTD Collection 2005), 62. 62. 2005), Onemust facetheproblem thataparticular of thesevariablesoutlin d.) Conclusionsonterminology 58 57 56 55 54 (They might alsocitethisasadefenseagai Albertus andAquinas: still opentothem likedbettertheot andthey the destinyofman,” Ptolemy said, to interesting contradictionemerges, analyzedbyGarin; even thefatalistbelieversofas alone. Thoughfatalism isthemost typicalworldviewassociatedwithastr but theStoicnotionof prescribes thefuture,soitcanbecalleddestiny. much theidentityofsupreme powerthatcounted butthefactthatthispower necessarily Aristotelians whodidnotexplici Incontrast, some emphasized that all represented bythestars.Thisfata direction defined bythem,butman canavoidthisfate. another often-emphasized idea: God, ofProvidence, Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Garin, Békés, Medieval Science, Technology, andMedicine:An Encyclopedia avoid , 37. Astrology, Galeotto destiny, toescapebadfortune.Intheory.free , 44-45. 33-37. 33-37. notinthatof 57 heimarmenē es above,almostineverycombination
Vir sapiensdominabiturastris
astra inclinant, nonnecessitant.Thestarsinducemantogoina trology thattheyactedasifth list attitudecannot tly opposetheChristianworldview. 56 thestars.Manhasfreewill,a couldalsobeadoptedorthe butinpractice, thesepeople werelooking for thealternatives nst attacksbythemainst 16 her sayingattributedto Thisviewallowed that earthly events arecausedbycelestiallaws astrological ideacanbecharacterized by any be easilygrasped:itwasmaintained byafew 55 will isexcluded:“Atbirththe starschoose , , ed.Thomasal. (New Glicket York: Routledge, horoscopesweregenerallycastinorder “The wiseman willdominate thestars.” (not tomention thepossibilityof ey werenon-fatalists.Herean power ofthestarswasstressed ream orthodoxtheologians. nd this attitude fitswellwith Ptolemy andquotedby 54 Godstandsbehindfate, Infact,itwasnotso ology, itoccurred with 58 ) CEU eTD Collection 59 involved bothsimpler predictionsand observationsof often consultedonlyforthecharacterofperson andnotthefuture,whilenaturalastrology cannot berelatedtothedifferent judicial astrology.Theclassificat since thetwo attitudeswereshar fatalism andnon-fatalism cannotbesystematically natural astrology,basedprimarily onthedistin person wholookedinto thepositions predictions areusually reflections on some relati astro-meteorology, etc.)usuallyrela material worldwasgenerallyaccepted; thesimple though vague,terminological tradi natural phenomenon. Inits astrology. Itisratherpredictiveandpractical,ratherinitiatedbythepersonthanareflectionon was pursuedgenerallybyastrologersandwhic Whenthecomplex methods areapplied,it influence bothbodyandsoulorea discourse onastrology. find the least distorting categories, which facilitate anddo notovercomplicate thescholarly astrology onalargerscale.Genera combinations were agreatdealmore frequentthan if onemakes anoverviewofconcreteastrologica m Etymologiae, III, 27 (See the quotation above). ixing astrologywiththevarioustheological, ixing clear form Iwillcallit
ed byboth,althoughfatalism isslightlymore characteristicof iation ofnaturalandjudicialastrologyeither:nativitieswere tion. Incontrast,theideathat ion ofastrologicalideasaspredictionsandnot rthly eventsingeneral.This l classificationsalways te tothisidea,andifsuchideasoccurinpredictions,these of thestars.Initsclearform philosophical, mythological 17 h was only debated in th in debated only h was vely spectacular celestialevent and itisnotthe r methods andstereotypes (criticaldays,simple ction ofIsidoreSeville. l acts and ideas itbecomes clearthatcertain others,andthisrenders connectedtojudicial theeffects.Itseemsthat threeaspectscan is almost alwaysassumed that thestars judicial astrology distorttosome exte wasthekindofastrologywhich the starsaffect I willcallthiskind ofastrology basedontheexisting, e learneddiscourseon systems). Fortunately, ornaturalastrology, it possible toclassify 59 the body and the thebodyand Theaspectof nt; thetaskisto CEU eTD Collection by thephenomenon, notinitiated by draught), sometimes effects(e.g.wars); tototal When,forexample, acomet appears,itofte beliefs connectedtothisheaven astrology. The main variablesandtheidealforms hand, itmakes itpossiblefortheparticularcasesnot terminological system might,on of ascale,two“idealforms”astrology judicial andnaturalastrologycanno cases theycannotbeunivocally Since thecharacteristics ofapa com be takenintoaccountinthedi plexity, theobjectof theeffects,andwhether rticular astrologicalideamay occu ly object,whichreferingenera the onehand,facilitatedi fferentiation ofjudicialandna classified underjudicialorna t betreatedastwopartsof the “seer;”afterall, , withacontinuousspectrum inbetween. 18 whathappenedisaprediction, thoughmotivated of astrologycanbei the astrological ideais reflective orinitiative. n occursthatitreca tobeforcedintoeitheroftwokinds thiscasebelongs scourse onastrology,theother tural astrology.In l tomaterial effects(e.g.flood, tural astrology:thedegreeof trology, butratherastwoends r inany combination, inmost llustrated inatable: lls thepopular,simple rather to natural rather tonatural otherwords,
This
CEU eTD Collection Renaissance reputationofastrology:the activity, indeed,the quacker everyday life.Lemay clearlywhy sees modern scholarshadorhaveafalseopinionaboutthe the scholarshipoflastdecadestooverestim astrology, inseparablefrom astronomy, development, philosophy,arts,literatureandda the most importantnames) haverevealed thereal significance of astrology inscientific century onwardsscholars(e.g.,A which wasseen as apreliminary phaseto theEn scholarship, mostly becauseitdidnotfitthenineteenth-century 3. Towhatextentwasastrol particular humanists towardastrology. dichotomy doesnotapply.Thiswholeterminology w cases standclosertothisorthatastrology,a possibilities; some casescanunivocallybeclas dichotomies. Ifonehastosummar unchangeable. Alltheseexamples oneof remind An astrologermay havethoughtthatthefutureev focus on bodilyastraleffects: thiscase falls arsenal ofastrology(signs,aspect astro logy. Whenpredictingthelogy. course ofanillne The fashionofastrologyintheRenaissa ogy accepted inthe Renaissance? ogy accepted by Warburg,FrancisYate s, etc.),heappliesacomplex method, thoughhisinvestigations ize thecharacterofan astrologi
had theprestigeofascience.Indeed,Ifeeltendency in somewhere betweennaturalandjudicialastrology. 19 lightenment. From thebe nd itmay even occurthatthenatural-judicial sified undernaturalorjudicialastrology,other ate the reputation and presence of astrology inate thereputation andpresenceofastrology ents seeninthehoroscopewerechangeableor ily life. By nowitis ss, thephysician takes intoaccount thefull how important itistoavoid oversimplified nce waslargelyneglectedintheolder ill beusefulwhenIout s andEugenioGarin, cal idea, onehas more thantwo conceptoftheRenaissance, y ofastrologersistoomuch ginning ofthetwentieth generally agreed that generally agreedthat line theattitudesof justtomention CEU eTD Collection Astrology,Science and Society: HistoricalEssays twins example,twins was for Salutati by (Garinrecalled, Renaissance century humanists, And althoughsome extremes ofastrologywerealso Beginning topic. with of theRenaissance,just totheextent required Petrarch, useful tocastaglanceonthedebatesastrolo 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 Africa nature, ‘civil justice’to ‘naturaljustice’ of astrology? “Petrarchrealized astrology that the studyofart,science and ‘astrology’.” ‘astronomy’ wassimply thenecessarytheore declares: “Indeed,almost everyone astrologers “practiceditingoodfaith asservicetotheenlightenedcommunity.” in theforeground. on moral andreligious, observation ofGarinharmonizeswiththatSezn Garin, criticized Petrarch strongly Seznec, French, “Astrology,” 34. Ibid. Garin, Daniele Bini,“Introduction,”in French, “Astrology,” 34. 62. Ibid., Richard Lemay, “TheTrue Placeof Astrology inMedi , 30. is interwoven withastrological ideas, Astrology, Astrology, Survival , ed. Daniele Bini, Ernesto Milano et al. (Modena: Il bulino, 1996), 12. 1996), Il bulino, etal. Milano (Modena: Ernesto Bini, , ed. Daniele 62 BiniconcludesthatRenaissance astrology , 58. 27. 27. 8. 68 60 thetargetwasnotastrol Still,hemight exaggerate insa notrational,grounds; the “swindling astrologers” ( astrologers” “swindling the
Astrologia: arte e cultura in età rinascimentale – Art and Culture in the 64 that astrological determinism humanists often attacked astrologyradically–butwhichkind believed in‘astrology’,andit ge: Boydell, 1987), Boydell, 57. ge: 1987), (Woodbrid Curry , ed.Patrick , Astrology, – orrathertothe necessity ofnaturallaws.” the politicsofthattime mustaccountto.” ogy asawhole.The“palace 66 to providethebasiccontextualframework formy 69 20 gy among thehumanists, th theproblem wasfreewillandhuman dignity. andBocaccioascribesthepossibleerrorsof Rerum senilium senilium Rerum eval Scienceand Philosophy: tical backgroundtobeingablepractise ec, Frenchandothers:astrologywascriticized 34.) 34.) targetedbyPetrarchandotherfourteenth- ying that,althoughtherewereabuses, was“omnipresent andtotal, soitis I, 6). The old counter-argument with the the with counter-argument old The 6). I, ended upbyreducingcultureto can evenbearguedthatour Towards aDefinition,”in e main representatives of truth”in 63 Petrarch’s Itwillbe 61
65 French This 67
CEU eTD Collection con la civilta,” lacivilta,” con hanno dei moti edelle congiunzioni dei pianeti.” Quoted by soltanto nella grandezza della vitaceleste,tantodifficile ad esplorare, e nellacognizioneimperfetta, chegli uomini astrologiam divinatricem libri 1-5 , ed. Eugenio Garin (Florence: Vallecchi, 1946), p. 44. servos, et in rebus paene agendas omnibus plane facit infortunatos. liberis etde inquietos, anxios, miseros, homines infamat, caelum mores, polluit aufert, prudentiam fovet, idolatriam 74 73 72 71 70 Afterall,it seems thatatleastnatural critical spiritsintheRenaissance;however,vari being free,itmakes themslavesa religion, generatesandreinforces in the basically thatofjudicialandna astrology isnotatruescience,asopposedto“speculative” Girolamo Savonarolaconcludesinhis which launchedthemost famous criticisms – and 1490stheenthusiasm inItalyforastrologygr because forhim“thetotalresumption of astrology doesnotcontrastwithliberty.” his criticismagainstastrology,andin Therewerepublicdebatesa who incorporatedastrologyintotheirownunique propensity forfatalism –andthesame seems tohavebeentrueforthefifteenthcentury. boldness ofastrologersandthefallibilitythei can observe that the criticisms were limited to certain characteristics of astro Development in Ficino’s Thought on Astrology Garin, Garin, Matteo Palmieri;200. and seeSoldati, Toscanelli Paolo between 1430, around Florence Forexample in “L’arteastrologicacontengain sèmolto …Philosophiam logers tothedifficultylogers of theirtask: Disputationes Astrology, Astrology, Rivista di filosofia scientifica filosofia di Rivista
omnem corrumpit, medicinam adulterat, religione adulterat, medicinam corrumpit, omnem 84-85. 68-73. For astrology in Ficino’s work, seeMelissa M. Bullard, “The Inward Zodiac: A (1495), sayingthatit“corruptsallsc
tural astrology;itistheformer nd unhappyinalmost alltheiractions.” superstitions, rendersonemisera di vero ed abbia una base sicura; see nd controversiesaboutastrology, 8 (1889): 379. . ” the endheremained loyaltothe TheRenaissance Quarterly Trattato contragliastrologi celestial life is“sodifficult toexplore.” astrology wasgenerallyacceptedevenbythemost again, primarily onmoral andChristiangrounds. 21 ous formsofjudicialas worldview. Ficinodid so, notholdingfirm to r methods, thestars’allegedtotaleffect, F. Gabotto, “L’astrologia nel Quattrocento in rapporto rapporto in Quattrocento nel “L’astrologia F. Gabotto, ew significantly; thiswasoneofthefactors G. Pico della Mirandola, m infirmat, superstitiones parit aut roborat, roborat, parit aut superstitiones m infirmat, ience, adulteratesmedicine, weakens which PicodellaMirandolaattacks 43, no. 4 (1990): 687-708. (1990): 4 no. 43,
astrology. ssa erratalvolta,lacausa è da cercare ble, anxious,unquietand,from 71 andtherewerehumanists trology wereoftenrefuted (1497) that“divinatory” 74 judicial
73 Corpus Hermeticum Hisoppositionis Disputationes adversus astrology–the 70 72 After all,one
In the1480s
CEU eTD Collection Italian poetrywillalsoshow thatjudicial astrolo mid-fifteenth centuryItalianhumanist poetrywhic approved, otherkindswereheldtobesuperstiti modern scholarshipareri this, thepractice of astrologers was criticized th by themasasuperstitio
us, fatalist, fallible disc ght, seenfrom theproperangle;some 22 e most. Thus, one cansaythatbothtendenciesof gy wasinquestion,not astrologyingeneral. on. Thenextchapterwillinvolve the contextof ipline, notworthyof thename science.Within h directlyconcernsthepoetryofJanus:this kindsofastrologyweregenerally
CEU eTD Collection Tradition], ed. László Jankovits and Gábor Kecskeméti (Pécs: Janus Pannonius Tudományegyetem, 1998), 26. 1998), Tudományegyetem, Pannonius Kecskeméti (Pécs:Janus and Gábor Jankovits ed. László Tradition], Janus Pannonius in Pannonius], ésa humanista irodalmi hagyomány Balassi,2002, 73. (Budapest: századi magyarországi m “ in BattistaGuarino], aCodex of in Pannonius Janus Guarino, theoldmaster’s sonand 80 79 78 77 76 75 Janus came tobeacquaintedwithManilius(andPtolemy? below) reinforces this interpretation of mathematica passage tothelastyearsspentatGuarino. mathematica it inthe lastpartof hise astrology didnotform partofthesyllabusasadi Guarino’sschoolplayedbyfarthemost im therefore onehastobeginthesearchfor a.) Education 1. AstrologyinJanus’Italian environment which is in turn part of outlined aclassification of sciences, mathematica Philosophiam traduxit traduxit animum Philosophiam rhetorum cognitione ad mathematicas disciplinas et physicae partes acomnium virtutum parentem moralem János, alapm filozófiai Pannonius “Janus Jankovits, László Janus, Huszti, ÁgnesSzalay,Mrs.Zsigmond Ritoók:“JanusPannonius Janus, Huszti, Iam Pannonia hoc tanto tamque mirando ingenio laetabatur et exultabat, cum ipse non contentus sola poetarum et Immensus,
and after antiquity, alsousedbyBattista Guar 148 21-22. 3. physica ű vel ő ducation intheframework ofrh Astrology inJanus’ Environment dés köréb philosophia naturalis. (AH-Ábel, 207). 207). (AH-Ábel, together with
ő heir, wrotealetterinApril1467 l [Studies Concerning the Culture of Fifteenth-sixteenth-century Hungary], Hungary], Fifteenth-sixteenth-century of Culture the Concerning [Studies Chapter II astrologia moralis philosophia, 78 Astronomy-astrology wasamongthemeaningsof ű sources ofhisastrologi veltségér 23 Nympha super ripam Danubii”. Tanulmányok aXV–XVI. 79 (astronomy-astrology) ispartofmathematica stinct discipline,butJanusseems tohavestudied
versei Battista Guarino egykódexében”versei Battista [The Poems of Evidence of Janus’astrologicalinterest (see portant roleinshap ő and l” [On the Basic Philosophical Education ofJanus Education theBasic Philosophical l” [On etorical-philosophical studies. 80 ino. Inoneofhislectures wherehe [Janus Pannonius and the Humanist Literary physica, ) alreadyatGuarino,setoutfrom the 77
and Huszti correctly relates this 76 stating thatJanusdealtwith and it is also probable that and itisalsoprobablethat cal ideashere.Astronomy-
ing Janus’worldview, 75 Battista , CEU eTD Collection Regiomontanus arrived in the 1460s). in 1453, Padua left (Peuerbach in Padua nor inFerrara neither met Janus them a although while, for there padane, corti nelle Nicolao mi Chrysoloram Manuelem imperitiam miseratus nostram deus etDominus moderator creator Mercurii de loquar fide Christiana verius immo ut dicerent, astrologi aut poetae Indiana Univesity, 1988), 45. Compare theideawiththeseword 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 alchemy, magic,chiromancy,andrelatedfields, as grandfather ofGirolamoSavonaro activity ofMicheleSavonarola, aspect wasintheforeground, scholarly attention.Medicinewasnotsimply anarsmechanica the celestial science, the as leading roleinthedevelopment ofastronomy; with thestrongestastrologicaltraditions. below). phenomenon intheRenaissance,alsobyJanus, survived intheplanets been inclinedtomix mythology andastrologyto playwiththethought found anyreferencestohisopinio relevant , ed. Patrizia Castelli (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 1991), 297. 1991), 297. La rinascita Editori, Marsilio del PatriziaCastelli(Venice: sapere,ed. French, Astrology, French, Békés, Vasoli, “L’astrologia,” 462. metà CesareVasoli,“L’astrologiaaFerraratrala Békés, Ian Thomson, Under , in fontes similium I fontes similium will alwaysmean the of new those ofepigramsedition (JP-Mayer). Galeotto, Galeotto, Galeotto, fon The UniversityofFerrarawasonethe Remigio Sabbadini tes similiumtes Humanist Pietas. The Panegyric of Janus Pannonius on Guarinus Veronensis 34. 75. ed. Paolo Rossi et al. (Bari: DeDonato, 1977), 471-4. Peuerbach and Regiomontanus also taught 33; Graziella Federici Vescovini, “L’astrologia all’Università di Ferrara nel Quattrocento,” in di Ferrara all’Università Quattrocento,” nel “L’astrologia Graziella Federici 33; Vescovini, which beartheirnames. 81 scuola e gli studi di Guarino Guarini Veronese :
La of theJanusepigrams trological orevenmagical
86 andthismedicine wasi the physicianofEsteprincesfrom1440to1464(and n onastrologyinhissurvivingworks,butheseems tohave la), exemplifies thecloseaffi 83 Under the patronage of the Este dynasty,itplayeda UnderthepatronageofEste delQuattrocento ela 84 24 82 morerelatedtomy topicistheotheraspectof . AsforGuarinoVeronesehimself, Ihavenot Meldingtheplanetsan forexample,inhisGuarinopanegyric(see sit ad nos… (Guarinus Veronensis suo dilecto filio filio suo dilecto Veronensis (Guarinus nos… sit ad canbeseeninhismostimportant work,the three universities(Fe s fromaletterbyGuarino: 85 usages,whichhadnolessprestigeor ndissolubly linkedtoastrology. metà del Cinquecento,’ inIlmetà del Rinascimento , nity ofmedicine, astrology, but itstheoretical,scientific (Catania: rrara, Padua,Bologna) d godswasafrequent that theClassicalgods F. Galati,1895 Mercurius interea, ut (Bloomington: ), 213.) 87 The
CEU eTD Collection Essays (Békés, attitude with philosophical Aristotle’s attitude natural physiological Galen’s of reconciliation was abasictextbookinPaduathefifteenthcentury. planets, theirconjunctionsandotheraspects, give counter-remedies. Incontrast totheGale humors, endangering theirequilibrium; thephysician explains how thecelestial lights and motions cha 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 permeated “allaspectsof culture.” Padua atthetime andwhoseworksrevealathoroughknowledgeofd’Abano. representative ofthed’Aba he must haveheardaboutthesemedical-ast The Galen andAvicenna;thefamous Pi relationship withandrespectforthephysician. Speculum philosophiae. Anumber of rulersinthefifteenth centuryhada predilection for thescienceof thestars, notably inItaly.InFerr b.) Patronage probable thatJanusonlybegantocare d’Abano: Békés, d’Abano, worksof the on drawing besides Galeotto, 1548) Stefano Caroti, Caroti, Stefano In his Békés, GraziellaFederici JP-Mayer,Ep. 288 Thorndike, Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et praecipue medicorum etpraecipue philosophorum differentiarum Conciliator Differentia X. , ed. Patrick Curry (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1987), 30. Boydell, 1987), (Woodbridge: Curry , ed. Patrick Padua wasfamous foritstraininginmedi De doctrina ( doctrina De Galeotto, Galeotto, History, Galeotto L’astrologia in Italia in Italia L’astrologia 34.
Vescovini IV, 182-214. 182-214. IV, of his Galeotti Martii Narniensis liber promiscua De Narniensis doctrina Martii Galeotti , 63-72. , 63-72. ara, astrologywascontin 88 Conciliator
, Janus knewSavonarola;oneofhisepigrams “Pietro d’Abano and Astrology,” inAstrology, Science and Astrology,” andSociety:Historical d’Abano “Pietro no-tradition, orthroughGaleotto,
(Rome: Newton Compton, 1983), 234. 1983), Compton, (Rome: Newton 94 The successive princes collected more andmore “celestial” etro d’Abanogaveitamore de 90 seriously aboutmedicine inHungary.
(c. 1300) andthedayofbirthpatient.The 25 nic concept, d’Abanot rological views,eitherthroughSavonarola,a uously supportedbytheEs
deals entirelywithastrological medicine. nge thefour qualitiesa often mentions his name explicitly. On Galeotto and On Galeotto name explicitly. his mentions often cine. Thisdiscipline has toidentifytheinfluenceofstarsand 92
Although Janusstudiedcanonlawthere, : the title refers to the author’s intent, the the intent, author’s the refersto : thetitle who wasstudyingmedicine in (Florence: Laurentius Torrentinus, Torrentinus, Laurentius (Florence: finite astrological coloring. ook into accountallthe nd thusthefourbodily originally basedupon 89 te rulers,thereforeit revealshis close 93 However,itis Galeotto, Galeotto, Conciliator 91 34). 34). He CEU eTD Collection filosofica del Rinascimento italiano italiano Rinascimento del filosofica involved aninterestin minutetechnical details (e.g.,decans) andelements ofthehoroscope.The Nevertheless, thefrescoesmay beseenrepresentating earlier astrologi 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 Janus could seethebeginningphasesofwork,becausehewaselsewhereattime. Borso orderedthepaintingoffrescosin1469-70, responsible forthisprogram, drewonthework which wasrevealed monument isundoubtedly the fresco Borso (1450-1471)andErcoleI(1471-1505) epigrams banquets organizedbyhim. involving Platonism especially belovedbythepoets,hadadeephuma harmonized with thecolorofplanet 1441). ThecoloroftheclothesinwhichLeonello(1441–1450) astronomer-astrologer of theUniversity ofFerrara, wasmade PrincipalunderNiccolò III(1393– famous isthe books intheirlibrary(worksbyPietrod’Aba 25. 563-591. 1999), Institute, Research Getty Angeles: Pagan Antiquity: Contributions to the Cultural History of the European Renaissance Ibid. Janus, Huszti, Onthe Ferrarese Platonismsee Eu Ibid. Vasoli, “L’astrologia,” 477. , “Csillaghit Kocziszky, Marco Bertozzi, “ItalianArtandInternationalAstr Aby Warburg, Vasoli, “L’astrologia,” 478. 202. 200, 201, Ep. JP-Mayer, , 118. 100 in theframework of astralmysticism. Therangeof interests of thenextprinces– 115. 115. Sphaera La tirannia degli astri. Gli affreschi astrologici di Palazzo Schifanoia Palazzo di Gli astrologici astri. affreschi degli tirannia La 97 ” and hewasthe“soul”of Ferrarese literary circle.
by Aby Warburg in1912. by Aby 61. 61. of De Predis). 99
(Florence: G.C. Sansoni, 1961), 402-31 402-31 1961), Sansoni, G.C. (Florence: AfterLeonello’s death,thepoet commemorated himinmore gino Garin, “Motivi della cultura ferrarese nel rinascimento,” in rinascimento,” nel ferrarese cultura della “Motivi Garin, gino seriesinPalazzo Schifanoia, thatruleddayoftheweek. 95 GiovanniBianchini,therenowned mathematician- ology inthePalazzoSchifanoia, Ferrara,” in – 26 also includedastrology. no, Bonincontri,Lunardi,andsoon;them s ofManilius,Abumasar, andPietrod’Abano. 102 103 nist interest in manyspiritual disciplines Pellegrino Prisciani, the mainperson soKocziszkyisnotcorrectinsayingthat
appeared inpublicreportedly theastrological program of 101 , ed.A. etal.(LosWarburg 96 (Bologna: Cappelli, 1985), 1985), Cappelli, (Bologna: Themost spectacular Leonello,theprince cal traditionswhich 98 Janusalsovisited The Renewal of La cultura cultura La ost 104
CEU eTD Collection Francesco Sforzaand his sons (Ludovic 317-8. 1975), Akadémiai, (Budapest: Kovács V. Sándor and Kardos, ed.Tibor Studies], Pannonius. [Janus Cambio – Perugia. –Perugia. Cambio cities, primarily Milan, poet must alsohaveknownabout him andlaterwroteaboutBartolomeo Manfredi, As itwillbeseenbelow,JanuscontactedLodovic 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 of thiskindwerecomposed onl in Florence(SanLorenzo)orPadua(IlSalone), (Janus wenttoFlorence twice). Lorenzo Medici,processions,buildings,andpoems those beliefsandstud collected andsentofftoMantuaasmany pr judicial astrology. world oftheFerraresecourt,whichwaspart milánói kapcsolatai” [The Unknown Milanese Connections of Janus Pannonius], in Pannonius], Janus of MilaneseConnections Unknown [The kapcsolatai” milánói the Rimini; Pazzi chapel –SantaRimini; Pazzi Croce,Florence;SaladeiP rinascimentale, Art and Culture in the Renaissance Milano, (Ernesto a battle Végh, “Egy reneszánsz felirat töredékei és a budai királyi palota csillagképei” királyi palota ésabudai felirat töredékei “Egy reneszánsz Végh, the planets in a fresco at Castello di San Giorgio, ordered by Federico II Gonzaga, refers to his birth date (András Inscription and the Star Depictions of theRoyal Palace ofBuda], iguing fifteenth-century frescoes: Tempio Malatestiano – frescoes:Tempio fifteenth-century Malatestiano someiguing of intr locations the enumerate HereIcan only Seznec, Békés, Milano, Janus knew atleastoneMilanese poem which frequently c Milano, HereImention just two items ofclear judicial astrology: in 1494 Marquis Francesco consulted ahoroscope before Sfortiada, The Mantuanrulershadasimilar predilection. Galeotto, Galeotto,
Survival, “The Success,” “The Success,” 32.mostThe Milaneserulers relevant a panegyric written about Francesco Sforza. Marianna D. Birnbaum, “Janus Pannonius ismeretlen ismeretlen Pannonius D. Birnbaum, Marianna “Janus Sforza. Francesco about written a panegyric 72. 76-81. ies invariousways.”
38. “The Success ofAstrology in Northern Italy,” in 107 whosepowerfulViscontiandSforza
y afterJanus’st 109 o il Moro, Galeazzo Maria,Ascanio). Ingeneral,Janusmay haveseen the significanceof . Ed. D. Bini et al [Modena: Il bulino, 1996], 108 ognostications andhoroscopesastheycouldfind.” Underthe famous Florentine leaders, Cosimo and ay inItaly. ontifici –theVatican;VillaFa 27 Janus’sFerrareseenvironm o II,whovisitedFerrar 110 Lodovico’s favoriteastrol sometimes containedas ites Sforza and the stars; in 1465 in a poem he praises in apoem praises he in 1465 stars; andthe ites Sforza forinstance,althoughmost ofthepaintings judicialastrologyin M from perspectivear this ű 105 vészettörténeti Értesít vészettörténeti 111 “TheAmbassadors oftheGonzagas
rulers“supporte astrological frescoes inItaly, Astrologia: arte e cultura in età in ecultura arte Astrologia:
Janus Pannonius. Tanulmányok Pannonius. Janus [Fragments of aRenaissance rnesina –Rome; Collegiodel a, wroteapanegyricon ő other NorthernItalian ent, wasimbued with e FilippoMariaVisconti, 59 no. 2 (2010): 219.) 219.) (2010): 2 no. 59 trological symbolism oger inaletter.The
38); the grouping of d andprotected
106
CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 113 112 ThoughJanuscouldonlyknow Basinio’spoem, basis forcomparison.Basinio seems famous poem ofthegenre,differsfrom allthe others in itspsychological interest. were composed inNaples,atthecourtofAlfonsoIId’Aragon.Pontano’s Urania in character; the in Rimini. Thepoem whichBasiniocomposed ther short while.HehadtoleaveFerr of the didactic astronomical-astrological poems in century. the secondhalfoffifteenth long astronomical poeticworksandotherkindsof aspect oftheItalianastrologicalcontext. The less modern scholarlyattention;however,from Ja books (onastronomy, medicine, philosophy)orhoroscopedocuments, andithasarousedmuch c.) prediction.” “According toPontano,astrologyis for example, aboutthegeneralcharacteristicsof amorem / Crede nec astrorum conditione datum. / Nam /Nam qu datum. conditione astrorum /Credenec amorem Rinascimento al classica dall'età e nell'arte letteratura nella See Soldati, Poesia 84; moreover, the following passagefrom Basinio: following the moreover, 84; Poesia SeeSoldati, Ibid. Georg Roellenbleck, “L’astrologia nella poesia del Pontano,” in Mauro DeNichilo, isSoldati, literature scholarly worksthe basic threefollowing the On Poetry Astronomicon,
Based onClassicalpatterns(Ara Astrology islessspectacularand (between 1469-75 115
De rebusnaturalibusetdivinis I poemi astrologicidi Giovanni Pontano: storia testo del Basinio daParma, wasaclassmate of 113 ) byGiovanniPontanoar
ara in1449andheendedupatthecourtofSigimundo Malatesta theknowledgeofman, notth skeptical aboutjudicialastrology, tus, Hyginus,Manilius),some detectable inpoetrythanthevisualarts,scientific 28 relevant poems fall intotwo generalcategories: aecunque agitis, quaecunque audetis amantes, / Cuiusque /Cuiusque amantes, audetis quaecunque agitis, aecunque (around 1470)byLorenzoBonincontriandthe nus’ pointofview,thiswasthemost important (Milan: Nuovi orizzonti, 1992), 192. 192. orizzonti, 1992), Nuovi (Milan: poems with shortastrologicalreferences. poems with someone bornunderthis e forhispatronin1455isratherastronomical e longer andmore astr allthreeworksprovideanimportant L'astrologia e la sua influenza nella filosofia, filosofia, nella influenza sua ela L'astrologia JanusatGuarino,althoughonlyfora Poesia. Nec tibi iamprimum fatoNec tibi credis quem (Bari: Dedalo libri libri 16. , (Bari:Dedalo 1975),
e practicalartofindividual humanistscomposed long, 116 whileBonincontriwas ological. Bothworks or thatstar(sign). Urania, 114 112 Hespeaks, Theauthor the most CEU eTD Collection indeed, Neoplatonism. poetic worldswhichmixed astronomy-astrol 121 120 119 118 117 ,1925) G.Chiantore (Turin: Ferri Ferruccio ex proprio provenit arbitrio. Borsias poetic “competition.” TitoVespasiano StrozziwasapupilofGuar poets; JanusandStrozzi,whowastenyearsolder,kneweachotherwell,oncetheyevenhada surroundings. see themain kindsofdifferentattitudestoward into thiscategory.Below, IwillciteNeo-Latin poe Thepoems which containastrol an evenmore important backgroundformy topic, the ageandhowtheywereexpressedinhigh-styleLatin. general theoreticalstandpointin planets aretheinstrumentsofGod; world viewandaspectsofastr in thepoems:Theyaretheoreticalworksdescri example, dellaMirandola. Pico a practicing G. Barbera, 1902) 1902) Barbera, G. and 1999) Teubner, Leipzig: divinis: zwei Lehrgedichte anLorenzo de' Medici und Ferdinand von Aragonien, Janus, Janus, Huszti, Roellenbleck, “L’a in explicitly appears idea This Soldati, Thorndike IV, 410 : The stars Poesia, Poesia, astrologer, 122-132. 122-132. 230. 230. strologia,” 191. 191. strologia,” 121 120 117 IsottaeusII. 4.35-38 ( Strozziinserts Urania Finally,thepoems provideinformati andPontanodefendedthetrue,qu De rebusII. 12ff. (Laurentius Bonincontrius Miniatensis: I., 924-947 ( I., 924-947 onomy, naturalandjudicialastrol 118 However,theproblem ofpracticalastrologydoesnotemerge the Renaissance.Theyalsopr 119
ogy onlyasasecondaryaspectorshortreferenceprovide from thispoint ofview,thepoems representthemost his opinionaboutthepracticeofastrologyinepic, Ioannis Ioviani Pontani Carmina Le poesie liriche di Basinio: Isottaeus, Cyric, Carmina varia 29 bing the cosmos inaccord ogy withChristianity, s astrologyinthepoetryofJanus’widerItalian ts andpassages only tothe extent required to sinceJanus’relevantworksthemselves fall ino andoneofthemost renownedFerrarese on some typicalastralideasof ackery-free astrologyagainst,for ogy arenotclearlyvisible.The ovide typicalex , ed. Benedetto Soldati. Florence: Soldati. , ed. Benedetto ed. Stephan Heilen. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Heilen. Stephan ed. Greek mythology, and, ance withtheChristian De rebus naturalibus et naturalibus De rebus amples ofthe , ed.
CEU eTD Collection Hebano, vir furibunde, venis! virfuribunde, Hebano, / Praedicunt lusus somniaque esse solet. / Oquantum dispar Ptholomaeo quamque Seleuco / Quisquis es, aut falso qui nomine gaudent / Seque velint vates astrologosque cani. / Hii quicquid rogites audent praedicere, quicquid 191-8. IV. III e Pio II: carme Crivelli,” un nuovo diLodrisio 125 124 123 122 with them thetrue representatives of the celestial science. condemns inhis attacked more strongly thepracticeofastr above) towardthesecretsofcelestialforces against theeffectofstars,and thisrelates thepassage totheattitudeofBoccaccio(seen However, ithastobenotedthatStrozzionlyspeaks confession: ItcannotbesaidStrozziinsertedthese between Strozzi’sandhispatron’sattitudethatmakes thepa remarkable, sinceastrologywashighly As Walther Ludwigcomments onthispassage,“thi Extorquere poloetcaelestiapanderecorda. Colligere atqueausisingentibus abdita fata futuros An liceatcaeliviresmotusque Cum dubitem,paucisstellarum exignibus omnes Ut rearomninoscrutantibusaetheranotos, Quos egononfacileadducor mortalibus ullis Multiplices hominumacrerumportenderecasus; saepeferuntur the literary translations followed the meaning closely enough (see below). enough meaningclosely the followed literarytranslations the background the aestheticconsiderations. meaning of the texts, therefore I have provided English raw translations of the Latin texts, pushing into the to fo order in literarytranslations; only orhave languages Iw that Latin poems fifteenth-century The Mytranslation. Borsias, Dispereant atra qui bile et mente gravantur / Et quorum cerebri pars bona laesa furit: /Nam genus est hominum hominum est genus /Nam furit: laesa bona pars cerebri Et quorum / gravantur et mente bile qui atra Dispereant Die Borsias des TitoStrozzi: einlateinisches Epos derRenaissance p. 277. Carmen adPium Secundum Carmen ad Pium secundum Pium ad In Carmen
I used other translations in two cases, two Classical poetical passages where respected intheFerraraofBorso.”
122 Studi umanistici
ologers, like theMilanese LodrisioCrivelli, who 30 the self-seekingofas . While Strozzihadam llow my analyses, the reader will have to understand the the understand to reader will have the myllow analyses, the innerheavens. the audacity hidden fatesfrom opening thesky, up stars,andwringfrom withhugea fewfiery motions andfuture energies celestial read allthe those inspectingtheethers.ForIdoubt one could convinced thatthesenot easily eventsareknownto various vicissitudesofthings andpeople; butIam believedto showinadvance…are often the
, 17-24. in , 17-24. s skepticism againstastr againstthe predictability of future events,not ill cite are either not translated at all into any modern atallinto any translated ill citeareeither not , 2 (1991)., 2 lines for the sake oftheEsteprinces. lines forthesake Paolo Garbini, “Poeti e astrologi traCallisto eastrologi “Poeti Garbini, Paolo , ed. Walther Ludwig (Munich: Fink 1977), 1977), Fink (Munich: Ludwig ed. Walther ,
125 ssage authenticasapersonal Thosewhobelieveforthe 123
trologers, andcontrasts 124 oderate opinion,others ological propheciesis Itisjustthe contrast CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 according to the the worksofNaldoNaldi,whos once turned toan astrologer. Other poemsbyCallimacoexpresssimilar thoughts; Etnihilinterrisastralaterepotest. Sideribus celoquepatentquicumquerecessus, Illicafatisinvenieretuis: Caucasei quamvis fugiaspostculmina montis attitude longperceivedbymodern scholars. (Filippo Buonaccorsi), whomight ha the context theseseem tobebased ontrue belief. astrology. The a number ofpoems whichrevealastar-beliefthat Francesco Filelfo, perhapsthemost seen above,therangeof theattacksdidnotreac example, seeGiannantonio Ca astro representative example: proveniunt, sed quod non vidit in astris, / Afficior multis nocte dieque malis dieque nocte /Afficior multis vidit astris, in non sed quod proveniunt, 1963]): Ossolinskich, 183-201. 154-6, 95-113, Illa placere deissideribusque puto. est non augure nobis: / Quodlibet inceptum dat mihi sidus idem. / Addeque, si placeant tibi nunc primordia nostra, / Ep. 29. (Philippi Callimachi epigrammatum libri duo, ed. C. F. Kumaniecki [Wroc C.F.Kumaniecki ed. duo, libri Callimachiepigrammatum (Philippi Ep. 29. carm. Carm13-14; app. 138-9. 1. 2. Paparelli, ( Carm 15-18. 3. SeeThorndike, Paparelli, Examples from the fourth book of Giovanni Mario Filelfo, Thorndike, Quid vitare cupis Saturni tempora, Phineu? / Esse negas nostris commoda principiis. /Non opus est stellis,opus /Non opus principiis. / commoda Esse nostris Phineu? negas tempora, Saturni cupis vitare Quid logers orfearconcretelogers heavenlypositions These arecriticisms againstjudicialastrology. Callimaco History, History, Amyris fontes similium. Astrologus fatis natum me dixit amicis / Et bona praemonuit multa futura mihi. / Non ea ea /Non mihi. futura multa praemonuit Et bona / amicis dixit me natum fatis Astrologus IV. 394. 394. IV. , 48. , 48. IV. 386. 386. IV. of GiovanniMarioFilelfo isinterwove Callimachi Experientis Carmina Callimachi Experientis 133 Campanino, Carm. 4. (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu, accessed 03.05.2012)
mpanino’s reprimanding epigram. However,Ihavefoundthemost The literaryactivity 131 e poetrycontainsseveralphrases skeptical poet inthisrespect. ve actively practiced astrology,
earth canhidefromtheconstellations. uncovered fortheheavensandstars,nothingon willfind is destiny there:allshelter Caucasus, your you Even if you shouldescapeoverthepeaksof 31 130 h naturalastrology;this couldalso betargeted:forarepresentative Hislines , ed. Francesco Sica [Naples: F.Conte, 1981]) has some or allthecharacteristicsofjudicial 128 Amyris, Amyris, 132 of theFlorentine,Nald Similarly tothe humanist debates,already Several poems byCallimaco Esperiente oneofhisepigrams howhe remembers ed. A. Manetti (Bologna: Patron, 1978): IV. Patron, 1978): (Bologna: ed. A. Manetti n withastrologicalideas,andfrom . ad GlaucumEnetum 126 judicial astrologicalpassages in 127
129 Ontheotherhand,thereare similar tothose of Janus reveal an explicit fatalistic was thecaseevenwith ł aw: Zaklad Narodowy im. im. Narodowy Zaklad aw: i, afriendofFicino, providea CEU eTD Collection
141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 astral fatalism ortheappreciationof thepractice in general. Onealsohas todifferentiate within astrology waswhatinquestion,witheither complex andtotaleffectorthe Destiny orProvidence,consulting the possibilitiesfordifferentviewpointsand What isimportant here inallthese examples isnotthepersonalattitude of thisorthat author –which could anyway change orwaver,evenwithinonepoem Venus, poems Naldispeaksaboutth conjunction, butthey haveanunfavorableaspect planetary positions which canbe readfrom thelines: Marsand Venusare(almost) in This passage,takenfrom hiselegy, Obstet niveterisstellamaligna dei. Cytherea, furenti, Nam iungipoterasMarti, Disiungens radiisastrapropinqua malis. Sed tua Saturnus subvertitvotamalignus Desine, namquetibimitior illa foret. Et quid Nalde,puellam agis? Caramreprehendere, technical astrologicaldetails. covered thesecondhalfoffifteenthcentury; 617. author first speaks aboutthe effect of “l’Astrologia,” 388). Seethe Italian tercets of the Ep. 181. Ep. 159, 3-4, 11-12. Ep. 183. Hastiludium( 96 Ibid life see Onthe Naldi of W. Leonard Elegiae ad Laurentium Medicen Medicen, libriIII. Laurentium ad Elegiarum . III.7; Ep.82, 25-26. ( 138 thevariouspossib Bucolica, Volaterrais, Hastiludium, Carmina varia, Epigrammaton liber, ilities withMercury, De excellentium virorum principibus I. 6, 1-3. 1-3. 6, I.
e harmfuleffectofMars thestars,then, with an abruptchan 135 Grant, “The Life of Naldo Naldi,” LifeofNaldo Grant, “The rejection ofthese;eachextreme
astrologers or mockingastrologers or astrolog Ad Albam, ed. László Juhász (Leipzig: Teubner, 1934), I. 10. 55-60. 55-60. 10. I. 1934), Teubner, (Leipzig: Juhász László ed. ed. A. Perosa, [Budapest: K. M. Egyetemi Nyomda, 1943]).
32 a positiveornegativeattitude, andnotastrology 139 the various characteristicsofjudicialastrology; 134 of astrologers seems toappearrarely,whilethe (opposition orquadrate)withSaturn. Inother god not stood in way. your maligned staroftheold the ragingMars,had to eachother.Foryou,Venus,couldhave joined thestarsclose withhisbadrays plan, separating kind to you. Butthemalign Saturn upset your more shewouldbe because dear girl,Naldus, And whatareyoudoing? Cease toreprimand the the greatrange among themain possibilities. andothercomplex situations. attributes thefailureoftheirloveaffairto heisthepoetwhomost willinglywentinto 136 andSaturn, ed. W.L.Grant [Florence:Olschki, 1974]). (1465) by Antonio(1465) by Cornazzano,wherethe ge, aboutChrist andProvidence (Gabotto, Studies in Philology may occur.However,judicial ers, thebeliefinstars’ 141 137 –butthattheyoutline thebenigneffectof 60, no. 4 (1963), 606- (1963), 4 no. 60, 140
CEU eTD Collection 143 142 of thetopic isstill missing from thescholarly literature. already beentouchedonbyvari Végh properlyputs itinhisr in contrast,scholarship“uptonowhas astrology atMatthias’courtwasleastassignificant culture oftheItaliancourtsmen InHungary,Janusspentmost ofhistime atMa astrology aroundtheHungariankinghastobeinvest 2. Judicial astrology atthecourt of Matthias Corvinus to seethisstandpointthroughouthis standpoint isexpectedtohaverangedbetweencl manifestations whereverhewent,sowasalmostforcedto of traditional scholastic naturalastrology.Janus political power.Evenincaseoftheuniversitie InJanus’Italianenvironment certain formsofjudicialastrol effects aremorefrequent. m http://members.iif.hu Matthias Corvinus” Birth], ed. Imre Lukinich, (Budapest: Franklin Társulat, 1940) 415-452 (Or: Mátyás király emlékkönyv születésének ötszázéves fordulójára in Court Matthias Corvinus], of the Mysticismin Alchemyand [Astrology, király udvarában” Mátyás misztika Mátyás-korabeli Magyaror not really a scholarly work. Summaries onastronomyin this period (for example Zoltán Nagy, “Asztronómia a ention ofcomplexention astralposi The only summary on astrology in the ofMatthia the court in astrology summaryon only The Végh, “Reneszánsz,” 218. , accessed 24.02.2012). Thisarticle szágon” [Astronomy in Hungary in the Time of Matthias Corvinus], Corvinus], Matthias Timeof the in Hungary [Astronomyin szágon”
ecent article.Though some aspectsofthiscourt astrology have ogy wererefutedorcriticized,but tioned above.Therelevantsurvivi tions andthelackofdifferen ous scholars,athoroughanalysis whole life,onehasfirsttoaddress theHungariancontext. astronomy-astrology wasaccepted as ascience;within this, undervalued theimportance ofthisissue,” s many ideas taughttherewentbeyondtheborders 33 , thoughinform ear naturalandclearjudi could haveheardastrologicalideasandtheir s is:LászlóSzathmáry, asztrológia, alkémia és “Az [Festschrift for the Five Hundredth Anniversary of igated inmore detailthantheastrological tthias Corvinus’Buda in themain centersof 143 ative, ative, InthissubchapterIwillprovide a tiation betweenbodilyandmental shape anopinion.Ingeneral,his ng sourcessuggestthatjudicial lacks any kind of references, so it is or evenasupe notbytherepresentativesof cial astrology.Inorder court, therefore,the astrologyinItaly; rficial overview 142 Világosság. asAndrás 17, CEU eTD Collection
Marzio: Academic, 1975), 255-264. Academic,255-264. 1975), esztergomi platojája” [The Esztergom ofJános Palace Vitéz], 149 148 147 146 145 144 astronomical developement pointing toward a modern perception of the world. on only focus same atthe time, astrologers and astronomers are who persons discussing though ), 775–781. (1976), do anythingwithoutconsulting thestars.” Vitéz was“sokeenonastrologythathealways in astronomyandastrology,thelattermost clearly several frescoes of astraltopics,th Manilius’ emended Várad, theninEsztergom,andhimself correspondence withseveralfamo may havecome firstofallfrom JánosVitéz (c was courteouslyturneddown. from thereplyletterbycouncilofRaguza Acquiringacourtastronomer orastrologer young king.HeinvitedJohannesGazulo,anastronome extent requiredtoprovide brief overviewofjudicialastrol Juhász [Leipzig:Teubner, 1934] [henceforth: The Library of János Vitéz], in to the seventeenth century. Vitéz, among them the (Nagy, “Asztronómia,” 778). Some ofPeuerbach’s astronomicaltreatises werecommissioned by and dedicated to period. fromthis every data involve to itisimportant astrology, this on ageneral picture to get in order reign, and his during changed seemhave not to does astrology towards attitude Matthias’ analysed: must be reign king’s also the (Budapest: OSZK, 2008), 88-100. 88-100. 2008), OSZK, (Budapest: … Forexample, agreatarch of the zo Ferenc Földesi, “Tudósok és könyvek társasága. Vit in instance from Martin university Król For with the Janus Huszti, Though Janus’ life overlapped only with the first half of Matthias’ reign, data on astrology in the second half of Astrologiaeque adeo deditus, ut Ephemerides secum gestitans nihil nisi consultis astris ageret. ageret. astris consultis nisi nihil secum gestitans Ephemerides ut deditus, adeo Astrologiaeque tis regis Mathiae ad ducem Iohannem eius filium liber, liber, filium eius ducem ad Iohannem Mathiae tis regis fac ac dictis iocose sapienter, Deegregie, Astronomicon. , 213. , 213. Tabulae Waradienses, one of the most frequently used astronomical handbooks in Europe up 147 a contextforJanus’relati Csillag a holló árnyékában árnyékában a Csillag holló
In hisEsztergom palacehehadanobservatory anda 145 ogy relatedtoMatthias Theking’sidea,andhisenthusia diac, individual figures of signs and planets. Mária Prokopp, “Vitéz János e remnants ofwhicharestillvisible. us astronomers ofthattime. De egregie 149
dated 24February1459,inwhichtheroyalrequest . 1408-72),whohadbeentheking’stutor,and éz János könyvtára” [The Company of Scholars and Books. Books. and Scholars of Company [The könyvtára” éz János ], ch. 30) 30) ], ch. 34 Cracow or Georg Peuerbach from the university in Vienna brought theephemerids withhimself anddidnot several ofhisbooks,amongthemanexemplar of on tojudicialastrology. wasamong firstmeasures the takenbythe [A Star in the Shadow Raven] of the Shadow [A Starinthe Janus Pannonius, Pannonius, Janus expressed inapassage r fromRaguza,tohiscourt:thisisknown Corvinus; Iwillgointo 146 sm ingeneral towardastrology Vitézhad agreatlibrary in ed. Tibor Kardos et al.(Budapest: 148 Hewasinterestedboth 144 of GaleottoMarzio:
detailonlytothe , ed. F.Földesi studio with ed. László László ed. (Galeotto (Galeotto
CEU eTD Collection eclipses of1463and1467. rivals withanotherPolishastr testimonies ofhisactivityinH stayedintheroyalcourtev Olkusza, 1433?–93) While Regiomontanus leftHungaryasearly 153 152 151 150 agenda. Forinstance,theappear astrology. Boththecometpredictionsandhor horoscopes, isonlyoneofthe ridiculed. Hungarian diet(!)of1468,infronttheki nativity ofthesonhispatron János Rozgonyi. of itappearedallthroughouthislife;inH time. Königsberg; 1436-76)isgenerallyheldtobe founded 1990), p. 94. 94. p. 1990), Centaurus Hungary,” Renaissance in Politics and Astrology Corvinus: Matthias of Court the at Bylica “Martin Hayton, primary Martin astrologer, whose court important among Regiomontanus’ Matthias, , to dedicated profectionumque works directionum wasthe Tabulae were commissioned by Vitéz, who allegedly kept such kind of books always with himself, asnoted above. Themost Regiomontanus Zinner, (Ernst tables the to produce rather university, Matthias Corvinus he arrived in Pozsony werelater usedbydata widely astronomers, astrologers, concept into the Copernican one; his calendar, ephemerids advised a special diet (Zinner, inBuda tothe king: advice astrological most detailed among the antique astrological handbooks (Zinner, Hayton, ”Bylica Hayton, MieczyslawMarkowski, activity astrological his tracesof Here referthose I just calendar the reform Julian in the waspioneering of Hisactivity and the transformation of the old Ptolemaic world 150 In 1467VitézinvitedRegiomontanus, Martin Theastrological aspect ofhisactivity is Universitas Istropolitana, 153 49[2007],[henceforth:“Bylica”] Thispublicdiscourse,whichalsoinvol [Osnabrück: Zeller,1968] 107.) which were necessary were which 107.) Zeller,1968] [Osnabrück: , ”
186. 186. Astronomica et astrologica Cracoviensia ante annum 1550 Leben, 152
ologer, JanStercze,whohadmade Bylicastronglycriticized ungary, hewasatypicalcourtastr 111) In 1468 he acquired an exemplar of Firmicus Maternus’ ance ofacomet on22September testimonies whichshowmost explicitly theking’s interest in he considered alunar eclipseas thecause ofthe king’s heart failure,and he in 1467,buthisprimarytask wasnottoteachastronomy the newlyfound at Bylica contributed to this work with his advice and emendations (Darin emendations and advice his with work this to Bylica contributed university ofPozsony.Regiomont
188). A piece of data attests to of dataattests 188). Apiece ungary, hewasconsultedbyVitézandMatthias. Leben und Wirken des Joh. Müller von Königsberg, genannt and mariners because of the reliability of these works. these works. of reliability ofthe and mariners because ng and several barons. Bylica won: Stercze was ng andseveralbarons.Bylicawon:Sterczewas 35 1471,thePole,MartinBylica(Marcinz one ofthemostrenownedastronomers ofhis and other works containing tables with exact astronomical less discussed inliterature, althoughtestimonies The lastphase ofthis oscopes ofBylicahadth that pertain to Matthias’ court. At the invitation of invitation court. At the Matthias’ to pertain that en after thedeath of Matthias. From the Leben, Bylica andotherastronomers tothenewly theinterpretation ved technicaldetail for computing planetary 113). 113). ologer ofhistime. Firsthewas divinationsbasedonthesolar 1468 (which Janusalsoreacted Regiomontanus’ medical-direct anus (JohannesMüllerof anus debate tookplaceinthe (Florence: L.S. Olschki, eir clearlydefinable Stercze gaveofthe positions; these tables tables these positions; s ofinterpreting Mathesis, 151 the the
CEU eTD Collection marriage with Beatricein1476. Besides thosementioned above,many otherastrologe 158 157 156 155 154 doctrina promiscua ideas canbefoundinallofhistreatises, integral partofhisworld in Hungaryseveraltimes inthe1460sand1470s.A generous patroninthepersonofMatthias,wholi wandering andlookingforopportunitiestomake best friendbothinItalyandHungary,studied Besidespatronsandtheirastrologers,othersaroundMatthi relative popularityofastr and, ontheotherhand,furtherstrengthenedBy have, onthe onehand,reassured theHungarianking events whichwerefavourabletoMa political adversaries of Matthias. The behaviour of thecomet,asinterpreted byBylica,predicted the conflictsofMatthiaswithGeorgePodebr to, asexplainedbelow)gave 1976) (henceforth: (henceforth: 1976) Hayton, “Bylica,”192-3). 319r–25r) 751/2, Cod. Mellicensis Stiftsbibliothek not because Leo isassociated lion isboththe heraldic animalofthe Czechkingdom and sometimes thedirect motus sequetur in locis signo leonis suiectis that the cometwould “be followed by earthquakes in places ruled by the sign of the Lion” ( others,the on other hand forcountries whoserepresentativ of 17 January 1472 was of a similar nature ( nature asimilar of was 1472 January 17 of Békés, Békés, Seeforinstance AntonioBonfini, Ibid., 189-192. and PaulII andPope III, Frederick Podjebrady, George for the one hand on harmful was 1468 comet of The Judicium decome Galeotto, Galeotto, Decades 13-20. ta que apparavitAnnoDomini Mcccc 68 ; these ideastogether outlinea worldconceptinwhich astral determinism isa ), IV.7. 87. with Matthias,asHaytons ological ideasattheco concept. Asrevealed byEnik Bylica theopportun
Rerum Ungaricarum decades 157
) must) relatetoBohemia, thetarget tthias andunfavourabletohisrivals. 158 Judicium decomete qui apparavit Anno Domini Mcccclxxij inthegreatest proportion inhis last, main work,De 36 uggests (Hayton, „Bylica,” lica’s positionasthepr ady, theUtraquistking ity towritea FerraraandPadua,thenconductedalifefullof urt. GaleottoMarzio ked hishappy,funnycharac es were the persons themselv use ofhishumanistic knowledge.Hefounda , Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm. 9024, 107r–13v. Clm.107r–13v. 9024, Staatsbibliothek , Bayerische belief inthepowerofth in his military enterprise against Podebrady, rs visitedthecourt,mainly aftertheking’s , ed.László Juhász etal.(Leipzig:Teubner, 1936- ő Békés’recentdissertation,astrological iudicium astrological symbol of Bohemia, and ofMatthias’campaign, becausethe as alsocontributedtothe (c. 1424–c.1495),Janus’ 191). His iudicium 154 imary royalastrologer.
of Bohemia, andother of Bohemia, (prediction) concerning 155 es. His repeated statement e starsconstitutedan cometem nostrum... terre terre nostrum... cometem The ter; Galeottostayed iudicium on the comet must must 156 ,
CEU eTD Collection 1469. Jo.Ar.Strg.” to anautographnoteofVitéz who emended theexemplar ofManilius’ knowledge ofastrologyandancientastrological certainly atleastmentioned andspread suchid predilection forastrologyandhisloquaciouscharacterbothinscholarlyworksreality,he There isnodataonGaleotto’sastrological practice inthecourt,however,withrespect tohis 163 162 161 160 159 Astronomicon demonstrated byscholarstohavebelongedthe lesser extent –medieval astrological works.Uptonowseveralofsuchcodiceshavebeen astronomy/astrology iswellattestedbythequantityof Astrologyseems tohavebeenadisciplinepract figures intheenvironment ofMatthias.What a quotation from Manilius’ on thereverseofGaleotto’smedal finis characteristics ofthesoulgivenbystars;name ofAristo-teles the astralspheres: eventhename ofanewb consistent elem Hercules on the Medal of Galeotto] (Budapest: Akadémiai,1955) determined every aspect of life. ofmelancholyand – therelation for example,on he dwells Ms.: Vat. Palat. Lat. 1711. Ms.:Vat.Palat.Lat. 1711. Ga by ofManilius reception the On See Péter Meller, advice pertains primarilphysician,astrological a his Since he wasas educated primarily Galeotti Martii Narniensis Liber de doctrina Liber promiscua de doctrina Martii Narniensis Galeotti (“best end”),because heistheonewholeadsustouttermost happiness... , Ptolemy’s ent. Mercurius és Hercules talá 159 163 Thefirstchapter of
Astronomicon Quadripartitum,
as archbishopofEsztergom: “ leotto: Békés, Galeotto, 86-93. 86-93. Galeotto, Békés, leotto: 161 –Nascentesmorimurfinisqueaboriginependet (IV. 16), summarizes hisastral determinism succintly. Astronomicon lkozása Galeotto emlékérmén [The Galeotto Meetinglkozása of Mercurius with De doctrinaprovidesagoodexampleofthepower Pseudo-Ptolemy’s Centiloquium bout thekinghimself? Theking’spredilectionfor 37 (Florence: L. Torrentinus, 1548), 12. 12. 1548), L. Torrentinus, (Florence: orn isdetermined byfateandrelatestothe the planet Saturn. In fact,in works wasappreciatedat eas whereverhewent. Itisknownthathis iced oratleastappreciated byvariouskey with theassistance ofGaleotto,according Corvinae Bibliotheca Corviniana legi etemendavicumMgroGaleotto containingClassicalor–toa Galeotto’s opinion the stars the opinion Galeotto’s is interpreted as y tothe field of medicine leastbyJánosVitéz, 160 , Albohali’sDe Theinscription : Manilius’ optimus , a 162
CEU eTD Collection importantly, inthreedifferent rooms in(oradjacent to 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 and thepositionsof theplanetscouldbeproperly Cracow). happened, withfigurativec horoscopes, paintings, whichlookeddownfrom thehemis – previous scholarship; recently investigated the context of these pictures ofthestarrysky atagivenmoment, eachaccompanied byadistich. contemporary astronomerscouldalsobef iudic et la genèse de l’état moderne, ,in en 1467” Pozsony de l’Université de lafoundation de l’horoscope Torquato etc. could alsobefoundthere (Jean-Patrice Theonis contra Trapezuntium Defensio Detorqueto, 1475–1506, ab anno astronomicae Ephemerides armillaris, De usu astrolabii Almagesti, in the East and in the West, the in the East and in II. Vladislaus of coronation to the distichreferred third The one). this theto wassimilar of sky sight bright the nation, sceptra Boemae suscepit RexMatthias Cum 1469: in Bohemia of asking Matthias of election the to pertained distich second The time in that Matthiaswas when King born). directions in both shone ski[es] what (Look, fuit utroq(ue) qualis coelis dis the of One travellers. several described asthe king’slibrary.” (Végh, ”Reneszánsz,” 216.) Végh, 222. On the globe of Bylica: Zofia Ameisenowa, Painted horoscopes were mentioned for example by Szathmáry; Bollók, Végh, “Reneszánsz.” The paintings have not survived, but testimony to their According toVégh, “only the place of the At least these works of Regiomontanus: Csaba Csapodi – Klára Csapodiné Gárdonyi: celum universumsuspicere licet iis nativitatum 170 They might havefunctionedashoroscopes, 169 / butimages oftheskyatmoment whentheeventmentioned inthe epigram Gentis, erat similis lucida forma poli poli forma eratsimilislucida Gentis, , some Greek manuscriptson 168 trans. Andrzej twoofhisconclusionsareimportant ; furthermore, works by Peuerbach, Bylica, Johannes Angeli, Johannes Tolhopff, ed. Jean-François Maillard et al. [Budapest, OSZK, 2009], 208). 208). OSZK,2009], etal.[Budapest, Maillard ed. Jean-François tichs referred to Matthias’ toMatthias’ birth: tichs referred onstellations, probablysimilar tothos
Potocki (Wroc Potocki – probablydonotrelatetoa Tabulae directionum, Tabula primi mobilis, its commentary, Epitome Epitome commentary, its mobilis, primi Tabula directionum, Tabulae Cum rex... Bibliotheca Corviniana Bibliotheca ound there,mainly worksbyRegiomontanus. paintings, clearingupmany misunderstandings in Boudet – Darin Hayton, “Matthias Corvin, János Vitéz et 38 ł (When King Matthias gained kingship over the Bohemian Bohemian the over kingship gained Matthias (When King aw: Polska Akademia Nauk., 1959). AkademiaNauk., aw: Polska astrologicalinstruments. The Globe of Martin Bylica of Olkusz and Celestial Maps Maps Celestial and Olkusz of Bylica Martin of Globe The existence andthe epigrams themselves were recorded by phere-shaped vaultedcei inscription can be safely identified as the vaulted place place asthe vaulted canbesafelyidentified inscription seen, buttheyfulfilled primary arepresentative Aspice Matthiae micuit quo tempore regis / Natalis /Natalis regis tempore quo micuit Aspice Matthiae asfartheconfinesofhouses,signs 166 Matthias Corvin, les bibliothèques princières princières lesbibliothèques Corvin, Matthias (Budapest: Helikon, 1990), ) thelibraryonecouldseepainted here. TherelevantwordsofBonfini Asztrális, e ofBylica’sglobe(nowkeptin ny observatory,buttothese 54. 54. 164 ling. Theywerenot 167 Naturally,worksof AndrásVéghhas passim 165 . More CEU eTD Collection next chapter (III. 3. a). 175 174 173 172 171 time. most important ormost emphasized elements ofth references donotnecessarilymean thatCortesi nativity where Mars ruled theimpo Mars isrepresentedasaplanetinfavorableposi Matthias’ nativity. Mars asthegod (orplanet) of Aegoceros isthegeneralpoeticalexpressionforth Prospicit, etquanto rutilusIovefulgurataether! Qualibus aegocerosradiis,quelumine Mavors Quanta tibi placidi favetindulgentia coeli! the fifteenth century Some foreignhumanist poetsindeedcelebrate stars (asitoccuredwithotherEuropean–mainly Italian–patrons happened inaccordance with f planetary positions foundintheMatthias’ nativity: is at least one poem, the Jen dics királyt Mátyás íróknak spectantia decus lucem teveniente, in /Addidit, astris Matthias –than thatofthe members ofancient ro unction (just asthelibraryitself): theysugges On Matthias’ nativity and the association of Mars theassociation and Matthias’ nativity On A.Cortesi: Forexample TitoStrozzi’s epigram proMatthia rege Ongariae Forexample, Janus himself wrotepoems withthismotif was more as case humble– in origin of whose those in Italy by fashion came to representation of This kind ő Ábel (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1890) p. 1890) Akadémiai, Ábel (Budapest: , ed. , ed. Jen Laudes Bellicae Matthiae Corvini Hungariae regis, regis, Hungariae Corvini Matthiae Bellicae Laudes ő Ábel,István Hegedű 172 ). Besidesthepoems withonlysuperficial astrological references, ő ítő m Laudes bellicae thewillofheavens. ű
vei [Fifteenth-century Italian Literary Works Praising Matthias Corvinus], ed. ed. Corvinus], Matthias Praising [Fifteenth-century Literary Works Italian s [Budapest: HornyánszkyViktor, 1903][henceforth: AN-Ábel],p.191) 307. (henceforth: Olaszországi-Ábel) rtant tenthhouse(theof . ( yal dinasties. See Végh, “Reneszánsz,” “Reneszánsz,” 220. SeeVégh, yal dinasties. Analecta nova ad historiam renascentium in Hungaria litterarum litterarum in Hungaria renascentium historiam ad nova Analecta with the king, seethe ne king, with the 174 by AlessandroCortesi,whic
39 knew theking’snativityitself;information onthe glowing ether shinesforth with Jupiter! light Marslooksatyou, the andhowbrilliantly Withsky! whatthe rays Capricorn,withwhata How favoredyouarebythegraceofserene 171 tion athisbirth,sothismay relatetotheking’s ted thatthebirth ortheelection of Matthias , for Lodovico Gonzaga and warwasoften associated withMatthias; here e nativitymay widelyavailablethat havebeen
e Capricorn,thesignof d thebirthof Matthias , v. 3-4: Laeta novum mundonaturafaventibus ll. 198-200, in in ll. 198-200, xt chapter (III. 3. b). 3. b). (III. chapter xt aswellinthesecondhalfof mores, Olaszországi XV. századbeli h directlyrefers tothe Francesco Barbaro:see the character). asfavoredbythe theAscendantin 175 173 These there CEU eTD Collection virtutis genere te esse praeditum nemo ignoret. nemo genere teessepraeditum virtutis disciplinas profitebantur, frequenter errant. omnino calleret, unde et apud eum theologi, philosophi, medici, poetae et oratores et astrologi et qui omnes Eustachius, 181 180 179 178 177 176 Tunc ubiMercuriusconiungiturordine pulchro Sedibus etquicquid Virgo sibi poscithonoris, Hunc didicisseiuvat;Leoquidsibi quaerat inaltis Mente quidem celsaquamsitdomusampla deorum purpose behindtheastronomical studiesofMatthias: worth quotingalongerpassagebytheFlorentine Naldo Naldi,whichshowsanastrological favorable hourstochoose, predicts withfullveracityeithertherainy or rex etastrologus,andclaiming thathe“reachedsuchape dedicates awholeparagraphto Frederick III’s. astrologers” astheking’sonlyweakness,th he compares Matthias and FrederickIIIandconsid predilection ofthekingcanbe more detailedreferencesstresstheastrologica not revealwhatkindofknowledgeorinterestMa the courtorfrom abroad.Inmost –asinthecaseof cases Ransovius, hominum genituras summa cum veritate praevideat. – Hayton, about Matthiasasan“astrologer eteffectionibus de stellarum motibus multa studiose etiam didicit Corvinus... propagator et admirator omnium doctrinarum fuit et delectatus est maxime historiarum cognitione, He wrote in his Simon dePhares in his “Collection of mostfamous astrologers” (Le Recueil desplus celebres astrologues) speaks HeinrichRansovius, the sixteenth-century Danish astronomer wrotein Decades De egregie, ch. 10: Eo autem perfectionis devenit, ut et pluvias et serenitatem et annonae conditionem horasque electiores et The king’sknowledgeaboutthestarsisoften Matthias, 205. Matthias, IV. 4. 112.: 4.112.: IV. 178 Galeotto’s 180 iudicium Galeotto’s attitude wasnaturally different: inhis Par utrique religio, par quoque superstitio as Tenebat praeterea astrologiam et in operibus Apulei Platonici ita detritus, ut eius dogma for Matthias for the year 1486: year1486: the for Matthias for De egregie... ruler”: “Mathias,roy de Hongrie, fut aussi and thegenituresofmen.”
detectedallthroughoutthe the king’senthusiasm andexpert (AN-Ábel, p. 104.) 104.) p. (AN-Ábel, 179
– thestatements are so shor (Olaszországi-Ábel, p. 255.) 255.) p. (Olaszországi-Ábel, the goodweather,the condition ofthe crops, the 40 e onlycharacteristic he l aspect.Bonfini’sskepticism sucha about tthias hadconcerningthestars.However, Huiusmodi sciantiae sciantiae Huiusmodi position, and whathonor theVirginasksfor; is; whathonortheLionclaims inhishigh the spheres,howrich gods’ house [the sky] It delightedhim mindwith his tostudy, highin ers this“vain superstitionofastronomers and 181 (Cited by Végh, “Reneszánsz,” 228, note 62). 62). 228, note “Reneszánsz,” by Végh, (Cited mentioned in textsoriginatingeitherfrom From among thepoeticalreferencesitis tronomorum, mathematic Decades, mostly inthepassage where rfection” in thisdiscipline “thathe souverain astrologien...” Cited byBoudet ise inastrology,praisinghim as Catalogus imperatorum...: Matthias Matthias imperatorum...: Catalogus [astronomiae] t andgeneral that theydo De incognitisvulgo 176 hadincommonwith Simon de Phares, arumque vanitatum... te oblectari et omni 177 he
CEU eTD Collection 183 182 but hehad topostponetheseplan Matthias, staying inBuda1489,wantedtoc power toimpedehim inmany of true, Matthiaswas– atleast in best expression todescribe Matthias’ attitudetoward thestars. If the storiesquoted beloware astrologer, tendedtotaketheunfavorableplanet Hungarian kingandhiscourt.Pr complement each otherandpoint toward thesame, narrative andhoroscopesourcescannowtobe If allthese words of flattery andpoetry we interest, onewouldnotneedto postpone hisplannedactionsifthe in addition,heexplainssome oftheconseq The versified Sic tenet,utnihilhuncpossit latuisse,quod inmenterepostum Corvinus sapiensexcelsa Mars, dumbellagerit, ministr saevusetarma Ipse malitribuatn Afferat ipseboni;quidetadversariusidem Laetitiae, quid lunafrequens,quidsolet amicus dearum Quid feratalmaVenus,pulcherrimasola Saturnoque gravilevisilleIovique benigno cited by Huszti, “Asztrológiai,” 43. 1) by 43. note cited Huszti, “Asztrológiai,” stellis. contendere valeat superis ut adeo, est/Usque magna potentia terrena enim neque /Dispereunt; curant, cognoscere coelimotus nec Omnia, saeva minantur / Astra, pedem retrahis melioraque tempora semper / Exspectas. Sed qui confisi viribus audent / sitibi nam succedunt: /Omnia cursu prospera tibi facili Ideo rebus / Observas. sidera coelestia cunctis in Praeterit: Serenissimum,, Naldo Naldi: ...Nec rectius alter/Depictinitidasedes metitur Olympi ll. 105–118., in Olaszországi-Ábel, p. 273. 273. p. in Olaszországi-Ábel, ll. 105–118., Oratio De Laudibus Augustae Bibliothecae libri quatuor ad Matthiam Corvinum Pannoniae Regem Regem Pannoniae Corvinum ad libri quatuor Matthiam Bibliothecae Augustae Laudibus De obis; quid tristeminetur of Thebaldius alsoeulogizes Oratio ad Matthiam invictissimum Pannoniae regem invictissimum Matthiam Pannoniae ad Oratio Thebaldius: (A. some periodsof onthestars,which hislife–dependent hadthe s continuouslybecauseof ose narrativesourcesreinforce th his activities,andevenmakehim fearful. Bonfini reportsthat, take them tooseriously;butot stars threatenedwithbadfortune.
instat 182 at, onvoke thedietandmake piecewithFrederickIII,
41 uences forhisbehaviour:hecouldcanceland ary positionsseriously.“Enthusiasm”isnotthe theMatthi future couldremain hiddenbeforehim... sothatnothingin the near the wiseCorvinus arms; allthiswasstoredintheexcellentmind of takesup andfiercely makes war with, whenhe baleful Marsthreatens inimical whatthe planet; planet,andwhatbadasan us asafriendly hastening Moon; whatgood theSun brings unto goddess ofhappiness, only Jupiter; what[fortune] thebeautiful Venus, the Saturnandthebenign fashion withtheheavy when thelig re theonlyevidenceofMatthias’astrological /AnnuanonPhoebi, non te viamenstrua Lunae/ discussedbelow.Allthesesourceswill so farquiteneglected, his illness.WhenatChristmas “hegot as expertise inastrological matters, ht Mercury conjoins in anorderly at Matthias,cautionedbyan her, historicallym 183
brings, and what the characteristic ofthe ore valid , ll. 88-98; , ll.88-98;
CEU eTD Collection GunhildRoth [Muenster: Waxmann, 2003], p.761.) hetten wellen einlossen, hette vor der stat m czihen. Aws disem leger entstunt vil rede bis in Merhern, bis in Vngernn, Osterreich, wie die Bresler Mathias nicht vffnome vnd hatte do einen frő aws dem santen vorwunderten sich ratemitwein, vnd fi den er bey willen sternsehers eyns mittagis vnd hette denselben tage wol zu Breslow mogen einkomen vff die vesperczeit, das er nicht tun wolde vmb contendit. Viennam mortis periculo, 187 186 185 184 year; iudicium two relative significanceofastrologyanaspectthecourtly the number ofsuchdocuments fromotherEur theoretical treatisesandhandbooks.Thesheerquanti cases whichcontaintechnicaldataandsometimes docum astrology couldfunctionasamagical Breslau (today Wroc Vienna as even worsehoroscopes,whichhewasdependent ÖNB, cod. 8849. A.Torquato (or Arquato): “Mathias... quome am donirstag vor Trinitatis [25May 14 Eustachii Candidi Bononiensis canonici Regularis Judicium. Decades iudicia 187 sent him himself andwhodidnot allow him toenteronth dinner-time,[but] hedenieddoing this, for thesake of anastrologer [ of Trinity[25day May 1469],noon, andhe before Matthias... arrivedinthe village ofGrebilwitznext he hadtostay infront ofthe city.” howtheBresl andAustria,narrating Moravia, Hungary in early themorning.would enterthecity Thiscamping gaveopportunity to toarisein greatrumors day with hisnobles,andall thiswithpleasure,spentthereahappy that he saidtothe Breslauers ents themselves havetobeinvesti In ordertoclarifywhatkindofastrologyth another IV. 8. 175:... for theyear1486toMatthias, if threatened bydeath.” of Bylicamentioned above,theBologneseEustachiusCandidus some wine,fishandbeerfrom some thecouncilin iudicium ł captato deteriore horoscopo, cui nimis erat obnoxius, praemissis curribus utpote cuitato aw), afunnystoryhasbeenpreserve Prognosticum de Europae eversione, ab anno 1480 usque ad annum 1538. 1538. annum ad usque 1480 anno ab eversione, deEuropae Prognosticum lichen tage mit seinen herren vnd sagte sagte den herrenvnd tage mitseinen lichen – made forMatthias’fifteenthbi
jm hatte der jmjm der is hatte 184 IntheGerman chronicle ofPeterEschenloer, town clerkof
185 belief compared tocommonsense. ű ssen bleiben.” (PeterEschenloer,
gated. Testimonies 186 Torquato sent him a hima sent Torquato 42 denselben donirstag nicht wolt gestatten. Die ratmanne Die ratmanne gestatten. wolt nicht donirstag denselben opean courtsofthesame period,suggeststhe sche, bire zu seinen gnaden erende, erallisfr erende, das zu gnaden bire seinen sche, upon, hesentthecartsforwardandhastenedto e courtpursued,thecontemporary astrological at Thecouncillors Thursday. interpretations – are more tellingthan the 69] bey die statBreslowin das dorff Grebilwicz vor to the city to of Breslauthe city ontheThursday before the In: AN-Ábel, p. 104. ty ofsurvivingdocuments, ascompared to could have entered Breslau on the same day atcould haveenteredBreslauonthe sameday orderto pay homage tohim, andherecieved auers did not want to let Matthias in, so that auers didnotwanttoletMatthiasin,
culture aroundMatth of rthday byanunknownastrologer– d whichillustratesto whatextent practice Breslernn, frw vff mittag in statzu die Geschichte der Stadt Breslau Prognosticum Ste –documentsofconcrete rnseher were surprisedand sentMatthiasa ]whom hehadby ias. Besidesthe for the same for the Vienna, ő , ed. lich CEU eTD Collection 16 codex. have interpretionsarethosefor addition, ithasthehoroscopeof 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 Among thesesources,onecanfinddocum it wasmost probablyBylicawhocast the lastpageofa the same date, andthehoroscopeofhiscrowni Vatican codexonceownedbyChristine,queenofSweden. Furthermore, agroupofhoroscopesrelatedtoMa the birthofBeatrice,JánosCorv (a “truer” – his ceremonial sword-cut,thelaunchingofwarag codex survives “Corvinian” astrology.Onegroupofthesedocumen astrology, buttheimportance ofcatarchicastrol Casting andinterpretingnativitieshasalways horoscopja Krakkóban” [János Corvin’s two horoscopes in Cracow], in Cracow], two horoscopes Corvin’s [János Krakkóban” horoscopja compiler’s slipofthe of the pen. simply result be the in themodern dating system,and 29March is theaccepteddate ofMatthias’ crowning. The 18March version might 8 hours meansMarch hours” 29 20 since “28March one, valid historically the be seems to latter the and Cracowian, [Horoscopes of Hungarian Kings in a Vatican codex], Astrologicalforecast for the near future. Hayton,“Bylica,”193. Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 2858; the two horoscopes were described by János Csontos, “Corvin János két 28 the for March in the March stands in Vaticancodex dateonly 18 one is number long different: the Within kódexben” vatikáni egy horoszkójai királyok “Magyar JózsefHuszti: by analyzed Vat. lat. 1208; Cod. Gra tth Figura coeli hora institutionis Universitatis Histropolitanae, Histropolitanae, Universitatis institutionis coeli hora Figura , BibliothekaNatitivates Jagiellonska, cod. 3225. centuries) (Wroc ź 189 ń Rosi yna 192 in acodex oftheCracovian Jagiellonian Library. containsaseriesofhorosc Thehoroscopefortheopeningof verior ska:
ł Corvina –version,with afewinterpretative sent aw, 1984), no. 190. Scientific Writings and Astrological Tables in Cracow: a Census of Manuscript Sources (15 Sources Manuscript of Census a Cracow: in Tables Astrological and Writings Scientific , anexemplar ofPtolemy’s
hiselectionasHungarianking János Corvin’s birth and twelfth birthdayinathirdCracovian andtwelfth birth János Corvin’s opes: forMatthias’birth,his (andinterpreted)thehoroscopes. Universitas Istropolitana Magyar Könyvszemle 35 (1928), 1-10. in, thearrivalof 43 ng askingofHungary,foradifferentdate; been thebasicandmo ogy seems tohavebeenaspecifictraitof ents ofbothnatalandcatarchic tthias forms partofa ÖNB, cod. lat. 24, 212r. ÖNB, lat.24, cod. 212r. ts relatestoMatthiasbecoming aking:the ainst FrederickIII,thebirthof III Almagest Magyar Könyvszemle 382-7. 1880, ences), the coronation ofFredrickIII, 190 188 in1458.The onlyhoroscopesthat ItalsohasMatthias’ nativity, for . 193 Anotherimportant Cracowian Exceptfor thislast document, crowning askingofHungary, Hungarians inPannonia(!). (5 June1467)wasaddedto 194
st popularbranchof larger collectionina 195 astrology. 191 in th - CEU eTD Collection start acampaign, asiegeorbattle. Another application ofcatarchi it isdifficulttofindareallygooddateandatthe 199 198 197 196 applied atthe court,but onlyslig calculations andareusuallybased the sources.Allkindsofperson-related around fortunate. interpretation yields interestingresults: theho they donot haveanyinterpretation, theapplica that theseareelectionalhorosc happen, andthathiscourtastrologershadasay predilection, itishighlyprobablethathedid as Czechkingwas“illustrated”in thepainti m sextil-trine triangle, thetrine being be the European parallels formilitary forecas in analysis, taking athorough aspects: (IV. 8.79).Themilitarysuccessful siege astrological aspect iseven mo of Viennain1485 (IV. 6.254),siegea of Vienna NewTownin1488 (IV.and 8. 1),marching into that city afterthe stars from fo the before setting out Buda consulted Matthias ( horoscope” the consulting without anything “As for starting anew campaign, it is dubious whether he wascautious oraud times. th several On Matthias records this of Bonfini habit yield planetary which seconds and minutes recorded onthe level of minutes and seconds when the ch ( and the (for kings most important) sun are in exaltation. fortuna maior, maior, fortuna omen aracter etc.). These relations would for be relationswould aracter etc.).These On chronocrator-astrology, see the next chapter (III.3.b) Although only onerelevant document has survived (the horoscope for beginning the war against Frederick III), Rectification:thespecification of the Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225. There (Matthias’ Saturn isbirthruler), Jupiter acloseof triple conjunction ts ofhiselection,crowni the realdateofevent, this wouldha 196 Thoughitisalsopossibleth in the Fish the in , in dominion!) and Venus (fortuna minor
tween Moon and Mercury. Though the m opes seems tobereinforcedby c astrologywasthemilitary usage: to account therefere to account ng, andsword-cutarerecordedin ht tracesofthemhavesurvived. ting, might yieldinteresting results. on horoscopes;other,simpleras exact 198 positions asf positions , but in addition the conjunction is the summit of asextil- summit isthe of conjunction the addition in , but enough tunate Therearenotraces Decades date of an event by the astrologers. For example, it is usually not not usually For itis example, astrologers. the by event an of date at astrologerssubsequent IV. 8. 276). On the other hand he mentions concrete cases: roscope ofMatthias’cor 44 avourable as possible. aspossible. avourable not leaveittochancewhentheseeventsshould in thematter ofchoosingthedate.Thehypothesis ng ofthe CorvinianLibrary.Giventheking’s ve beenan extreme kindofrectification, e one hand,thee historian formulateshisit generalas habit: nces to astrology, the known dates of military events and and events military the known dates of to astrology, nces same time remain closetochronologicalreality. event happened, but the astrologers tend to look for the tolook for tend astrologers the but happened, event tion ofthebasicandwide astrology discussedsofarrequiredetailed r the campaign in 1477 (IV. 5. 1), then before the siege siege the (IV. 1), then before in1477 5. campaign r the ofhorary(interro ). All this in the tenth house (house of honor, honor, of (house house tenth the ). in All this re ignored by scholarship than the previous 199 the chartsthemselves. Although oon and Mars arein detriment, Venus horoscopes,whilehiselection
lookingfortherightdateto acious, though he never undertook trological methods werealso ly foundafavorabledate onation isconspicuously gational) astrologyin ly acceptedrules of 197 since since CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 201 200 critical analysisofthesources,togetherwith practice atthecourt;trace Matthias. He stronglybelievedin these sources,onemust drawaconclusionwhich Naturallyonecannottaketheauthenticityof considers thesheerquantity,gr the form ofwarningsinsteadpredictionsinevitablefutureevents. horoscope on. purpose ofcurryingfavorisalsoclearifonec the dataonminutes andseconds, advantageous forhim. “truer”nativity; shown byhis comets areharmful for practically all enemies of Matthias; Saturn and Marsinthe first [grade]ofCapricorn,” d patron. “Kingofkings,youwill the royal family astheiraddressee, sharetheco coniunctionem Iovis Saturni et Martis in prima Capricorni.(AN-Ábel, inprima p. 104.)(He et Martis uses IovisSaturni thetermconiunctionem why the astrologer chose the twelfth birthday. having made his circle around the Sun, reached the same grade of the Archer, and thismust beone ofthe reasons ascendant, in theArcher(his ownsign),wastoyieldgreat program.) due to its rulership over the sign Capricorn and thus over Jupiter and Mars. Checked with “ZET 8 Astrology” the ordinary sense: in January 1486 only Jupiter and Mars were in conjunction, the involvement of Saturn must be omini Seteitrrtto fhsntvt nCots Cri, 8. the traditionally Jupiter, “Corvin,” 385. Csontos, of in his nativity interpretation Seethe Ibid., 193-4. “Bylica,”191-3. Hayton, Tu rex regum in bello victor eris et fortunatus, dominium magnum habebis propter mortem imperatoris ob on inconsequenceofthedeathem Not surprisingly,thefewexamples ofinte 204 Statements abouteventsunfavorablefo 203 fortuna maior Rectification could alsohelp make theinterpretations favorable: atleast
202 s ofthispracticeshowupa nearly alltheplanets atJánosCorvin’sbirthwereinaposition present ineveryhoroscope,arera be victoriousandfortunatein judicialastrologyandwashi eat varietyandatthesame time theconsistentmessage of among the planets, a comparative analysisofastrologyinthevarious 45 onsiders which solar returnwaschosentocasta mmon characteristic of partialityinfavor of the does notnecessarily fi rpretation foundinthedocuments, allhaving peror becauseoftheconjunctionJupiter, fortune to him; it was twelve years later that Jupiter, to yearslater that fortune him; it wastwelve
in the first house of Corvin’s geniture, close to the the to Corvin’s firstclose geniture, the of house in everysourceforgranted;however,ifone 200 predicts Eustachius Candidus;Bylica’s r theroyalfamily, ifany,usuallytake 201 ll throughouthisreign.Athorough FrederickIII’s military failures are thewar,youwill havegreat mself themain sourceofits rely historical t thetraditional image of ly correct. The ly correct.The coniunctio not in not CEU eTD Collection university founding horoscope. horoscope: terms anddecans, for example, though not mark of aspects, consideration ofsome non present in the horoscopes, other, not socommon factors could also appear: very detailed position data, complex table 205 discussed inthenextchapter. ex one couldsupposeatfirstthoughtth Regiomontanus; heusedastrologicalterms inmany Hewa come intothepicture? HowdoesJanus he wasJánosVitéz’snephew,Galeotto’sbest friend, anacquaintanceof of mind made judicial astrology an provided oneofthemost signifi and military events,to support institute foundations could beappliedforvariouspurposes:toforecast elements). seemingly more scientific astrologicalmethods (horoscopesor and som courts ofEurope,willbeneeded ( the samein the surviving documents. While the basic horoscopic factors – twelve signs, seven planets, twelve houses loci, Thegeneral trend is that of making complex predictions, but the variables aprediciton is basedonare not always ampl usually with Regiomontanus’ method of unequal houses), four elements, house rulers, aspects – are generally e panegyricstothekingwithastralreferen e other members ofthecourt.Sofarwe other e 205 Atleasttwotypesofastr
Astrology inJanus’ poetry cant examples ofthose courts in toclarifytheexact -zodiacal fixstars,andso on.Nota integral partof courtlyculture. at Janusshouldbeafriendof ology, natalandcatarchic,were Chapter III. 46
ces. This wasnotthecase,however, aswillbe canconcludethathe one’s fortuneingeneral,toforecastpolitical , orformedical counseling.Matthias’s court ed, seem to have a role in the interpretation of the ofthe interpretation the arole in have ed, seemto nature oftheastrologicalbeliefMatthias of hispoems. Setoutjustfrom thesefacts, s ahumanist poetatthecourtofMatthias; Europe where the patron’s habit habit patron’s the where Europe judicialastrology,andwritefor ll these factors aresignified inthe judicia oftenpracticed.Astrology preferred the complex, Gazulo,Bylica,and applying horoscope CEU eTD Collection bodies are like the heart…” (trans. Garin, wesee ismicrocosm,alittleworld, whence “man that 211 210 209 208 207 206 conceptual frameworks witha“vertical”worldview frequency of astrological symbols inJanus’oeuvre, andthat thissymbolism infiltrated intoother especially popular, Renaissance poetry;inaddition, suitablity forpoetryaretwogeneralreasonsfo Besides,thestarsaseternallightsofth symbols appliedbypoetsworldwide.Theemer the earthandsky,Janus’analogies analogical thinkingingeneral, the mostobviousdirect at thespringofFeronia thinking. a studyandwhichheconsideredasrepresentativesof“pantheistic”or analogical thinkingingeneral;this 1. Thefrequencyofastrological symbols kinds of existence; ofexistence; kinds Italian Poems ofJanus Pannonius], m herm ag human embers, though they be very different, depend… this world is governed by the heavenly bodies since the heavenly Under vertical world view I mean astru JP-Tel. El. I. 1. JP-Tel. El. I. 15 ( JP-Tel.El. II. 8( István János, “Neoplatonistamotívumok Janus Pannonius itáliai költeményeiben” Here I cite just onetypicalstatement about the mi e, thereemergence ofanalogicalthinking,on etic philosophy,andresurrectedreligionsw isthemicrocosm: this The fashionofastrolo 207 Themagical powerofthe de annulo), 89-98. the entities share in spirituality to to spirituality in share entities the in Racacinum in even compared tootherre 210 (Ferogna):theseideasofJanusrevealapredilectionforanalogies.In ), 15-16. 15-16. ), wasacommonplace oftheage. Itk
gy inEuropefitinto 84, no. 1(1980): 10-1 1(1980): no. 84, Janus happenedtoliveincities Astrology, appears, forexample, inthepoe cturing of the world in a way that the different levels represent different carmen, provideseveralexamples ofthis. 12.) 12.) crocosm-macrocosm correspond a different extent. There are entities above humans who are who humans above areentities There extent. a different gions ofItaly.Onecannot 208 47 e heavenshavealwaysbeenamongthefavorite
in man that there is one all the member manisone chief that on in there which 2. 2. r thepopularityofastrolo bird omens, which magic, astrologyandvariousforms of e gence ofanalogicalth amoregeneral re based.Theworldisthemacrocosm, the 211 ion ofsecretcorres thatappear inthe poet’sworks: Greek- 206 209 Januswasalsoreceptivetowards theorganicperc and courtswhereastrologywas ms whichIstván Jánoscitedin spiritual phenomenon ofthe ence: according toPomponazzi,
besurprisedaboutthe kindof“Neoplatonic” [Neoplatonic Motifs in the the in Motifs [Neoplatonic inking andthestars’ pondences isbetween gical symbolism eption ofnature in CEU eTD Collection happens sotospeakautomatically, orasaplayfuldevice,withoutanydeepastrologicalmeaning. some extentwiththemelding. InJanus’poems, it the godsandstarsaffectearthlylife Renaissance poetry,itismostofte 214 213 212 views. the st theof power in believes astrology in theologies theworld.Since and religions all practically by moreideaisshared have and this more power: spiritual a planetcould “becometotallyblurred,” fashion intheRenaissance.Naturall what doesandnotbelongtoJanus’as cannot beregardedasanastrological idea.Fi in thesecases thesymbol isclearly anelemen body hasonlyasuperficialastrolog there areanumber ofcaseswhenthe expression in astrology.Theus be seen,when aclearlyastrological ideaappears which cautionsagainstdrawingto Rom world ofGreek-Roman myths. discussing the have becomeevenmorefrequentinthefift János,“Neoplatonista,” 5. Roellenbleck, “L’a See for example the an mythology,Neoplatonism,an St The melding ofClassicalgods Urania strologia,” 191. 191. strologia,” Aetna e ofastrological of Pontano, 33-35; according to the the to according 33-35; 213 AsforJanus’poetry,Jánoshasalreadyobservedthatagodand n justapoeticplay,if o boldconclusionsaboutJanus’ ars, it is theoretically possible to adjust astrology to other vertical world world vertical to other astrology adjust to ars, itistheoretically possible “the stellartransformable” material”was“easily inthepoetic ical meaning, lackingtheastr y, thisphenomenon hadantiqueorigins, symbols oicism. However,itisjustthis tendencyofinfiltration andtheircorrespondingplanet trological ideashastobeclarified. most frequentlyincaseofthesun( fontes similium eenth century.AsRoellenbleckpointsoutwhen rst Iwilldiscuss thislatterphenomenon because themselves 48 t ofsomeworldview,andtheexpression other one cannotbesureabout with theplanet, constell power of the Classicalgodscanberevivedtopower ofthe is oftenclearfrom thecontextthatmelding at allaconsciousdevi of JP-Mayer, Ep. 269, Janus poem. Janus knew this Ep. 269, JP-Mayer, of
is evenmore frequent,however,and ological conceptualframework; astrological thinking.Aswill s wasageneralliterary ation orotherheavenly the poet’s deep belief ce ofthepoet;both 212 butitseems to Phoebus ). 214 In
CEU eTD Collection Scorpion bringspoisonousrains, 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 as willbeseen below.Buteveninthesecases, the twoideasthemselves areclearly separable; presence oftheplatonicideafacilitates theappearanceofastr the birthofeulogizedpersonsomehow su analyzed byBollók whence itdescended. Astralmysticism appears system influencedhiminadeterminant often way.” ideas whichtheeclecticism Neop ofRenaissance latter aspectofJanus’poetr spirit oftheastrologicalhandbooks. generally appearisolated,innon- be consideredastrueastrol god wanders,forinstance,in“thethirdcircle”( The goddessVenusm astral mysticism, thebasic ideaof whichisthe retu dating from 8 December 1450. on aglobe and elevating Mercury to cosmicdimensions (Nagy, “Vitéz full quotation above, II. 1.a); Guarino also had a medal which depicted Hermes with golden staff and lyre, standing panegyric: Guarino himself,in oneof his letters, speaks about the Mercury of the “poets andastrologers” (Seethe alumnus. Indiana University, 1988) (henceforth: JP-Thomson), ll. 889-890: Bollók, Bollók, János,“Neoplatonista,” 13. 71. Ibid., JP-Tel. El. I. 13 ( JP-Tel. El. I. 4( whic sources aretwoparticular there Interestingly, Thomson, Ian JP-Tel.El. II. 12.( Astrology maytouchonsome N The astro-meteorological ideasofJanuswh 22-29, 99-106. 99-106. Asztrális, 22-29, De stella Humanist Pietas. The Panegyric of Janus Pannonius on Guarinus Veronensis De inundatione Ad Antonium… 222 –andinother,longer,poemsofpraise ay radiatewiththelightofstars( …), 29-30. ogical ideaseither. TheOrion constellation brings tempests, y, concludesthat“pureNeoplatoni ) 77.
) 46. 219 astrological contexts,andtheyareforeigntothesystematizing and theFishmild temperature ofspring. e oplatonic ideas.János,whoha tertius orbis 49 h may be related to the last example from the Guarino- the lastexample from the to related h may be pported bytheheavens,itmay thatthe occur latonism incorporatedinhisownphilosophical in severalofJanus’ep ich aretypical Classicalcommonplaces cannot rn of the soultothe s 221 Neoplatonism frameworksfor provided tertius orbis, /Quararus visuCyllene errat , ” )
216 272); Janus spoke about the medal in aletter in medal the about spoke Janus 272); sidereo lumine), . Inthislattercase, ofthesky. sm doesnot”appear,but“those ological ideaoffavorablebirth, s thoroughlyanalysedthe 217 phere ofthestarsfrom itaphs –satisfactorily
215 andMercurythe whenthetopicis 220 (Bloomington: Theseideas 218 the CEU eTD Collection 228 227 226 225 224 223 divination. Indeed,itdoesnotseem tohavebe signs. Theallegedeffectbeingcollective andcontinuous, thiskindof astrologyisnotsuitablefor a greatextentinordertomake thenationsadop Describing thecharacteristicsof which woulddefinetheinternalandexternalpropertiesofthosebornunde Ptolemy, Finally,thereisabranchofastrologywhic belongs atleastasmuch togeographyasthescienceofstars.SomeClassicalhandbooks– interpretation of modern scholarshiphasdisprovedthishypothesis, thinking is foreign tothiselegy; theplanetsin astrological thoughts,whichare Janus justfollowed thedescri fact, theseastrological elements hadinfiltrated intoNeoplatonism asearly as late antiquity, and and inmost casesthese arethe traditional astrological properties ( descends, theplanetsgivehim t superficial resemblances, thatJanusdesc by Janus was most often discusse they arenotm of Interpretations in the Poetry of Janus Pannonius] (Budapest: Balassi, 2002), 141-42. 141-42. Balassi, 2002), (Budapest: Janus Pannonius] of Poetry in the Interpretations of LászlóJankovits, Macrobius, JP-Tel. El. I. 12 ( 58. “Asztrológiai,” Huszti, Astronomicon, Astronomicon, II.Tetrabiblos, 2-3. . 227 In olderliterature (evenin Huszti Manilius Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis in Somnium Commentarii ixed. The connectionbetweenthetw The ixed. IV. 711-817. 711-817. IV. Ad animamsuam. Ad animam suam Ad animam AccessusJanum. Am ad 228 –dividetheknownworldamong the d inthediscourseon
), 9-12. hose properties whicharecharacteristicoftheplanets themselves, each regionandnation,theauthorsar also missing from theotherpa ption ofMacrobius’commentary 226
ű értelmezés hagyományai JanusPannonius költészetében , I,, 12, 13–15 ribed hisbirthhoroscopeinlines9-12. 223 questionhavenothingtodowithhoroscopes,and Ad animamsuam 50 ), ahypothesisappeared t thetraditionalcharacter en popularintheRenaissance.Accordingto asJankovitsdidrecentlyinhiseighty-page o setsof ideas,astrologyandNeoplatonism, h isinfactnotclearastrologyandwhich , perhapsthemost famouselegy planets andsignsofthezodiac, rts ofthepoem. Astrological Saturnus rationem e forced todist 225 which argued,basedon istics of theplanetsand withoutaddingany r therelevantstars. 224 Ashissoul ort realityto , etc.).In [Traditions [Traditions CEU eTD Collection 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 Talemagisterium solamathesishabet. Vel physiognomones,Lucia,velgeometres, inguinis extemploconicit indemodum. Lucia cumnasum cuiusquam mensavidendo Pisaeo astadiodoctissimusillesopho 1450. Guarin 2 analyze alltheworksofJanuswhic question ishowfarthishappensinJanus’poet Thissurveyprovidedexamples forthe“e they areap from thestarbeliefswhichmost ofte I cannot gointoa deeper analysis; thisastrological Hungary, Janusseems tohaveatleastplay Bollók, epigram. the of the meaning change essentially not does version case,the longer any In Ep. 193, 194). (JP-Mayer, epigrams / libris, habet. Aratus nec sed Virgilius, nec quod / fecitAratus prognostica, rusticus imbres unde praesciat critical edition (JP-Mayer). mensuramplantae . Referencesontheprac Physiognomy: the assessment of someone’s character from the face. face. fromthe assessment the someone’s of character Physiognomy: Antique linear measure, 1 stadium (stadion) = c. 192 m. JP-Mayer,Ep. 194. lines the epigram:were in four first half the of following to the László Juhász, According the new in made Ágnes Szalay-Ritoók by order chronological the primarily follow I epigrams, the of the dating In JP-Mayer, Ep. 1; 39; 214; 377; 404. Bollók, 231 o’s school;Luciawasthepr Erotic epigrams wereamongthegenresgr 229 Onesoundslikethis: Asztrális, 59-62. itdoesappearinsome epigrams byJanus. t tobefilledwithdefinite astrologi reppe
rit Herculeae;
232 tice ofjudicialastrology
rum, h clearlyhaveastrologicalideas. n appearedin theRenaissance. 233 otagonist ofaseriessu
est, ed withthethoughtofMars’effectonPannonia The new criticaleditiontreats thetwo passages as twodistinct cal meaning whenplacedinthepropercontext.The you areeitheraphysiognomist si guessesthe she immediately Hercules’s sole based on thestadium basedon sole Hercules’s mathematics knowledgeable skill. only hassuch He, thewisestofsag When Luciameasures 51 , unde notos. / Hoc,iuvenes, vestris prognosticon addite mpty” usageofastrological images; however, ry. Inthe following three subchapters I will geographyisperipheral eatly f 230 Indeed,whencont avored bythisem ch epigrams, composed around
some
body’s nose withhereyes, es, reckonedthesize inJanusandisolated ze of the loins. Lucia, loins.Lucia, ze ofthe 235 or a geometrician; orageometrician; rasting Italyand inent studentof Fecit Virgilius Fecit Virgilius 234 ofPisae. . Here of CEU eTD Collection
Cicero’s 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 epigram takes ona similar meaning, andBollók Janus’ basic negativeattitude towardsthepracti no relationtotherealsignificance T astrorumexcubiasdisposuere Dei. arcis Olympiacaetumdemuminturribusaltis, capta Iovis, Titanumpaeneestregia Ante fuitsimplexcaelicolor;astubifurto starry naturally heldhim inhighesteem. laid specialstressonCicero,oneofthegreatest astrological prognoses. another passagefrom Cicero;inthesame bookof Furtherm Since theterm epigram The nam in mari morietur.’ mari non in Teleki edition became traditi pernoscere? fronte vultu, oculis, excorpore, naturasque hominum mores
aken onitsown,thisepigram wouldnotbem JP-Mayer,Ep. 269. the in appearing most titles cases,the in poems; his to gave originally Janus whattitles uncertain general in Itis Janus, Huszti, Bollók, Bollók, De fato De fato ? ), has thestarsasprimary topic: A laterItalian epigram, traditiona s. Here,thepoet’stargetisbothherse V. 12: Sint igitur astrologorum percepta huius modi: 'Si quis (verbi causa) oriente Canicula natus est, is e ofLuciahade alreadybeencharged up Asztrális, 112. Asztrális, 111. De fato, ore, V.10: mathesis 21. 21. mathesis appearsinthecontext Socraten nonne legimus quem ad modum notarit Zopyrus physiognomon, qui se profitebatur seprofitebatur qui physiognomon, Zopyrus modum notarit quem ad legimus nonne Socraten 237
surely readby the poet. is degradedtothesame levelasphys 239 onal in the scholarship. JanusandGuarino–whopreferre
242 240 of thestarsforamedieval mi
lly entitled: 238 xual appetiteandcertain of divination,itmust primarily mean astrology. stratagem of the Titans,inendgodsdisposed stratagem of captured bythe since thepalaceofJupiter was almost In formerti Olympian castle. inthehightowersof watches as the stars 52
ore This observationofBoll is basically right (thou ce ofastrologers (seeaboveandbelow), this ClassicalauthoritiesintheRenaissance,an th 241 with anironiceffectbytheprevious Lucia an just apo Curstellatumsit caelum De fato,Cicero mocks theabsurdity of mes, the heaven were single-colored, but were mes, theheaven iognomy, whichhadbeendespisedin
d originalsourcestohandbooks– nd. However,takingintoaccount etic play, amicro-myth thathad forms ofdivination. gh perhapsexaggerating ók canbecom (Why isthesky pleted by 236 d
CEU eTD Collection
245 244 243 and hereadnewscientificlite the onehand,therehewasagainclosetohisuncle, János Vitéz, astrologers. Ifthisisso,itwillbeinteresti adopted askepticalstandpointto consistently; for allthese limitations, itseems probablethatduringhis even theironicepigrams–donot Onem explanation. the later,similarly ironic,poems andJanus’su interpretation of Thalesasanastrologer. Heinvestigates the stars andforetells fates. Itisagain T nescistivitaefatavideretuae. Tu, qui fataaliis tepandere posseferebas, Hausera Thetwoepigrams helptointerpret athird te which takesonananti-astrological meaninginthisparticularintellectualhistoricalcontext. author’s standpointtosome extent poetry; consequently,anypoemha the factthatjudicialastrology slightly) Mayer) cuisuperil his shortstorycanhavemany meanings; one xt: JP-Mayer,Ep. 22 Bollók, Diogenis Laertii Vitae philosophorum Vitae Laertii Diogenis 244
t intentumstellisscrobscaecaThaletem, incallingitan “anti-astrologicalprogram poem.” Asztrális, 112. uestladxtau: ludens talia dixit anus: ust notforgetthat these wereindir 245
rature; ontheotherhand,Matthias’ had astrongpositioninFerraraandwassubjectofdiscourse
. Itisjustthepoet’salmost ving thestarsasmain topicnecessarilywouldincludethe necessarily , ed. Miroslav Marcovich (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1999-2002), 1. 34. (JP- 34. 1. 1999-2002), Teubner, (Stuttgart: Marcovich Miroslav ed. , ward judicialastrology,orat ng toseewhetherhisopinionchangedinHungary; on
mirror thestandpointof 53 your own life.’ the fateofothers,havenot keptsa ‘You, whoalways While Thales absorbed him; later, a granny said to him scornfully: saidtohimscornfully: a granny absorbed him;later, ect references, and thatthe humanist poems – rroundings thatreinforce one (theearliest),whichisbasedonaGreek ofthem 243 was watching the stars, a pitch-dark pit thestars,a watching was Thisinterpretation isreinforced by meaningless storyaboutthestars ost obvious andotherfriendsofastrology court didnotdifferessentially leastthepracticesof ying that you could uncover could that you ying the authorsincerelyand been abletoseethefateof years inFerrara Janus the validityofthis possibilities isthe CEU eTD Collection 249 248 247 246 names fortheringedastrolabe, to theirinfluence detectable incertain of his been P make them. instruments youmention inyourwork,” and making atourexpe oftheringsPtolemy the poetcontinues:“Onotherhand,weaskyou we havelongbeenyearningto clearly explainedthere[inthe book sentto“them”: itwastelling, eloquent,readable,and useful.“Weconfessthatyouhave his letters;herethesingularmeaning ismore pr from and 1465. Gazulo’s lettersarelost,andJa to Gazulo,theRaguzanastrologerwhohaddec astrology. while the second the while Astrolabe], mentionem facitis, nobis ad expensas nostras istic apud vos paranda et conficienda procuretis… armillas Ptolem ut diligentissime, vos quam rogamus Ceterum explicatas…. luculenter fuisse nobis ibidem desiderabamus, intelligere Themain difference between a ring Maternusasthe Firmicus and Manilius held Huszti 101-2. p. JP-Tel. II. AlajosFleck, “Janus Pannonius, Gazulus és agy thecourtinFerraraoversignificance andevenextremes ofhoroscope-oriented tolemy, Manilius, andFirmicus Maternus The a Two of Geodézia és Kartográfia 246 Janusspeaksinfirstpersonplural,whichcanstandforbothsingularandplural
ncient astronom
is athree-dimensional model of the cosmos. Janus’lettershavesurvivedwhichtouchonastrologicalpractice.Oneishisreply fatemur, scrupulosas quasdam veterum astrologorum sententias, quas jam pridem clarius ers-astrologers whosebooks
86, no. 6 (1984): 442. 442. 6 (1984): no. 86, book] somestatements difficult of nus’ lettercanonlybedatedwithin awideinterval,between1460 249 understand.” Afterenc ed astrolabeand a ringed globe ( whichwasusedfordefiningthepositionofheavenly bodies 247 becausethereisnocraftsman inHungarywhocould ű most probable possibilities possibilities most probable r ű s asztrolábium” [JanusPannonius, Gazulus and the Ringed 54 poems). The“ringsofPtolemy” oneofthe was obable fromthecontext. 248 (thetwofirstaremore probablewithrespect nse andatyourplace,aswellofother lined to workfor Matthias. Unfortunately, most diligentlytoprovideforthepreparation aei, et alia instrumenta, de quibus in opere vestro vestro opere in de quibus instrumenta, etalia aei, ouraging theas Janusmay havestudiedseem tohave sphaera theancientastronomers which )
(Huszti, “Asztrológiai,” (Huszti, is that the first is two-dimensional, is that thefirstistwo-dimensional, tronomer toworkfurther, Janus givesthanksfora
52). CEU eTD Collection 255 254 253 252 251 250 Vitéz orMatthiasCorvinus.” “because heisnot apracticingastr their conceptaboutJanusandastrology.InHuszti thatinthefuture aswell. Some scholarshaveunderestimated doingquitewellwithout horoscopes andcompilers ofnativities; I notknowhowtotakeadvantageofhisfort ThoughIam notagoodastrologer, I thinkth turned downtherequestandJanusrefersto Bartolomeo Manfredi,theastrologerofGonzagas, tocome toMatthias’court.Bartolomeo of 1462Vitézoramember ofhiscircleentrus Theotherletterprovides perhapsthemost towards judicialastrology.Theantecedentscanbe ordered theringedastrolabeandotherinstruments fortheking. uncertainty isapossibility that theusageof th alone, hisotherworkswrittenin how fartheywereorientedtocomplex, predic as themost probablestimulatorof thisinterest. interested inastronomy-astrology th (with re “though heknowsastrology,it vivemus etinfuturum. homo nescit fortuna uti. Nos hactenus, Deo juvante, satis Bollók, Bollók, 47. “Asztrológiai,” Huszti, ille quod judicio, ita tamen Astrologus, sim bonus egonon JP-Tel. quamvis II., p. Bartholomeo, 90: DeMagistro Fleck,“Janus Bartha, “Janus Fleck,“Janus latively many mistakes). Asztrális, 113. , , ” ” , 445. 445. ” 443. 443.
340. 340.
254
does notplayanessentialroleinhislife.” AccordingtoBollók,bythesetwosentencesJanus meansthat: 253 250
Hungaryalsoneedtobeex ologer …heisan astrologer ofanother typethaneitherJános Janus’Hungarianpoetrycorrobor ere, andBarthaiscertainlyri thesignificanceofthispassage this event inhis reply toGaleotto: 251 55 tive methods –cannotbe feliciter viximus sine Horoscopis et Genethliacis; spero spero etGenethliacis; Horoscopis sine viximus feliciter e firstpersonpluralallows:Janusmight have However,thenatureof ’s interpretation,Janusdi outlinedfrom theletter its une. With God’shelp,sofarwehavebeen important information aboutJanus’attitude ted Galeottowiththetaskofpersuading at MasterBartholomeus isaman whodoes 252
ght inhighlightingJánosVitéz amined. Afurtherelement of becauseitdidnotfitwell ates thathebecame more 255 Janus’investigations– hope wewilllivelike d notneedastrologers I think there ismore read fromthisletter elf: atthebeginning CEU eTD Collection the astrological interpretationofthepoem smaller parallel of this globe wasthe through alongandbrilliantanalysis (Mattheus inthevocative),and As readand translated byHorváth,whatisnow 260 259 258 257 256 Forsitanhoc Phaëtonusserat astramodo. Quis iammentitoscontenderit omniavates? necsedeprendisustinuere dei. rapuereincendiacircos improvisa leves dumSiculo aethereas quaerisinorbevias; Lumen adhibernae vigilans, Zacchaee,lucernae, 1465: the lettermight befurther reinforced by anepig genre concerningJanus’thoughts,andhespeaksdire general. Inaddition,ascontrastedtotheItalianepigrams, thisisa practice, of judicialastrology,no interested inastronomy-astrology, heseems tohave genethliacis behind thelinesofpassage;withhisusual, orbis inantiquity meant thefam misinterpreted thetext.Therightreadingis the Sevillan Codex], Sevillan the
Bollók, PoemsUnknown Pannonius’ in [Janus Sevillai-kódexben” ismeretlenversei a Pannonius “Janus Horváth, János JP-Mayer,Ep. 407. SeeJP-Mayer, p. 34 and the numbering “Ep. 407.” Fasti 256 VI. 277-8 János Horváthpublished thisepigram from
40-51. Asztrális, 40-51. (astrologers whocastnativ Itk 78 (1974): 78
604; the epigram is found on 105v. on 105v. isfound theepigram 604;
Siculo Siculo ous globeofArchimedes, mentionedbyOvid,forexample. t thepracticeofparticularas 259 sphaera armillaris usedbyRenaissanceastrologers.Thus, was 257 ities) and thatHorváth,settingoutfromhisownfalsereading,
situlo Siculo fine ironyJanusisexpres becomes obvious:Zacchaeus (apersonasyet 56 ram whichthenewcritical edition dates toaround Phaëton burntthestarsinthismanner. lie?Perhaps maintain thatthepoetsalways that itshould beextinguished. Who would circles caughtfire,andthegodsdidnot allow orb, holding anight-light, suddenly the light intheSicilian investigating theetherealways night,whileOn awinter you,Zaccheus,were (bucket) , whichcanthusbelinkedtoorbe, horoscopis the recently found Sevillancodexin 1974. Zacchaee rejected themost typical ctly aboutastrology.Th . It wasJánosBollókwhohasclarified . Althoughhehadstudiedandwas in thenewedition was private letter,themostreliable trologers, butthepracticein sing histhoughtsagainst aspects,mainly the is interpretationof and Matthee Siculus 260 258 A
CEU eTD Collection Sun’s chariot, which resulted in disaster. disaster. in resulted which chariot, Sun’s to ask for anything in order to prove that Helios was his father, thus he had divine origins. Phaeton asked to ride the Clymene swore anoath to his son, but he did not believe her. Clymene directed himto Helios, who allowed Phaeton 262 261 fato addition, anegativeopinionofastrologerscould horoscopes, thedevotednessof manifestations, sometimes theextremes, ofjudicial inclined towards mockery. Hehappenedtolivein understandable. Januswasacritic characteristics andthebiographicalcircumst understanding theexactreasonsforthisop Janus throughouthislifeorat opinions orfeelings,butseentoge astrology. Taken ontheirown,thesetextscouldbe direction concerningJanus’opinion on thequestion,namely, arejection Itcan beconcluded that there areat leas chosen anothertopic. only aparticularperson;poetwhoappreciated celestial ride; heburnt thestars,just asZacchaeu the secretsofhisbirth.Thefamous story last twolinessuggestthat Zacchaeus wascurious about his nativity: Phaetonalsowanted to know globe, unidentif
were square and Janus must have known that. must Janus have known and square were the that Itisimprobable Metamorphoses was mentionedabove,butJanus 261 butheheldthetorchorni ied byscholarship) was investigating I. 747 – II. 330. Epaphus charged Phaeton’s mother, Clymene with having lied about his father. leves circos
leastuntilaround1465.Thetexts Leonello d’Este,Galeotto,Matt ther, theyoutlineastandpoint meant a nativity drawn on light paper, since the Renaissance horoscopes al spirit,evencompared to ght-light toocloseto might havealsoreadthe
related byOvid 57 ances ofthishumanist make hisstandpoint inion arenotknown;however,thegeneral s did.Itcannotbesaid the positions of theheavenly bodies on the be supportedinClassicalsources.Cicero’s t fivepiecesoftextwhichpoint inthesame astrology –the conceited astrologers andtheir the practice of judicial astrology would have the practiceofjudicialastrologywouldhave placeswhere hecould oftenseeor hearthe considered asmanifestations oftemporary theinstrument, whichcaughtfire.The 262 endswithPhaeton’scatastrophic which wasconsistently heldby humanists ingeneral;hewas De divinatione hias Corvinusandsoon.In by Janusthatwouldleadto of thepracticejudicial that Janus’ironytargets , where Cicero De CEU eTD Collection 268 267 266 265 264 263 themselves oftenappearedtriumpha provide frameworks forthisassociation: astralmysticism andastrology. associated withthe celestialsphe god onearth),throughartisticcreation,forexample. appearing thoughtofthehumanists that humans areabletobecome Theideaoftriumph wasoneofthebasicideas in various–political,moral,philosophicalfram 3. Astrologicalideasinpoemsofpraise investigated. problem, all the poems whereastrological ideas or thathumanistwasafoeofallsuperstitionandoccultscience.” However,therejectionofpracticedoesnot astrology ingeneral.AsThorndike thoroughly criticizesas poems werequitesuitableforusingtheideaof system inEuroperesultedtheemergence of opinion. CappellaZodiaco di (Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini),Ferrarese-Venetianthe of symbols, might have been disadvantageous to Christianity Pianeti Akadémiai, 1975), 267. 267. Akadémiai, 1975), [Janus Tanulmányok Pannonius. Pannonius. Janus Studies], ed. Tibor Kardos, Sándor V. Kovács (Budapest: m ű Theplanet- of appearance the implicitlythat suggests Nagy Zoltán János,“Neoplatonista,” 2. Thorndike, sidera, polus Saturae Saturae divinatione, De vészeti alkotásai Janus Pannonius m Pannonius Janus alkotásai vészeti series show similar feat 264 VI., 553
History, trionfi trionfi and other words related to astronomy instead of II. 42-47. 42-47. II.
on the walls of the the wallsof the on IV. 387 IV. trological practice, ures (Nagy, “Vitéz,” 273).
ű re andthestars;thereareatl veiben” [The ArtworksJános of Vitéz warns,oneshouldnotconclude Studio ntly, asonthewallsofVitéz’s followed Italian patterns. For instance, the the instance, For patterns. Italian followed 263 orapassageinJuvenal’s 58 panegyrics andothergenres : “In line with the Renaissance idea of triumph… the the oftriumph… use idea line Renaissance with : “In the the Renaissance idea oftriumph, expressed throughastral triumph. Consequently,as eworks. Guarinohimselfeworks. spreadthefrequently 266 are expressed in more detail have to be are expressedinmoredetailhavetobe necessarily mean there of theRenaissanceanditcouldbemanifest Itisnatural that triumph often came tobe coelum is dominant.” Zoltán Nagy, Nagy, “Vitéz János Zoltán isdominant.” east twosetsof ideas whichcould Tarocchi del Mantegna in the Works of Janusin the WorksofPannonius], in from fewpassages,“thatthis quasi interrisdeus 265 Studio. Inordertoclarifythe Saturae tral andastrological ofpraiseandthese jection ofjudicial 268 267 trionfi
with a similar The patronage Theplanets or the Florentine Florentine or the -series in the the -series in (like a CEU eTD Collection 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 prudentia preliminaries notperceivedbeforebyscholars.W rhetoricians.” astrology Januscomposed the a.) Italianpoemsofpraise other conceptualframeworks. motives forapplyingastrologicalterms havetobe views aboutjudicialastrology.Part into technicaldetailsinthem the poems ofpraise. Thepresenceofastrologyinsome panegyr scholars, buttheyusuallyconfinethemselves tost favored inthat particular sp ideas canbeexpectedtooccurinRenaissanceeulogies.Inaddition, to dothis. to LodovicoIIGonzagahimself, wh videre /Posset, etinnumeris praediceret ante diebus… (Pécs: M m ű 58. Ibid., 56. Tuomisto, “Rhetorical,” Janus, Huszti, 48. Ibid., PekkaTuomisto, “ARhetorical AnalysisofJanu JP-Tel. I. p. 238. Bollók, 58; “Csillaghit,” Kocziszky, “Asztrológiai,”58; Huszti, veltség Pannóniában Pannóniában veltség Carmen ad Ludovicum Carmen ad ű vészetekháza, 2000), 47. 274 the abilitytopredict thefuture ishighlighted, 272 ), however, inshaping thestructure 275 Thestyleofthepanegyricreminds oneofClaudian 80. 80. Theexplicitappearanceofastrology 269 [Humanist Culture in Pannonia], ed. István ed. Pannonia], in Culture [Humanist Thisseems tobetrue,butthepoems deserveadeeperanalysis:Janusgoes 34-36:
ace andtime whereJanuslived. Carmen adLudovicumGonzagam Mirandum innotuit divinae mentis acumen / In genitore tuo; saepe ut ventura ventura ut saepe tuo; / acumen In genitore mentis divinae innotuit Mirandum
and important conclusionsmay andimportant bedrawnonhisknowledgeand icular horoscopesmay havebeen o visitedFerrara;itisimproba s Pannonius’ Carmen ad Ludovicum Gonzagam,” in in Gonzagam,” Ludovicum Carmen ad s Pannonius’
59 ating thepurelyrhetori clarified aswelltheirpossible relationto ithin thetraditional praise of thefather’s ics byJanusisgenerallymentioned by Asztrális, Janus “followed the precepts of the 276 near theendofpoem hassome Bartók, László Jankovits, Gábor Kecskeméti Gábor Jankovits, László Bartók, and later thepoetpraises thesame 65. 270
in 1450or1451 ble thatGuarinoorderedJanus relatedtothepoems, andthe 273 astrology w (whohadalsoapplied cal usageofastrologyin 271 as especially as andgaveit Humanista CEU eTD Collection 282 281 280 279 278 277 the Renaissance. Ascendant ofthehoroscope,and,indeed,thiswas rather signifies thedawn, referring tothere and thesigns arethedomiciles oftheplanets,as Bollókobserved fortuna maiorinastrology).Presentingtheoptions,heen At theendpoetoptedforJupiter,certainlybecause itgives royalvirtues (andbecauseitisthe vindicatortus. Iupiter ipsetuospercetera Iustitiam quodamas,duris quodesacerinarmis, Clara velAstraeaeposseditVirginisora; leonem, Te roseusnascentedies,rapidumve Scorpion incurva minitantempraeliacauda, Hoc lepor,hoc studiumMavortis etigneavirtus. Hoc solersanimivigor,etdoctrina,sagacis, formae, Hoc iubeteximiaesplendormecredere Phoebeumne tuisnatal Marsne ferox,mitisneVenus,facundus an Hermes, Sum dubitus, quo tegenitumdicam, subsidere Ergo egodumtacitusmecumtuafata retracto, the figureof rhetorical structureofthepanegyric:itispl associated with thestars. ability of Janus, indefiningthebirth Virgin, Sun–Lion,onlythedomicile ofVenusis laetam portendant Numina palmam. / Vera cano… Numina palmam. portendant laetam (Observed by Bollók, Ibid. Bollók, 50. Tuomisto, “Rhetorical,” aether. classica militat ad Ibid., /ettuadescendens certant, 139-140:te velsidera pro vocat, pugna Atcum Ibid., 185-8: Carmen ad Ludovicum, Asztrális, 65. theson. rogatio Quin de venturis aliquid praedicere rebus, / et secreta soles longe praenoscere fata, / An cladem, an Asztrális 277 : ibus arseritastrum? 279 Inthetransitiontoth 207-218.
278
, 65.) Intheendastrologyapp ruler, takesintoaccountthesignwhereSunis.
280
aced amongthefinalcomparisons andthepoetapplies e battle,thewargodswhichhelpedLodovicoare ddish Sunappearingonthehorizon:thisis 60 who vindicates birth. your battle, andinallotherresp inthe lovejusticeandarevaliant But sinceyou with abrightface? seizing Lion,orinVirginAstraea tail,orinthe its curly warwith threatens with you wereborn, wastherosy day inthe Scorpion that theambitionby andthefiery strength of Mars.When vivid ingenuity, your charm,stillanother anotherby soul’s pleasant andexcellentform,your by theother your birth? suggestedThe oneisstrongly your by Hermes, orthestarofPhoebus,whichshoneupon mild Venus,theeloquent Mars, the the fierce which starIshould say wereborn you under. Wasit thinkover So, asIsilently the basicmethod ofdefi missing). Bollókisnotco ears explicitly.Thispart umerated fourplanets and threesigns, 281 (Mars–Scorpion,Mercury ect, itisJupiterhimself your deeds,Iwonder your ning thebirthrulerin iswellbuiltintothe rrect insayingthat 282
Roseus dies
CEU eTD Collection representative purposes. number ofdatasupportthat Ascendant andthesunwasyoursignifier The marquis’ Ascendantisknown:“Yourbirt 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 motivated by theGonzagaruler’spredilection for thestars? celestial signs, planets (seeLandini all thegoodpropertiestoeul contemporary Neo-Latinpoetryeither.Itwasaliterarycommonplace thattheClassicalgodsgave astrological enumerations areforeigntoClassi Furthermore, Janusdoesnotseem tohavefollow make thatJanus’knowledgecam itimprobable however, theItalianepigrams mocking astrol Thepassagereveal expressions soabundantly? 8:45 inthemorning),whichdateindeedgivesahoroscopewithLionasAscendant. Lodovico. Hewasreportedlybornon5June1412,13hoursandminutes aftersunset(around Princeton University Press, 1988), 45, note note Press,86. 45, Princeton University 1988), of July, when ‘the sun is ascending in Leo on the eastern horizon…’” (Woods-Marsden horoscopes, the other gives the sight of the sky over the horizon. th of the positions tocheck in order 3.3.1 “CyberSky Laurentium Medicem , ed. László Juhász, [Leipzig: Teubner, 1934]). In 1461 Bartolomeo Manfredi sent him “a little gold lion to wear next ‘next to his skin’ at dawn on the nineteenth the atdawnon tonineteenth skin’ lion to his wear ‘next himnext sent Bartolomeo “alittlegold Manfredi In1461 Checked with “ZET 8 Astrology.” Inthis thesisI used twocomputer programs, “ZET8 Astrology” and Quoted by Joanna Woods-Marsden, 56. Tuomisto, “Rhetorical,” Strozzi, Tito Medicis vitam Cosmi in Compendium Amerigo Corsini, Carm. 8. 61-68 (Christophori Landini carmina omnia Tuomisto assumes that“Janusmay exact The rhetoricalusageoftheastrology isclear,butwhatcouldmotivatethepoettousesuch Borsias 285 butsuch anexplicit description asthatof Janus ispeculiarinthis genre. Was it , III. 202-4. 202-4. , III. 283 orCorsini 289 IfJanuswouldhaveknownabou
Lodovico alwayskepttheLion ogized personathisbirthandthegodssometimes fusedwiththe The Gonzaga of Mantua and Pisanello’s Arthurian Frescoes 284 ). Sometimes thebirthof … , ed. A. Perosa, Florence: Olschki, 1939) 1939) Olschki, Florence: Perosa, , ed. A. ogy, writtenaroundthesa 61 , h wasontheday[forwhich]youhadLeoas e heavenly bodies ona certain date;the one produces ” s thehumanist’s basicastrologicalknowledge, cal poetryandIhave ly haveknownLudovico’ssign,theLion.” 287 , I. 39-69. ( 39-69. , I. ed anypoeticpatterninthispassage.Such e from anenthusiasmabouthoroscopes.
said anastrologer, Compendium in vitam Cosmi ad Cosmi Medicis invitam Compendium t theLionAscendant,hewould in mind and also used it for in mind andalsouseditfor the rulerisaccompanied by not foundparallelsin me time above), (see , Gonzaga Giovanni Cattani,to , 46). The Lion (Princeton: 288 286 A
CEU eTD Collection dominant thatinfacttheworkbecomes apane the bride’s orbridegroom’s father, butinthispa epithalamium epithalamium to havebeennospecialexternalreasonfor the waytobeingincorporated intothe poeticar Twootherpoems withastrologicalpassages passages aremore peripheralthanthoseintheG later) wascertainly motivated bysimilar reasons. Carmen adGonzagam. chance thatthemost detailedjudi 291 290 his symbol, for instance on a medalmade by Pisanello in 1447, cited in Tuomisto, “Rhetorical,” 56. appears in some frescoes, like in Pisanello’s painting from the 1440s. Lodovico also used the sun (the Lion’s ruler) as Gonzaga marquis wasthemost renownedforhispred Lodovico’s basicbiographicalcirc astrology ingeneral,si him thepanegyric.However,Januscouldha Lodovico’s favoritesign,sincetheMantuanruler finding poeticexpressionsforthesigns. the Lionisshortest (rapidumveleonem certainly havehighlighted which probably explain Janus’ adjective, (IV. Lion of the description Manilius’ AH-Ábel, p.108-119. line 214, In Scorpion… cauda was afavored genreinthefifteenth centuryand ittraditionally containedpraiseof on theoccasion ofthemarriage of Epithalamium ad Francescum Barbarum. Barbarum. Francescum ad Epithalamium The planet symbolism intheepigram onMatthiasandFrederick III (see nce thecontentofpanegyricre it inhispoem Astronomicon Astronomicon asin Manilius’ metricalposition the same isin 176-189) expressions deriving fromrapio expressionsderiving (to seize176-189) andcarry off) are frequent, rapidus. cial astrologicalpass umstances. Amongalltheaddresse . Incontrast,among the
290 Itisunderstandableth ). Heratherseems tohavedrawnonManiliusin 62 gyric; Januswantedtoin senal of Janus, and in the two poems there seemssenal ofJanus,andinthetwopoems there onzaga panegyric.Itseems thatastrologywason its use.InJanuary1453,Januscomposedan ve knownaboutLodovico’spredilectionfor rticular poem, Janus’praise only came toFerrarajustbeforeJanusgave Paula BarbaroandGiacomo Balbi. survived from theFerrareseperiod;these ilection for thestars; age inJanus’oeuvrecanbefoundthe veals thathewasinformed about descriptions ofthesigns,that at Janusdidnotknowabout es ofJanus’panegyrics,the troduce himselfandwin it iscertainlynotby of the father isso IV. 218, and in 291 The
CEU eTD Collection ablatives ablatives does containanastrologicalidea,thoughitisso mean atleast twothings 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 TheGuarinopanegyric, quoted above. expressions, eveninahighlyrhet taking astrologyseriously.A“belie passage, which clearlypresents anabsurdity, aspect with eachother;bothsignify fortunein in thehighest heavens ismore spectacularthan theAscendant. in definingthebirthruler the most probableinterpretationofthetext with dubiousmeanings (moreover, thela The wavesofpraiseranhighhere tenorem. certa fides,acsignanovumservasse Ille diemirocaelumproperasserotatu concordes iunxisseglobos,quavenitin auras affirmem regnasseiubar, quae sideradicam mentiar, hoc unum dubito, quod inaxesupern cretum esemine Non egoFranciscumcaelesti passage appears again in thefigureof a favors with Thomson, in Thomson, newestedition the I used Chapter II. 2. Ibid. Bollók, Thesentence would make senseif 185-190. Franc. Barb. ad Epithal. AH-Ábel, Janus, Huszti, Axis can refer both tothe sky itselfandthe axis of illa/illo illa/illo 293 Asztrális
Guarino FrancescoBarbaro,the fa 298 were pronounced with a long along with were pronounced 98. 98.
, 65.
, 57. , 57. : 296
the planetseithercoincidewithth (araremethod intheRenaissance),perhapsbecauseaconstellation
299 illo anofteninterpretedJanus or or Guarino. orical genre: seeCortesi’sor , andthis resulted inaseries of strange ideas, some of them
illa ver” poetwouldhavepraised a rogatio mous humanist patrician ofVenice. stood for stood and and . st linesseemtohavebeencorrupted
o
, thepoettakesinto o medium caeli 297 in Classical Latin, which would not fit the metrics.) Classicalfitthe in not Latin, would which ruled intheuppermost sky, just wondering whichlight Ishoulddeclaretohave (?), andthe signskeptthis newcourse. moved forwardinamiraculous rotation onthatday came forthtotheworld? mention asharmoniously joining thestars,whenhe I won’tliethatFranciscoi : 63 shows most definitively how far Januswasfrom ille generalinastrology. The lastsentenceofthe peripheral thattheprevi ; illa/illo die die illa/illo in a horoscope. poem, finishedprobablyin1454, would mean “onthat day.” (Although the eir domiciles, orhaveafavorable account theMCaxis( Naldi’s panegyricstoMatthias Concordes iunxisseglobos the patronwithmore real s 294 adivineoffspring,Iam It issurethatthesky whichglobesshouldI ous scholarshiphasnot 292 295 Theastrological ). Accordingto axe superno
can 300 )
CEU eTD Collection 304 303 302 301 positions, In atypeofgeneralastrology,gr it isGuarino’s birth, supported bythe heavens,whichwillbring anewgoldenagefor theworld. The “theme ofrestoratio Quam benefatorumconcordant sidera pensis! Uraniae numerissibirespondentia faustis? Nonne videseademtotusportendat ut aether, changed overtoastrologyforamoment: magnifying themythical figuresintocosmic dime the soulapproaches thecelestial spheres. with astrology;thesignsappear example, thesun asspiritual symbol detected it. Theremight havebeenotherworksbyJanus among thelostpoems ofpraise.Januscomposed, forinstance,along framework ofastrology. history –meetinanastrologicalsynthesis, have differentconceptualframeworks –Greek of Urania,thedescent of thesoulform thestars, previous examples;whatmakes th express the celestial justification of
Ibid., p. 54 54 p. Ibid., ll. 1033-5. Ibid., Thomson, János,“Neoplatonista coniunctiones Guarino Theideas andimages whichshow aRenaissanceNeoplatonic influence – for , praef. 31-2: , praef. 31-2: , ”
7. n afteraperiodofruin” , andJanusseems tohavedrawnonth alta manet merititeregia caeli/Co
at best inplayful images: “the e passageinterestingishowdifferentideas–thedivinesupport thenewgoldenage.Therhetoricalusage isthesame asinthe eat historicaleventswereofte 301 orthestarsprovidingahome 302 303 However, thepoet’spropensityforexaggeratingand However,
in anideawhichshares thecommonconceptual 64 thedecisionoffates! harmonize with favorable numbers ofUrania?Howwellthestars the sameevents,whichcorrespondto Can’t you see thatthewholeetherispredicting 304 andtherestorationof mythology, Neoplatonicastralmysticism, and wasabasicideaofpanegyricsingeneral;here nsions hadtheresult thatastralmysticism coloredbyastrologicalfeatures,mainly ntrahit etcaudam Scorpios eccetibi. Scorpion drawsbackitstail”when is typeofastrol n linkedtopeculiarplanetary the goldenage–whichall for thesoul–donotmix epithalamium ogy inorderto praising CEU eTD Collection 308 307 306 305 inessedecet. CaesaribusmoresMartis Quid tibicum gelidoSaturni sidereinertis? vel sineconsilio. mallemaliquidfaceres Nam tucontinue consultas, necfacisumquam, nunc, cunctanteperit. eademte,Friderice, Romula resolimFabiocunctanterevixit, claim inawittyepigram: a contract abouttheconditionsofth asked Frederickinvainforit,a crown. Matthiaswasingreatneed throne in1458,hecouldnotbe Thepoliticalcontextofthispoem and MatthiasCorvinusove b.) Anepigram onFrederickIII of theastrological culture at passages seem tobebasedonJanus’ownthoughts, these applied astrological symbolism. This epig Matthias Corvinus–andmockery ofhisenemies turn the stars.InHungary,Janus Leonello, 14-18. was signed. KarlNehring, New contract theVienna Town that 1463 of July itwas not until but gulden, thousand eighty less forno than crown also in vain in 1461. In the next year, prompted byrequest the of Landus, the papal legate, heagreed to sell the 383.). Ep. issue (JP-Mayer, edition reinforces this by placing the poemchronologically 683.) 1987], [Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, Sándor Kovács, V. terminus The delegation of János Vitéz was unsuccessful in 1458, the pressure of the prince electors on the emperor was Thenotesofthe1972jubilee edition( JP-Mayer,Ep. 384 Janus, Huszti, 305
ante quem whichmay havecontainedsuchideas,taki 95. 95. for theepigram). Janus,asapoetbyMatthias’side,gavevoicetotheroyal (Munich: R. Oldenburg, 1975), 1975), R.Oldenburg, (Munich: Reich unddas III. Friedrich Kaiser Corvinus, Matthias r theHungarianCrown. Matthias’ court.
nd hehadtowaituntil1463,the ed awayfromthepanegyric-like crowned,becauseFrederickhad e returningofthecrownwassigned Janus Pannonius összes munkái összes munkái Janus Pannonius oflegitimizing hispowerwith 306 seems tohavebeenthe debate between FrederickIII do with the icy starofthe do with the icy something advice.got to withoutany Whathaveyou time, notdoing anything; did Iwouldratheryou of Frederick.yours, areconsulting For alltheyou Fabius; now the same[state the tardinessof survived by Long ago,the Roman state 65 ram deserves a deeperanalysis. Whiletheabove just after the one which is undoubtedly about the crown crown the about isundoubtedly which theone after just – couldalsobeexpressedinepigrams; oneof 307 the Hungarianepigramforms anorganicpart put the epigram in this context, and the new critical the critical and new context, the this epigramput in When Matthiasacceded ng intoaccountLeone [Complete works ofJanus Pannonius], ed. year whentheViennaNewTown atraditional genres, nevertheless,praiseof previously seizedtheroyal 308 ] perishes by ]the tardiness by perishes (thismay beregardedas sluggish (or:cowardly) llo’s enthusiasm for totheHungarian crowning, buthe
CEU eTD Collection 312 311 310 309 of astrology,inwhichtheplanets(orantique Ptolemy, Firmicus Maternus,andtheirfollowers.In mistaken forthechronocratorinmorewidespr JánosBollók, afterathoroughanal astrological referencesareba context ofthe epigram. about thebirthsoftheserulers,so that Janus’swordsonplanetaryinfluencesmay refe played asignificant role inth decisions to theconstellati has recentlybeensummarizedbyPangerl. court historiansoftheHabsburgs, central figure of thepoem, hadasimilar interest in must bethepredilectionofMatth the starsathisbirth.WhydoesJanusexpresses himself Oneofthereasons throughastrology? character ( TheexpressionwithSaturnmakes itclear To bemore precise, itmustbenatal astrology, th 1997), 747, quoted by Pangerl, 311. 311. Pangerl, by quoted 747, 1997), (Leipzig:Dyk, 1891), 20. Astrologie am Hof Kaiser Friedrichs III. (1440-1493)”, (1440-1493)”, III. Friedrichs Kaiser Hof am Astrologie Bollók, Bollók, Heinig, Paul-Joachim DanielCarlo Pangerl, “Sterndeutung alsnaturwisse Forexampleby Joseph Grünpeck, Saturn? For have aMartial an emperor,it comes to 56-59. Asztrális, 56-59. mores ), thepermanent, substantialproperties (1440-1493),. III.(1440-1493),. Friedrich Kaiser ons ofthestarsanda sed on“chronocrator-astrology”
e courtsofbothrulerspresentedbytheepigram, onecansuspect Die Gescichte Friedrichs III. und Maximilians I. Maximilians III.und Friedrichs Die Gescichte ias, alreadydiscussedabovein itwouldbeinte 309 andreinforcedbymodern scholarship,theresultsofwhich 310 ysis oftheepigram, arrivesattheconclusionthat AsHeinigsays, Frederic Archiv für Kulturgeschichte für Archiv character. nschaftliche MethodeundPolitikberatung. Astronomie und 66 e branch ofstarbeliefs according to whichthe godswiththesame names), wereassociated resting toinvestigatethis ead meaning of“ruler astrology.Thisfactwa that theepigram hasanastrologicalmeaning. Hof, Regierung und Politik, Politik, und Regierung Hof, stead, Bollókreferstothemost simplebranch r toparticularastrolog dvice ofhisastrologers.” ofapersonaredefinedbytheposition 312 . This“chronocrator”mustnotbe detail. Inaddition,Frederick,the 92 (2010), 309-327. 309-327. (2010), 92 k III“subjectedimportant , ed. & trans. Theodor Ilgen Theodor &trans. , ed. ical beliefsoropinions s notedby some ofthe Vol. I, (Cologne: Böhlau, lifetime”, asusedby concreteastrological 311 Sinceastrology CEU eTD Collection 1443, Bollók’sargument canberefu now beensettled.Indeed,asea make useofthedifferentplanetaryinfluen Janus knew1440asthebirthyearofMatthiasa certain: 21September 1415,whichfallsonaSaturd while 23February1440fallsonaTuesday,theday of Mars.ThedateFrederick’sbirthis support” from thesources.Thedate23February secondary literature,thetwopossibilities argued thatwhilethedayandmont 315 314 313 to havemore truthconcerning in thecaseof Frederickandsome othersystem while creatingaclearopposition betweenthetwofigures oftheepigram,chronocrator-astrology Matthias’s court, butitishardly possible that the kingandhisnephew.Anyway,Frederickstil birth yearof hisking,atleasti the weekinanumber ofEuropeanlanguage came tobeassociated withthedayitself,andthis have adefinitive influence onthe personality. Later, theplanet (god) of thefirst hour of theday with thehoursofdayas“rulerstim horoscopesand other documents –gavethe year 1443. ones, – narrative sources other primary of ahost Piccolomini), while Silvio Enea legate; (Thomas, aVenetian astrology: Decades Guoth’s argument can be summarized briefly: the year 1440 was only weakly supported by few foreign sources sources foreign by few supported weakly only year was the 1440 briefly: summarized can be argument Guoth’s Kálmán Guoth, „Mikor született Mátyáskirály?” Furthermore, the first day of amonth came to define the astrological nature of the whole month. Bonfini’s 314 has asentence which associates both the birth and death of Matthias with Mars, based on chronocrator- andthiswasgenerally Et, quemadmodummenseMartio natus erat, ita die ethora Martis vitadecessit
ndirectly from JánosVitéz,whohadtheclosestrelationshiptoboth his thoughtsontherela rly as1943,KálmánGuothhasprove accepted byla h ofMatthias’birthiscertain, ted bythefactthatdeba ces (MarsandSaturn)inhispoem . e,” a
being 1440and1443,theyearhas“more [When wasKingMatthias born?] s (inEnglish:Saturday, Sunday,Monday). nd theplanetofhourbirthwassupposedto 67 ter scholars. in thecase of Matthias. Bollók’s reasoning seems Janusmixed twodifferentastrologicalsystems nd alsoknewFrederick’s system leftits mark onthenames ofthedays of 1443fallsonaThursday,thedayofJupiter, l could beassociated ay, thedayofSaturn.AccordingtoBollók, ted horoscopes.Althoughintheendhedid 315 Janusmust knowntheright have te aroundMatthias’sbirthhas the exactyearisdebatedin d thatMatthiaswasbornin Kolozsvári Szemle . (IV. 8. 200) birthday, sohecould with “Satur-day”in 3 (1943). 3 (1943). 313 Bollók Bollók CEU eTD Collection 316 its adjacenthouse,thetenth house Bearer, ruled bySaturn. TheMC–explicitly iden MC ofMatthias’snativityis Mars andSaturn respectively thedominant planets istaking theMCintoconsideration. the birth ruler)arrives totheco possibilities (theAscendant, the Sun, theastrolog Bollók,aftertrying out allthe chart? horoscope andMarsthebirthrulerinMatthias’s III Frederick of Fig. The 3. nativity From whatpointofviewcouldSa (Johannes Schöner, (Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225) Corvinus Matthias of Fig. The 2. nativity (Fig. 3;themaker horoscopeisunknown). ofthe While twocodicesgive exactlythe same nativityfor Matthias (Fig.2),anativityfor Frederick appearsinasixteenth- rethink thisissue. not seem Bollók, Bollók, 54-55. Asztrális, 54-55. uch senseinusingthes
in theScorpion,ruledbyMars;Fr rrect conclusionthattheonlyim century printedbook,JohannesSchöner’s turn bethebirthruler(themost was generallyconsideredthehous e horoscopestointerpretthepoe
68 tified bythe maker of Frederick’s nativity –and ically strongest planet, theMCas signifiers of Opera mathematica, important planet)inFrederick’s aginable possibilityformaking ederick’s MCisintheWater- e ofhonors,care m, itnowseems fruitful to Nürnberg 1561, LXVI/a) LXVI/a) 1561, Nürnberg Opera mathematica er, acts;this 316 The
CEU eTD Collection 318 317 Thereisonemore versionofFred 4); foundamonghoroscopesoftheCorvinusfamily, it in Vienna. details of Matthias’s nativity,thiswas notcasew taken into consideration. indirectly inRenaissanceastr though forotherreasons the MCandbirthrulers would alsofittheconten was reallyinuseFrederick’ representations of his Ascendant (Scorpion) and its ruler (Mars) (Békés, (Békés, (Mars) itsruler and (Scorpion) Ascendant of his representations methods of horoscope-interpretation in the Renaissance. horoscope, but in the Fish; furthermore, the investigation ofconfines ( ofits effectbecause his toexert positive able is not exile –so his harmful effects are increased –,butMars, s (Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225) See,forexample, thecaseofLodovico Gonzaga discu (Bollók, counter-argument Bollók’s 318 t oftheepigram than thoseofBollók. Furthermore, itisnotat allcertain
of thehoroscopesinmind,Idonotthinkitprobableeither, and ology, itwasnottheMCbut s time. Inaddition,whileJanusc Asztrális, Fig. 4.The . However, BollókwasstillnotconvincedthatJanushad 55.) seems problematic tome: “Though Saturn in the Crabs is in erick’s nativity:his“more true”( verior 69 ituated inthe Water-Bearer, between theconfines of Saturn, position.” Mars is not in the Water-Bearer in Matthias’s Matthias’s in the Water-Bearer in Marsisnot position.” 317 ssed above, orthecaseofCosimo Medici,whoalso had nativity of III Frederick of nativity ith Frederick’sbirthcharts,atleastthosemade Firstofall,whenthebirth ruler must havebeencastinMatthias’scourt. Galeotto, termini thatthenativity in Schöner’s book ould beeasilyinformed aboutthe Ascendant whichwasgenerally ) wasrather peripheralamong the 75). 75).
verior ) geniture(Fig.
was defined CEU eTD Collection 320 319 TheassociationofMars,thegod (andplanet) Corvinian propaganda,isawellknownfact. strong reasonstothinkthatthis facts, sothe characteristics were– allegedly– the darkersideofSaturn;second,thesecharacte held tobe a Martial personality ina positive se apply suchastrologicalterms, itwasenoughforJa Matthias’s court certainly lurkinthe background of theastrological interest of theepigram. To (though thispossibility cannotbeexcluded).Stil Thus,there is nofirm groundforan explan about thepracticeofjudicialastr Saturnine figure. place forhis Saturninordertosatisfythose Matthias’s court whowantedtoseeFrederickasa of thereasons for“deferring”Frederick’s birth date may havebeentofindamore spectacular Matthias’s nativity isnot known.Still,thishoroscope provides some important information. One Saturn “jumped”from secondtothefirst, the interpretation oftheepigram. HeretheMC at bestanearlier,preliminary versionofit. note underthehoroscope,itwasmade after1483,soJanuscouldnothaveknownthisexemplar, Thisver
king against the Turks: Hungarus Mavortius used ofMatthias, “epithets” current the in HonorofTibor Klaniczay] in Hungaricus], Mayer-Ep. 426 Mayer-Ep. Ijust refer here to the study of Klára Pajorin, “Janus Pannonius ésMars Hungaricus” [Janus Pannonius andMars ior nativity wasmade foradatetwohourslate Klaniczay-emlékkönyv. , ed. József Jankovics (Budapest: Balassi, 1994
was thecaseatMa ology, wouldhavelookedintothe Tanulmányok KlaniczayTibor emlékezetére , for example, by Ugolino Verino in ( Triumphus... 319 is nottheWater-bearer buttheFish;andthough Neitherdoes thehoroscope itself helpinthe 70 nse, and Frederick aSaturnine personality, with Janus himself, inalateepigram, mostimportant house, l. 79; in in Ábel-Olaszországi) l. 79; defined bysuperiorhe tthias’s court. rizations werebasedonconcreteastrological ation thatJanus,whowasotherwiseskeptical l, thecurrent nus toknowtwothings r thantheSchönerversion.Judgingfrom a of war, with Matthias,aspartofof war,with the ), 57-72. “MarsHungaricus”), 57-72. was oneof a poem which exhorts the Hungarian the Hungarian exhorts apoem which ideas aboutthetworulersin nativities ofthe [Klaninczay-Festschrift. Studies
avenly laws. Thereare a parallelsituationin : first, Matthias was : first,Matthiaswas rulers himself 320 represents CEU eTD Collection lines ofhisexhortatorypoem Even thoseintheservice oftheemperor sometimes considered Saturninequalitie sources, onemust concludethattheemperor re tries tooutlinethecharacterofFrederick,ba Similar tendenciestoconnect have beenpresentattheHungariancourt.Itwasnot exploited aswell. the conjunctionofMarsandSun,royalpl Pajorin. 325 324 323 322 321 sluggish, envious,deviserofpl comparison: Frederickispetty-minded, thrifty, greedy,aloverofpeaceandrest, negligent, of thetworulers.Ienumerate herethepropertie Naturally,thenegativesideofFrederick’sch Matthias’s environment; thebestexample isperh Etteprincipibusassociaretuis? consulereorbi Cur tantumdiffersperituro (…) Etstimulus rapidesiquis avaricieest. Otia teignorent, convivia, balnea, somni favorable Marswerewelcome atthecourt.Bonf Mars bothasapagangodandplanet,st Ep. 38., v. 29-30, 37-38. 37-38. 29-30, v. 38., Ep. 37.). [de]liberationibus suis et in eis presertim, in quibus pecuniam effundere oportet 125-6. Balassi,1996), (Budapest: Forexample, according to Pajorin, “Janus,” 67-69. Marianna Birnbaum, “Matthias, the ’Flagellum Dei’ ofthe Renaissance,” in M. Birnbaum, Decades Enee Silvii Piccolominei ... Carmina Piccolominei Silvii Enee 322 IV. 8. 200.: 8.200.: IV. It is natural that any astrological calc Et, quemadmodum mense Martio natus erat, ita die et hora Martis vita decessit. Martisvita itadie et hora erat, natus Martio mense Et, quemadmodum Dominus imperator tardus est admodum in in acontemporaryadmodum est document, imperator tardus Dominus Ad FridericumCaesarem:
s inastrology:misanthropy, avar
325 , ed. AdrianusVanHeck(Vatican:Bi ,
ots, inconsistent,self-restra
Frederick tohisSaturn,butwith anegativesign,must also
anding forMatthiasaccording toBirnbaum sed ondifferent(notonly“Corvinian”)primary 71 ini referred toMarsasthe royalchronocrator; s whichareexpressedbythestatements ofthe on oprs,add o onyu rne? going toperish, anddonot join your princes? help theworldwhichis soslowto areyou Why (…) and whateverspursonrobberavarice. Rest shouldnotknow norfeasts,baths,sleep, you, aps provided by Bonfini’s detailedcomparisonaps providedbyBonfini’s anet, inMatthias’snativitywasmostprobably ally hadsevera ulations whichcould difficulttocreatethea referred tothese qualities, likeEneainthese aracter wasmuch more overtlyexpressedin ice, slowness, indecisiveness. l basicpropertieswhichwere blioteca Apostolica ined, solitary,misanthropic, (Quoted by Huszti 1931, 374, note connect Matthiasto a ssociation itself.Ifone The orb and the pen Vaticana, 1994),
321 and and 324 323
CEU eTD Collection 329 328 327 326 the court.Frederick’sbirthonSaturday,hisMCin any astrologicalfactthatsuppor corroborated byJanus’sepigram itself.Itisalso Frederick wascertainly heldtobeaSaturninepe Dumruitimperium,dumecclesia? Quid facisin patria Saturnitardiorastro, metaphorically: same thatwasquotedabove,selectedSaturntoexpresstheemperor’s poem tardiness against theirfriends,gloomy, takingnocareofthebody.” evil-speaker, solitary,tearful,shameless, supers jealous... sordid,petty,mean-spi “dictatorial, ready to punish, l the negativemental qualitiesgivenbySaturn, summary ofFrederick’s characterreminds oneof headstrong, rigid,playingfortim ingenium, Mars apertus, animus ad pacem bellumque perfacilis… perfacilis… bellumque pacem ad animus apertus, Mars ingenium, liberum illi retinere… constantiam inutroque fuit,etnullam solitus pacem optare in bello bellum, pace in intercepit, strategy.” militaryDecades IV,4, unconcealed 107: “open, recedere. non sua sollitudineque ex arca promere, pecumiis potius quam sociis parcere, sperare cunctando instaurari omnia, et arigiditate omniaperpeti, iacturamet paruifacere, adversariumobstinatione defatigare, malleomnia perdere quam nummum amator… hunc vitarecondita, severus, tristis,etasuorum consuetudine admodum al animus, inimicus crapularum, quin et semper abstemius, hydropotesque perpetuus, solitudinis et contemplationis fuit continentissimus modicus, cultus huius difficilis… utrumque demumad tribuere, amicorum consiliis nihil et placuit, suo genere cuncta iudicio et pro calliditate, arte,consilio, retinere… huic constantiam in utroque nullam intercep facinora alinorum noblia habitus, hic quandoque invidus ettardus… etdesidiosus negligens, plus aequo quin amator, etquietis otii hic appetens… quam honoris University Press, 1980), III. III. 13. 158 Press, 1980), University Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos is habits good of Matthias’ one Interestingly, Decades IV, 4, 104ff.: Carmina, Carmina, Ep.ll. 38, 5-6 (In Greek and English), ed. G. P.Goold, trans. F. E.Robbin (Cambridge: Harvard …contra Fridericus imperator non modo parcus et frugi, sed avarus: et plus pecuniarum,
overs ofproperty,avaricious,vi ted suchacharacterizationof rited, indifferent,mean-minded, e. 326 Matthiasrepresentsjusttheoppositequalities. 329
Mars apertus
Church perishesaway? Saturn, whiletheempire,the starof whilethe doingin What areyou your homeland, slowerthan as enumerated bynolessauthoritythan Ptolemy: 72 titious, fondoftoil,unfee hic invidushic quandoquehabitus, nobliaalinorum facinora most probablethat,asinthecaseof Matthias, Saturn. Onecancompare it,forexample,with rsonality, atleast inMatthias’s court; this is it, in pace bellum, in bello pacem optare solitus fuit, fuit, et solitus optare pacem in bello bellum, it, in pace theWater-bearer orhisSaturn inthefirst , themeaning of which is clearfrom the context: 328 ItisnotbychancethatEnea, inthe the king’srivalwasdemanded at olent, amassing treasures, and malignant, cowardly,diffident, iena… Imperator pertinacia ling, devisersofplots 327 Bonfini’s CEU eTD Collection horoscopes. However,hewrotesome elegie astrology –onehearsthevoi ironic epigrams anddetailsof astrology. Inthepraisepoems thelyricalsubjectis contradiction betweenthesetextsandthoseof Renaissance panegyric-likepoems. Therhetoricalusag presence ofthose“celes ideas wasfurther facilitatedbythe the partsofEuropewhereJanuslivedandworked;insome poems theapplicationofastrological Thissubchapterprovidedexamples ofth symbolism. Thegeneralreasonforusingitseems tohavebeenthefashionofjudicialastrologyin is notable to,becausehe cannotchange hispersonalitydefined bythestars. and theironyofJanusdevastatingforemperor. the astrologicalinterpretationofpoem which 330 horoscopes whichsupportedthesecharacte were (also)definedbyheavenly prejudice orelement ofpropaganda):Matthias’sMartialandFrederick’sSaturnine characters opposition musthavebeenbasedon acommonc Janusdoesnotseem tohaveappliedanyof directly and systematically incontrasting the have beentakenintoaccount. house, thed Bollók, Bollók, Asztrális, 58. etrimental position ofthe planet inth tial” ideas–human triumph,astral ce ofthepoet.Janusdoe
the letters–whichshowanoppos constellations. ItwasenoughforJanustoknowthattherewere particular patron’s interest intheeffect of thestars orby the rizations. AsalreadyobservedbyBollók, 73 Martial and theSaturnine rulers. However,his s inHungarywhichcontainmoresincere e Crabs(in bothnativities):anyofthesecould the previoussubchapterwhichmockjudicial makes thepunchlineof HecallsuponFredericktobehaveinawayhe ourtly opinion (onecouldalsosay:common not atallidenticalwith theabovementioned astrologicalelements e highlyrhetoricalusage ofastrological s notseem tohaveappreciatedtheworldof e issoapparentthatinfact thereisno mysticism –whichwerenaturalin ite attitudetowards judicial thepoet,whilein the epigram powerful 330 itisjust CEU eTD Collection 332 331 ardores SaturnituMartis frigus iners, iniqui sinistra parant. fata quicquid pelle procul placida corrige dextro sedlumine feras, triste nil nildirum, temperie. potesessedecus), quae nontantumnoctis 20 felixcuisoli fas est haud cedere Phoebo, faci, adesse, iussit fessae, solis ac Deae, tuaflamma, seu est Idaliae, grata modo sive coelo teDeus novum addidit ignem, iuba, bellacruenta, nuntiat horrenda, vocari, forte te mavis Iovem tu(sive sed 15 conspicuorutilans Quantus fulgore cometes, micat. stella nitore Phoebi contempto astris, reliquis audacior unatamenlonge radiisiubar, praestrictum occuluere 10 pallam, variantia Noctis caeruleam Cetera luminaferrevalent. coeli aspectum caligantia puri flagrant,nec nunc Omnia iacit. recta spicula incaputAethiopum equos, acer, Solagit celsiusaestivos, umbras, longius vagas permittens 5necprodire terga Leonis, certe per Cleonaei Fulva nec timet refulget, sub luce sidus clara tam hoc Quodnam in medi composing thestructureofahymn. description ofastar( the longestofJanus’poems withanastrological Theelegy whichis entitled MCCCLXII a.) “Destella aest 4. Astrologicalideasinso this pointtheseelegieshavebeen m Jankovits for placing his study at my disposal. It will be published in the inthe my It be published studyat will his disposal. placing for Jankovits anifestations of Janus’ astrological standpointthanthoseof ofJanus’astrological anifestations thepraisepoems seenabove;until László Jankovits, ”The Stars, the Poet and the King,” 2. (Yet unpublished. Here I want to give thanks to László JP-Tel. El. I. 4. 331
(“On astarseenonsummerdayatnoon,inJuly1462”)theTelekieditionis ivo meridievisa” o praenituisse die? o praenituisse ekphrasis
me Hungarianelegies , ll.1-14),aninvocation(15-20)a waitingforadeepinvestigation. 332
De stellaaestivomeridievi your favorable lightwhateversinistereventsthe anything dreadful orsorrowful,butbanish with just theornament night,do notbring ofthe not to yield to Phoebus, (20) and can be more than allowed fortunateof thetiredSun,are you one,who asanew fire ordering you tosky reinforce thetorch flame upintheGod hassetyou isdear, oragainif Jove, oritis theIdaliangoddessto whom your halo. (15) But whetheryou, youlike to becalled red light,signifiesbloody warswithitsdreadful of Phoebus.Suchalargecomet, shiningbrightwith aboutthebrightness keeps shining,andcareslittle much bolderthanalltheotherstars, One staralone, therays [ofthesun]. by (10) hidtheirlightsdazzled [stars] thatspecklethebluishmantleof theNight, cannot bearthe sight All theotherof the clearsky. eyes isEverything alight now,andthe dizzy set straight onto thecapitalofEthiopians. to extendfurther, andthrows his[radiant] spears shadows of Cleonae;(5)hedoesnotallowthestray higher straightthroughthe oftheLion russetback higherand steed TheSundriveshis day? summer not daylight, afraid ofglitteringinthemiddle Which isthe starthatis 74 topic. Thefamous 44-lineelegyconsistsofa Mária Font Festschrift soon. nd aprayer(21-44),thelasttwo sa inmense Iulio A. D. shining insuchaclear CEU eTD Collection days, and“between10-20August1462Venuswasinthe argued foranotherhypothesis:JanussawVenus.Th these balefuleffects.Furthermore, Europeanas however, intheRenaissanceitwas comets them 336 335 334 333 ( arguments ofBarthaagainstthe “star” wasacomet, Bollók, afteralonganalysiswithcomplicated cal concerns ratherthequestionof intriguing anddebatedissue;howev Hungary. Thefirstquestionthatarisesiswhatthe poetcouldhaveseeninreality.Thisisan In thelast twelvelines thepoetasksnew limite quas certoUrsarates. duxerit abundis Castor defendat piusinsanis sed nec Orionclava, minus ense ferox, 30 neumiseros turbetOrion, nimbosus nautas Canis, igne nimiotorreat segetes ne uvas, Scorpius nepulset flaventes Grandine aquis, Haedus ventis,saevior Arcturus Perfice neterrisnoce 25 recorded by Chinese astrologers. Janus could see acomet on 14 July, because this date fall Janus tookinto account the precession that argued Bollók calendar. Julian traditional the in 4 August to corresponds Lion, which 14º Pliny, the in passage any starwhichappeared effects, etc.). uses sidus/astrum/stella Ibid., 343. Bartha, ”Janus Bollók, sense. itsthe Renaissance the Iwill in In “comet” ordinary use word following the In cometes cometes Asztrális, only once for a star (l. 13) in the ordinary meaning of , ”
343-4. 343-4. 67-80. Bollók set out from lines 5-6: this position of the sun would mean, according to a mean, according the sun would of position this setout 5-6: from lines Bollók 67-80. ) “toneutralizethebaleful,harmful 333 suddenly (Bartha, “Janus ant Arcturus et Haedus, ant etHaedus, Arcturus seenon14July.
and thelateness ofthe Juliancalenda what theheavenly object, whateveritwas,meant forJanus. er, Icannotdiscussthequestionin theory thatJanussawacomet. 334 , ”
However,hewasnot abletoeliminate the earlier 343). It is improbable that Janus followed this terminology; he this terminology; followed Janus that 343). It isimprobable the storming waves. Bear ships thatthe [Great] club; but, instead, letbenevolentCastorprotectany Orion, who hisswordaswith is asfiercewith Orionnotharassthewretchedsailors,(30) stormy Dogstar not scorch down thegrain fields; andlet the Scorpion thenot destroy ripeninggrapes, letthe withhiswaters.Let Haedus his winds,thefearsome and Haedusdonot harmthe fields,Arcturuswith unrestrained Mars.(25)MakeitsothatArcturus rigidcoldnessofSaturn,theheat temperature the mildyour for us.Counterbalancewith fates prepare 75 tronomers didnotrecordacomet in1462.Bartha s inthe period ofacomet appearance (29 June –16July) star tobring peace,prosperity,and concordto culations, endedupwithaconclusionthatthe selves thatweregenerally considered tohave e brightnessofthisplanetdoublesevery584 comet (a heavenly body with a tail, with dreadful with atail,dreadful cometbody (a heavenly effect oftheotherheavenlybodies;” effect most favorablepositionwithrespectto r, so4Augustmeant for him 14July; detailhere,sincemy topic 335 leads on a safe pathfrom onasafe leads Janusasksthe“star” cometes sometimes meant sometimes 336
CEU eTD Collection (http:// www.perseus.tufts.edu, accessed 03 (in DeNichilo, 1222-35 liber met. Pontano, I.272-3; Volaterrais Naldi, 1967); Bucolicum Carmen 6.117 ( comets the effectsof the negative on descriptions longer 344 343 342 341 340 339 338 337 Janus didnot suspect a comet. Hementions thecomet inasimile: similar judgment in by Thorndike supporting thisview,itisenoughtolookatthe generally considered,withafewexceptions,to andcatastrophes.Tofinddata bring misfortune comet may assume thenatureofanyplanet. guesswork might berelatedtoone to guessitsnature,whetheritcouldbecalledJup Evenifitwasnotacomet, onemust investigatewhether be acomet. Atfirstsight,itmay s conjunction withortooneartothesun. observation ofVenuswastheoreti Jankovits seems toberightinarguingthatBartha’shypothesisismore probable theory, its diurna 272. (14º Lion), but this is improbable. a bejust cometseems mentions to the Janus where the comet asdescribed inthe Chines Thorndike, Bollók, Checked with “CyberSky.” 3. ”TheStars,” Jankovits, Bollók’s calculation would involve that Pliny hadalso taken into account the precession in figuring out his data of to northernmost north was Hungary of latitude The Ibid., 344. The frequent adjectivesthecomets of – 338 Asztrális, l visibility” andstillotherarguments canbe History, 343 orthereferences tocomets infifteenth-century humanist poetry. 79-80. He refers to theories about comets in the the comets in about theories He refersto 79-80. IV. 413-432. 413-432. IV. De inundatione 337
Iohannis Michaelis Alberti Carrariensis Opera Iohannis MichaelisAlbertiCarrariensis (Bartha’s italics).Jankovitsaddedth
e records differs from theappearance given by Janus. Moreover, the clause eem asifJanusassumed thatitwas a cally possibleonthedaysgivenbyBartha:Venuswasnotin .05.2012). of theClassicaltheoriesabout (seebelow). Indeed,aclosereading ofthetextrevealsthat dirus, ferus – 341
simile (seebelow). Jankovits, ”The Stars,” 3-4. madeagainstBollók’sreasoning. 76 342 also exist,e.g.,inPontan fifteenth-century comet predictionssummarized the fifteenth-century Chinese Empire. Theappearance of in contemporary poetry already signify their nature, but nature, their signify already poetry contemporary in However, intheRenaissance comets were iter, Venus orsomething else(ll. 13-18);this Tetrabiblos, ree newargumentsagainstthecomet … ed. G. Giraldi, Novara: DeAgostini,… ed.G. Novara: Giraldi, Janus couldhaveconsidereditto I poemi comets,accordingtowhicha II.and 9.90 Servius, o. Examples: Giovanni Carrara, such ); Gabriele Altilio, carm. ); GabrieleAltilio, 7. 67 cometes, a greatcomet would 344 and then started . 340 339 Janusmade a Thesimple Allinall, ad Aen. X Aen. ad . CEU eTD Collection 348 347 346 345 would belordsoverdestiny.Asfortheparticul favorable lightwhateversinister events thefates Finally, ithas tobe investigated how serious the fears and expectations of thepoet could have been.Bollókobserved howfarJanuswasfrom afatalist attitude: that representedthesamekindof natural ratherthanjudici predictions, indeed,he justmeditates rather than ma Janus wantsthestartobean“anti-comet.” Furthermore, th which shouldbeneutralized)altogeth previous ones,alreadygobeyondthematerial wo the poetwantsstartobanishwaranddiscord; hail, drought,anditshouldpromote goodwinds,harvest,andgeneralprosperity.Attheend Whatkindofastrologywasrefe about areastro-meteorological in exclusion whichmakes possibletheinvocation.” foretell cruelwarsandnotbet sentence is, signify wars. Omnia sic roseis / cedant tibi sidera flammis, / sic tuus occiduas, nesciat ignis aquas. ignis nesciat occiduas, /sictuus flammis, tibi sidera /cedant sicroseis Omnia rex proceres, observent regem /Fac suo. amne submovet magis afflictas respice Pannonias. /Ve concordia mundo, / Ianus et aeterna comprimat arma sera./ Esto quidem late populis tu prospera cunctis, / sed conditional. sentence meaning the the of makes Bollók, Bollók, Semina ll..33-44: centeno reddat cum foenore tellus,/ unda ferat pisces, aura salubris aves. Perte vexato redeat 4. ”TheStars,” Jankovits, Although in ll. 13-14 the verb of the sentence – Asztrális, 82. “ 345 rhetorically, an Itcanevenbe al astrology.Janusdidnotholdthestar
apostrophe said thatJanusappliesheretherh ouched byanyprayer,buttherethe astrologytypicalforcomets. nature; thestarshouldneutralizefrostandheat,tempest, flood, rte pharetratos Phryxi trans aequora er aretypicallythoseoftheco rred tointhe elegy?Most of theeffects thepoet speaks : if such abigstar were nuntiat nuntiat 77 346 – is in the indicative, not in the subjunctive, still, in the subjunctive, not indicative, isthe – in ar ideasthemselves, Janusprobablydrewon ipse, fideli / consilio procerum, se regat et patriam. / seregat et patriam. procerum, / fideli consilio ipse, prepare for us,”saysthepoet,asifstars
rld. Interestingly,thenegativeeffects (those kes predictions for thefuture. After all, thisis 347 theseexpected effects,incontrasttothe e poetdoesnotgointocomplex tobeacomet, butitevokedideas etorical figureofexclusion.The Turcos, /quos male nunc Hister mets. Infact,onecansaythat a comet, it wouldregularly case isdifferent.Itthis
348 “Banishwithyour quantus quantus CEU eTD Collection others layhidden( 354 353 352 351 350 349 compared toanotherheavenly ( Theeventis strikingly similar tothe one expressions andthegeneralcontent.Astar( solpatienscaelumcommuneremisit. cernere divi sidusavi, seuteproperantibus astris sive parensAugustafuit, seu fortereluxit ignis etagnosci potuit,cum lunalateret: emicuitque plagisalienitemporis hospes languida, sed quantus numeratur nocteBootes, stella die,dubitanda nihil nec crineretuso Visa etiammediopopulis mirantibus audax which Iaddtothesour reinforced byanotherpassagefromClaudian(i effect of thisorthat star. literature or astrological literaturethanbyaspeci that Januswasmotivated more byhisrespect based onClassicalliterary Ptolem consulatu Stilichonis especially importantgeneralpatte understanding of the Classical authors,” Bollók, Bollók, Classicalauthors,” the of understanding medio die Here I have changed the literary translation thefor a more literary translation changed literalone. HereIhave exact science for the auxiliary asa of kind astrology “considered Janus it more puts strongly: even Bollók Bollók, Panegyricus de Quarto Consulatu Honorii Augusti (VIII) De consulatu Stilichonis II.Tetrabiblos, 8. 84 (Bollók, y fortheeffectsofSaturnandMars; 83-85; Jankovits, ”The Stars,” ”TheStars,” 5-8. Jankovits, Asztrális, 83-85; ), itisbold ( lateret /occuluere . 351 II. 453-467. (Jankovits, ”The Stars,” 6.) ces alreadyknown: TheClassicalbackgroundissodominant thatonehastheimpression audax 352 Asztrális, patterns, most ofthemid Theessential role of theClassical astrological patterns isfurther
) enoughtorivaltheSun(Sol body; thenewstarshoneforth( rn fortheprayerprosperity wastheprayerinClaudian’s 81). 81). ). This parallel seems tojustify Kocziszky’s suspicion that Asztrális, 353
349 behold thee. a heavens with to sharethe bethegeneroussunagreed a god,ormay now become grandsire’s starorthereturnofthy mother’s Queen seen though moon the hid. May lay be itwasthe anditsfirescouldbeclearly brilliance litupthesky Boötes isreckonedatnight behold) – no dulled nor stuntedbeamsbut wondering people gazeuponaboldstar(‘twasclearto (In theLoeb a translation:)Evenat did midday 78 stella for (orshowingoffhisknowledgeof)Classical 85. 85. ingeneral,the astrological ideasare generally n thepanegyriconHonorius’fourthconsulate) , 188-195. , 188-195. described byJanus,bothonthelevelofLatin al interest, let alone belief in, the particular ) suddenly becomesvisible ( entified byBollókandJankovits. ), anditsgreat size ( reluxit /refulget sidus . ll the stars that hasted to thathastedto ll thestars 354 At a strange hourits Ata visa quantus… ), while the as great as ) atnoon 350 An ) is De CEU eTD Collection 358 357 356 355 two successive elegies, firstin a172-line Bollók –whohavemaintained thatJa since thesepoems playedanesse b.) TwoelegiesmourningthedeathofJanus’mother in ordertohelpclarifythisquestion. effects (whichgenerally fall intonaturalastrology) thoughts on thelyricalsubjectat follow Classicalliteraryastrologicaltextsin concern astrologydirectly. yield furtherresults,but reveals whereJanustooktheideafrom. Afurthe to Bootes(Arcturus). The similarity of thecomparisons ( chance thatJanuscompares thestar toacometes Claudian’s linescertainly helpedshapetheorigin Claudian does notmean thatJanus’ elegywa Janus “probablyfollowedantiquepatterns”throughouthispoe responsible forthe each other. Jankovits hasalready observ star acentralfigure and relates itto Claudian’s star was one of the heavenly signs that represented the triumph and divinity of his lord; Janus makes the thesis. toClaudian’s when contrasted Huszti, “Asztrológiai,“ 49; Bartha, “Janus,”Asztrális, Bollók, 49; 344; esp. “Asztrológiai,“ Huszti, 87-89. Thedifferences between the genres ofthe poems andthe wider contexts ofthe star appearances aretelling. expression The “Csillaghit,” Kocziszky, The astrological ideasofthefollowingpoems On 10December1463Janus’mother, BorbálaVitéz, died. nec crine retuso languida discordia
55. 55. ,” (Jankovits, „The Star,” 6.) and theMatthias’ lack of more praisebecomes conspicuous 6.) Star,” „The ,” (Jankovits, here Icannotdiscussthe–forinstan panegyric. However, an analysis of the political aspect would exceed the scope of this scope ofthis the politicalwouldexceed However,ananalysisofthe aspect panegyric. 357 For the present,itcan
the whole country, within which the king and the nobles should mutually respect mutually respect should the nobles and the king which within whole country, the face value;itisuncertainhowfa ntial role inthereasoning of ed thataccording“the toJanus’ lines(41-42), king could have been also makes itclearthat Claudian speaks about acomet. nus basicallybelievedin“astrology.” threnos. thispoem dissuadeonefromtakingthe should 79 : Claudian’s starwasitself acomet, s notbasedonexternalexperience.However, al experience,whateverJanussaw.Itwasnotby r comparative analysis ofthetwopoems may ; otherofJanus’poemshave tobeinvestigated In thisthepoetdesperat be concludedthatJanus’ need tobeanalyzedin depth,especially quantus… Bootes/cometes ce, political–aspectswhich donot some –Huszti, scholars Bartha, m. 359 r Janusbelievedinthestars’ 355 Janusexpressedhispainin Usingthepassagefrom ely looksforthecause 358 strong inclination to
356 compared ) CEU eTD Collection 361 360 359 four linesbelow:deathvisitspe line regarded astheexpressionofaconsistentand Ifoneconsidersthegeneral rhetoricalcharac whole poem inwhichthepassageisimbedded, desperately forastarless sky.Isthis thesignofa then the stars weresimply subjects ofthepoet’ stellatum caelum whole sub-lunarworld.Thelasttwolinesmay the starsaresaidtoinfluenceonly“thebodilyexistence”: the spiritual andthe material eff This passagepresentsthatkindofastrological color. esse Debebatsimplexaetheris Si laesurahomines stellarumsignafuerunt. Spontesua,efrag Sponte sua letummortalibus imminetaegris, Astra?quid errantesconstituisseglobos? Quid iuvato Superi, fixissenocentiacoelo Avobiscausas inferioratrahunt. vitaeparitercummortepotestas, Vos penesest natavices. Sidera,fatalesvolvere Vos potiusnostricrimen habetis, moeroris Quaeperagitversomobilisorbepolus. Vana queror demens,nilunquamtemporapeccant, other objectstoventhisgriefon: with the longest nights andithadalso killed his of thedeath.Firsthechargesm dies, Nonas, sequeris quae quinta, Decembres the yearas ci Janus give 1463. univocally literature
, ”Csillaghit Kocziszky, JP-Tel. El. I. 6.39-50. Bollók’s data, giving the year as1465,misprint, is a the Teleki edition (JP-Tel. El. I.6)and the secondary vos penes estvitaepariter cummortepotestas epigram, thenarrativeofwhichbeganwith ili corporevitafugit. ”
59. 59. ects ofthestars. Kocziszky isno ople in anycase, either withor 360 onth ofDecemb onth
(l. 11). rcumscribes 10 December based on the Classical calendar: Atra rcumscribes Classicalcalendar: December onthe 10 based world viewwhichisfatalistandreckonswithboth 80 firm worldview.Ifonetookthemeaning ofthe s mythical fantasy,butnowheseems toyearn turn inJanus’ attitude towards astrology? better fortheethertoremain single-colored. meant toharmhumans, thenitwould havebeen were Iftheconstellations body. fragile leaves the mortals, life,ofitsownaccord, threatens theill Death, globes? ofits errant own accord, create having setupharmful did Why you starsinthesky? the worldbelow. Whatistheuse,ohgods above,of your control,ineverything andyouarethecausesof about dangerous turns. Life anddeathare both under responsible forourgrief, youstars,bornto bring revolving in fullcircle.Itisratheryouwho are the motionnever sins;itisdrivenby ofthesky I am foolishlyandinvain, complaining the time master Guarino (ll.23-38).Thenthepoetfinds literally, itwouldcontradict the statement just even beregardedasanallusion tothe it becomes clearthat er withhismother’s death;this isthemonth teristics of thepassage 361
inferiora the“single-colored” (starless) sky; without the stars. Infact, the t correct in declaring thathere means more, itrefers tothe these linescannotbe and thecontentof Cur Cur
CEU eTD Collection
366 365 364 363 362 Thispassagedoesnotsuggest one cannotdoubtthatJanuswasup excluded thatJanusknewthisliterary Similar ideascanbefoundinanelegybyNaldi Astra quisin tanto non dixit saevadolore? Huius ininteritu quis non dedit orequerelas? who losthersonisexpressedbysuchpoeticquestions: typically inshorter,one-or Janus wasnotuniqueinRenaissa Christian heaven,toGod. counting howmany dayswere appears inothercontextualframeworks than the passage aboutDecember. Inaddition, inth however, inthepoemastrological passage appearsinasimilar styleandasimilar length as search foranastrological cause ofthedeath, had but itsguiltwascertainlynottakenseriously byJanushimself. Theaccusationofthestars, becomes anespecially delicate matter in this humanist poetry, whichemerges tovariousexte expressed by thelyricalsubjectareexactlythos temporary emotionalstate.Moreover,onecannot poet’s exaggerations,hisutterances O. Romano, carm. 2. 2. 36-7, in: Naldi, el. 45-6, Naldi, 9. Naldi, ll.163-172. ll.116-7. , 131-2, in: in: Naldi, Alpheus, 131-2, Bucolica 363 www.perseus.tufts.edu two-line passages.InNaldi’sAlpheus Finally,ithasto bementioned
. Bucolica left untilthe death. . nce poetry;italsooccurredin on thetotaleffectofstars,s motif anddevelopeditfurther. a turninJanus’ set byhismother’s deathand 364
grief? a such in cruel stars Whodidnotaccusedthe son died? who didnot wail whentheir anybody Has therebeen elegy. The poetaccuses firstthemonth December – (accessed 04.05.2012). astrology.Clotho, thePa 81 its rootsin theEuropean e remainder oftheelegyproblem offate e ofthepoetitself.Thisgeneralproblem of nts inthedifferentge 362 besurewhetherthethoughtsandfeelings 365 Intheend,Janus“sen andinOrazioRomano. ttitude towardastrology.Ontheonehand, that theaccusation ofthe starsby some humanist poems, although , thedeepgriefof themother eem tohavecome from his it ispossiblethathewas astrological traditions– rca, wasspinningand nres (as seenabove), t” hismother to the 366 Itcannotbe CEU eTD Collection from theRoman period(Manilius,Firmicus Mater two setsofideassupportedeachother inmany re 369 368 367 destiny andthecosmic sympathy whichmade heimarmenē manifestations oftheprimordialfire,whichisbasically identical withthe universal logos framework oftheastrologicalpassage;itwasth as celestial fires,vivifiedby real sinners: theyarejust theexecutorsofwillfate,destiny.” which hasa consequence correctly observedby Bollók:“Ultimately, itisnottheywhoarethe conscious his meditations onthestarsare.Accordi ( Inthis passage thepoet work defining more clearlytheidentity Adquorum motus, staminafata trahunt; Vos inquam aeternis animati mentibusignes, Quamquorum coeloluminafixamicant; Tam quoslegitimuspropr Aureaquis magni pingitur aulaIovis; Vos diviniignes, mundiquibus imareguntur, of thenextelegy,pair the passagerevealrhetorical character ofthetextandtemporariness of theidea.Analysis seriously thinkingonthepowerof
edition, addressesthest
quos legitimuspropriisagitorbibuserror Ibid., 29. 29. Ibid., Bollók, JP-Tel. El. I. 7( This elegy,entitled Asztrális, 87. , the fatewhichgovernsworld.Thebasi Invehitur in Lunam, quod interlunio interlunio matrem amiserit in Lunam, quod Invehitur iis agitorbibus error. ars atthebeginning: Invehitur inLunam… Threnos
mentibus and theroleof thestars.With thedifferentiation the stars;onotherhand,th , willclarify theproblem further s outandrefinestherelevantpa 367
. It isespeciallythislast idea thatreveals theStoic ) andthefixedstars( spinning theirthread… theFates when are followedby movements whose theeternalsoul,and animated by lights shine inthesky; movementorbit witharegulated andwhosefixed both who wanderalongtheir the greatJupiter; governed, andwhospecklethegoldenpalaceof whombelowis You divinefires, by theworld 82 divinationpossible, ng tolines5-6,thestarshaveamediatory role, spects, and inmany ancientworks, especially nus), thescience ofthe starswastreated ina (“He reproaches them e Stoics whomaintainedthatthestarsare c Stoicmetaphysical ideas,thepowerof ),
1-6. lumina fixa e s tyle andthewidertyle context of . you fires, I say, who are you fires,Isay,whoare ssage ofthepreviouselegy, fitted astrologywell; 368 Thestarsareanimated oon…”) intheTeleki ) thepoetrevealshow of theplanets orthe 369 the CEU eTD Collection Mathesis quae globosaerotundae, et divinisanimatae mentibus.
375 374 373 372 371 370 Manilius anima of thedivinemind (mens, signantur percertoscasusor The astrological context ofthepassageassigns finisqueaborigine pendet. nascentes morimur, longaque per certos signanturtemporacasus. Fata regunt orbem, certastantomnia lege this work, astrological” thoughtswa in Janus’mindasearly ashisyearsinItaly. read widelyinthefifteenthcentu astrological ideasfrom Stoicphilosophers the the StoiccoloringofJanus’ Kocziszky themselves, theseandtheirinfluenceonJanus kind ofStoicfram several works of Cicero (Huszti, (Bollók, Augustine of 5-6) Dei(V. civitate important source ofa number ofJanus’ Caroti, Caroti, astrologers in this same work has already been noted. Cicero’s antifatalismin the context of astrology is discussed by the in determinism; deorum, Poseidonios, an ancient Greek Stoic devoted to astrology –who also inspired Cicero’s Bollók, , “Csillaghit Kocziszky, Astronomicon Astronomicon Astronomicon Somnium Scipionis L’astrologia, Janus doesnotseem tohaveadoptedthe it is obvious from dialogue the that the author himself, Cicero, had abasically negative opinion on Stoic of Firmicus Maternus also has this expression: 374 28-29, 87-89. 87-89. Asztrális, 28-29, 370 (just likeinCicero’s andBollók; I. 247-254; IV. 888-890. 888-890. IV. 247-254; I. “Csillaghit by Kocziszky, also quoted IV. 14-16 39 ff. De divinatione ework. Herethere ework. VII. 16: ” passim s certainlyManilius’ 371 iisque animus datus est ex illis sempiternis ignibus, quae sidera et stellas vocatis, vocatis, etstellas sidera quae ignibus, sempiternis estexillis datus animus iisque thoughtscouldhavebeen. Janus, however,ithastobebrieflyout .
nascentes morimur , he mocks the superstitiousness of the Stoics (II. 41) and his statement on on his statement Stoics (II.41)and ofthe superstitiousness the , hemocks poems –was one of the main “philo 20-21), who attacked both Stoic determinism andastrology. In the ry. ItisprobablethatStoicismandastrologycame toberelated Somnium Scipionis ) whichanimatesthematerial worldcanalsobefoundin Asztrális, is noneedtodiscussinmore 373 De civitate Dei Decivitate The 28).
The last wordsare the same asinthepassage from Janus.The 372 corpora, quae inspiratione divinae mentis animantur 83 Astronomicon. themselves, butindirect consequent upon our beginning. events. Atbirthourdeath issealed,andourend long agesareassignedapredestinedcourseof all thingsstandfixedby (In G.P.Goold’stranslation:)Faterulestheworld, Themost importantso (besides their more generalmeaning). Theidea ’ Hungarianelegieshavebeenanalyzedby anastrologicalmeaning totheexpressions 375 Stoic ideaswhichareatthesame time , ” ). Setoutfrom the
59, with a misprinted59, with a reference). lined what the possible sources of sources possible the what lined According tothe famous lines of sopher-astrologers” accordingtothe was read in Guarino’s school, just as detail therelevant Stoicideas its immutable laws,andthe ly, through other works ly, throughotherworks fontes similium urce ofJanus’“Stoic- Somnium Scipionis, Scipionis, Somnium De natura and the (IV. 1. 1. (IV. De an CEU eTD Collection
379 378 377 376 other borrowings fromthe 5). Ac paritertelux,illamsua vita reliquit, Paullatim morbo, tabuit illa,gravi. Nam tua,germani dumproximat orbita, flammis, Here hebeginsreproachingthemoon, Causafuit cladis, Cynthia sola,meae. At nuncdeprensus numerisinnotuit auctor, Nonbenemens dolorevidet. verum,caeca Privatum quod crimenerat,communaputabam. Omnesdamnavicumforetuna nocens. Uni debueram,cunctisconviciafeci, Contingat vobis sicaliquando quies; Erravi fateor,confessaeignosciteculpae, astrology” seriously,didhe standpoint, indeed,forafatalistone,andthereader would beinclinedtotakethepoet’s“Stoic some extentfollowed Classical patterns. Still, hedefinitely declaresherefor an astrological Whathasbeensaidaboveaboutthedangersof Janus isinpartvalidalsofo Gazulo allcomplement eachother. in thissubchapter,thereputationofastrology letter toGazulo. Manilius isoneoftheauthoritieswhomay lurk stayed inHungary1461-62,andwhosemedal hastheNascentes morimur parts ofthe Lodovico panegyric,Jan könyvgy could identify asbelonging to Janus’ library do not concern astrology. See Gábor Kelecsényi, Manilius. on drew often he Cynthia was another name for Artemis in antiquity, who could be identified with the moon. JP-Tel. El. I. 7.7-14. It would beinteresting to know what books Janus had in Firmicus Maternus, another author that Janus might have read, also discussed astrology in a Stoic framework, and
However, it ismuch more probable ű jtő i (Budapest: Gondolat, 1988). Astronomicon inHungaryaswell,encouragedpe 376 Theincreasedastrologicalinterests Somnium Scipionis. us drewonManiliuswhile notcontinuelikethis: r thispassage;Janusmay havehadrhetoricalmotivations andto that Janus borrowed the expression from 377 378
among Janus’Hungarianfriends,andtheletterto
misfortune have been you alone,misfortune havebeen you Cynthia known caught by the numbers: The causeofmy But nowthe sinner became clearly. see thetruth mindcommon one.A his blendedby grief doesnot an individualsinI Whatguilty. was heldtobea reproached; Idamned all,butonly you oneproved you all,butreproached one only I shouldhave will beleftalone inpeace.I confessed; hereafteryou I admitwas wrong,forgiveme forthesin I I 84 flames ofyour brother, Because, during your circuit wasapproachingthe away inher serious illness,andinthemoment away his library; however, those few books which the scholars behindthe words“ancientastrologers” inthe he wasstillinItaly,butprobablyre-read attributingafirm astr hown intheHungarianelegiesdiscussed rhaps byVitézorGaleotto(who Cicero,taking into account Janus’ 381 she was slowly wasting shewasslowly ological standpointto 379 Múltunk neves inscription). .
CEU eTD Collection have technicalobstacles,butthe horoscopes areknownforeitherthe Thisstatementgivesweight theoretical possibility concrete effectthat heperceived as than themoon (ll.7-11).Indeed,line13( However, thisisno AccordingtoarecurrentthoughtofCla having thelowestsphereamong theplanets,me the moon. of theelegyarethosequotedabove,whichspea astronom 383 382 381 380 reveal Janus’realinterestinastrology-astronom for thehumanisttoshowoffagainhisknow plagues, illness, madness, deathineverypossible way.Theinvectiveprovidedagood occasion assembles allkindsofarguments takenfrom In thefollowing115linespoe Illiusaeternaluminanocterigent. Tu quippeeccenitesrepar sortetua sua, est! Heuquoddeteriorsors commentary onthe and Bollók found practically all the other Classical sources: Pliny’s
astrological knowledge.Them In Ptolemy, this idea is expressed in isexpressed Ptolemy, idea In this Kocziszky identified Plutarch’s Phoebus-Apollo, the sun. JP-Tel. El. I. 7.19-24. ical factsheenumerates, however,main Somnium Scipionis t thecaseinelegy; Janus ato splendid even emerges thatJanus investigated some horoscopes.Sinceno De faciein orbe Lunae , and further passages from Plutarch (Bollók, Tetrabiblos, Tetrabiblos, 380 oon isinconsta possibility remains th
a cornu, real: themoon was“caught bynumbers.” t developsa poet orhismother,theinvestig retrospectively to At nunc… I. 4; I. 6. 6. I. 4; I. Greek-Roman mythologyandantiqueastronomical- ledge ofClassicalmythology andscience; 85 y. definitely excludes the effe
k aboutthecausesofJa as one of the sources (Kocziszky, “Csillaghit,” as 59-60), (Kocziszky,“Csillaghit,” oftheone sources cover oftheeternalnight. your horns completed, lie but underthe hereyes Because, lookatyou, you are shiningbrilliantly with light aband nt, worthlessamong theplanets,shecauses huge invectiveagainstthem Formy investigation,themost important parts ssical andRenaissanceastrology,themoon, ly those taken from Macrobius’ commentary, ly thosetakenfrom diates alltheeffectsofupperplanets. ) suggeststhatthecaus eoretical; nodatas theaccusationof Naturalis historia Naturalis oned ityou, abandoned heraswell. ation ofthishypothesiswould Asztrális, nus’ peculiarangerwith , Macrobius’ e ofJanus’angerwasa upports thecontention cts ofanyotherplanet 93-98). the stars,and oon, inwhichhe Saturnalia 382 the and 383
CEU eTD Collection 389 388 387 386 385 384 mother diedatthenewmoon( well. illnesses ingeneral. Theseideas werecommo character of themoon shewassupposedtocausetidalebbsandflows,putrefaction, that and moisture, andcorrespondinglytotheelement ofwater. Ever sinceParmenides (atleast) Utnata intereant, frigus et humor Frigus ethumoragunt,ut vexentcorporamorbi Summa tuae cum sintvirtutis,frigusethu Ifonelooks atthelinesbelow ar general anddonotexplain“thenumbers.” poet may accusedthemoon, have butevenifsome ofthereasonsareacceptable,theytoo planets. moon soobviousthatitwould improbable; there ishardlyanydatewhensuch accusation of themoon, that Janususedhoroscopesseriouslyatanytime. Essesalutarisquarationepotes? 2, in could not be taken into account seriously. Manilius’ p trace of using any December, which isthe birthday ofthe Erinnyes. I think the which fallsto Astrology”). and aJ e emp See, for example, G. M Bollók, JP-Tel. El. I. 7.27-30. mother di Janus’ that 62.She observes “Csillaghit,” Kocziszky, On the particular day of the death of Janus’ mother, fo SeeChapter III. 5. Ioannis IovianiPontani 389 upiter-Venus co Thenewmoon wasnaturallythemost danger 385 hasized throughrepetitions: 92-93. Asztrális, 92-93. What couldthese“numbers” Kocziszkyenumerated be,then? fourreasons whythe themoon isastrology; njunction (the oneis obviously unfavorable, theother favora . Filelfo, Carmina, eculiar system ofsignsand Olympian gods;and the interpretationof Amy
exclude 3. in December, whichcorresponds withDianain Manilius’system; 4.on10 Ac paritertelux , themoon had ed. Soldati. Soldati. ed. agunt ris, IV. 199-202; T. Strozzi, T.Strozzi, IV. 199-202; mor, . 387 all possible effects(coming from numeris
386 ,
numeris , onereadsaboutcharacteri 86 often beenrelated who wasborndies. moisture thatall coldnessand itisbecauseof body; moisture, be howcouldyou beneficial? Itisbecause of coldnessa Since your planetary positionswouldma nplaces incontemporary Renaissance poetryas , illamsuavitareliquit 384 r instance, there was an exact first two facts are trivial;Idi AsforJanus’second,final,idea,namely, the ous phase,andindeed,Janussaysthathis 388 as numbersofhorosc Borsias, ed 1. at night, 2. in the colder half of the year the year half of in the colder 2. atnight, ed 1. Itwasmainly becauseofthe“watery” whole powerconsistsofcoldnessand nd moisture that sicknesses plague the plaguethe that sicknesses nd moisture IV. 181-3; Pontano, the Erinnyes are mythical figures, they to thequalitiesofcoldnessand aspects,etc.) oftheother ). Also,inreality,on10 ble). (Checked with“ZET 8 Saturnus-Marsconjunction d not find ind notfind stics ofthemoon that ke theeffectsof ope calculationsis Eridanos, Eridanos, Janus’ oe II. 27. 1- uvre CEU eTD Collection astrological interpretation of the doctrine and for those who opposed the application of astrology in medicine.” 394 393 392 391 390 Theotherview inmedicine became more followers in thefifteenth cent representative ofthistradition. aspect thenature ofdisease, theaspect its strength. example, inthisway:themoon representsthepa judicial astrologicalmedicine i skeptical about it. different attitudesinmedieval medicine; th approaches tocriticaldays.Thetwo methods existedforcalculatingthedates,an days inthecaseofanillnesswas “particularlypopular”intheRenaissance, s account theso-calledcriticaldays the poetuse theterm before shedied(ll.19-20).However,thephe mother fellillaroundthetime whenthefullmoon st Decem 2005), 188. Horoscopes and Public Spheres: Essays on the History of Astrology, 75. 2008), Latino, Medicine, East andWest ome d French, “Astrology,” 42. Pennuto, “The Debate,” in the Stars:Po Health “Reading Azzolini, Monica Concetta Pennuto, “The Debate on Critical Days in Renaissance Italy,” in Thisthe day moonentered at28 day 1:11 (checked AM with“ZET 8Astrology”). ber 1462atnightitwasanewmoon. ecisive moments (crises) that accompanied some lunarphases. The onlyremaining possibilityseems tobe 393 Thefirst wasmoregeneral intheMiddle Agesandthefollowers of this numeris. , ed. Anna Akasoy etal.(Florence:Societ
82: “During the Renaissance, there were strong arguments, both for the supporters of the
nvestigated themooninahoroscope ury referred pr . The ideaofcritical nomena ofnewandfullmoonalonewouldnotmake e oneappliedjudicial 390 87 litics and Medical Astrology in Renaissance Milan,” in Milan,” in Renaissance Astrology Medical litics and imarily toGalen,whoseoriginal workswere come from themore generaloppositionoftwo d ingeneralonecandifferentiatetwomain tient, thesignpartof Furthermore, ifonecanbelievethepoet,his and more acceptedin arted to loose its light, so around two weeks arted tolooseitslight,soaroundtwoweeks 394 Bollók’s assumptionthat days meant thatthediseasepassedthrough Pietrod’Abanowas perhapsthemain à Internazionale perlo Studio del Medioevo ed. G. Oestmann (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, de ed. G. Oestmann (Berlin: Walter castonthecriticalday,for Astro-Medicine: Astrology and and Astrology Astro-Medicine: 391 astrology, theotherwas Reckoningthecritical thebody,planetin the Renaissance; its Janustookinto 392 butvarious CEU eTD Collection Medicine, East andWest 401 400 399 398 397 396 395 figured outotherseries way (andonecanpointoutsentenceswhichsupporthisview critical days; these comefrom later interpretations ways. the reasoningofGalenin“Oncriticaldays”iscomplicated andcanbeinterpretedinmany fall intoillnessanddeathare simple reasoningisproblematic from twopointsof and the27 astrological calendar,reckonedthe14 BollókarguedthatGalenhadinvolvedamong thecriticaldays7 days ofamonth,andthatJanus,whocould account therelationandmain rational explanationsforthecriticaldaysthan an illness. In his work, “Oncriticaldays”(inLatin: Dediebusdecretoriis),hetriedthefindmore astrologers gradually rediscoveredinthe and these twenty-day periods co videtur. falcata et gibba utrinque dum imbecillae, apparet, dimidia dum contingunt his minores plenilunii, the concept. later,Pico Foligno; and Gentile da Bruges Bartholomew of Pennuto, “The Debate,” 78. In her interpretation of the Galenic text, six half-week units give atwenty-day period, Vehementiores p.904.: Ibid., itaque mutationes eveniunt ubi ipsa Bollók, example, for were, concept Galenic the of followers century, fourteenth the In 42. “Astrology,” French, Ibid., 21-22. Medicine,” of Boundaries the and Astrology Medical “Greek Nutton, Vivian Claudii Galeni opera omnia 399 Galen thinksbasically inseven-day units,bu Asztrális, 93. th 396 day asofdeath;thesewouldhavebeenthe“numbers.” ) stronglydoubtedthepossibi , ed. Anna Akasoy et al. (F ed.al. AnnaAkasoy, et ofcriticaldays. , ed. Karl Gottlob Kühn (Leipzig: (Leipzig: Kühn Gottlob Karl , ed. me afterone another.
not known,soBollók’shypothesisca Renaissance. aspects ofthesunandmoon. th day ofthemonth asthebeginni 401 Januscertainlydrewon lorence: Sismel, 2008), 18. lity of a judicial astrological predictingthecourseof lity ofajudicialastrological 395 Hippocrateshaddone,and have knownabouttheGalenicdaysthroughany 88 Galen (although hewas della Mirandola, Giovanni Mainardi and others criticized andothers criticized Mainardi Giovanni Mirandola, della ofthetext.Bollókinterpretedtextinone view.Infact,theexactdaysofhismother’s t doesnotgiveanexplicitnumber seriesof Cnobloch, 1821-1833), IX. 3. 304ff. 304ff. 3. IX. 1821-1833), Cnobloch, [Luna] [Luna] cum sole coit, insuper in apparitionibus 400 397 ), whilePennuto,forinstance, an astrologicalhandbook,not
nnot beproved;furthermore,
in Astro-Medicine: Astrology and ng ofhismother’sillness, 398 he basicallytookinto not entirelyagainst th Bollók’sshortand , 14 th , 20 th
and27 th CEU eTD Collection invective (or,fromanotherpointofview,thegenrepalinode one hand,byhisgriefandemotion, ontheotherhand,byrequirements ofthegenre in Janus’astrology,exceptfortheexaggerations which wasgenerally accepted intheMiddleAges material, notonjudicialastrolog body andthematerial world.Asfo simple astrologicalmethod, andheattributedto 403 402 D’Abano’s judicialastrologi in thesensethatpoetunambiguously particular seriesofcriticalda conclusions canbedrawn.Januscertainlybase Itseems thepoem doesnotmake itpossiblefo numbers Janus couldhavebeenthinkingof.Howe that Janusdrewonpopularlunaria directly onGalen,butthesearenot during ahunt: Inthesurvivingpoems composed after1463astrologicalideasar One appearsinanepigram from around1464,co c.) Shortreferencesintwolaterpoems diseases, and reckoned the position ofthe moon on day months, but sometimes counted the month from the newmoon. A special type of Wellm Verlag, 1981) Verlag, Wellm zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: Ein Beitrag zu In fifteenth-century CentralEurope there were anumber of Latin popular for Janus to have used them, it cannot beexcluded that hefound a prediction that fitmother’s his death well. Huszti, Asztrológiai, Huszti, Alunaria ( lunaris, lunares
55. 55. ) gave predictions for every day of amonth; it generally reckoned with constant, 30- cal tradition,thoughhecertainly ys, andthesecalculationscertainlyfollowed the“Galenic”tradition,
ical material. Inotherwords, , consistent intheexactdaynum which werewidespreadin r hissources,hedrew onan the day when the patient fellill.Thoughthe excluded r Geschichtelaienastro 89 aboutthemoonwhichcanbeexplained,on d hisexplanationofmother’s deathona ver, formy topicitisenoughthatthefollowing mmemorating abalefuleventwhichhappened the moon effectsthatbasicallypertaintothe and theRenaissance.Thereisnothingpeculiar the reckoningofpl lunariae r themodern interpreter tofigure outwhat knewaboutit. thefifteenthcentury. in circulation. (Christoph Weisser, (Christoph circulation. in 403 Janusappliednaturalastrology, logischer Fachprosa, ). JanusdidnotsidewithPietro tique astronomical-astrological ber s, either.Itisevenpossible e fewandperipheral. lunaria lunaria anets. Janususeda
lunariae 402 Pattensen: Horst Horst Pattensen: dealt only with dealt only
seem too Studien CEU eTD Collection 406 405 404 1468, afloodgavethehuma Alate elegybyJanus,entitledTeleki instructive withrespect tothepossiblemotives fo enigmatic expressionthaninotherpoems. but onehasnoreasontosupposeamore comple sensitive tosky-earthcorrespondences conjunction, whichinthatagewa have justbeenreflectingonsome spectacularoreas Janus’ poetry),withtherequest this may beoneofthefactors astrology. On theonehand,Janusce future. the unfavorablestars).Accordi reallyperceivedbadomensinterest, andonehasnoreasontodoubtthatJanus (thewolvesand minantur idem–isshortbutsignificant;thepoetmentions asks Paul, a saint armed witha sword, to de In thesecond half of the epigram the poetcontinue Ianitor, in melius, tristiamonstra,refer. Astra minantur idem;sedtusanctissimemundi Petre,tibisacrasdepopuleturoves. Omine perturbor,neforsitan improbus hostis, Perculerat,ravidiripuerelupi. venatorcuspidecervum Quem meusaligera the near future. I think this interpretation exaggerates a interpretation this bit. near I think exaggerates future. the sense (catarchic astrology as a complex method), but inth JP-Tel. El. I. 13 Bollók, JP-Mayer,Ep. 396. 1-6. 405 However,thepassagedoesnots Asztrális, 40. Bollók speaks here about “catarchic astrology;” nist theopportunitytocompose an
ng toBollók,thepassagereveals in melius tristia monstrarefer which explaintheChristiancontex s associatedwithmisfortune. Ja rtainly believedinsome kind 404 , reckonedwiththest
uggest thatthepoetwouldhavea fend thepeople. Thereferenceto thestars – baleful signsforthebetter! gate-keeperoftheworld,changethese most blessed you, may withthesame; Thestarsthreaten enemy. theevil by your sacredflockmightbe destroyed Ifearthat Peter, [Saint] me; wolves. Thisomenupsets thewild winged weapon,wastorntopiecesby my hunterThe hart,thathadbeenhitby withhis 90 e sense thatthe poet deliber r applyingastrologicalideas.Intheautumn of s topray toChristiansaints; besides Peter, he ily identifiable celestial event, for instance, a De inundatione x ormoreinitiative it incidentally,withoutanyrhetorical ars –justasinthepreviouselegies he uses this expression notin the traditional . On the other hand, Janus seems to . Ontheotherhand,Janusseems to elegy onadisastermagnified to nus, asafifteenth-centurypoet of star-effectsandomens, and that Januspredictedthenear t (whichisrelativelyrarein 406
(“On aninundation”)is ately made a prediction about about made aprediction ately astrology behindthe special interest in astra CEU eTD Collection a poeticallyworkedoutmeaning andanaut typical humanistpoem issuchanartworkthat Kocziszky abouthumanist poems ingeneral(though how theyfittheagendaofelegy.The the whole on athin biographical basis; the appli many other Hungarianelegies,e.g., In fact,theelegypresentsapeculiarmixture of 409 408 407 Aërisetfluxus,siderasummaiuvant. Iste polifuror est,istaestgravisiradeorum, Necdeconsuetis,raraveniresolent. Non tamena levibus, manant tamgrandia, causis, the cause oftheevent: taking astrologytooseriously.Forinstance,at star-myths oranimals ofthezodiac. Itisthe for predicting,theycancausephysi the rainscome fromthesky,wholeeventisa Thestars fit this„structure andfunction” well, from boththemythical andthescientific points ofview.Thefloodhastobecosmic, ithas right atthebeginninghedescri now becalledphysics,geography,astronomy, natura passages also revealthat thepoet’sinterest inCl surprisingly, themost explicitconceptualfram mythical dim consumere, quantum / Traxerat, in tenues sed solvit pluvias… Latin Objective Poetry in the Poetry in Objective Latin JP-Tel. El. I. 13. 11-14. Birth the Neo- of [The elégiáiban” Janus Pannonius megszületése tárgyias költészet “Az újlatin Kocziszky, Éva Saepe exhalatos, ima de parte, vapores, / Smintheos igniferi sustulit acre iubar. / Nec potuit tantum radiis radiis tantum /Necpotuit iubar. acre sustulit igniferi /Smintheos vapores, ima parte, de exhalatos, Saepe ensions: localrainandfloodgra ensions: Elegies of Janus Pannonius], JanusPannonius], of Elegies
bes howthesun circulates wate 409 Invehitur inLunam cal effects,andtheycanbepersonifiedasgods,figuresof
onomous vieworcon De inundatione rhetorical agendathat has only structure and function, but does not have has onlystructureandfunction,butdoesnothave ework ofthepoemisClassicalmythology. Some 91 the beginning of the poem thepoetmeditatesthe beginningofpoem on dually developedintoaworldcatastrophe.Not cation ofthedifferentid 3 (1979), 236-7. 236-7. (1979), ItK 3 assical natural science –especiallywhatwould phase ofmythicalhistor of thegods,assisted the by flowsoftheairandby anger ones. Thisistherageofsky,heavy customary rarethings derivefrom causes, nordo from insignificant donotcome Such greatevents mythological and“scien to purifytheworld; itispreceededbyomens, (ll.7-10) l astrology–didnotdecrease;forinstance, her opinionisexaggeratingslightly):„The ), studdedwithChristianandStoicideas, reminds oneofthestatement of r throughevaporationandrain. cept about theworld.” should cautiononeagainst eas mainly dependedon y. Thestarsaresuitable tific” material (as in (asin material tific” 408
407
CEU eTD Collection
also observed thetail’s“richceruleanbluecolor;” 415 414 413 412 411 410 must haveseenthebluecoloraswell,anditca comet-descriptions themselves. Both descript agenda, interpreted thecomet’s appearancein dating theelegy),whichwasal Estnuperlonga vaticinata iuba Hoc nobis,hoc nempeatri novacauda cometae, only seriousreferencetotheeffectofstarsiscomet of1468: astrological worldview;norfrom theotherastro-meteorologi metaphorical images. From thesealone,onecannotdrawanyconclusionsconcerningtheJanus’ commonplaces about theeffectsof The poet’srhetoricalpurposes Hincpater Eridanus, Troius indepuer. Nunc paritergeminasinclinantfunditus urnas, Liquitur, et Delphin aequora multavomit. Nunc omnesHyades,Haediambo, totus Orion, however, itismade weigh phraseology butinitsview the godsareplanets( In Bollók’sinterpretation, “theauthors oftheaf Ibid. “Bylica,”190. Hayton, JP-Tel. El. I. 13, 85-86. Images with the Fish (ll. 29-30), the Scorpion (l. 77), the moon (l. 136). JP-Tel. El. I. 13. 15-18. Bollók, This isthecomet thatappearedon22Septem Asztrális, 64. tless bythecontinuation: of theworldas well.” summa sidera)…This is unadulterated
413
so investigated by Bylica. Na byBylica. so investigated are clear;heactivated theCl 411 certainconstellations andde
ions mention theblack Eridanus, the father, theother byTroius, the son. the urnsareturned entirely upside down, the one by flowing, and Nowbothof the Dolphinvomits oceans. bothHaedi,thewholeOrionare Now alltheHyades, 92 nnot beexcludedthathere his ownway;whatis fliction arethegods,executorsof thewillof 410 the starsonhigh. tail ofablackcometwithlargehalo. thenew predictedby Indeed, thiswasrecently 415 Without doubt, theideaitselfisastrological; Janusmentionsonlya“newtail,”buthe ber 1468(thisdatehelpedagreatdealin cal images whichoccur later. turally, Bylica, having another turally, Bylica,havinganother color ofthecomet. assical astro-meteorological veloped them furtherinto astrology, notonlyinits worth comparing arethe lated thiscolortothe 414 Bylica 412 The CEU eTD Collection drew directly on Maniliu on directly drew Qui propria humanas dignatus imagine mentes, / Nostra ad cognatos, erigis ora, polos. the ofthe thedivi idea with continues Janus 56). “Csillaghit,” Scipionis the world is destroyed by water and fire, a deluge and an 416 (exaggerations, commonplacesofantiqueliterature (Greek-Roman mythology, natura astrology inJanus’poetry.Thetopicitself(cosmic disaster),the The astrological passagein astrological ideas, butthese twosetsofideasarenot the m flood (ifitwasaconsiderableinreality).In the cosmic ofthepoem. dimensions Thefatalista disaster, buttheotherwayround; Furthermore, ithastobenot This suggeststhatitwascertainlynotthecomet prediction which reckonedthesigns,directionofcometandsoon. reflected onthecomet interms of natural astrology, (fortune/misfortune) withoutcomplex methods, cl star of1462andthestars“hunt”epigram: expressed intheelegy.Hisreflect practically everyoneinthatage),andhisrealinte it isalmost certainthat Janusreally sawthecomet; itcertainly hadameaning for him (asfor According to the cyclicalview of history ofsome Stoics,every time attheend of the “great year” ( Invehitur ad Lunam ad Invehitur magnus annus eaning of thecomet totheflood, themain topicof thepoem; however,from thesetwolines (VII. 23; 25), and Janus took it from Cicero (ll. 151-164), as Kocziszky has demonstrated (Kocziszky, De inundatione , 416 ): s (I. 247-254; IV. s (I. 893-5). 247-254; Magne Deum genitor, tantos qui fusus in artus, / Vitali, hoc ingens, flamine corpus alis;/ flamine corpus ingens, hoc /Vitali, in artus, fusus qui tantos Deumgenitor, Magne near the end of the poem, may neartheendofpoem, also Invehitur inLunam can beregardedasarepresentative
Janus involvedthecomet because ion onthecomet issimilar tohisreflectionsontheenigmatic ed howperipheralthereferenceto comet isin the elegy. l science,Stoicism) andth
).
nd Stoicideasaboutthecataclysms attheendof 93 that raisedtheideaof world (already mentioned in mentioned (already world the animates which soul ne rpretation couldnothavebeentoofarfromthat theelegy,lyricals , etc.) ofthepoem allfittedastrological ideas. ekpyrosis. ose toastro-meteorology incharacter.Janus theseweresimple, reflective“predictions” as contrasted toBylica’s judicial astrological mixed inthiselegy(i Cicero borrowed this ideain the havesupportedtheappearanceof poem withrespect tothe role of various conceptualframeworks it fittedthetopicwelland e rhetoricalrequirements composing anelegyona It seems time this Janus that ubject naturallyadjusts n contrasttotheStoic- magnus annus Somnium Somnium ) CEU eTD Collection Based onthreeepigrams, 418 417 Bollókhasattempted toreca astrology, hisargument hastobediscussedbefore important conclusioninBollók’sbook,themost astrology intheHungarianyears,at argues thatJanususedhisownnativ AllthetextsbyJanusdiscussedsofarseem skeptical aboutjudicialastrology.However, Bo 5. DidJanususehisownbirthhoroscope? problem willbediscussed below. Bollók’s hypothesisaboutJanus’devot Marsilio Ficino andthebooksboughtinItaly1465. other astrologersactiveinHungaryafterthe external influenceonhisastrological viewsintheseyearscoming Inthe surviving late poems judicial astrology,whichimplies thattherear also appeared. for thereasonsabove,astrologicalideas(oratl Natural astrologywaspartofthebodyknowledge
astrology in this poem (seeabove). As for the he reckoned with the stars as poems, his in astrology involved poet the general, where mind; in in suggests thathealsohadthe comet effect ofthe have come from Ficino (Huszti, “Asztrológiai,” 57.) However, although Janus used the word may idea this that possibility the mentions Huszti earth and affectsthe that assomething not disaster, approaching Bollók, Bollók, The correspondence with Ficino had some influence on Janus’ 29-38. Asztrális, 29-38. heavenly bodies which both signify and affect the future. future. affectthe and signify both which bodies heavenly 419 Bollók first argues that Janus consid
least inthelastfive-s st Janus’hypotheticalnativity of Janusthereisnotrace ity and itserved asabasis forthepoet’sbeliefinjudicial De inundatione edness toastrologyinhisla 94 foundation ofthePozsonyUniversityorfrom east sym llók hasdrawnjustthe e nogroundsforsuppos drawing thefinalconclusionsofthisthesis. ,
Janus spoke about the comet as a bad omen, a sign of asign omen, cometasabad the spokeabout Janus significantscholaronJanus’attitudeto whichJanusregardedasscience,however, to support or allow that he was basically tosupportorallowthathewasbasically 417 ix yearsofhislife.Sincethisisthemost Ad animamsuam isin fact no : there however, bols) inwhich Thisconclusioncanonlybevalidif ered hisbirthday eitherfrom Regiomontanus or usingsome ofhispoems. his attitude turning towards st yearsprovesfalse;this
the poetdidnotbelieve opposite conclusion;he
ing anyconsiderable vaticinata, vaticinata, to bethe day the context 418
CEU eTD Collection Manilius. Manilius.
SiriusArcturosicoeuntemicet. Aut interfixosstellarumSiriusignes, qualia sunt nitido cumIove nostraVenus, Sidera sedtotolong Siderametotiensbinavidereputo. 422 421 420 419 Mercury andMars),whileJanus Guarino usedonemethod thebirthru ofdefining reconcilable withthethreebirt datewithinJanus’ Bollók lookedforanexact Alte, pronoun nostrabeforeVenus The othertextisanepigram byJanusassumed to tuos. OrtusGradivoMercurioque igitur patrem Credibile est mandasse supremum, Mercury: for Janus, highlights his literary and military[!] skills,andrelates the poet’s birth toMarsand Bollók’s interpretation,thebirthrule knowledge ofthedayitselfisnotenoughtocastahoroscope, buttw noon of29Augusttothe30 which beganatnoon (four lines). female name, and presents the 284 six and lines lines) (two ofJP-Tel. 283 epigrams: JP-Mayer, Ep. two Ep. in I.341 word The new edition of epigrams corrects corrects epigrams of edition new The JP-Tel. I. practice. astronomical-astrological accepted a wasthe of day asthe beginning of noon reckoning The 166, 3-4: esp. 167, 168; 166, Ep. JP-Mayer, 422 Olympus vita, tuos quotienscontemplor ocellos, Baptista Guarinus… Baptista here means “sky, heaven;” the term is only used frequently in this meaning in the inthe meaning the means termthis frequently here in “sky, heaven;” used isonly e pulcherrima caelo, e pulcherrimacaelo, 420 ofthethirddaybeforeendAu ,662, ll. 17-18. ll. 17-18. ,662, : h rulers.Hehascastsuchahor 421 used anothermethodhim, (for
Agnes rs ofJanus’nativity.Battista August (sofarBollók’sreasoningseems correct).The tobe medio cum ardebit Olympo / mens (used in the Teleki edition and thus by Bollók) to 95 in chargeof and Mercury your birth. putMars It isthencrediblethattheSupremeFather with Arcturus. fires ofthestars,Sirius,whenitglitters together the shining Jupiter, ortheSirius among the fixed justlikeour beautiful inthewholesky; Venus with farthemost Butthesestarsareby a pairofstars. timemy dear,every look inAlte, Isee eyes, I your birth daythatwouldgiveahoroscopeeasily give Venusashisbirthruler,becauseofthe lers (concludingthatth gust, thusthis daylasted from the Mercury andVenuscame tobe oscope, supposingthatBattista Guarino, inhispoem ofpraise is ab Augusti tertia fine dies. finedies. tertia is ab Augusti o piecesoftextrevealed,in e birthrulerswere Astronomicon Astronomicon Alte , another The of
CEU eTD Collection passages inPtolemy’s beauty. The validity of thisnativity isallegedl his birthrulers:Mercuryisthedonor understandable –soBollókargueswhyJanuschos therefore Bollók assumed thatJanus usedpractically 425 424 423 Thereareminor technicalinaccuraci scholar’s reasoningitselfwhichisproblematic; first,hebasesthe horoscopes. final evidencesupportingtheconclusionthatbyendofhislifeJanuscame believein to fitted hisnativityandthiswouldexplainapassage inthe cast forthesame day,thedifferencein data If onecompares the horoscopesatthetime ofMa MC inTwins26.32° Asc. inVirgin26.32° Moon in Crabs28.50°, in house 11 in Virgin 28.29°, Mercury in house 1 Venus inScales4.86°, house 1 Sun inVirgin 11.12°, in house 12 Mars inVirgin2.60°, in house 12 Jupiter inVirgin4.35°, in house 12 Saturn inWater-bearer 26.49°,in house 6 following data(from thehandbookofTuck the birthru produced by aproduced by moderncomputer – took into account the planets of the first house in defining the birth ruler. with the birth ruler given by Janus. In this horoscope Mercury and Venus are in the first house, and Janus –allegedly confin the and Mercury house of the 22-28°, in Virgin (Asc. planet andintheconfines ( case ofthe moon the difference ismore then 10° (although accepted method incasting horoscopes intheRena elements ofthe horoscope). Bollók’s method of applying equal houses is also problematic, since the generally Bollók, using Tuckermann’s 1964 handbook, gave degree data which differs slightly from the reliable data Bollók, Thetwo planets given by Guarino can only be birth rulers together if the Ascendant falls in the house of the one 106-110. Asztrális, 106-110. lers). 423 Thisnativityistheonecastfor30August1434,7o’clockAM,with Tetrabiblos. ) termini of the other planet. Therearefourvaria program (”ZET 8 Astrology”).
424 of literary andscientific talent, while Venusistheplanet of
Janus readabout certain positions of SaturnandMarsthat issance was that of unequal houses. ran eknn qa oss: ermann, reckoning equalhouses): es inthenativity cast by Bollók, 96 y reinforced bycollating lateJanuspoems with tthias tothosebasedon these differences donotchange of degreeisonlyoneor es of Mars) allows a horoscope that is also reconcilable e themethodwithfirsthouseindefining the same nativityastheonehe cast.Itis Half of the data showHalfthe data more of Ad animamsuam.ForBollók,thisisthe tions for this situation, and one ofthem one and situation, forthis tions nativity ontoofewpiecesof modern calculations and twodegreesatmost, the basic ofthe basic the relations 425 thana 1° difference, in butitisrather the CEU eTD Collection that thepronoun However, thereisnoreasontosupposethat 430 429 428 427 426 Grandia non quaerit lumina nostraVenus. Tolle faces,custos,lumen ministri; removete, expression foramutual love: student ofGuarino,providesan interpreted inthecontext possible –asJankovitsobservesthatJanus fortunae epigram isimprobable,andthatthesimilar astr Asforthe rulers withanunusualmethod(taking forced interpretation that Battista Guarino some commonplace ofRenaissancepoetry thatthegods gi by Minerva. two quotedlines,forexample, one fra evidence; second,thesepiecesofevidence 11–12. 11–12. the Seventieth Birthday of Ágnes Szalay, Mrs. Zsigmond Ritoók], ed. Zsuzsanna Tamás (Budapest: Balassi, 2001), in Venus,” “Agnes, Iuppiter, Jankovits, László Guarino. this scene asthe conjunction of the two planets. Janus might have known this interpretation, from either Galeotto or ( Jankovits interprets Venus,and Galeotto kisses citesapassage Jupiter from letterfromwhere In Galeotto his Virgil 1464 Bollók, JP-Tel. I. Cyris mework ofthepassagefrom Gu 3. 15-16. ) mayhaveplayedaroleinthat 32-33. Asztrális, 32-33. Baptista Guarinus… Baptista “ Agnes,” 12) also refers – though implicitly – to such an interpretation. interpretation. an such to – implicitly though – alsorefers Agnes,” 12) 426 ThepassagewithMarsandMercurycanbesimply interpretedasausual noster Alte epigram, Bollók iscorrect in arguing that asexual interpretation of the 3
of lovepoetry:itisabout“ourVenus,”ourlove. could beusedinthesingularas , ll. 19-20.
exampleforhowthename of canreadthatJanuswasnurtu arino citedbyBollókisthatofClassicalmythology; afterthe into accountboththesignsand 430
the poet usedthem inhissimile. nostra Venusmeansasabirthruler. Itistrue thought oftheconjunctio ological charactersofJupiterandVenus(bothare 97 all standonuncertain how acquiredJanus’nativity Ritoók Zsigmondné Szalay Ágnes 70. születésnapjára light. servants; ourVenusdoesnotneedmuch thetorches,guard,removelight,Take away ve goodpropertiesto ane well, butthispronouncanbesimply the goddesscanbecome asymbolic red bytheMusesandeducated ground.Theconceptual n ofthetwoplanets. termini 429 anddefinedthebirth 427 Basinio da Parma, a Parma, da Basinio wborn child. Itisa Indeed,itiseven ). [For 428
CEU eTD Collection 433 432 431 health, whichreinforcedhisbeliefinastrology.Some He foundthreepassagesinPtolemy’s the sixthhouse,indominion, in astrological reasonfor this. Henoticed thathisSatu tuberculosis became moreand seriousin Bollók’scomplicated reasoningabout Saturn in only brieflydiscussedhere.Thesixthhouseofahor and thereareother,more probable, Mercury ashisandGaleotto’scommonbirthruler, things!” ( wrestling; heshouldnotfeelashamed ofthedef noticed byBollókhimself), Janus may have the meaning ofMercuryasabirthrule oeuvre thereisonlyonepassagewhere Italian poetry. version ofthissimile, withVenusorboth As forthesim fronte, / Inde oculi Veneris cum Iove sidus habent Smolars, [Trieste: Artigrafiche 1950]); suae, refer to him holding this idea. this refer tohim holding excluded that Galeotto alluded there to his birth ruler; however, I have found no other passage in Galeotto that would anastrolog has above) Janus’ (Servius, inClassical literature isattested role Mercury of GézaVadász observes in his analysisofthis epig JP-Mayer,Ep. 416, 8. Here I mention just two examples. Zovenzoni (a classmate of Janus), 11: 11: Racacinus Mercury wouldbetheotherbi Lumina quidmemorem Veneris vincentia sidus? Mercurius nosteretistadocet! 431 ile itself,thecomparison oftheeyes elegy, Mercury appears in this role (JP-Tel., El. I. 15. 61). Meller argues that Galeotto’s medal (see Galeotto’s that Mellerargues 61). (JP-Tel., El.I.15. role this in appears Mercury elegy,
ical meaning(Meller,
regression, andinoppositiontoMars Fabrizio M. Genesio, El. 17, 27-28: El. 17, M.Genesio, 27-28: Fabrizio interpretations of thesentence. comforts Halesus,asoldier whom Galeotto defeated in Mercurius rth rulerthatJanuskeptin the context allowsthat thename Mercurius Tetrabiblos ( ). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu ramMercury isherethegod thatoftournaments ( 432 Itistheoretically possiblethatJanus referred to Hungary, andaccording to Bollók,Janusfoundan Venus andJupiter,doeso 98 , 174-6); sincemedal the refersto Mercury, it cannot be eat, “itisourMercuryw (RaffaeleZovenzoni: ad Aen ad andthestarsisanage- r. InaHungarianepig butnootherdatasupportsthisinterpretation rn (the less favorable among theplanets)isin which almost exactlyfitted the stateof his ofthesymptoms readinPtolemy he hehad oscope signifiesdiseasesingeneral.Janus’ . IV. 559; Hor.I.Od.10) (Vadász, thesixthhouseofJa Istrias Istrias 433 , accessed 08.05.2012) Lucifer in summa posuit sua lumina lumina sua posuit in summa Lucifer mind. InJanus’wholepoetry I. La vita,i carmi La , Epitaphium Cicilidis virgunculae virgunculae Cicilidis , Epitaphium
(theseareal ccur infifteenth-century ho teachesuseventhese old topos;theparticular ram (interestingly,not nus’ nativitycanbe , ed. Baccio Ziliotto l unfavorable). or its parallel ); this ); this palaestra Janus, 226). In 226). CEU eTD Collection extent. emerges. ThediseasesdescribedbyPtolemy and Furthermore, even if itis allowedthat Janus 437 436 435 434 opposite angle,pointingoutthe his horoscope,andonewill with SaturninthesixthhouseandMars in thethree passagesof the reasoning; first,hedidnotalways symptoms inthe already usedinoneofhisearlierelegies( original text does not describe such a situation that could be related to the twelfth house. twelfthhouse. to the berelated could that asituation text does not describe such original Bollók relates thistothe horoscope because Marsisin the “houseof death” heat.” immoderate and asinduce fever such diseases by death and erysepilas and [red pestilence, skin], childbirth, miscarriages, [bleeding], haemorrhages blood, of the spitting that those involve and problems] [kidney conditions ofone intervals at orintermittent continued fevers, of means (IV. passage 9. sores…” oreating Third ulcers, also burning or or th cautery of cutting irritatedby constantly be them to spit blood, makes themmelancholy, weakens their lungs, and causes the itch orscurvy; andfurthermore he causes since the symptoms either fit tuberculosis or an upset of the humoral balance. more so the All handbook. the them from borrowed Janus saythat and diseases Janus’ with handbooks astrological by cautery, etc. Ifsuch aloose overlap were enough to prove Janus’ borrowing, one could find many other haemorrhages, irritation scurvy, or erysepilas,pestile itching melancholy, colic, rheumatic, raising, elephantiasis, nce, which those diseases list of the list,however, long phlegm,meagreness, dysentery, and perhaps jaundice, coughing, weak lungs ( Janus: this harm [?], house sixth inthe Saturn the with opposition passages in Robbin’s translation). First passage (III. 12. 149): if both luminaries (sun, moon) arein conjunction or compago juvabat, / Ut saperes, tenui carcere clausa magis? gracilis teforte ideo /An iecur. frigidiore stomachocalidum /Sub abundat, sanguine renes,etmulto Effervent abest. simul large sanguinolenta fluunt. / Additur his, pulmo quod vix respirat anhelus, / Nec tamen interea torrida febris capiti Fortunaminatur, / Incolumi faveritilladiu./Quippevelut tanquam te Sic gravis, heu! miserum flammaverat hemitritaeos, / Tantus in accensis ossibus ardor erat. / Saevior en rursus meagre, weak, jaundiced,andpr makes rheumatic, the phlegm, them increases bellies, cold to have in subjects Saturncauses his “For general alone: Bollók applied atoo wide interpretation of the opposition. The second passage (III. 12. 151-2) speaks about Saturn Saturn; to opposition in isnot Sun the since horoscope, the to related be cannot This passage like.” the and glaucoma, The diseases mentioned by both authors: hemitritaeos, ki authors: hemitritaeos, both by mentioned diseases The from Tetrabiblos passages three interpreted or cited Bollók JP-Tel.El. I. 12. 23-28: JP-Tel. El. I. 10. 9-20: 437 After all,neither of thesepoems seemtorefer tothepoet’sbirth rulers or otherplanets in Thus,thereisnoreason Ad animam suam Nam male profluvio ventris cruciatus amaro, / Turbavi attonitae, gaudia paene, domus. … … domus. paene, gaudia attonitae, /Turbavi amaro, cruciatus ventris Nam male profluvio Continua ex udo manat pituita cerebro, / Lumina, nescio quo, saepe fluore madent. / fluoremadent. saepe quo, /Lumina, nescio cerebro, pituita ex manat udo Continua one to dysentery, coughing, raising, coli arrive atthesame conclu Tetrabiblos
absence ofideasthatwould certainlyhaveappeared inthework interpret properly the–otherwise vague –astrological relations to supposethatJanusdrewon (1466). which aresupposedtobethecausesofsymptoms. thetwelfthhouseofhisnativity. related the passages tohis nativity,asecondproblem 435 Conquestio… 99
only e secret parts because of fistulas, haemorrhoids, or tumors, fistulas,or haemorrhoids, of parts because e secret There aretwogeneralproblems withBollók’s fully affectsthe eyes;“Saturn
dney problems, spitting of blood, cold bellies, increase of of bellies,increase cold of blood, spitting problems, dney Janus donotoverl and a half days [hemitritaeos], sudden strokes, nephritic strokes, nephritic ahalf days sudden [hemitritaeos], and Ptolemy mentionsPtolemy isequally long: suddenstroke, sion ifoneinvestigates 198-9): If Mars is the lord of death, “Mars kills “Marskills by lord death, of If Marsisthe 198-9): and related them to the horoscope (I will cite the the (Iwillcite horoscope the to them related and 434 c, andelephantiasis… Mars causesmen to , 1466),andheusedtheother lis, costaepunguntur, acutis, /Sputa in thetwelfth house; however, the Ptolemy andthathereckoned ap each other toasignificant costae punguntur costae
causes it by suffusion, cold, cold, suffusion, itby causes thequestion from the ). This is a ). This 436
CEU eTD Collection 441 440 439 438 counterexamples tosuchanassumption. their either that believers of astrology intheRenaissa poet’s works shownotraceofmakinguseanytheseastrological facts.Itcannot beargued o’clock AM, butalsoin anyothernativities cast for anydatewithinJanus’ birth day. Still,the Ascendant). Thelasttwofactswouldhavebeen native similar tothegods. altogether meantextraordinary skills inastrolog addition, Janushadtwootherpl positions in thehypothetical nativity;theyarenot onl advantageous housesandwithfavorableaspects.” becomes a good poetwhosenativitydoesnothave have beenespeciallyimportant fora“believe Venus andMercury(the giversof ingenuity,sensitivity, and soon)inthenativitywouldcertainly do notreferatalltothepoet’sperso of apoetdevotedtojudicialastrology.The appositis configurationibus inventi non fuerint... fuerint... inventi non configurationibus appositis For example, Pontano, in his Seechapter II. Mathesis, Nullus evasit bonus poeta, cuius in genitura Venus Mercuriusque in signis accomodatis, in locis idoneis, in in in locis idoneis, accomodatis, in signis Venus in Mercuriusque genitura cuius poeta, evasitbonus Nullus own birthrulersorfavoritesi II. 21 (Bollók, Asztrális, 439 Urania, speaks about his Ascendant, the Ram (Urania ItisalsouniquethatJanushadfourplanets intheVirgin (plusthe
38). anets indomiciles (Saturnand gns; bothRenaissancerulers nal attachme ( De rebus coelestibus r” poet.AsGiovanniPontanopointedout,“Nobody ppearances ofMercuryandVenusinJanus’poetry 100 nce wereinclined torestrain from speakingabout y; according toFirmicus Maternus,itmakes the nt tothesedeities, although thegoodpositions of valid notonlyinBollók’shoroscopecastfor7 438 Venus andMercuriusinharmonizing signs,in MercuryandVenusareinhighlyfavorable y birthrulersbutarealso in domiciles. In , quotedSoldati, by 440 andhumanist poets the moon)andfourdomiciles II, 210). Poesia , 233.) , 233.) 441 provide CEU eTD Collection prediction aboutthefuture;hesimplyrefl he sincerelyorhalf-since Hedoesnotgointotechnicalastrologicalde methods –inhisworks,atmost intheclearlyrh astrology thanthoseofjudicialwhich however oneclassifiesastrology,from 442 elements ofhoroscopesandthelimitations of investigated onlyasmall sample ofpoems, has differ from thosedrawnbyalltheprevious of hispoems,butthesedonotshowanapprec Hungarian years–duetoJánosVitézandhiscircle standpoint consistentlythroughout particularly horoscopes.Therelevantsurvivin drawn: Janus basicallyacceptedna easily reconcilable.Concerningthemain questionof Intheprevious chaptertheastrological ideas different angles,andtheanalyses accusation ofthe moon in the although the distinction between individual and general astrology is not always clear in the particular poems (seethe Kocziszky’sstatementabout 58). “Csillaghit,” (Kocziszky, the birth date of and of death.” appointment is,the that oflifeand death, the determination to – only existence mainly starshave aharmful,poems the demonic effect,this effectbut material pertains and – illnesses besides the saythat stars the determine poet does nowhere thought; and death” are the passages of the style, asnoted above. InJanus’s poetry “there is noexplicit referenceto elements of horoscopes or any other individual astrological rely reckonswiththeeff Invehitur
Threnos Threnos ). Furthermore, the only examples presen of thedifferentgroupstexts tural astrology, buthewasskepticalaboutjudicialastrology, his life.Hisinterestinastr and allpointsofviewitisrather Conclusions Invehitur Invehitur ects onthegivencelestialphenomenon (anunknown scholars ofthetopic theeffectsofstarsinJanus’poems. 101 appear inJanus’poems. etorical passagesofsome iation forjudicialastr g textssuggestthatJanusheldthisgeneral ects ofthestars, which present atemporary view pointed outthelackofpositivereferences to –andastrologycame totheforefrontinsome “individual-astrological thoughts” is in general true, isin general thoughts” “individual-astrological or influence the person as anindividual… In these in Janus’poetryhavebe tails –elements ofhoroscopesandcomplex thisthesis,generalconclusioncanbe onomy-astrology increasedinhis he isnottheon resulted inconclu ting the stars as determiners of “life of as determiners stars the ting (although Kocziszky,having thecharacteristicsofnatural ology. Theseconclusions poems ofpraise.When en investigatedfrom in aslightly rhetorical e whoinitiates a sions thatare 442 ) Still, CEU eTD Collection appearance ofastrological ideas. Itisespecially biographical, literaryhistorical conviction ora compared tootherfifteenth-century Italian humanist poetry,didnotcome from apersonal ThefrequencyofJanus’astrologicalideas limited hisangertothemoon,ex Invehitur seriously about astral determinism; the(Stoic) astrological passages of the elegy orthe“hunt”epigram). Thereisperhaps contradicts afatalistview; theeffectsofth of thepoemsinvestigatedhere.Nevertheless,th deal; heoftenthoughtabout characteristic ofJanus’poetry.Aftercoming to Theproblem offatalism inJanus’ poetryis research. Ingeneral,itcanbeconcludedthatastrological determinism, fatalism, isnot Parma, werealsobothstudentsofGuarino). horoscope-oriented, astrology(int humanist poetry, Janusbelongedtothegroupof general astrologydominates individua passages aretosome extentrhet character; inthefewcaseswherehevisualizes He generallyreckonswith material bodilystar-e star, acom present thesethoughts,butthe et, orthephasesofth et, special interestinastrology,butratherfr questions of fate and destiny and thesethoughtslefttracesonsome questionsoffateanddestiny e moon) in linewiththemainstr , andintellectualhistorical cluding theeffectsofallotherheavenlybodies. orical andconcealtherealt erestingly, two ofthesepoets, l astrology.)Inthe Invehitur e starsarechangeable(see,for instance, the 102 e primary meaningofmostastrologicalpassages these aspects of my theseaspectsof re one moment whenJanusseems tohavethought Hungary, hismentality clearlychangedagreat ffects, whichareoftenastro-meteorological in the totalinfluence of thestars, therelevant andsymbols, which poetswhowereskepticalaboutjudicial, reveals thathesoonchangedhismind and morecomprehensive andrequiresfurther context ofmid-fiftee om conjunction”of the“fortunate houghts ofthepoet.(Furthermore, factors which allsupportedthe eam astrologicalideasofhisage. Tito StrozziandBasinioda search which concernnot is conspicuouseven nth centuryItalian Threnos De stella and the CEU eTD Collection present, Janusseems tohaveprovidedanumber of phenomenon ofhumanistpoetry;thisaspectJanus’oeuvre requiresfurthe Thefrequent useofastrologyinother possible conceptualframeworkscoul frameworks. Ingeneralthiseclecticism favored consistently, theycouldassemble andmix theel Furthermore, sincehumanistpoetswerenotrequir hymn –supportedthemethod ofmagnifyingth 443 character of humanist poetry–especially models (astro-meteorological Besidesthe biographical factors,severalch the appearanceofastrology,atleastitssymbols. Frederick’s Saturn). (interestingly, theFrederickepigram implies bot involved technicalastrologicalelem two ways;ontheonehand,hemocked theastrol period. Thedevotednessofseveralmembers ofhisso life (Ferrara,Padua,theBudacourt)wereamong Onageneral level, “astrology was acompletely international spiritual fluid” Renaissance, butevenbeyondthegeneralfashion,th and Hungary. only oneparticularpersonbutthe 41. 1926), FranzBoll, Sternglaube und Sterndeutung: Die Geschichte und das Wesen der Astrologie
commonplaces, comet appearances,and soon). Therhetorical intellectu ents inpoems ofpraise,partly d bereconciledwithastrology. insuchgenresasthepanegyric, al life of theRenaissance in fifteenth-century Italy 103 theappearanceofastrology,sincemost Theuseofastrologicalsymbols hadClassical ements ofvariousworldviewsandconceptual ogers andtheirpractice; the main centers ofEur ed toexpress theirown viewsabout the world h praiseofMatthias’ aracteristics of humanis representative examples forthetypicalways e placeswhereJanusstayedformost ofhis cial circlechallenged him, andhereactedin conceptual frameworks isanintriguing e topicintocosmic astraldimensions. for the sake of the addressee forthesakeofaddressee opean astrologyinthat Mars and mockery of ontheotherhand,he t Latinpoetryfavored r research,butforthe threnos (Leipzig: Teubner 443 , andthe in the CEU eTD Collection frameworks (thosediscussed above)andfoundaplace would beinterestingto contribute tofuture,comprehensiveresearchby th passages, andsofartheyhaveno the problemsthemselves. Neo-Latinpoetryin Furthermore, my researchhasyieldedsubsid results didnotclarifytherelevantproblems butra extraordinary character. natal astrology, andthetwocould astrological ideas;forexample, theRenaissanceid religions, other,lessconceivable, for astrology,butChristianityisnotsodominant the stars).The Christianreligionprovidedperh did notmix withastrology, Neoplatonism forastralmysticis gaveaframework m, whichwassignificant was interestedinbothStoicism andastrology,a in astronomy-astrology. Stoicism fictional poeticalworld,andJanus was interestedinvariousbranch ( mythology offeredothercharacter who could“restore”theirlostmight byassuming ofthecorrespondingplanet;besides, theform mythology andmythical history,anaturalmedium of connectingorm The otherissuewhichwould requir e moreresearchisastrology at or philosophia naturalis,or ixing thedifferentconcep ixing see howastrology(eithernaturalorj artes mechanicae but thetwosetsofceles t received asmuch scholarlyattentionasthey deserve.Ihope to and astrologyhadappearedin s whocouldactivateastrological ideologiescouldalsohave result intheideaof“celestial ) ideasoftheagecouldalso 104 aps theleast“encouraging” conceptual framework tual frameworks withastrology.Greek-Roman nd theonecouldinvolveotherinhispoetry. inJanus’poetry.Besidesthesephilosophiesor fifteenth-century Italy e identification ofastrologicalpassages, and it ea oftriumph,whichc ther just calledattentiontotheimportanceof tial ideascouldbereconciled(abirthaidedby forahumanist poet,o iary resultsintwoparticularfields;these inthepoeticworlds udicial) relatestootherconceptual symbiosis sinceantiquity;Janus thecourt of Matthias Corvinus; facilitated theapplication of es ofnaturalscience,notably scientific” ideas.“Naturalscientific” justification” be organicpartsevenofa abounds inastrological ould bereconciledwith ffered its antique gods ffered itsantiquegods of theIta in Janus’poetry;it of apatron’s lian poets. CEU eTD Collection 444 of theRenaissanceandhabitsmind European Renaissance culture.Rese DanieleBinimade atellingre that itcould adapt tovarious conceptualframew history ofastrology but topolitical,military, and arthistory aswell. of “Corvinian”astrology further investigations. Since this thesis concentr a num Renaissance DanieleBini, „Introduction,” in ber ofhoroscopedocuments, literaryandpr , ed. D. Bini et al. (Modena: Il bulino, 1996) Il bulino, etal.(Modena: Bini , ed. D. and therelated sources; future work
Astrologia: arte e cultura in età rinascimentale, Art and Culture in the the in Culture Artand età rinascimentale, in ecultura arte Astrologia: arch intoastrologyisindispensa mark: astrology was“chameleon-like.” of thoselivinginthatage. 105 , 12. 12. ates on Janus, I could only giveashortoverview ates onJanus,Icouldonly
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CEU eTD Collection János, István.“Immensusnilsolepraestantiusorbi ______. “JanusPannoniusfilozófiaialapm ______. “Egyhetvenévesmonográfiáról ______. “Agnes,Iuppiter,Venus.”In Jankovits, László. Lem Knappich, Wilhelm. ______. “Azújlatintárgyiasköltészetmegszületése JanusPannoni Kocziszky, Éva.“Acsillaghi Kelecsényi, Gábor. ______. “Neoplatonistamotívumok JanusPannoniusitáliaikölteményeiben” Ijsewijn, Joz ______. “Magyarkirályokhoroszkójaiegyvatikán ay, Richard.“TheTrue Place ay, Kecskeméti, 25–35.Pécs:JanusPannoniusTudományegyetem, 1998. Pannonius andtheHumanistLiterary Trad of JanusPannonius].InPannoniusésahumanistairodalmihagyomány old monography –JózsefHuszti:Janus Pannonius]. költészetében Tibor Kardos,SándorV.Kovács,291-300.Budapest:Akadémiai, 1975) Panegyric onGuarino] panegyricusban.) Tamás, 11–12. Budapest:Balassi,2001. the SeventiethBirthdayofÁgnesSzala Pannonius]. Budapest:Balassi, 2002. Janus Pannonius].In Woodbridge: Boydell,1987. 244. the Neo-LatinObjectivePoetryin 1990. Galavics, JánosHerner,BálintKeser Kings inaVaticancodex]. Definition.” In tiszteletére Janus (Preliminary Study)].In motifs intheItalianpoems ofJanusPannonius]. ef. “Alatin nyelv Múltunk neveskönyvgy [ Geschichte derAstrologie Accessus adJanum.Am Collectanea Tiburtiana [ Accessus adJanum Astrology, Scienceand Society: HistoricalEssays [“ t Janusköltészetében.(El Immensus nilsolepraestantiusorbis ű költészetJanusPannoniuskorában” Janus Pannonius.Tanulmányok[JanusStudies].Ed. . Studium of AstrologyinMedieval Scie Magyar Könyvszemle Ritoók ZsigmondnéSzalayÁgnes70.születésnapjára 10(1979):3–15. Collectanea Tiburtiana.TanulmányokKlaniczay Tibor – űjt theElegiesofJanusPannonius]. . Traditionsof Interpretati űveltségér Huszti József:JanusPannoniu . StudiesinhonorofTibor ői ű, 53-63.Szeged:JózsefAttilaTudományegyetem, . Frankfurta.m.:Klostermann, 1988. 110 , Budapest:Gondolat, 1988. ition]. Ed.LászlóJankovitsandGábor űértelmezés hagyományaiJanusPannonius y, Mrs.Zsigmond Ritoók].Ed.Zsuzsanna őtanulmány)” [Astralbelief inthePoetryof ől” [OntheBasicPhilosophicalEducation s” (NeoplatonistavonásokaGuarino- i kódexben”[HoroscopesofHungarian Itk 35 (1928),1-10. 84no.1(1980):1–14. Jelenkor nce andPhilosophy:Towards a
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CEU eTD Collection Zinner, Ernst. Woods-Marsden, Joanna. Weisser, Christoph. Warburg, Aby.“ItalianArtand ______. “Pietrod’Abanoandastrology.”In Osnabrück: Zeller,1968. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress,1988. 1999. Renaissance The RenewalofPaganAntiquity:Contributions ed. PatrickCurry.Woodbridge: Boydell,1987. laienastrologischer Fachprosa Leben undWirkendesJoh.Müller Studien zummittelalterlichenKrankhe . Ed.A.Warburg etal., The GonzagaofMantuaandPisanello’sArthurianFrescoes. International As . Pattensen:HorstWellm, 1981. II, 563-591.LosAngeles:GettyResearchInstitute, Astrology, ScienceandSociety:HistoricalEssays 113 trology inthe von Königsberg,genanntRegiomontanus totheCulturalHistoryofEuropean itslunar: EinBeitragzurGeschichte Palazzo Schifanoia,Ferrara
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