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Áron Orbán May 2012 Budapest Áron Orbán THE ROLE OF ASTROLOGY IN THE POETRY OF JANUS PANNONIUS MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2012 THE ROLE OF ASTROLOGY IN THE POETRY OF JANUS PANNONIUS by Áron Orbán (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2012 THE ROLE OF ASTROLOGY IN THE POETRY OF JANUS PANNONIUS by Áron Orbán (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest May 2012 CEU eTD Collection THE ROLE OF ASTROLOGY IN THE POETRY OF JANUS PANNONIUS by Áron Orbán (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ________________________ Supervisor ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2012 I, the undersigned, Áron Orbán, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies or MA degree in Comparative History, with the specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 14 May 2012 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most sincerely grateful to the whole Medieval Studies Department for making my research possible. I want to give thanks especially to four teachers for their support: György Geréby, whose critical remarks were always edifying; György Endre Szőnyi (my other supervisor), who strengthened my self-confidence many times; Judith Rasson, who always corrected my writing, did it with utmost care, thus continuously improving my English; and Cristian-Nicolae Gaşpar, who was always most helpful in checking my Latin-English translations. I want to thank the Department for rendering my fruitful research trip to Rome possible. I have also received a great deal of support from outside the university. I want to express my gratitude to László Jankovits (University of Pécs) for his advice and for placing his most recent studies at my disposal; to András Végh (Budapest History Museum), who informed me about and helped me to acquire some valuable research material; and to Enikő Békés (MTA- ITI), who placed her PhD dissertation and some important Italian studies at my disposal. I cannot put into words my gratitude to my wife for tolerating the shady side of my academic zeal. CEU eTD Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures…………………………..…………………………..……………………………...i List of abbreviations…………………………..…………………………..………………………ii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 1. Objectives and previous research.............................................................................................1 2. Janus Pannonius’ life................................................................................................................6 I. The notion of astrology in the European Renaissance ............................................................9 1. Historical frameworks............................................................................................................10 2. The problem of the heterogeneity of astrology ......................................................................11 a. The degree of complexity and the main types of astrology…………………….12 b. The object of the effects…………………………..……………………………14 c. The relation of stars, fate and God…………………………..………………...15 d. Conclusions on terminology…………………………..……………………….16 3. To what extent was astrology accepted in the Renaissance? .................................................19 II. Astrology in Janus’ Environment..........................................................................................23 1. Astrology in Janus’ Italian environment ................................................................................23 a. Education…………………………..………………………………………….23 b. Patronage…………………………..…………………………..……………...25 c. Poetry…………………………..…………………………..………………….27 2. Judicial astrology at the court of Matthias Corvinus.............................................................33 III. Astrology in Janus’ poetry....................................................................................................47 1. The frequency of astrological symbols ..................................................................................47 2. References on the practice of judicial astrology ....................................................................51 3. Astrological ideas in poems of praise ....................................................................................58 a. Italian poems of praise………………………………………………………..59 b. An epigram on Frederick III…………………………………………………..65 4. Astrological ideas in some Hungarian elegies .......................................................................74 a. “De stella aestivo meridie visa” ……………………………………………..74 b. Two elegies mourning the death of Janus’ mother…………………………...79 c. Short references in two later poems…………………………………………..89 5. Did Janus use his own birth horoscope? ................................................................................94 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................101 CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................106 i LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. The classification of astrological ideas Fig. 2. The nativity of Matthias Corvinus (Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225) Fig. 3. The nativity of Frederick III (Johannes Schöner, Opera mathematica, Nürnberg 1561, LXVI/a) Fig. 4. The verior nativity of Frederick III (Bibliotheka Jagiellonska, cod. 3225) CEU eTD Collection ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CUP Cambridge University Press Itk Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények OSZK Országos Széchenyi Könyvtár SISMEL Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo Latino CEU eTD Collection iii Introduction 1. Objectives and previous research As the title suggests, my thesis pertains primarily to literary history and the history of astrology, but my investigations will draw on the results of a number of other scholarly fields: political history, art history, Classical and Renaissance philosophy, Classical philology and so on. In other words, this thesis concerns the intellectual history of the Renaissance and relies on the interest of those who are interested in the culture and intellectual life of this age in general. The significance of astrology in the Renaissance demonstrates that in general the people of the age had a different mindset from ours, but it is the different ways of thinking and the seemingly strange cultural phenomena that arouse our modern interests. Since my topic pertains to humanist poetry, I will mostly analyze texts which do not involve technical astrological details and understanding the essence of my argument will not require a thorough technical knowledge of Renaissance astrology.1 It is conspicuous how frequently the stars appear in the poetry of Janus Pannonius, even compared to contemporary humanist poetry; moreover, a great many of these astral references are clearly astrological in nature. Why is this so? This basic question leads to at least two main sub- questions. What could Janus’ real attitude have been towards astrology – more exactly, towards the various forms of astrology? Scholarly opinions vary concerning how far the poetry of a CEU eTD Collection 1 In the first chapter I will summarize the terminological problems and the different types and attitudes of Renaissance astrology. Those who are interested in the rudiments of astrology, in the system itself (which is not so difficult and does not require mathematical or astronomical knowledge), may look into it in a number of handbooks or websites, since the elements of modern astrology do not basically differ from those of Renaissance astrology (signs, planets, aspects and houses are the most important elements). For the Medieval Latin terminology of astrology, see Charles Burnett, “Astrology,” in Medieval Latin: an Introduction and Bibliographical guide, ed. F. A. C. Mantello and A. G. Rigg (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1996). 1 humanist allows the reader to identify
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