EUROPE Legacy of the Humanists

EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC ­

EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Humanitas

hat makes human beings unique? This question was Wtaken up again during the Renaissance period upon

For him, it was the rationality of language that differentiated humansreading thefrom works all other of the living Roman beings; writer it needed Cicero (106–43to be applied BCE). and precise manner, since the nurturing of the intellect insaid a refinedto be the nourishment of human dignity (humanitas humanitas implies,– and this over is andexpressed above thethrough modern language use of the– is );

term “humanity”, the aspect of „man as defined by his comprehensive intellectual wisdom“. Language, in its proper application,uch linguistic should and aim philosophical for truth and remarks the common touched good. a Scontemporary nerve amongst the Renaissance scholars, for the reigning academic and cultural drift of the times had reduced language to a practical framework which

withhad to socio-political be structured, changes classified the and question definable; of human freedom dignity of tookthought on aand particular aesthetic dynamic, growth especiallywere not called during for. this Along period

studia humanitatis,of transition. Based on the Classical archetype one now undertook studies that defined Man, the so-called individual wasthat now had called far-reaching upon to consequences.apply his reason For, and his language,along with to the question dissolution authority of existing and traditional thought patterns knowledge, the to form one’s own opinion, to take political responsibility,

of the world through one’s own curiosity and to convey the same,to bring and in tothe open value one’s of one’s mind own in all experience, possible manner to get an beyond idea

existing limits. These are the values upon which modern Europe should build itself.

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page B of B EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

Index

The marvel that is Europe: France...... 26 Slovakia...... 48 In dubio pro libertate...... 2 Carolus Clusius Jacobus Faber...... 26 Valentin Eck...... 48 Literature...... 7 ...... 27 Johannes Sambucus...... 49 Genesis of the exhibition Germany...... 28 Spain...... 50 “Europe – Legacy of the Humanists”.8

Johannes Reuchlin...... 28 Inca Garcilaso de la Vega...... 50 Humanism – The source Franciscus Junius...... 29 Miguel de Cervantes...... 51 of European values...... 9 Great Britain...... 30 Sweden...... 52

Map of the European Humanists...... 10 Thomas More...... 30 Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh...... 52 George Buchanan...... 31 Anders Spole...... 53 Humanism in Europe...... 12 Greece...... 32 Switzerland...... 54 Petrarch Demetrios Chalkokondyles Conrad Gessner ...... 12 ...... 32 Heinrich Glarean...... 54 Erasmus...... 13 Ianos Laskaris...... 33 ...... 55 Austria...... 14 Hungary...... 34 Europa – Erbe der Humanisten...... 56

Elisabeth of Habsburg...... 14 John Vitéz de Zredna...... 34 EUNIC...... 57 Peter Lambeck...... 15 Janus Pannonius...... 35 Bulgaria...... 16 Italy...... 36 Logos...... 58

Filip Stanislavov Hristofor Zhefarovich...... 16 Manuel Chrysoloras...... 36 ...... 17 Guarino da Verona...... 37 Croatia...... 18 Lithuania...... 38 Didak Pir Francisk Skorina ...... 18 Motiejus Strijkovskis...... 38 Filipa Lacea...... 19 ...... 39 Cyprus...... 20 Netherlands...... 40 Europe – Legacy of the Humanists © EUNIC Stockholm, 2020 Franciscus Patricius Homepage: www.goethe.de/schweden Giasone De Nores ...... 20 Benedictus de Spinoza...... 40 Idea: ...... 21 Hugo Grotius...... 41 Dr. Christian Gastgeber and Prof. Elisabeth Klecker Czech Republic...... 22 Poland...... 42 Concept and Project Management: Dr. Christian Gastgeber Project Management in Sweden: Bohuslaus Hassensteinius Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski...... 42 Daphne Springhorn a Lobkowicz...... 22 Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki...... 43 Cover image: Lithuanian Humanist Francisk Skorina, Portugal...... 44 Elizabeth Jane Weston ...... 23 1517–1519 (© Lithuanian Academy of Sciences) Flanders...... 24 Fernão de Oliveira Graphic Design: MU ateljeer Nicolaes Cleynaerts Damião de Góis Layout: Shutrick illustration ...... 44 Translation and final editing: Amrita Dhara ...... 24 ...... 45 Romania...... 46 A publication of Goethe-Institut Schweden Joan Lluís Vives...... 25 Nicolaus Olahus Responsibility: Dr. Arpad-Andreas Sölter (Director, Goethe-Institut Schweden) ...... 46 Johannes Honter...... 47 Page 1 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Introduction to the exhibition „Europe – Legacy of the Humanists”

The marvel that is Europe: In dubio pro libertate Director of Goethe-Institut Sweden

Dr. Arpad-Andreas Sölter,

on its common history and shared values such as the varied forms of knowledge, eco­ The solidarity of Europe and discourses Ironically, key aspects of the Western world, have a high priority in the work of the Goethe- nomy and state that have taken shape therein, Institut as a German cultural institution with with argumentative patterns of criticism of are repeatedly denounced. This often happens to actively engage within the framework of an a European perspective. This has motivated us logocentrism and phallocentrism are used in the culture and civilization. Buzzwords such as conceptual fog of discourses on decolonisation association of European cultural institutions (EUNIC) in giving shape to Europe for the future. The impetus reads: Occidental thinking as such By promoting the emergence of the multilingual and globalisation that are critical of modernity. European citizen, we see ourselves as a mediator porary viewpoints we also strive at the same of European thought. While presenting con­tem­ must be broken in order to overcome it! But to time to revitalise the cultural treasures of the subject to criticism that is hostile to science, technology and the economy exactly those the brilliance of the canon of values once created occidental civilisation in cultural comparison, past. For provenance is the future. However, has achievements of Europe that characterise the means to underestimate its contribution to to this question could be illustrated with the in Europe dimmed after all? The possible answer world civilisation. For they vouch for their help of two anecdotes. freedom, prosperity and cultural wealth. urope is apparently in the dock, said a n order to recognise this, one need not pay E Ihomage to ethnocentrism nor sell oneself to Brasilian delegate at the opening of an inter­ national debate on European values at a recent European triumphalism: the greatest economy, event in Goethe-Institut Stockholm. Its defence the largest export, the best education for history of violence and for the crimes committed the only welfare state with human and civil is no longer viable. In view of its appalling the vast majority (even if not for everyone), through colonialism, imperialism and racism, it endure ambivalences and to throw the baby rights. It would therefore be a mistake not to deserved the highest punishment. She called for we need to able to tolerate an ambiguity that a non-Euro­centric perspective that goes beyond out with the bathwater. Rather, as an attitude, does not supplant or sweep under the carpet Thomas More, De optimo reipublicae the so-called Western world. A Swede would like of human rights and human dignity developed the historical militarism, the centuries-long statu deque nova insula Utopia [Of a to contra­dict that statement. Without the idea republic’s best state and of the new is- bloodshed in wars, the Inquisition, pogroms, land Utopia], Leuven 1516 (here: Basel multiple genocides right up to the breakdown of edition 1518). Cover page. Concept of in Europe on the one hand, and, on the other, the an ideal state inhabited on the island International Court of Justice headquartered in Utopia, based upon, among others, a The Hague, such criminal proceedings would civilisation embodied by the Shoah (Holocaust) rational principle of equality and stri- ving for learning. (© Basel University be neither possible nor viable – not even as a in Europe. Library, UBH Rb 80) notional tribunal. The values of Europe are in the status quo: The global civilisation http://dx.doi.org/10.3931/ one thing. Its history and practice till date are The Europeanisation of the world culminated e-rara-30626 another. Does the latter then invalidate the former? Europe – Legacy of the humanists thrives to a large extent on ideas that have Page 2 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

arisen in Europe and the West. However, it also and society emerge only in Europe, and not and cultural historians, sociologists and philo­ faces problems that stem from European and anywhere else? A debate between economic sophers revolves around the causes and nature Western technologies and ideas. Right up till today, Europe’s inventions are more influential in the world than even Eurocentrics suspect. of the European “special path”. Firstly, there The global image of Europe is thus shaped by its were restrictions on government power. An inventions with world-wide success, for example, extensive autonomy of science and economy the automobile, television, the stock exchange, followed suit. Finally, participation in political in government activity is still a prerequisite concrete, the drill book (even the men’s suit!). rule was enforced. This limitation and restraint its various blooming phases in music, art and for a prospering market economy, which in Not to mention the cultural wealth of Europe and turn is a necessary prerequisite for a vigorous

architecture, literature and philosophy. democracy. odern capitalism, which is based on the Capitalism and democracy are also European performance principle, as a market- inventions. Until then, tyranny and despo­ M economy medium of industrial development, tism were the norm of the political order. Con­ the taming of political and religious supremacy quest and exploitation were common in the were mostly based on forced labour and brutal and the restriction of state and government pre-industrial era. Pre-modern civilizations power play a crucial role in the road to a liberal leged priestly caste interpreted theocratic subjugation by the respective rulers. A privi­ structures and regulations as part of cosmic- constitutional state. This model is charac­teri­ govern­ment based on parliamentarism, separa­ zed by representative democracy as a form of by those in power went hand in hand with tion of powers (and mutual oversight through religious systems of order. The oppression

tangible misery. For the economic growth was the division of powers) and sovereignty of population to live above the physical subsistence of law, the autonomy of science and economy not sufficient to enable larger masses of the the people as participative ruling. The rule against state or religious interventions and endemic lawlessness, which can still be found attacks, and last but not least the oversight level. Periodic famines, poverty, misery and in many countries around the world, have been of a critical, investigative press and media, the public, civil society, also through culture, art and political satire (and without fear of overcome in Europe. he liberal and democratic lifestyle in a con­ stitutional state that is based on progress the fundamental difference from premodern T criminal prosecution) – these phenomena mark of technology and science in the capitalist sys­ cultures, from authoritarian and repressive regimes and from “oriental despotism” (Karl

tem is an absolute exception in world history. brought prosperity and political participation self-determination, the spread of decentralised This specifically occidental combination has August Wittfogel). The scope for creativity and decision-making powers in a challenging envi­ when these qualities are no longer evaluated ron­ment, institutionalised critique instead of to the masses. It is all the more alarming as achievements that are not only worthy of attempts to immunise, competition instead

tough correction mechanisms in the event approval, but also worthy of defence. These are of bland agreement, critical examination and of wrong decisions in business, politics and signs of self-harm.

How did the European “special path” come science (namely bankruptcy, voting out of office about? How did Europe develop into a and falsification) ensure effective control and common denominator and inner connection to specific, a unique entity of world history? incentives to find new solutions. They form the the political state, administration, culture Why did modernity in science, democracy, success – some even speak of the “European Page 3 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

ment activity, constant economic growth and miracle” (Eric L. Jones), of abstentious govern­ which arise from external determination and oppression of subjects. n non-authoritarian control systems, sanc­ uninterrupted progress in science. urope has developed social systems of Itions that determine human behaviour usually Efreedom with all their facets; the course of political fragmentation led to a blossoming of come from the play of forces themselves. This happens without any need for an external diversity. This was made possible by the lack autho­rity (except for one that maintains this The advantage is evident: It allows indivi­ of a single ruler over the entire continent. This order through a legitimate monopoly of power). key factor – rivalry – did not exist to the same conditions, economically productive people, extent in other parts of the world. Under such duals a maximum of particular interests with Con­sistent criticism includes the fallibility of a minimum of compulsion and consensus. can choose better locations that appear more for example, particularly successful minorities, to ongoing criticism, rational monitoring and people in social construction who are subject power that compete with each other promote a constant review advantageous to them. Several centres of

Such plura­lism develops and strengthens the he thirst for knowledge and discovery, the healthy rivalry, including that of world views. protection of minorities and promotes broad- Tspirit of invention, the power of innovation, founda­tions of universalism and humanism, the right to deviate from the traditional, the minded­ness. This in turn is connected to the flexibility of thinking, non-conformism and which brings into focus the dignity, intangible ability to change and reform, the monitoring and rights and personal freedom of the individual as limitation of political interventions in the system of power and governance, institutionalised individual equipped with basic rights and his dis­trust of all forms of absolute power and all fundamental social values. Safe havens for the understanding as a person and self are central dom for creative entrepreneurship, the process custo­dians of moral doctrines, journeys to free­ to the European idea of ​​freedom. In Western dual claim, against the family, against the clan, of proposed solutions that are in com­petition Europe freedom can be asserted as an indi­vi­ of rational examination and systematic criticism against society and against the state. This is with one another and subject to sharp selection, motor of intellectual, social and economic where the European idea originates from, here self-reflection and consistent criticism as the lies its fiery nucleus: Humanists have revealed development and improvement that are deeply and described a horizon of values ​​that offers development – these are guarantors for change, inspiration, guidance and orientation. t the same time, red lines are marked rooted in occidental culture. In other words: property rights of producers and traders in A Without decentralised and comparatively secure as enlightenment, emancipation, tolerance, relative economic freedom, there is no eco­nomic if fundamental European values such​​ equality (not to be confused with parity or robust rivalry within a civilisation can limit development. Only political fragmen­tation and of contract and freedom of movement are despotism and create relatively secure property even egalitarianism!), cooperation, freedom are linked to the taming of state or religious disregarded or even suppressed. These values ​​ rights. arbitrariness, which is replaced by the rule of istory and cultural comparison demonstrate Hhow wrong political decisions can lead Agathias Scholasticus: Historiarum by foreign authorities and ensures reliable libri I-V (Latin translation by Cristoforo law, that enables free living without subjugation property- and disposition rights that favour Persona) - BSB Clm 294 Rome 1484: BSB to stagnation and decline. In the 15th century manuscripts. economic development, beyond the rules CE, China had an armada of ocean-going ships. Admiral Zheng He undertook worldwide

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 4 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

Page 5 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

characterised by concern for the individual, by expeditions for the empire with his Chinese Humanism has also grown. Because Europe is sailors. But then ocean shipping and overseas the distinctive Self and its inalienable rights as trade were banned. The political unity of China respect for the unique person. The focus lies on were eventually forgotten, even though Chinese well as scope for autonomous thinking, quest became an obstacle to innovation. The skills seafarers had explored the Indian Ocean from and action. Zanzibar to the West Pacific much before the Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch and English did. Our exhibition “Europe – Legacy of the could have enforced such an order in the face of time into an occidental world of thought, from In contrast, there was no ruler in Europe who Humanists” enables a journey through small, rival European territories. After the year which valuable sparks still emanate today. A Catholic Church, would have had the power to 1520 no supraregional authority, not even the huge chorus of humanistic voices resounds. As such, it symbolises the early achievements stop exploration, research and development in of this continent. As a project dedicated to phonic concert invites you to a dialogical Erasmus of Rotterdam, Querela pacis European civilisation as a whole. This cleared cultural exchange across borders, this poly­ [The Complaint of Peace], Basel 1518. the way for Europe’s supremacy over the world’s Cover page. Commissioned work for an oceans. fusion of horizons with those that we must not alliance of French, Spanish, English and forget. How does this contribute towards self- Habsburg principalities aimed at safe- I will also discover relatively less well-known guarding lasting peace in Europe; n a “culture of questioning” (Julia Kristeva) awareness? Those who are intellectually curious a manifesto of pacifism (© Basel in the European tradition, it is easier to break ­University Library, UBH DJ III 5) Kant, from Cartesian doubt to the critique of multi-dimensional perspective draws a poly­ new ground. From John Locke to Diderot and personalities who are worth discovering. This http://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-ra- pure reason to Karl Popper’s critical rationalism, phonic panorama that revolves around key ra-23180 to critical theory and allied streams of thought,

questions of European cohesion: What really criticism characterises this self-referential there is a common thread: A movement of are our values? Where do they come from, who invented them? How do they relate to each large-scale project. Enlightenment culminates other? And how could they have arisen here? in constant unrest. Ideally, it even leads to self- How do we want to nurture and apply them in liberation. It creates an all-moving antidogmatic the future? How do we want to develop them no person, no authority is thereby allowed the maelstrom of systematic questioning. No area, further? The appeal to critical, self-reflective reason is this: Let us check our standards! Let confusion that is perceived to be a turning point monopoly of interpretation. No immunisation us correct mistakes – especially at a time of against reasonable objections and radical from analysis and empirical investigation as questions is permitted. No authority is shielded in history. hile some are evoking morbus occidentalis sacrosanct. Not even the highest entity, God, is W exempt from this. Apparent cognitive privileges (“occidental disease”) or are committed seemingly absolute certainties, which are given of “His” mediators and representatives, to the revival of nationalism, we believe – even out as claims of truth, narrow mental corridors idea as a valuable asset that every generation within a self-polarising Europe – in the European of dogmas and ideologies, fundamentalisms and indoctrination, regardless of their origin, any the intellectual and geographical neighbourhood has to acquire and redesign for itself. Likewise, euphoria of consensus or recourse to such, any so-called unquestionable authority, removed must always be developed and nurtured. Re­flec­­tion and recollection as revitalising Criticalism does not permit all of this in the long and insulated from critical thought – European self-assurance of a shared basis of European Huma­nism form an ideal starting point for the run. Criticism and challenge form the basis on common path to a more humane future. If we are re­surgence of authoritarian regimes and the dis­ which Europe’s real cultural capital is founded. experien­cing creeping de-democratisation, the It is from these resources that European Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 6 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

regard for the European tradition of values out​​ ­ The centre of Europe is not the Big Mac, but lined here, the task of humanist Europe will be the Magna Carta (Charter of Freedoms). to find suitable answers and solutions to put an Europe’s culture is also more than a sum of its the degree of social realisation of humanistic end to destructive tendencies. Precisely because many national cultures and states. The cultural characteristics of Europe are rooted in its continues to literally move the desires of billions ideas has been high in Europe. And because it freedom, diversity, multilingualism, exchange time is always ripe to let a more powerful and and cross-fertilisation, even externally. The of people who do not have it. But if no one can tell them what exactly Europe is at its core and proud European consciousness grow: “Euro­ its values, it would not be worth much. pean Humanism is a permanent process of reincorporation.” (Julia Kristeva).

Literature

Acemoglu, Daron/Robinson, James A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Currency. Albert, Hans (1986).Freiheit und Ordnung: Zwei Abhandlungen zum Problem einer offenen Gesellschaft(Beitrage Zur Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik). Mohr Siebeck. Assmann, Aleida (2018). Der europäische Traum. Vier Lehren aus der Geschichte. C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich. Berman, Harold J. (2009). Law and Revolution. The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Harvard University Press. Ian Buruma & Avishai Margalit (2004), Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies. Penguin Press, 2004. Diamond, Jared (2005). Guns, Germs & Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company, Revised edition. Ferguson, Niall (2018). Civilisation: The West and the Rest. Penguin. Franke, Berthold (2014). Größe macht dumm. Die alte Erzählung vom Frieden genügt nicht mehr – Europa sucht verzweifelt neue Leitmotive. Dabei liegt es längst auf der Hand: Das große Ziel heißt kleiner werden. January 2, 2014, DIE ZEIT Nr. 2. Gellner, Ernest (1989). Plough, Sword and Book. The Structure of Human History. University of Chicago Press. Jones, Eric L. (2003). The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia. Cambridge University Press. Kristeva, Julia (2014). Frage und teile. Europa, deine Mütter: Die Philosophin Julia Kristeva über eine Kultur, die von der ganzen Welt bewundert wird. Interview von Elisabeth von Thadden. DIE ZEIT Nr. 2/2014, January 2, 2014. Landes, David S. (1998). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. W. W. Norton & Company. Mbembe, Achille (2018). Politiques de l‘inimitié. La Découverte. Sölter, Arpad A. (1996). Moderne und Kulturkritik. Jürgen Habermas und das Erbe der Kritischen Theorie. Bouvier Verlag, Bonn. Vietta, Silvio (2019).Europas Werte. Geschichte – Konflikte – Perspektiven. Verlag Karl Alber (Freiburg/Munich). Weede, Erich (2000). Asien und der Westen. Politische und kulturelle Determinanten der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden. Weede, Erich (2005). Balance of Power, Globalization and the Capitalist Peace. Potsdam: Liberal Verlag. Wittfogel, Karl August (1957).Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. Yale University Press.

Page 7 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Genesis of the exhibition “Europe – Legacy of the Humanists”

Austrian Academy of Sciences

Dr. Christian Gastgeber,

It took a long time to implement them, and On February 24, 2015 at the Austrian Museum had a long and arduous phase of development. scholars often had to pay dearly for their of Folk Life and Folk Art in Vienna, EUNIC a newly founded institution to the general commitment to new ideas with hostility and Austria presented itself for the first time as

and cultural ties needed a long time to come public. That evening saw the birth of the idea persecution. The ideal of a Europe of peace of an exhibition which would focus on the an encouragement from the then President of topic of a common Europe. At first it came as to fruition. The stimulus for self-reflection for every exhibition visitor in times of popular anti- important aspect: Prospective learning from the EUNIC Austria, Martin Krafl (Czech Centre), to European slogans resonated from the start as an write an exposé that he would then present at a future board meeting. Accordingly, the concept retrospective of the common cultural heritage. e made a selection of scholars who crossed was presented in detail at the EUNIC board traditional boundaries in their thinking meeting in October of the same year. What was W and set important ideas in motion on the initially intended as a small project in three to tolerance, equality, five countries has developed into a large project emancipation (and thereby the dissolution of with 23 countries. * following European values: he thematic basis came from our area multilingualism (and thereby the recognition of T authorities that restricted freedom of growth), mobility of interest and work, namely European The idea, however, was not simply to remember (and thereby encounters with other cultures Humanism from the 15th century CE onwards. the language and literature of “Others”), international monuments, but to connect them with modern cooperation influential humanists in biographical and reciprocal influences) and . contributed to changes in politics and society Europe. It aimed to show how the humanists through thought that was revolutionary for traditional biographical presentations, Since the exhibition had to differ from a particularly sophisticated concept was their time. We wanted to lift the philosophers from the dusty corners of the (Latin) treatises developed, which reflects in its implementation to you how the sum of all these ideas shaped our to the podium of European Thought and convey the idea of European cohesion as well: Two humanists were selected for each country – modern Europe. according to present-day state borders – in the everal goals were sets: Firstly, early of the two personalities should have migrated period from the 15th to 17th centuries CE. One S from another country as incoming and have had be limited to the luminaries of intellectual a lasting impact in the new country; the second European Humanism should not always person should be outgoing in the country under consideration, and having history such as Petrarch or Erasmus, because , i.e. born and raised humanists, who have contributed locally and every country and every major city had its own emphasises the aspect of cultural mediation an impact in a new country of residence. This On the other hand, it should be conveyed to (all important places of activity were listed on regionally to realising a new way of thinking. opportunities that are taken for granted today contemporary Europeans that values and​​ social the posters). We also tried to choose a woman, where possible. We reduced biographical details Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 8 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

to those areas of life and creativity that the enthusiasm to realise this idea and contributed humanists focussed on in their most important works with regards to the values mentioned​​ was an enriching challenge for the associated to the success of the project. This collaboration bon mot above. And this would be complemented by a EUNIC-Austria partners (Switzerland, Georgia, or a quotation by the personality. Turkey, Ukraine), who also participated with he concept envisaged, however, another T great commitment in the joint project. see how more and more countries are aspect of European cooperation: We did not The result is significant. We were able to countries ourselves, but that we should want to select the scholars from other European request an academic partner institution in the participating in the European project. Europe and its values truly have a unifying appeal. respective country to do this. We experienced *Georgia, Ukraine and Turkey, though not Lithuania, also in the respective countries got involved with ­belonged to the exhibition project of EUNIC Austria. moments of indescribable joy when 23 partners

Humanism – The source of European values

reedom, self-determination, education and ut what held them all together was the basic Fhuman dignity Bidea that language gives people their special – values that we take for be painstakingly worked out and fought for over granted in today’s Europe. However, they had to place in the world – an ability that must be used repeating authoritarian opinions and towards critically to find truth, moving away from merely centuries. individual reassessment and critical awareness. The time period of the humanists of the 15th This also lends special importance to dialogue. period, can be seen as the birth of these im­por­ and 16th centuries CE, the Renaissance Since it was precisely at this time (mid-15th tant ideas and terms. The so-called humanists century CE) that modern-day printing was positioning of man in society and in the world – representatives of this new rationally-led invented – a turning point as revolutionary as the internet today – it was suddenly possible at courts of the rulers, in monasteries, in writings and thoughts comparatively quickly in as a whole – worked as scholars at universities, to disseminate, discuss and develop texts, libraries, as tutors of wealthy families or as movement with its rational-secular ideas grew Europe and beyond. This powerful intellectual private scholars. Living, teaching and publishing their works in Europe, and sometimes even on the basis of values of the Christian Western monuments of a new stream of thought spread beyond the borders of Europe, they left lasting world. From the 19th century CE it came to be known as Humanism. over a wide range of disciplines. Page 9 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Map of the European Humanists Mobility Emancipation Multilingualism Human Dignity Tolerance Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

Fernão de Oliveira Miguel de Cervantes

Damião de Góis

Didak Pir

The dots mark the birth places of the humanists. The arrows show how the ideas of the humanists have spread across Europe.

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 10 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh

Anders Spole

Georg Buchanan Motiejus Strijkovskis

Pranciškus Skorina

Peter Lambeck Johanna Benedictus de Spinoza Wawrzyniec Grzymała Elisabetha Goślicki Westonia Hugo Grotius Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Erasmus von Rotterdam Bohuslaus Thomas More Lobkowicz von Jacobus Faber Nicolaes Cleynaerts Hassenstein Carolus Clusius Johannes Reuchlin Johannes Sambucus

Valentinus Ecchius Heinrich Glarean Elisabeth von Habsburg

Condrad Gessner Johannes de Zredna Franciscus Junius Nicolaus Olahus Guarino da Verona Janus Pannonius Johannes Honterus Filipa Lacea Franciscus Filip Stanislavov Patricius

Francesco Petrarca

Hristofor Žefarović

Miguel de Cervantes Ianos Laskaris Manuel Chrysoloras

Joan Lluís Vives Demetrios Chalkondyles

Giasone de Nores

Page 11 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Humanism in Europe

Gold, silver, gemstones, purple robes, marble “I am insatiable when it comes to books ... sense,palaces they ... only speak give to silent us, advise and superficial us and begin, as enjoyment, books delight us in the innermost

Petrarch, letter to Giovanni dell’Incisa,Epistolae familiares 3, 18 it were, a living, deep friendship with us.” Petrarch

20. 7. 1304 – 19. 7. 1374

lawyer, Petrarch spent his youth in As the son of an exiled Florentine Virgil, as well as with the Father of the a revi­valist of classical education after a Church Augustine, Petrarch appeared as centre of culture due to the presence of the Avignon – at that time an international self-presentation was the coronation of period of darkness. The highlight of this cially secured by patrons belon­ging to the Pope and the Curia (papal court). Finan­ Colonna family, he was able to travel to poets at the Capitol in Rome in 1341. His enthu­siasm for the Ancient world led him later also to Rome and devote himself to work on corrupted traditions and to strive Paris, Liège, Aachen, Cologne and Lyon, to discover lost texts, to do philological lite­rary activity on a country estate in

for knowledge of Greek. But it also found to appear as an inde­pendent intel­lec­tual, the Vau­cluse. Although he always wanted expression in his political activism to re­ he established relationships with Italian store Rome’s former glory: He supported potentates, for whom a visit to the already Cola di Rienzo’s action against Rome’s nobi­ Petrarch, fresco from Villa Carducci in Legnaia, made for the popes to return and tried to get lity (1347) through publica­tion, he called by Andrea del Castagno, c. 1450.. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petrarch_by_Bargilla.jpg famous poet meant social prestige: After others, he spent years in the service of the his stays in Parma and Verona, among Emperor Charles IV to intervene in Italy. f Petrarch is famous today as a poet vol­ of happiness and misfortune was parti­cu­ gare Vis­conti in Milan with diplo­matic missions I lived with the Carrara family of Padua; he letters corpora show his wide-ranging net­ to Prague and Paris. From 1368 Petrarch (sonnets to Laura), he cultivated his larly successful), among others. Several own image however as a Latin author of Africa owned a house in nearby Arquà, where he books – of bio­grap­hies of the great Romans, work (including one with Johann von Neu­ and religious and moral-philoso­phical same time these were also con­sciously com­ died and lies buried. of an epic about the 2nd Punic War ( ) markt, the chan­cellor of Charles IV), at the n account of his early familiarity with works (of which De remediis utriusque for­ posed and fre­quently revised collec­tions ORoman classics such as Cicero and tunae about appropriate behaviour in times meant to preserve his image for posterity. Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 12 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“I consider as the true noble not the one who lays gold bands around the neck or who decorates the walls and vestibules with paintings of ancestors, but the one who not only educates but also supports his home­land and his compatriots with true and good qualities of one’s own, that is with education, manners

and eloquence.”Erasmus

28. 10. 1466 – 12. 7. 1536 is life’s work has become the agenda of

H life, interspersed with quiet phases in Basel and shaped generations as an endlessly curious and life’s work in “An Apology of Life” modern Europe. Like none other, he has Freiburg im Breisgau. He briefly summarises his (1514): ... I lived for the study of literature, which kept me critical mind with extensive language skills; from many vices ... many admit that reading my Erasmus-awards and grants still underline his books not only made them wiser but also better contemporary significance for Europe. pon completion of a good school education, people. The quest for money never touched me, nor U does fame affect me in the slightest ... wherever son of a priest, to live as a regular cleric at I lived – I may be allowed to express this a little financial reasons forced him, the illegitimate Gouda, until he was released from his vows and arrogantly about myself, but it is true – I was could study, with episcopal support, in one of valued by esteemed people and praised by lauded people. There is no place – Spain, Italy, Germany, England, Scotland – that does not want to invite Europe’s leading university cities, Paris. From me as a guest. then onwards he shuttled between Paris, Leuven and England. Through these journeys, through circle of friends, his personality changed from rasmus contributed to the international the expansion of his horizon of knowledge and E The culmination of his education came as the critical thinking, including such against that of a canon to an open-minded scholar. discourse through significant works on study of theology in Italy, the country of the

traditions. Most successful among them was his proverbs (Adagia humanists. Important stops were Turin, his collection of over 4000 classical wisdoms and Erasmus of Rotterdam, painting by Hans place of study, and Venice, at the unique printing ) had the greatest success. Holbein the Younger, 1523 (© A. Beyer, Das Porträt in der Malerei, press of Aldo Manuzio. Travelling between the Munich 2002, 123) countries of Europe also determined his future

National project partner: Dr. Christian Gastgeber, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Page 13 of 58 Prof. Elisabeth Klecker, University of Vienna, Network EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Austria

“He creates harmony and settles disputes; he prefers peace to war and puts the advantages of the subjects ahead of his own. He is generous without regret, avoids arrogance and pretentiousness, fears no witness other than his conscience. He maintains regal majesty in words and deeds, in glances and movements. He learns to patiently endure hunger, cold and heat, yes, with every act he to heart, I hope and wish, he will not only honour our family with radiant glory but also achieve shows self-control, follows prudence, keeps moderation, loves justice and fortitude. If he takes this

Austrian National Library, Cod. 10573, On the education of a prince: Elisabeth to her son Vladislaus the happiness that can be had with human power, and thereby be a unique example of virtue.” Elisabeth of Habsburg

1437 – 30. 8. 1505

Born in 1437 in the Habsburg family as the Under Casimir IV and his sons Poland court was open to humanists like Filippo daughter of Albrecht II (German king experienced a cultural boom, the Kraków 1438–1439), Elisabeth grew up with her brother Ladislaus Postumus (1440–1457) at the court Buonaccorsi (Callimachus Experiens, † 1497); of Frederick III and benefited from early Conrad Celtis also studied at the University humanistic education at a high level: Enea of Krakow. Based on unusual self-confidence during her husband’s lifetime and afterwards as Silvio Piccolomini (1405–1464) had created Elisabeth grew to be a patron of the arts even an educational programme for Ladislaus, his tutor Johannes Tröster († 1485) also followed a widow. humanistic principles. In 1454 Elisabeth married the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon When Elisabeth’s son Vladislaus got married (1427–1492) in Kraków; three of her 13 children in 1502, an educational tract was created as a guidebook from a mother to her son, who succeeded their father to the throne. The eldest for the future heir to the throne. It was given son Vladislaus (1456–1516) took over Bohemia and Hungary; his children Anne (born 1503) represented the ideal of the educated and just and Louis (born 1506) were married in 1515 ruler of peace. Even if the advice did not come to the grandchildren of Emperor Maximilian from Elisabeth’s own words, it was authorised She reminds us thereby of the role of princely I in Vienna: after the disaster of Mohács in in her name and corresponded to her views. 1526 these nuptial ties were supposed to bring the Bohemian and Hungarian crowns to the women in conveying humanistic values. Habsburgs.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Elisabeth and King On the education of a prince (De institu- Vienna, Graz, Wiener Neustadt (AT), Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II Casimir IV Jagiellon, after Marquard Her- tione regii pueri, 1502) Székesfehérvár (HU), Krakow (PL) (IT), Johannes Tröster (DE/AT), Kaspar gott, Pinacotheca Principum Austriae. St. Wendel (AT), Kaspar Schlick (CZ/AT), Blasien 1773, Taf. X (© UBW Vienna, Johannes Hinderbach (AT/IT), Philippus III-58.960) Buonaccorsi Callimachus (IT/PL), Jan Ostroróg (PL)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 14 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

in decay in a completely darkened room, where you would have had to light “Most of these manuscripts were full of dust, disorderly, smelly and almost poor manuscripts from their dreary abode of years to see the light of day, and I a candle even at noon. From there, as if from a dirty prison, I pulled out these

Commentarii de Augustissima Bibliotheca..., vol. 1, 71; at the start of his work as a librarian in Vienna wiped them clean with my own hand ...”

Peter Lambeck

13. 4. 1628 – 4. 4. 1680

Born in Protestant Hamburg as the son of a pioneering work. As a professor of history in pre­paratory work on a history of literature teacher, Peter Lambeck embodies the ideal Ham­burg (since 1651) and with his breakthrough cation took him to the most famous teachers in of a modern “Erasmus student”: his path of edu­ towards a comprehensive review of the cultural (1659) he had already shown his endea­vour Amsterdam, Leiden and Paris. His uncle Lucas Holste, who was the librarian of the Biblioteca heri­tage – though sadly lacking in judge­ment in mote him in Rome, where he embraced the Vaticana (Vatican Library), continued to pro­ its execution. Catholic faith; he then continued his further His international reputation in the scholarly studies in Toulouse and Bourges. Although community of Europe owes itself to his perial Court, where he started his work as a trained as a lawyer, his real interest lay in Latin pioneering catalogue at the Library of the Im­ himself to be a humanist of the Italian tradi­ and above all Greek literature. In this he proved tion, who was particularly concerned with the librarian in 1662. The work was designed to pre­serva­tion and dissemination of classical and have 25 volumes and include all the texts and though, there were eight printed volumes which languages that he had mastered. Ultimately period there was hardly any source of acqui­ set new standards in cataloguing written works medieval scriptural heritage. But in the Baroque of cultural heritage and had a considerable im­ much more important to refurbish the manu­­ sition of Greek texts from the East; It was now pact on the whole of Europe. For the purpose of to make them known to the public for further scripts acquired since the 16th century CE and specialised subject discussions Lambeck set up a network of scholars throughout Europe with its studies. It was here that Lambeck achieved centre at Vienna. INFLUENTIAL WORKS Vienna 1665–1679), collection of letters NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait of Lambeck Overview of the history of literature Daniel Papebroch (BE), Matthaeus by Johann Jacob Haid, in: J. Brucker, (Prodromus historiae literariae, PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS Merian (CH), Johann Heinrich Boeckler, Ehrentempel der Deutschen Gelehr- Hamburg 1659), History of the Library Hamburg (DE), Amsterdam, Leiden (NL), Johann Friedrich Gronovius, Friedrich samkeit. Augsburg 1747, 80 (© private of the Imperial Court and cataloguing Paris, Toulouse, Bourges (FR), Rome, Lindenborg (DE), Lucas Holste (IT), Ger- ownership) of the Greek manuscript collection Venice (IT), Vienna, Mariazell, Innsbruck hard Johannes Voss, Isaak Vossius (NL), (Commentarii de Augustissima (AT) Étienne Baluze, Sébastien Cramoisy, Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindobonensi, Henri Valois (FR), Philippus Miller (GB)

National project partner: PD Dr. Christian Gastgeber, ÖAW, IMAFO, AO. Page 15 of 58 Univ.-Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Klecker, University of Vienna, EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Bulgaria

Hristofor Zhefarovich

(Hristofor Žefarović) c. 1690 – 18.9.1753

important of them was Stemmatographia Hristofor Zhefarovich was born in the late propagated the Illyrian movement. The most in Church Slavonic; the book was quickly 17th century CE in the city of Dojran which was at that time under the Ottoman Empire. He came from a Bulgarian pastor’s family disseminated amongst the South Slavs. In and enlightened wandering monk, he painted and became a monk himself. As a well-read addition to 99 coats of arms of states, regions and traded in books, icons and liturgical and cities, its distinctive features include 20 portraits of Bulgarian and Serbian rulers and vessels. In 1734 he became renowned as an saints as well as 56 coats of arms of Slavic and icon-painter in Belgrade. He spent some time other Balkan countries with explanatory four- artistically involved with the mural paintings in the St. Naum Monastery in Ohrid. He was liners – the earliest example of modern secular Bulgarian and Serbian poetry. he Stemmatographia in the monasteries of Bodjani (RS, Vojvodina, well as with the iconostasis of the Church of role in the spiritual awakening and growth 1737) and Siklós (southern Hungary, 1739) as T plays a significant

St. Nicholas in Kozani (northern Greece). From of the Bulgarians and South Slavs and had a 1740 he devoted himself exclusively to copper strong influence on the Bulgarian Renaissance engravings and book illustrations. culture. It became a century-long model for n the medium of the book, he worked (icon) painters and book illustrators and a starting point when all the peoples of the O created at the beginning of the 19th century with Thomas Mesmer’s engraving studio prepared for print copper engravings made political activities with a return to their in Vienna. He printed icons on paper and Balkans started shaping their cultural and his art further found its way into works that by (Slavic) saints. With the help of the studio “old homeland” Europe and its structure of civilisation.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Bust in Star Dojran Stemmatographia (Vienna 1741), De- Dojran, Ohrid (MK), Belgrade, Bodjani Honorary member of the imperial (Macedonia) (© private photograph) scription of Jerusalem (1748), school (RS), Siklós (HU), Kozani, Thessaloniki Academy of Sciences in Vienna and the books (GR), Jaffa, Jerusalem (IL), Moscow (RU) Royal Academy in Munich

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 16 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Just as the bee collects honey and wax from different and fragrant flowers, so has Filip Stanislavov, the Bishop of Greater Bulgaria, gathered and arranged his collection ‘Abagar’ from different books of the holy forefathers, and has presented it to his Bulgarian people so that they can carry this book Ending of Abagar as the potent relic of a saint.”

Filip Stanislavov

c. 1612 – c. 1674

prepare a prayer book for prin­ting on Abagar While the western European countries were witnessing their Humanist centuries, it May 6, 1651 in Rome, – the first of renewed memory of the past greatness of the was only in the 17th century that the first whiff printed book in modern Bulgarian. such “harbinger” is the “international student” Bulgarian state and its culture was felt. One The importance of this first printed in several ways: It reminds today’s book of its kind is significant village of Oresh near Svishtov and who studied Filip Stanislavov, who was born in 1612 in the free Europe of the interrupted life of need to revive the memory of it, so theology, history, geography, Italian and Latin a great Balkan civilisation and the at the Pontifical Illyrian College in Loreto from 1627 to 1633. He was also proficient in Turkish, that Bulgarian culture can once again Tatar and Wallachian languages. From 1633 to take its worthy place in the European 1635 Stanislavov was in Rome at the papal court, cultural scene. he book is an appeal to the where he was appointed the official interpreter for Slavic and other languages for Pope Urban T VII. Bulgarians, to the neighbouring tanislavov took the educational mission countries in the Balkans and to the S European people, a call for solidarity home from the West: He taught many young and a shared humanistic search. people and set up a school. In his diocese Nikopol he held church service not only in Latin but also in Slavic. His great wish was to spread education among the Bulgarians; this prompted him to

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS In the illustration: Excerpt fromAbagar Abagar – a collection of sermons in Oresh (BG), Loreto, Rome (IT), Nikopol, (© National Library Sofia) Cyrillic script with Church Slavic, Ser- Tranchovitsa (BG) bo-Croatian and neo-Bulgarian linguistic elements (Rome 1651)

National project partner: Page 17 of 58 Prof. Rumjana Koneva, Counsellor of Bulgarian Embassy, Director of BKI Haus Wittgenstein EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Croatia

and in every battle the winner will be the one “Human life is a kind of military service;

Cato Minor who acts with patience.”

Didak Pir

(Isaia Koen, Didacus Pyrrhus, Lusitanus, Iacobus Flavius Eborensis) 5. 4. 1517 – 16. 5. 1599

his misfortune; he enriched and fertilised new used the common For over 20 years Didak Pir was con­ exchange of ideas that driven out of his homeland and he travelled ones that inspired further scholarly language stantly on the move: as a Jew, he was the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he spent his contact with through Europe until he found refuge in literary creations. of Latin to maintain e made a favourable the international impression on fellow most of his life. He was probably employed H humanists wherever he took an active part as a private tutor for young noblemen. scholarly society. He already known as a poet and he continued went: during his stay in in the cultural life of When he came to Dubrovnik he was the various places verses about Dubrovnik showcase everyday impressed the learned that he lived in and his literary work there. His numerous Ferrara he sufficiently life in the city as well as its glorious past, allowed himself to be making them an important source of the be included as one of the Lilio Grigorio Giraldi to participants in Giraldi's positively influenced the other hand, shows a didactic approach, Dialogue on European distinguishes him city’s cultural history. His later work, on by them. What poetry was also his special educationist who shaped his work to teach constant touch with his effort to educate the as one would expect from an experienced . Didak Pir was in friends, and years later he was based in Dubrovnik, he belonged to wrote a verse letter to Paolo youth, in the spirit and enlighten the youth. Although he next generation, the the international community of scholars of his cosmopolitan outlook and to inspire their interest in Manuzio, son of the famous During his travels, he met many humanistic and maintained close contact with them. Venetian printer Aldo, in which he praised by patience and perseverance despite his new homeland. Pir’s life was shaped cultural diversity. companions. These meetings led to the

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Cover page ofCato Poems (1545), To Paul (1563), On the no- Évora (PT), Ferrara, Ancona, Rome (IT), Piero Vettori, Giambattista Giraldi Cinzio, Minor, Venice 1596 (© private owner- ble families in contemporary Dubrovnik Istanbul (TR), Dubrovnik (HR) Paolo Giovio, Girolamo Falletti, Giglio ship) (1582), Cato Minor, moral proverbs Gregorio Giraldi, Paolo Manuzio (IT), (1592) Toma Budislavic, Dominko Zlataric (HR)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 18 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Through great works one tries, with manifold difficulties, to strive to earn the title Poemata. Metz 1589 of true honour for future times.” appearance, she used Sappho’s distich from Ovid: ‘If nature wilfully prevented me from having “In order to parry the ridicule of those who accused her of a being deficient of graceful a beautiful appearance, I make up for the loss of beauty through talent.’ ... She loathed, as she Boissard on Lacea, in: Icones diversorum hominum fama et rebus gestis illustrium, Metz 1591, 91 said, the pedantry and aversion of men, something that is attested by her elegant poetry ... “ Filipa Lacea

(Philippa Lazaea, Lazea) 1545/1546 – 1576

s a feminist avant la lettre an important role in Croatian women's that although of modest A Filipa Lacea plays with. Boissard notes her friend and fellow poet, the French humanist of saying things freely writing – a humanist poet who was described by manner, Lacea had a habit

She was born into an aristocratic family in the Jean Jacques Boissard, as the “Illyrian Sappho”. “despite her gender”. intellectual achievement Thanks to Boissard, her is still remembered today, coastal town of Pula. Fleeing a plague epidemic along with her tendency in Padua and Venice, she finally ended up in the only source on her life and work, published Trieste, where she died at the age of 30. Boissard, – as documented in boundaries of gender- a biography in 1591. Some of her poems were her work – to cross the published along with his work (Metz 1589, her time and age and thus Frankfurt a./M. 1596). based roles that defined encourage others to break to the history of intellectual women: we T he case of Filipa Lacea is quintessential know of her only because she was in contact with traditions. character and her talent for writing “the most with a male contemporary. Boissard praises her charming Latin poetry”. Obviously, this is not just lip service, as he is known to be extremely critical of other Latin poets he was in touch

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait in Jean Poems contained in Boissard‘s works of Pula (HR), Triest (IT) Jean Jacques Boissard (FR), Jacques Boissard, Icones diversorum poetry (Metz 1589), Dedicational poetry Laelius Cleopassus (IT) hominum fama et rebus gestis illustrium. in: Jean Jacques Boissard, Vitae et Icones Metz 1591, 93 (© private ownership) Sultanorum Turcicorum (Frankfurt a.M. 1596)

National project partner: Page 19 of 58 Dr. Petra Šoštaric, University of Zagreb EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Cyprus

“The human mind is guided by reason alone, the mind only likes to follow rational thought. Reason draws out the intellect, whether it likes it or not ... With merely a philosophy of rationality I have relied upon the true and divine philosophy, and I believe my extensive Nova de universis philosophia, dedicated to Pope Gregory XIV and exhaustive work has brought it to its destination.”

Franciscus Patricius

(Frane Petric, Francesco Patrizi) 25. 4. 1529 – 6. 2. 1597

orn on the island of Cherso (Cres in modern

B philosophy (Ferrara 1591). It was of an authority, but about the Croatian), Francesco Patrizi studied in no longer just about the reception various Italian cities and also lived in Cyprus Venice, Ingolstadt and Padua. He travelled to for some time, where he could improve upon his This required a detailed analysis critical examination of tradition. knowledge of the Greek language and collect of the work including criticism of in his life which was dedicated to an in-depth Greek manuscripts. This was a decisive phase Aristotle; this gave rise to his own study of the written philosophical legacy of its preference for the philosophical anti-Aristotelian philosophy with later asked to teach Plato’s philosophy at the in the tradition of antiquity and antiquity. He travelled further to Spain and was opposite pole of Plato. His interest its utility in the present times until he was subsequently invited by Cardinal University of Ferrara (1578). There he stayed of the old Roman army and its was also reflected in his studies Ippolito Aldobrandini to teach at the University of his life as one of the few philosophers who Plato, he also turned to Platonic of Rome (1592). Thus he spent the last years tactics (1583, 1593). In addition to taught Plato in the university environment philosophers, bordering even on contribution to the Renaissance philosophy and of late Renaissance Italy. His most important the subject of magic in the work of the so-called Hermes Trismegistus. intellectual development were his Peripatetic thereby to the foundation of further European In conclusion: in 1592 this critical Discussions thinker landed on the index of (Venice 1571) and his new universal forbidden books.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS philosophy) (1591), Magia philosophica NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait inPhilosophi - Discussionum peripapeticarum tomi (Zoroaster and the Chaldean Oracles) Matthias Flacius (HR), Bernardino Tele- ae de rerum natura libri II priores primi libri XIII (1571), La milizia roma- (1593) sio, Jacopo Mazzoni, Prince Alfonso II (© private ownership) na di Polibio, di Tito Livio e di Dionigi d’Este, Ippolito Aldobrandini (Pope Cle- Alicarnasseo (1583), Della nuova geo- PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS mens VII) (IT) metria libri XV (1587), Nova de universis Cres (HR), Ingolstadt (DE), Venice, philosophia (on the basis of Aristotle’s Padua, Ferrara, Rome (IT), Cyprus

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 20 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“It is difficult, if not impossible, that man as a ‘social being’ can achieve his own perfection in himself alone, outside of a perfect society. For, as he is a part of a whole, unless he is not completely unified within this whole, he becomes, to some extent, useless and superfluous, Breve institutione dell᾿ottima republica. Venice 1578, 3 no different than an arm or a foot that is separate from its body.”

Giasone De Nores

(Iason De Nores) c. 1530 – 1590

philosophy, cosmography, geography came from a Franconian noble family Born in Nicosia in 1510, Giasone De Nores and literary theory. Philosophically, family was originally of Norman descent, and should be of use as well, and in the kingdom of Lusignan in Cyprus. The he was an Aristotelian; philosophy Giasone belonged to the famous branch of his moral philosophy was thus intended to prepare the students the first Count Nores of Tripoli († 1542), who paid particular attention to this had bought the title from Venice. He studied for an active life in society. He he received his fundamental education from aspect of social philosophy, which philosophy in Padua (around 1530–1535), where two humanists: Trifone Gabriel and Sperone he also documented in tabular

all action within a society was the Speroni. He spent his time partially in Cyprus form. The only desirable good of and in Venice; in the latter city he joined the so-called Accademia Pellegrina in the 1550s. well-structured state. Apart from married Caterina Syngletico, but the threat of ideal of rhetoric, which he combined In the early 1560s he returned to Cyprus and Aristotle, he also saw Cicero as the the impending Ottoman invasion ultimately

with moral philosophy in his work. he settled in Padua, where he was appointed foundation of political thought forced him to leave Cyprus. Shortly before 1570 De Nores᾿ teaching laid an important professor of moral philosophy at the university

among the late Renaissance Venetian there. By the time of his death in 1590 he had patricians. written 17 books on rhetoric, political science,

INFLUENTIAL WORKS to Cicero’s philosophy of life and morals PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS In the illustration: Cover page ofBreve Annotations to Horace,De arte poetica (1581), Tavole del mondo et della sphe- Nicosia (CY), Venice, Padua (IT) institutione dell᾿ottima republica(© pri- (1553), Breve trattato dell’oratore alla ra (along with an introduction to the vate ownership) studiosa et valorosa giouentù de’ Nobili natural philosophy of Aristotle) (1582), NETWORK OF HUMANISTS della illustrissima Republica Vinitiana De constitutione partium universae Gian Vincenzo Pinelli, Francesco Patrizi, (1574), Breve institutione dell’ottima humanae et civilis philosophiae (after Filippo Mocenigo, Trifon Gabrielli, Sper- republica (predominantly from the Aristotle) (1584) one Speroni (IT) works of Aristotle) (1578), Annotation

National project partner: Page 21 of 58 Dr. Natasha Constantinidou-Taylor, University of Cyprus EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Czech Republic

“We are strong enough and brave, and we are capable of enduring all evil, but our mind suffers from his satire the sinfulon St. Wenceslas burden of malicious deeds. You find no love for the homeland that is on the verge “Theof ruin, heartache and hardly and any worry of its associated administrators with a are woman concerned hardly about let your its mindwell-being.” wander freely, maybe only if you were happy to have found such a wife, who not only has good manners, but also an active

Oninterest marriage, around in literature. 1487, letter to Johann I have Ridne as much faith in the fact that our Bohemia can give birth to such a strange phenomenon just as much as I have in a child with two bodies or in fish under the hook plough.” Bohuslaus Hassensteinius a Lobkowicz

(Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic) c. 1462 – 1510

Bohuslaus Hassensteinius a Lobkowicz, a Bohuslaus Hassensteinius a with a passion for satire as Czech scholar from a noble family, studied Lobkowicz was a talented poet law in Italy. After graduating he undertook a trip to Africa and Asia, which he described in well as a passionate bibliophile. son, he was destined for a career of in the higher a lot to him; he founded a his letters and in a travel poem. As a younger Humanistic education meant private humanistic school at clergy: thus he became a provost in Vyšehrad at first and afterwards applied for the office of Hassenstein, whose pupils who later became a professor at bishop of Olomouc and coadjutor in Wroclaw – included Matthaeus Aurogallus though both without success. From 1502–1503 he lived at the court of King Vladislaus Jagiello Wittenberg and assisted Luther his court service as well as the church policy, had a wide network of contacts in Ofen (today’s Budapest). Disappointed with in his translation of the Bible. He which did not allow him to become a bishop in with humanists abroad, and spite of being unanimously chosen so by the his unique collection of Greek Olomouc chapter, he retired to his castle at manuscripts was used by

Hassenstein near Chomutov and devoted himself editors well after his death. grand and valuable library has been preserved to literature, astronomy and medicine. His as a Lobkowicz legacy in Nelahozeves castle.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait (© Library of Small works (Opuscula) (Erfurt, c. late Bologna, Ferrara, Venice (IT), Prague, Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg (FR), the National Museum, Prague) 1508); numerous Latin poems, letters Blšany, Hasištejn Olmütz (CZ), Vienna Peter Schott, Bernhard and Konrad Adel- and three treatises were published in (AT), Budapest (HU) mann von Adelmannsfelden, Martin Pol- Prague in the second half of the 16th lich von Mellerstatt, Konrad Wimpina, century CE. Konrad Celtes (DE), Girolamo Balbi (IT), Augustinus Moravus, Iohannes Sslechta, Victorinus Cornelius de Wssehrd, Rode- ricus Dubravus (CZ)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 22 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“When I make mistakes while writing poetry or something seems confusing, just say so. For a young woman has given it to you. The time will come when (the god of poetry) Apollo will look Poem to her patron Georg Martin von Baldhofen, Parthenicon down upon me from heaven and take away my worries; then I will give you better poems.”

“I am writing to you because I could not conceal how your poems moved me – poems written by a woman of such a young age! The latter is rare, the former unique – but both Joseph Justus Scaliger, 1540–1609, a leading contemporary European scholar on Weston astonish every person more than one would like to admit.” Elizabeth Jane Weston

(Alžběta Johana Vestonie) 2. 11. 1582 – 23. 11. 1612

poetic talent and success, she did not escape the fate When four-year-old Elizabeth Jane moved have imagined that she would one day become of most women at that to Bohemia with her family, no one could a poet who was admired by her contemporaries of her learned admirers time – she married one and died at childbirth (her even more than William Shakespeare. With the help of a private tutor she learned Latin as well as German, Czech and Italian in the seventh child) at the age of survived for centuries cosmopolitan milieu of the court in Prague. 31. Her work has, however, Kelly, fell out of favour with the emperor and and is still a valuable After her stepfather, the alchemist Edward from rulers, courtiers, diplomats and spiritual competence in creatively died in 1597, Weston began to seek support jewel, combining her handling the male domain of classical heritage dignitaries through learned Latin poetry. She and members of the international community with the impressive quickly gained fame as an “exceptional talent” of scholars competed to get in touch with the emotional world of a “Sappho of Prague” and receive a poem from strong protagonist of her

und eine eindrucksvolle her. Weston knew how to deal with the gender times.des antiken Erbes suffering, weaknesses and need for protection Gefühlswelt einer starken stereotypes of her times, cleverly expressing her before the potential benefactors. Despite her Akteurin vereinen.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait (© Library of Parthenicon (Prague 1606), Poëmata Most (CZ) Janus Dousa, Daniel Heinsius, Joseph the National Museum, Prague) (Frankfurt an der Oder 1602) Justus Scaliger (NL), Paulus Melissus, Wolfgang Gruningius (DE), Oswald Croll, Georg Martin von Baldhofen, Georgius Bartholdus Pontanus a Breitenberg, Georgius Carolides, Phillip de Monte (CZ)

National project partner: Dr. Lucie Storchová, Dr. Marta Vaculínová, Czech Academy of Sciences Page 23 of 58 EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Flanders

penetrate the mysteries of their beliefs, to discuss them with our “I did not go to Morocco to participate in disputes, but to secretly theologians, and then upon my return to Morocco to consult with the From a letter, September 1, 1542 Moroccans on their religious issues.”

Nicolaes Cleynaerts

(Nicolaus Clenardus) 5. 12. 1493/4 – 5. 11. 1542

leynaerts studied languages, literature Financial constraints forced him to return C years in Fez, Morocco for the same purpose. to Granada, but further royal support was and theology at the University of of three languages ​recently founded by​ Leuven. Under the influence of the college unavailable. Erasmus, he learned Greek and the oriental is also supposed to have taught without less in theology than in language and languages Hebrew​​ and Arabic, which he Cleynaerts displayed an open mind – deprived of the hope of a professorship an official professorship. As a priest and literature, as influenced by the teachings against traditional language learning of Erasmus. He also took a critical stance in Leuven, he seized the opportunity to come into contact with Arabists and Arab methods and developed practical manuals. a librarian with Christopher Columbus’ culture. Although he accepted the post of His success proved him right: His Hebrew son in Seville, he instead went to the grammar book resulted in 23 editions in the 16th century CE, and his handbook of University of Salamanca to deepen his Greek appeared in more than 500 editions knowledge of Arabic culture and religion in knowledge of Arabic (in the meantime and reprints. order to promote dialogue in the process. followed by an employment as a private leynaerts did not participate in the translations but wanted to be able to read teaching the viceroy’s son). This was He did not want to rely on other people’s tutor for the King of Portugal’s brother, Ctheological disputes between Catholics of his time and intended to demonstrate the the texts himself. Of course, he was a child superiority of Christianity and to convince whom he accompanied to Évora and Braga. and Protestants. His focus was broader: At skills in Granada and spent one and a half Thereafter he improved upon his Arabic a time of conflict between Christians and Muslims, he was keen to have a thorough Muslims to convert. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Statue in Diest (BE) Hebrew Elementary Grammar (Leuven Diest, Leuven (BE), Salamanca, Granada Rutgerus Rescius, Iohannes Vasaeus, Ia- (© private photograph) 1529), Greek Elementary Grammar, (SP), Fez (MA), Évora, Braga (PT) cobus Latomus (BE), Iohannes Dantiscus especially Morphology (Leuven 1530), (PL), Fernando Colón, Luís de Toledo, Handbook of Greek for private study Hernán Núñez (ES), André de Resende, (Leuven 1531), Latin Grammar (Braga Henry I of Portugal, Damião de Góis (PT) 1538), two volumes of letters (Antwerp 1566)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 24 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Marriage was established not so much for the production of offspring as for the sense of community and inseparable companionship. “Husband” does not refer to the fulfilment and satisfaction of pleasure, but a mutual connection De institutione feminae Christianae II (between husband and wife) in all activities of life.”

Joan Lluís Vives

(Iohannes Lodovicus Vives) 6. 3. 1492/3 – 6. 5. 1540

husband and wife (without denying the woman’s obligation of obedience to her Educated in Valencia, Paris and Leuven, ingenuity, impressive scholarship and a Vives was an all-round intellectual with spouse). is agenda of caring for the poor profound philosophical perspective. His meeting laid the philosophical foundation with Erasmus in 1516 was formative for his H programme which combined education with for the necessary institutional aid to intellectual development; Erasmus’ humanistic the poor and developed a series of measures (including commitment to piety influenced him very much; Vives also wrote on similar topics, but in a more systematic shared his pacifist and educational ideas. Vives work) for the impoverished “common manner and not as literarily as Erasmus. After people”. In this he influenced the his teaching experience in Paris, Leuven and social reforms of Emperor Charles V Oxford (still under the influence of Erasmus and in German cities. Vives subjected a Thomas More, avoiding sterile academic logic) large number of scientific disciplines he broke away from the tradition of academic he went his own way. As an independent scholar to critical examination (including mathematics, physics and medicine) was of the opinion that girls and boys are equal curriculum through the systematic disciplines and focused on social problems. He and spoke in favour of expanding the in their intellectual capabilities, campaigned for a literary education of girls (with particular study of all disciplines. His curriculum was based on a full exploration of the of marriage as a bond of friendship between emphasis on chastity) and emphasised the role human nature.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS of a Husband (Brügge 1529), Areas of PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS Wolsey (GB), Adrianus Barlandus, Frans Against the Pseudodialecticians (Leuven Science (Antwerp 1531), Rhetoric (Leu- Valencia (ES), Paris (FR), Leuven, Bruges Cranevelt (BE), Damião de Góis (PT) 1519), Annotations on Augustine‘s De ci- ven 1533), On the Soul and Life (Basel (BE), Oxford (GB), Breda (NL) vitate Dei (Basel 1522), The Education of 1538), Exercises in Latin(Basel 1539), In the illustration: Statue in Madrid a Christian Woman (Antwerp 1524), On The Truth of the Christian Faith (Basel NETWORK OF HUMANISTS (© private photograph) Assistance to the Poor (Bruges 1526), On 1543, published posthumously) Guillaume Budé (FR), Desiderius Eras- Conflicts in Europe(Leuven 1526), Duties mus (NL/BE/DE), Thomas More, Thomas

National project partner: Page 25 of 58 Prof. Dirk Sacré, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

France

“I have dedicated myself to humanistic studies for a long time, and I have tasted theological studies with no more than just the proverbial tip of the tongue (because these so brilliant a light upon my eyes that human teachings appear to me by comparison as alone are sublime and must not be had brazenly). But even from such a distance it has cast

Foreword of Quincuplex Psalterium to Guillaume Briçonnet, 1509 shadows; they seem to exude a fragrance that has no comparable sweetness on earth.”

Jacobus Faber

(Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples) c. 1460 – c. 1536

orn in Étaples (Picardy, north-western is numerous travels brought him in B Hcontact with the philosophy of the is undoubtedly one of the most striking great Italian humanists Giovanni Pico della France), Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples personalities of the first wave of French Mirandola and Marsilio Ficino. He visited during his lifetime to the famous humanist Humanism, who was often compared Italy thrice in search of unknown texts. In a similar way he also explored libraries of and succeeded in discovering new mystical Erasmus. He was an influential discoverer the Benedictine monasteries in Germany of texts, and his lectures in Paris had a great impact on all of Europe. texts. To this end, he prepared the first printed edition of works by Hildegard From 1492 onwards he began his von Bingen, Mechthild von Hackeborn, editorial work as a mediator of texts Elisabeth von Schönau and Jan van that should shape Europe’s intellectual Ruysbroeck and published these texts. life, starting with Aristotle. His intention and thanks to him there are numerous was to provide direct access to Aristotle’s Lefèvre was also interested in science, annotations on music and mathematics, text as a replacement for the scholarly commentaries that were difficult to career he was particularly preoccupied understand. In this he was influenced among others. Towards the end of his display his working method and his by the methods of the Italian Ermolao however, resulted in his prosecution, Barbaro. Although Lefèvre’s Latin by French translations of the Bible, which, translations by the Italian humanists, he against which he could defend himself understanding the works of the Classical translation of Aristotle was still based on sources: An incredible exactitude in however revised them by referring to the authors paired with the intent of reviving introductions to his editions accurately only through royal protection. The Greek original. the Christian life. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Frontispiece in print Quincuplex Psalterium gallicum, roma- Paris, Nérac (FR), Rome, Florence, Ve- Georgios Hermonymos, Guillaume Budé, edition (© Europeana, BnF Paris) num, hebraicum, vêtus, conciliatum nice (IT), Rupertsberg, Mainz, Aachen, Josse van Clichtove, François Vatable, (1509, 1513 etc.) Cologne (DE) Jean Salmon Macrin (FR), Wolfgang von Matt (AT)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 26 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

myself, reading this book would certainly not be useless to those who do not understand “I grabbed his travel report from last year, I have translated it into Latin. For, I said to French, given the wonderful variety of observations made by this author during his

Clusius on his translation of Pierre Belon,Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables trouvéestravels, en Grèce, which Asie, Judée,he has Égypte, collected Arabie et autres in pays these estranges three volumes.”

Carolus Clusius

(Charles de L’Écluse) 18. 2. 1526 – 4. 4. 1609

lusius, who came from northern France, was the nephew of the prior of the Saint- botanical works he also devoted himself C written in Latin. In addition to purely to Classical literature and published biographies written by the Greek Vaast monastery. He was trained by Philipp philosopher Plutarch that were read Melanchthon in Wittenberg and worked maintained epistolary connections with all for Guillaume Rondelet in Montpellier. He entrusted him with the management as role-models. Emperor Maximilian II with the printer Christophe Plantin (or his the Naturalists in Europe and worked closely of the Botanical Garden in Vienna successors) in Antwerp. Thanks to Clusius’ (1573–1587). urope further owes to this great work there exists today original treatises Renaissance scholar the cultivation exploring the flora of certain areas of Europe E and widespread use of potatoes and and collecting information about exotic plants. Despite poor health he was a restless traveller; he travelled extensively through tulips. Clusius exemplifies the huma­ Spain, Portugal, Germany and England. During nist who was engaged inter­nationally. his journeys he collected as many plants as He maintained a network of letters with books of his contemporaries and he translated plant-seeds and drawings from his books. In particular he was interested in the scholars from all over Europe, sending them occasionally in order to disseminate their content and make them accessible to readers achievement of his career was the travels to his contacts. The crowning across Europe. In this way he helped spread the new professorship of Botany at Leiden work of the Jewish doctor Garcia d’Orta (who University in 1593, where he founded the was working in Goa, India) through a summary Botanical Garden that still exists today. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait (© Wiki Com- Description of Spain(1571), Records of Arras, Montpellier (FR), Madrid (ES), Jacques Auguste de Thou, Nicolas-Clau- mons, Wellcome Library, London) rare plants in Spain (1576), in Hungary, Lisbon (PT), London (GB), Frankfurt (DE), de Fabri de Peiresc, Mathieu de l´Obel Austria and neighbouring regions (1583, Leiden (NL) (FR), Christophe Plantin, Rembert 1584, 1601), Ten books of exotic life Dodoens (BE), Ulisse Aldrovandi (IT), forms (1605) Philipp Melanchthon (DE), Benito Arias Montano (ES)

National project partner: Page 27 of 58 Jean-François Maillard, Jean-Marie Flamand (IRHT Paris), Elisabeth Boutroue (CESR Tours) EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Germany

“The Jew is our Lord’s creation just as I am. When he stands, he stands before his Master; when he falls, he falls to his Master: Everyone will be accountable for himself. What can we judge about another soul? God is powerful enough to raise him up ... But Johannes Reuchlin. Opinion piece on Jewish literature … Augenspiegel. IPublished can very and translated well (intojudge German) that by Antoniea lot Leinz-v.of ill Dessauer.could Constance/Stuttgartresult if we burned 1965, 96 their scriptures.”

Johannes Reuchlin

29. 1. 1455 – 30. 6. 1522

s vir trilinguis in Augenspiegel A – a man of three languages ​​– books. In 1511 this report was published of litigation, Reuchlin and other humanist Johannes Reuchlin not only mastered Latin, . During the ensuing years supporters from several countries the universal language of his time in Europe, fought against the representatives of the but also the original languages of the Holy years in France, among others, he worked as a Scriptures Greek and Hebrew. After his student Dominican Order and theological faculties. he papal condemnation of Reuchlin to lawyer at the court in Stuttgart. However, his work took him thrice to Italy – in 1482, 1490 and T 1498. Here he became interested in the Kabbalah eternal silence in 1520 should be seen antiquity due to Christian enmity against and in Hebrew, which had been devalued since against the backdrop of the Reformation. Roman Church and the desire for unity did His friendship with representatives of the the Jews, but which, for him, had the positive connotation of the language of God’s revelation. not allow Reuchlin to join the Reformation He was the first to argue that it is not the Greco- movement himself. But through his Hebrew Roman antiquity alone, but also Judaism, that studies he influenced Martin Luther’s Reuchlin was able to hold the professorship form the foundation of the Christian European theological ideas. Despite the judgment identity. Reuchlin witnessed the oppression of universities of Ingolstadt and Tübingen in Jewish citizens. When Johannes Pfefferkorn, for Hebrew that he had he requested at the his former fellow believers, Reuchlin wrote an a baptised Jew, wanted to use force to convert concept of ecumenism and in the dialogue 1520 and 1521. His ideas continued in the opinion piece in 1510 for Emperor Maximilian I against the confiscation and burning of Jewish between the three monotheistic religions.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS della Mirandola (IT), John Fisher (GB), De verbo mirifico (Basel 1494), De ru- Basel (CH), Paris, Orléans, Poitiers (FR), Georgius Benignus (BIH), Sebastian Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (FR), Jacob dimentis hebraicis(Pforzheim 1506), Stuttgart, Heidelberg, Ingolstadt, Tübin- Brant, Johann von Dalberg, Ulrich von ben Jechiel Loans (AT) Augenspiegel (Tübingen 1511), De arte gen (DE), Florence, Rome (IT) Hutten, Jakob Margaliot, Willibald Pirck- cabalistica tres libris (Hagenau 1517) heimer, (DE), Erasmus von Rotterdam In the illustration: Portrait from: Brucker: (NL), Marsilio Ficino, Aldo Manuzio the Temple of Honour of German Scholarship Elder, Lorenzo de’ Medici, Giovanni Pico (© Heidelberg, University Library)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 28 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“If someone attacks me because he does not agree with me on human matters, the authority of the Lord asks me to forgive. But whoever deviates from me in relation to faith, if he is wrong, does not attack me, but his Master. God forgives; but I do not forgive? ... the errant is to be tolerated ...: And our hand should not intervene to Eirenicum, 159; Transl. (German).: Tobias Sarx: Franciscus Junius d.Ä, 1554–1602, Göttingen 2007, 128 persecute the errant, but rather to show the way ...”

Franciscus Junius

(François Du Jon der Ältere) 1. 5. 1545 – 13. 10. 1602

uring a lifetime full of forced relocations,

D Lautern, before returning the Calvinist theologian Junius had to to Heidelberg in 1584 as a Christian denominations had become towards where the reformed direction painfully experience how intolerant the professor of theology – a place of Protestantism now reigned This made him a champion of mutual tolerance each other since the Reformation took place. and the Lutheran theologians an invitation to France from between Catholics, Lutherans and the Reformed had to leave. In 1592 he accepted father had been murdered by members of the Church. Because of his evangelical faith Junius’s Henry IV, only to learn during had meanwhile converted to Old Orthodox Church. As a pastor in Antwerp, his stay at Leiden that the king of the reformed iconoclasts as well as that Catholicism and no longer needed he himself had to flee from the fanaticism

therefore continued working at of the Catholic Inquisition. During his time a Protestant theologian. Junius in Heidelberg (from 1573), he, along with the Jewish convert Immanuele Tremellio, produced the University of Leiden until his Eirenicum, in which he a translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew his death. Here he also wrote that has been reprinted many times. The times ended however with the return of the Electoral campaigned – not for the first Christian denominations and for Palatinate to an intolerant Lutheranism towards time – for peace between the members of the Reformed Church since 1576. Junius took refuge as a teacher at the Calvinist freedom of belief. University of Neustadt in the county of Pfalz- INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait. http://port- Testamenti Veteris Biblia Sacra(Frank - Bourges, Lyon (FR), Geneva (CH), Ant- Théodore de Bèze, Daniel Tossanus raits.hab.de/werk/10796/ furt am Main 1575– 1590), Eirenicum werp (BE), Heidelberg, Neustadt an der (FR), Joachim Camerarius the Elder (Leiden 1593) Weinstraße (DE), Leiden (NL) (DE), Hendrik van den Corput, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Henricus Smetius (NL), Johann Jakob Grynaeus (CH), John Johnston (PL), Justus Lipsius (BE), John Lloyd (GB), Immanuele Tremellio (IT)

National project partner: Dr. Volker Hartmann, Mag. Bianca Hufnagel, Academy of Sciences, Heidelberg Page 29 of 58 EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Great Britain

“I have described to you, as particularly as I could, the constitution of this state, which I freely consider not only the best but the only one that may rightly claim the name ‘republic’ (res publica

– a commonwealth). For everywhere else one speaks of the common good but only cares about the private wealth ... If I see all the countries that exist today somewhere in splendour – as I hope for mercy – I have no other notion than that they are a certain conspiracy Raphael Hythlodaeus, Utopia, Book 2, ch 12 (in praise of the state of Utopia) of the rich, who, under the pretext of a ‘republic’, only pursue their private ends.”

Thomas More

A Man for All Seasons (like the title of a play warns of the dangers and worthlessness Sir – or Saint – Thomas More was not only as a “conspiracy of the rich”. Raphael of slavish service to the great princes; from 1960 as well an Oscar-winning film from Utopia was inspired by the 1966), but he was also a man of contradictions. but More was following exactly a similar His famous work career under King Henry VIII when he the need for only a few laws, all lawyers contemporary discovery of the New World rose to become Lord Chancellor. Due to were banned from Utopia; this, though, (America). More, however, was fully educated in London and Oxford and never visited Italy, which at that time was a must for humanists. was More’s profession. The Utopians saw the Protestants as a threat to society In fact, his first stint abroad was a diplomatic practiced religious tolerance, but More to write Utopia mission to Bruges in 1515 just as he was starting already part of the international network that . At this point, however, he was and persecuted them strictly as heretics. owever, his opposition to the king’s In existed around the arch-humanist Erasmus, H Praise of Folly was partly a tribute to his friend whom he met in England and whose satirical divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn led to there were even more contradictions: In Utopia, and translator of the Greek satirist Lukian. But his fall. After the break with Rome More recognition as head of the Church of refused to take oath for King Henry’s and Pieter Gillis about an imaginary island the traveller Raphael Hythlodaeus tells More beyond the equator that was the model of a well- England. He was arrested, tried for his conscience and a monument to the treason and executed – as a martyr of governed republic. It was intended as a criticism of contemporary European society, condemned difficult times.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Graphic reproduction, De optimo statu rei publicae deque nova London (GB) Guillaume Budé (FR), Hieronymus van 17th century CE (© http://data.theeu- insula Utopia [About the best constituti- Busleyden, Pieter Gillis (BE), Erasmus ropeanlibrary.org/Collection/a0480) on of state and the new island of Utopia] (NL), Thomas Linacre (GB), Juan Luis (Leuven 1516, at the urging of Erasmus) Vives (ES)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 30 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

those who prescribe to everyone else the way of government that they themselves follow, “Although there are very many, large and rich nations in Europe and each has its own laws, are acting in an arrogant manner. The Swiss have their republic, Germany – nominally an empire – operates as a legal monarchy, some German cities (as I hear) follow noblemen, the Venetians have a rule that is a mixture of all forms, Moscow is happy with the rule of tyranny. De jure regni apud Scotos We have a small monarchy, but we have been free from foreign rule for 2000 years.”

George Buchanan February

1506 – 28. 9. 1582

For the famous French printer Henri Estienne to deny his Lutheran confession. Buchanan was “simply the poet prince of At the same time, however, he our age”. In the backdrop of a turbulent century dedicated his Latin translation of famous literary personality on account of he became the country’s first internationally psalms to Queen Mary Stuart of him when he returned to Scotland Scotland, a Catholic. She supported a university professor, a tutor for a prince, his Latin poetry. His career spanned that of but he later turned against her. attacked the Portuguese colonial enterprise in he became the tutor of her son a propagandist and a political theorist. He After Mary’s forced abdication,

he wrote De jure regni America, opposed the astronomical theories James VI, a Protestant, for whom the Roman Catholic Church, which he partly of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe and denounced (The Law his history of Scotland, he declared of the Monarchy). When he wrote for a limited monarchy and for the principle of his intention as “cleaning up all belonged to in his adult life. However, his appeal deportability of a tyrant prince proved to be a point of controversy, one which earned him a characterised Scotland as a small English lies and Scottish vanity”. He country that only sought to manage itself and live in peace with its larger conviction through a parliamentary act. e received his education in Paris, taught

H neighbours. Ironically, it was his subsequently in Bordeaux, gave lessons pupil James who, as the successor went to Coimbra in Portugal to teach, where process of making Scotland part of to Montaigne and wrote Latin dramas. He of Queen Elisabeth, initiated the he faced the Inquisition; this compelled him

a larger British state.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Graphic reproduction Baptistes(1542), De jure regni apud Killearn, Stirlingshire, St Andrews, Lon- Tycho Brahe (DK), Henri Estienne, Michel (© http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ Scotos (1579), Rerum Scoticarum histo- don, Edinburgh (GB), Paris, Bordeaux de Montaigne, Joseph Justus Scaliger Collection/a0480) ria (1582) (FR), Coimbra (PT), Northern Italy (FR), Julius Caesar Scaliger (IT/FR)

National project partner: Page 31 of 58 Dr. Oren Margolis, University of Oxford EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Greece

utility, what adornment and perfection they carry with them, how greatly the study “I have been appointed to teach the Greek language and literature. But how much of a of Greek literature has brightened and still brightens the Latin equivalent – that did Chalkondyles, inaugural speech, Padua 1463 not seem unreasonable to me to elucidate a little ... “

Demetrios Chalkokondyles

(Δημήτριος Χαλκονδύλης) 1423 – 9. 1. 1511

Chalkondyles was born in 1423 into an University of Padua, in Florence and at the philosophy under the renowned professor successful teaching career bore lasting fruits old noble family in Athens. He studied court of Duke Ludovico Sforza in Milan. His and made a decisive contribution to the and Platonist Gemistos Plethon In Mistra. became leading humanists who shaped the Subsequently he joined the train of Byzantine Humanist movement. Some of his students scholars who fled to the West and arrived in compatriots in the scholarly circle of Cardinal Rome in 1449. There he met with the support of culture of the time (Ianos Laskaris, Piero di Lorenzo de ’Medici, Giovanni Pico della he became acquainted with the well-known Bessarion (a Greek by birth). In this environment Mirandola, Gian Giorgio Trissino, Baldassare Castiglione, William Crocyn as well as humanist Theódōros Gazḗs, who was to become Johannes Reuchlin). Chalkondyles was network created a bridge between old and contact via letters with the famous French Chalkondyles’ teacher and friend. This Greek part of a larger European network and had the time within this group of scholars was new homelands. The debate that started at patrician Guillaume Budé (from whom he received the honorary title “Master of our whether Aristotle or Plato represented the right Time”). In his opening speech in Padua Chalkondyles was a Platonist himself, but due learning the Greek language and literature philosophy (which a Christian could also accept). in 1463, he emphasised the usefulness of and the need to gain an insight into classical to his connection to Gazes he had to defend but for the education in humanity and human Aristotle. He contributed to the dissemination literature – not only for the sake of learning, dignity, that is in humanitas of Greek in the West and himself taught Greek at the major centres of Humanism – at the . INFLUENTIAL WORKS anatomy (Bologna 1529) NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait after P. Giovio, Editions of Greek classical authors Gemistos Plethon (GR), Cardinal Bessa- Elogia virorum literis illustrium. Basel (Homer: Florence 1488; Isokrates: Mi- PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS rion, Theódōros Gazḗs, Piero di Lorenzo 1577 (© archive.org) lan 1493; Lexicon Suda: Milan 1499), Athens, Mistra (GR), Rome, Perugia, de’ Medici, Francesco Filelfo,Marsilio Supervision of the Latin edition of Plato’s Padua, Florence, Milan (IT) Ficino, Cristoforo Landino, Angelo Po- works by the humanist Marsilio Ficino liziano, Aldus Manutius (IT), Guillaume (Venice 1491), Textbook of Greek (Milan Budé (FR) 1493), Translator of Galen’s writings on

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 32 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Wherever books are printed, libraries are opened ... Now young men will be able to learn Greek and Latin in the same way ... They will benefit Lecture to students, according to H. Vast, De vita et operibus Jani Lascaris. Paris 1878, 31 greatly from this, and they will acquire immortal fame.”

Ianos Laskaris

(Ἰάνος Λάσκαρις) 1444/1445 – 7. 12. 1534

on behalf of the French kings Charles tinople, his family came from the area of ​​ Laskaris was born in Byzantine Con­stan­ VIII, Louis XII. and Franz I. As spiritual awarded the titles Docteur des pays de Rhyndacus in Asia Minor. After the conquest advisor to King Charles VIII, he was Grèce and Ambassadeur par excellence of Constantinople in 1453, he left for the Pelo­ he turned to the west and came to Padua, ambassador of the French court, he came ponnese and thereafter to Crete. From there . As where he studied under the direction of his

to Venice (1503–1509), where he became compatriot Chalkondyles (1463). He learned a member of the famous “New Academy” Latin and gave lectures on Greek literature created by the printer Aldus Manutius. cultural mediator and was sent twice to the a Greek college at the Quirinal in Rome, in Florence (1475?), where he also became a At Laskaris’ suggestion the Pope founded

East on behalf of the cultural patron Lorenzo di where Laskaris built a printing press. purchase works of Greek literature (Corfu, Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici – to acquire through Laskaris also supported King Francis I of France in building the Royal Library his homeland Greece and made an Adrianople, Mount Athos, Arta, Thessaloniki of Fontainebleau. But he did not forget and Constantinople). He was able to save around 200 manuscripts. His efforts to spread Greek (unsuccessful) appeal to Emperor Charles he created new printing types based on his texts were also pioneering. For this purpose V for liberation. As a promoter of the idea of ​​humanism his influence remains own designs. He also worked as an ambassador unforgettable. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait after P. Giovio, Editions of classical works:Anthologia Constantinople (GR/TU), Peloponnes, Cardinal Bessarion, Aldus Manutius, Elogia virorum literis illustrium. Basel Planudea: Florence 1494; Kallimachos: Crete, Corfu, Arta, Thessaloniki, Athos Markos Musuros, Arsenios Apostoles, 1577 (© archive.org) Florence; Apollonios of Rhodos, Ar- (GR), Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, Guarino Favorino, Lorenzo di Piero di Lo- gonautica: Florence 1496; Lukianos: Padua, Ferrara (IT), Paris, Lyon (FR), renzo de’ Medici, Pope Leo X., Zacharias Florence 1496; Edition of annotations to Madrid (ES) Kallierges, Niccolò Ridolfi (IT), Georges classical authors (Homer: Rome 1517; d’Amboise, Guillaume Budé, Josse Bade, 1518); Annotations to the tragedies of Jean Trechel (FR), Erasmus (NL), Deme- Sophocles (Rome 1518); Short poems, trios Chalkokondyles (GR) epigrams (Paris 1527)

National project partner: Dr. Sophia Matthaiou, Dr. Alexandra Sfoini, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Page 33 of 58 Institute of Historical Research EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Hungary

“Surely you have in hand the illustrious and famous letters of the great

Ancients, in which the arduous efforts of the human spirit have created works of such high-quality that you will find them both worth studying and admiring. Foreword to a collection of letters, 1445 You should feed upon these refined works of reading...”

John Vitéz de Zredna

c. 1410 – 9. 8. 1472

For this reason he created a

John Vitéz (actually de Zredna, the name letters, thereby modernising Vitéz is due to a later confusion with his new collection of his official a small nobleman’s family in the county of nephew, John Vitéz the Younger) came from the chancellery’s Latin style. In Kőrös in present-day Croatia, where his father, 1467, as Archbishop of Gran, he Dionysius de Zredna, a former servant of tried to establish the Academia partly humanistic university King Sigismund, owned a few villages. John Istropolitana in Bratislava, a began soon afterwards his career in the royal with at least three departments enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1434 and never travelled to the homeland of humanism, to which end he invited several chancellery. Despite great effort and desire, he (Artes liberales, Jus, Theology), Italy, to study this new cultural movement in professors, including Italian

During his work at the chancellery and after his library of manuscripts of Europe directly under the well-known teachers. professors. He created a large classical and patristic authors and showed great interest in arguments with Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the new need for a fundamental stylistic modernisation chancellor of Emperor Frederick III, he saw the of the chancellery: one could no longer use four copies of the works of the books (e.g. he owned at least the old form of Latin to answer the classical Roman historian Livius). diplomatic letters from Italian court humanists. INFLUENTIAL WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS Nicolaus Barius, Petrus Garázda, Handó In the illustration: Portrait of a teacher Humanistic collection of letters Guarino da Verona, Enea Silvio Picco- György, Hangácsi Albert, Sánkfalvi Antal (Vitéz?) in a manuscript of the famous li- lomini, Giovanni de Domini, Gaspare (HU), Grzegorz z Sanoka (Gregorius Sa- brary of King Matthias Corvinus with the PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS Tribraco, Pier Paolo Vergerio, Galeotto noceus), Nicolaus Lassock, Jan Długosz, plays of Plautus (© O. Mazal, Königliche Zredna (HR), Vienna (AT), Budapest, Marzio, Nicolaus Liscius, Bartolomeo Marcin Król, Marcin Bylica (PL), Filippo Esztergom (HU), Oradea (RO) della Fonte (IT), Procopius de Rabstein Podocataro (CY), Nicolaus Modrusiensis (CZ), Johannes Regiomontanus, Jo- (CR), Leonhard Huntpichler, Georg von hannes Tröster (DE/AT), Johannes Jaco- Peuerbach (AT), Georgius Trapezuntius bus de Castelbarco (IT/AT), Kosztolányi (GR/IT), Johannes Argyropulos (GR), György, Janus Pannonius, Ivanicsi Pál, Georg Heimburg (DE/CZ)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 34 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Some people cannot convey anything to the others because they do not know much, be it out of a especially deserve true praise because you believe you have been created not only for yourself but for certain jealousy, or because they have no idea what the norm of teaching means ... However, you the benefit of the whole world. So you personally admonish the living, for the future, though, with the lost honour to the old classics, you strive towards the future with your feather, and in the present with scriptures, so that you alone are owed a threefold life in a similar fashion. To the past you give back

In praise of his teacher Guarino of Verona: excerpt on teaching your voice. For all these services you are loved, worshipped and praised by the entire scholarly circle.” Janus Pannonius

29. 8. 1434 – 27. 3. 1472

fter returning

Janus Pannonius was the first humanist poet A recognition among contemporary Italian was entrusted with in Central Europe to achieve widespread to Hungary, he administrative duties but also Greek, which he acquired at Guarino’s in the royal chancellery humanists. He had mastery over not only Latin and found little time for school, which was still a rarity in the mid-15th which are characterised century CE north of the Alps. He began his poetry. In his elegies, mocked contemporary poets, classmates and by unprecedented poetic career with short Latin epigrams that even the Pope with characteristic irony and in and linguistic elegance, structural complexity his knowledge of Greek, he was able to imitate he often contrasted the spirit of humanistic freedom. Because of the style and sometimes even the obscenity of Italy’s highly developed humanistic culture with the long panegyric praise-poems to politicians and backwardness of his own the Greek templates in Latin. In Padua he wrote to his teacher Guarino, who symbolised for him the ideal humanistic teaching method; it country. thus became his most popular poem during the

Renaissance.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait.https:// Epigrams, panegyrics, elegies, transla- Csezmice (HR), Ferrara, Padua (IT), Pécs Guarino da Verona, Battista Guarino, de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_Panno- tions from Greek original work(Homer, (HU) Galeotto Marzio, Basinio da Parma, Tito nius#/media/Datei:Andrea_Manteg- Plutarch) Vespasiano Strozza, Francesco Barbaro, na_-_Portrait_d'homme.jpg Francesco Durante, Vespasiano da Bistic- ci (IT), Nicolaus Lassocki (PL), John Vitéz (HU), Heinrich von Gundelfingen (DE)

National project partner: Dr. Farkas Gábor KISS, MTA-ELTE Budapest Page 35 of 58 Lendület research group Humanism in East Central Europe. EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Italy

“One should learn both languages (i.e., Greek and Latin); not only do not stop improving my own knowledge while simultaneously deepening my I recommend this to others, but I try to put it into practice myself. For I do

Letter to the Florentine humanist Coluccio Salutati on the necessity of learning another European language. knowledge of your language as well.”

Manuel Chrysoloras

c. 1350 – 15. 4. 1415

anuel Chrysoloras was descended as the author of a highly successful Greek for the different parts of the empire grammar as well, a book that paid special M converted in 1406). A union of the Church that had been separated for long would from a noble Byzantine family. He had close ties with the Byzantine Emperor attention to the needs of the Western as a single unit and secure their survival initiated a simple and practical approach Manuel II Palaiologos, who had sent him preserve Byzantium and Christian Europe public. It showcases a gifted teacher, who language skills to various diplomatic to Greek and thereby surpassed other on account of his excellent education and against threats and attacks. lthough his appointment as a Greek missions to Western Europe since the grammar books in circulation. the Italian Renaissance because he acted teacher in Florence lasted only early 1390s. This opened a new chapter in A not only as a loyal diplomat, but more three years, it was a landmark in the unwavering commitment as an intellectual efforts and that of his students, Greek as a mediator of Greek knowledge. His cultural history of Europe. Thanks to his and as an ambassador was geared towards was introduced as the second language

where it has been taught since then as a making the Western European scholars in the school curriculum of the West, aware of Byzantium and its endangered Chrysoloras considered translation as a existence – an existence that Western cultural significant language. In addition, renewed the connection between Greek means of learning a language as well as a humanism so desperately needed. He thus

triggered a wave of translations of classical and Western-Latin culture that had been medium of culture. His work as a teacher Chrysoloras, this should also include the interrupted for centuries. According to of the time, and occasionally also into literature into Latin, the cultural language the Roman Catholic Church (he himself return of the Greek (Orthodox) church to European vernaculars. He became famous INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait as copper Greek Grammar in Questions and Ans- Constantinople/Istanbul (GR/TU), Rome, Coluccio Salutati, [seine Schüler:] Palla engraving, c. 1680 (© private ownership) wers (Erotemata) Venice, Bologna, Florence, Pavia (IT), Strozzi, Leonardo Bruni, Pier Paolo Ver- Paris (FR), London (GB), Lugano (CH), gerio, Roberto Rossi, Iacopo Angeli da Constance (DE) Scarperia, Antonio Corbinelli, Bartolo- meo Aragazzi, Guarino da Verona (IT)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 36 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

and polemicise them impertinently, but to recognise myself in them, to delight “I am predisposed to reading foreign writings not in order to just pick them up myself, to correct and improve myself; not in order to criticise others but to

Letter to Niccolò Perondolo of Ferrara, Venice 1416 become a strict critic of myself, in order to improve myself in word and deed.”

Guarino da Verona

1374 – 4. 12. 1460

uarino can be described as one of the Not surprisingly, much of his literary G Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Spain etc.). founding fathers of humanistic education. Regulae He was probably one of the most influential output is related to his teaching. thus decisively shaped humanism as it was grammaticales teachers in Europe in the 15th century and His Latin grammar ( subsequently adopted from Italy by other bestseller with more than ) was thus a was still able to study abroad in Constantinople, numerous handwritten countries. Like some other European scholars, he 50 printed editions and the centre of Greek culture; under the guidance translations, he contributed copies. Thanks to his of the scholar Manuel Chrysoloras he made knowledge of Greek language and literature knowledge and spread of great progress in Greek studies. The unique significantly to the that he acquired there enabled him to act as an

Greek literature in Europe. humanistic contemporaries in interpreter between Greek Orthodox and Roman He also differed from his that he almost completely refrained Catholic representatives at the Ecumenical Council in Ferrara in 1438. is entire life was almost wholly devoted to need to criticise new works by contemporaries, from literary polemics. He did not see the H but recognised their constructive contribution, for everyone may have something interesting to teaching. His school in Ferrara became one the continent, attended by numerous students of the most flourishing academic institutions on say in the newly established European republic from Italy and abroad (Croatia, England, France, of scholars. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS (HR), John Free, William Grey, Robert How history is written,compendium Verona, Padua, Bologna, Rome, Venice, Demetrios Kydones, Manuel and Ioannes Flemmyng (GB), Peter Luder, Georgius of grammar by Chrysoloras, various Florence, Ferrara (IT), Constantinople/ Chrysoloras (GR), Francesco Barbaro, Boemius (DE), Henri Jeauffroy (FR), Henri translations of Greek authors (Plutarch, Istanbul (GR/TU), Chios, Rhodos (GR) Antonio Beccadelli, Leonardo Bruni, de Bruges (BE) Herodotus, Isocrates, Strabo) and anno- Niccolò Niccoli, Poggio Bracciolini, Palla tations to classical authors Strozzi, Flavio Biondo, Ermolao Barbaro, In the illustration: Portrait on coin by Angelo Decembrio, Valesio (IT), Ianus Matteo de’Pasti, c. 1446 (© WikiCom- Pannonius, Giorgio Agostrino of Zagreb mons, Sailko)

National project partner: Page 37 of 58 Dr. Luigi Silvano, Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Lithuania

current and future things by deriving them as a source of the past; of all sciences, this is probably “Human wisdom consists in none other than observing what is going on and knowing both best manifest in the historical science. And just as such wisdom strengthens all the arts dedicated to eternity, it equates the elders with the young, so that in the future they may act wisely. At the those with less wisdom, by being aware of the unfortunate events of the past, to be more cautious same time it empowers the elders by allowing them to assess experiences of misfortune, and

From the Chronicle in the present – those who have learned caution from others’ mistakes are considered happy.” Motiejus Strijkovskis

(Matys Strycovius, Maciej Stryjkowski) 21. 3. 1547 – 1590

the most important events and people in

Stryjkowski wrote the first printed Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania and all of chronicle stands out among the historio­ history of Lithuania under the title Lithuanian history. Because of this his Russia: Kiev, Moscow, Seversk, Volhynia, Podolia, Podgorje, Podlachia etc., which has graphical works of the time in Europe. never before seen the light of day, in short from Poland, where he was born and Stryjkowski came to Lithuania in 1563 Chronicle

. In it, the author vividly tells the had attended school. From 1564 to 1574 Ruthenians from their legendary begin­ story of the state of the Lithuanians and he fought on the side of the Lithuanians service he wrote the poem Messenger of against Moscow. During his military Virtue (Goniec cnoty) which was published nings to the end of the Livonian War th of Poland, Lithuania and All of Russia. (1558–1583). (Residents of the Grand Duchy are referred to as Ruthenians, who are of Lithuania in the 13 - 16th centuries CE in Kraków in 1574 and at the end of which and knowledge of the Polish language in he wrote a short history of Lithuania. Because of its topical content, artistic style con­sidered to be the ancestors of Bela­ In 1576–1578, Stryjkowski developed Ruthenians were the two largest ethnic conti­nuous poetic narrative titled On the it witnessed an immediate and widespread rusians and Ukrainians; Lithuanians and this short text into an independent and large parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Beginnings, the Origin of Families, the Power distribution in the Grand Duchy of and the Deeds of the Glorious People of the groups in the multi-ethnic state.) In several Lithuanians, Samogitia and Ruthenians fore­words to his chronicle, Stryj­kowski Lithuania and its neighbouring countries. science and knowledge of history as well explains the importance of historical Several Polish authors of the Baroque, the drew inspiration from motifs of this (published only in 1978). A signifi­cantly Enlightenment and the Romantic period his poetic talent, he sang in verse about Chronicle as the value of a national history. Due to expanded version of 1578–1580 was pub­ lished in 1582 under the new title important historiographical work.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS bondage of other kingdoms under the ty- PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS Detailed songs of travel to Cracow and rannical yoke of the Turks (Kraków, 1575), Brzeziny, Stryków, Krakow (PL), Jurbar- Alessandro Guagnini (IT, LT, PL), Andrzej the coronation of the Duke of Anjou Henri Chronicle (Königsberg/Kaliningrad 1582) kas, Varniai/Medininkai, Vilnius (LT), Taranowski (PL), Augustinas Rotundas, Valois (Kraków, 1574), Messenger of Karaliaučius/Kaliningrad (RU), Riga (LV), Jonas Chodkevičius, Jurgis Olelkaitis, Mer- Virtue, sent to the real boyars (Kraków, Slutsk, Vitebsk (BY), Istanbul (TR) kelis Giedraitis, Mikalojus Daukša (LT) 1574), Short but detailed narrative on the In the illustration: Stryjkowski, 1582 freedom of Poland and Lithuania and the (© Lithuanian Academy of Sciences)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 38 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“All the seven liberal arts are presented here. If you want to master grammar, you can find it throughout the Bible, in the psalms – read them. If you want to understand logic, read the book of Job or the letters of the apostle Paul. If your goal is to master logic, read Solomon’s books. If you want to acquire knowledge of music, you will find poetic lines and sacred songs everywhere. If you want to know arithmetic, read the Fourth Book of Moses. If you are fascinated by geometry, read the book of Joshua. If it is astronomy, you will find explanations on the formation of the sun, moon and stars in the Book of Genesis, and in the holy gospel From the foreword to Ruthenian Bible you will learn about a new star that rose at the hour of birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ.” Francisk Skorina

(Pranciškus Skorina, Francysk Skaryna) 1470 – 9. 1. 1552

Ruthenians were the two largest The reputation of being the first printer in and Ukrainians; Lithuanians and Skaryna for his Little Book of Travel, published ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic the Grand Duchy of Lithuania belongs to Letters and works of the apostles (Apostles around 1522 in Vilnius. state). In his forewords he explains people, emphasises its importance , in short) was also published the benefits of the Bible for the as a source of all sciences and from his printing press in 1525. He thereby introduced Lithuania to the most important Ruthenian Bible occupies a special technical innovation of the Renaissance – comprehensive knowledge. The printing technology. Skaryna had learned about printing in Europe, especially in Poland, Italy place in the history of Bible publication of the Old Testament in and Bohemia. From 1504 to 1506 he completed translations as the first printed his studies in Kraków with the Baccalaureus Artium. In 1512 he received his doctorate in Church Slavonic. Prior to this the medicine from the University of Padua. In printed Bible was only available in from the canonical languages ​​ 1517–1519 Skaryna published a translation of the Italian, German and Czech, apart Bible into the Slavic language, which was used Ruthenian Bible The Ruthenian Bible was widely in the Orthodox Churches of Eastern and Central of Hebrew, Old Greek and Latin. (Rutherians were the residents of the Grand distributed in the Grand Duchy of Europe for the liturgy: the

Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th–16th centuries Lithuania and in the neighbouring CE are referred to as Ruthenians, who are countries with Orthodox Slavic considered to be the ancestors of Belarusians inhabitants.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Francisk Skorina, Ruthenian Bible (Prague 1517–1519), Karaliaučius/Kaliningrad (RU), Kraków, Albertas Goštautas, Jonas iš Lietuvos 1517–1519 (© Lithuanian Academy of Little Book of Travel(Vilnius around Poznán (PL), Padua (IT), Polotsk (BY), kunigaikščių (LT), Bartolomeo Sanvito, Sciences) 1522), Apostles/Works and Letters of the Prague (CZ), Vilnius (LT) Cristoforo de Lignamine (IT), Jan z Pú- Apostles (Vilnius 1525) chov, Ladislav ze Šternberka (CZ)

National project partner: Sigitas Narbutas, Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka / The Wroblewski Library of the Page 39 of 58 Wroblewski-Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Markus Roduner, German translation Lithuanian Academy of Sciences EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Netherlands

“Faith thus allows everyone complete freedom to philosophise. There is nothing views that lead to disobedience, hatred, strife and anger will be condemned as wrong in anyone thinking about any matter the way he likes. Only those who teach heretics and apostates; and only those who exhort justice and love according to the TTP XIV, translation by S.H. Ewald in On scripture, Judaism, the right of supreme authority powersin spiritual matters of their and the reason freedom to willphilosophise be ,deemed Gera 1787 believers.”

Benedictus de Spinoza

(Bento d’Espinosa/Baruch de Spinoza) November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677

and banned by secular and ecclesiastical Spinoza is an exception in this exhibition extensively and vehemently condemned his time humanism had served its purpose in that he was not a humanist – during and paved the way for a new philosophy, authorities alike. represented by him. His Latin (a language he Spinoza’s main tenet is that there is more awkward than that of any other author everything in the universe is a variation of learned late after studying Hebrew) remains only one substance (God or nature),

anthropomorphic image of a good and wise in this publication. Spinoza came from a it. This view is radically different from the as a young man he took over his father’s yet transcendent God which takes the centre Portuguese-Jewish immigrant family and stage of Protestantism, Catholicism and business of dry fruits. After the Portuguese- the laws of nature: there are no miracles, Jewish community drove him out in 1656 for Judaism. Everything that happens follows there is no overarching plan, divine rewards unexplained reasons, he earned his living as a and punishments are superstition, nobody lens maker.

including modern humanism, like no other Spinoza has shaped modern thought, is immortal. Man (for Spinoza and his can achieve freedom and salvation by leading contemporaries, Man was male at the time) freedom of philosophising and declared that a meaningful life, loving his neighbour as early modern philosopher. He defended the the power of religious authorities should himself, striving for a true understanding of nature and accepting the inevitability of what literary work, and that democracy is the be restricted, that the Bible is a man-made is beyond one’s control. No wonder Spinoza best form of government. His works were fascinates many till date. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait c. 1665 Tractatus theologico-politicus([Amster - Amsterdam, several villages and cities in Henry Oldenburg (DE/GB), Christiaan (© Wikimedia Commons/Herzog August dam] 1670, published anonymously), the province of Holland, The Hague (NL) Huygens, Franciscus van den Enden, Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel) Ethica, Tractatus politicus, correspon- Adriaan Koerbagh, Johannes Hudde, dences (all published posthumously in Lambertus van Velthuyzen (NL), Ehren- Opera posthuma, Amsterdam 1677) fried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (DE), Robert Boyle (GB)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 40 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

Annales de rebus Belgicis 1, ch. 55, 1600–1612 “Religion has shown us that everything tends towards obstinacy rather than unity.”

“Even if other ties may be missing, the solidarity of all humanity and the natural De iure praedae, ch. 6, 1604–1606 sense of community mean that evil perpetrated against others affect us as well.”

Hugo Grotius

(Huigh de Groot) 10. 4. 1583 – 28. 8. 1645

rotius was a descendant of a regenten natural law that is the G same for each individual distinguished himself early on as a humanistic (ruling regent class) family in Delft, who later became involved as well as for states. He scholar as well as a lawyer and administrator. Christianity; his work The He made a name for himself as a government in the reunification of spokesman demonstrating the ancient roots Truth of Christian Religion lawyer for the Province of Holland, as a learned

Germania, defending the legitimacy of the the core Christian belief of the republican administration in Lower is an attempt to define uprising against Spain and the course of the in as less dogmatic a way he was also involved in the same government, century he is considered Dutch administration of the times. Afterwards as possible. Since the 19th as an important founder Grotius was arrested but he escaped when his of international law and which collapsed during the uprising of 1618. a “precursor” to the International Court of wife Marie Reigersberg hid him in a returnee book de iure belli ac pacis box for books (“Escape in a bookcase”). His (“The Law of War Justice at The Hague. and was intended to present a social code of and Peace”), was published in Paris in 1625 principles, but one established on the norms of ethics based not on (controversial) religious

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait in theAnnales De iure praedae (prize law [law of naval Delft, Leiden, The Hague, Rotterdam Josephus Justus Scaliger, Gerardus et Historiae edition. Amsterdam 1658 warfare and maritime law]),De iure belli (NL), Paris (FR) Vossius, Claudius Salmasius (NL), Isaac (© private ownership) ac pacis (Law of War and Peace), Truth Casaubonus (CH), Queen Kristina of of the Christian religion, annotations to Sverige (SE) the Bible, The Age and (age-oldness) of the Dutch republic, History of Belgium, Meletius, Piety (and righteousness of Holland and West Frisia)

National project partner: Page 41 of 58 Dr. Jan Waszink, Leiden University EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Poland

who refrain from any familiarity with the powerful, people who have the courage “A community categorically needs people who have no ambition to hold offices and to contradict domineering persons both verbally and in writing; people who have influence over their fellow human beings without restricting their freedom. The De schola I, ed. 1957, 516 philosophers and scholars of antiquity had a similar impact.”

Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski

20. 9. 1503 – autumn 1572

not every kind of equality was considered In the early 40s of the 16th century CE, one is a nobleman or a farmer. However, of Rotterdam he defended the idea of Man’s before the public with his Speeches on the Modrzewski appeared in parliament and Free Will. However, he also recognised Punishment for Murder On Improvement of the Community around about a corrupt human nature after the by Frycz as good, as he expounded in his some of Luther’s and Calvin’s observations Original Sin as essential for political . All of human life practice: political and legal reforms must is of equal value – regardless of whether 1550. For a community to be successful be based on a realistic knowledge of social it is imperative for its citizens to have the ability to think (self-)critically, to react against injustice and to develop the injustice. existing fragmentary laws into a generally for dialogue between the increasingly understandable system. The human In his final writings Frycz sought a basis penchant for revenge, as juxtaposed by for a recognition of deeper intuitions in Frycz against Christian charity, has proven hostile religious denominations. He called guarantees, through measured equality, each of the various attempts at ultimate to be harmful. A community thus composed the political representation of all its

justification from philosophical-theological caution while formulating dogmas: These members, including the plebeians. perspectives. On the other hand, he advised not only mislead people to discriminate dimension of freedom as sober realism, against those who think differently but In later years Frycz examined the inner communication skills, curiosity and also often stunt the growth of their own mastery of one’s own passions also from a

community with their empty phrases. theological perspective. Following Erasmus

INFLUENTIAL WORKS (1562), Four Books Sylvae and Theologi- NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait (© Wikimedia Lascius oder Speeches on the Punish- cal Studies (1590) Jan Łaski the Elder., Jan Łaski the Youn- Commons)) ment for Murder (1543), On Improve- ger (Johannes a Lasco) (PL), Philipp Me- ment of the Community (1551, 1554, PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS lanchthon (DE), Desiderius Erasmus (NL), 1559), Three Books: On the Original Wolbórz near Łódz, Kraków (PL), Witten- Johannes Oporinus (CH) Sin, On Man’s Free Will, On the Eternal berg, Augsburg (DE), Basel (CH) Prescience and Predestination by God

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 42 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“We wish for a king who abides by the law and feels bound to it, who strives for honesty and integrity, who follows the senate’s advice – this is how we imagine him. For in every state the highest principle is law. Whoever obeys the laws, thus obeys God, who is truly the highest to be like the king, to be endowed with the highest virtues, for the republic be governed at their principle. Therefore we also want our senators – who act in between the king and the people –

discretion and for the highest good to remain intact forever. We want that all of their power De optimo senatore libri duo; translation (German): Aleksander Stępkowski, Warsaw and authority may consist of decisions, judgments and orders.” Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki

(Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius) 1530 – 1607

was also translated

Wawrzyniec (Laurence) Goślicki (latinised as: Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius) into English for countries, where comes from a noble family of Mazowsze. He the Anglophone the work served as was born near Płock in 1530. Du to his talent the Church in Poland, he was one of the leading an inspiration for in diplomacy and as an outstanding figure of political thought and the modern political personalities at the turn of the 16th to theory of political 17th centuries CE. He died in 1607 as the bishop author of the two books On the best senator (De of Poznań. He achieved widespread fame as the optimo senatore libri duo) of social contract is system. The concept said to have inspired . This work was first printed in Venice in 1568 and then in Basel in and Thomas Paine 1593 and is dedicated to the then Polish King Thomas Jefferson when they created Sigismund (Zygmunt) II Augustus. It describes the constitution of the ideal statesman, the senator. Goślicki opted between the king and the nation through the for a mixed monarchy with a lasting balance the United States of foundations of the Polish Nobles’ Democracy this hypothesis senate. Many of Goślicki’s ideas contained the America. However, has not been

(1505–1795) and were themselves based on the De optimo senatore libri duo writings of the 14th century scholar Stanislaus scientifically proven von Skarbimierz. or confirmed. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS In the illustration: Tomb sculpture De victoria Sigismundi Augusti (Padua Płock, Kraków, Kamieniec Podolski, (©Maciej Szczepańczyk/Wikimedia De victoria Sigismundi Augusti(Padua Chełm, Przemyśl, Poznań (PL), Padua, Commons) 1564), De optimo senatore libri duo Bologna, Rome, Venice (IT) (Venice 1568), A commonwealth of good coun­saile (London 1607), Opuscula tam eccle­siastici quam equestris ordinis(Kra - ków 1632)

National project partner: Page 43 of 58 Dr. Steffen Huber, Jagiellonen-University Kraków, Institute of Philosophy EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Portugal

Fernão de Oliveira, translation of Columella, Da agricultura “He who does not know how to work, should not rule.”

“What do they expect, these warped beings? That we rob the Muslims and imprison them, but they do not do the same against us? Do you expect them not Fernão de Oliveira, Arte da Guerra do Mar to want to defend themselves and seek revenge?”

Fernão de Oliveira

1507 – 1581

he was again arrested, this time for his his harsh criticism: towards power with­ was educated at the Dominican convent out understanding, towards arrogant and Born in Aveiro in 1507, Fernão de Oliveira he published a treatise on maritime war “unorthodox beliefs”. After his release quences, such as shipwrecks for which there; at the age of 25 he went to Spain, uneducated “elites” – with tragic con­se­ to Castile and became a priest. In 1536 he (1555); afterwards he started to teach rhe­ Portuguese grammar, thereby contributing returned to Lisbon and published the first toric at Coimbra University and worked inexperienced captains of the aristocracy sciences which combined theory and prac­ with the university press. were responsible. His works on the nautical to the protection of national treasure. sketchily documented, the last phase In 1556 he returned to France. Although tice were unique in Europe. service of the Portuguese kingdom, of his life seems to have been the most Around 1541 he travelled to Italy in the but upon his return he was accused of heresy by the Inquisition; he escaped to work of Columella, the Roman author of productive. He translated parts of the France, where he fought as a soldier against agri­culture, wrote a patriotic history of Portugal (against the royal union with he was denounced again by the Inquisition England. When he returned to Portugal, Spain) and two important works on and imprisoned (approx. 1547–1550). The nautical sciences. hrough his works he criticised the Portuguese cardinal Henry freed him from year he was also part of an unsuccessful Christian practice of the lucrative this imprisonment in 1551; in the same T slave trade and tried to see the battles led to the imprisonment of a large part of military operation against Africa, which against the Arabs and the Ottomans from in the negotiations for release of the sidering also the viewpoints of those the team. Fernão de Oliveira was involved a less Eurocentric point of view, con­ prisoners. Upon his return to Portugal opposing Christianity. He stood out for INFLUENTIAL WORKS da Antiguidade, Nobreza, Liberdade e PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS In the illustration: Edition of Portuguese Grammatica da Lingoagem Portuguesa Imunidade do Reino de Portugal (Ms.), Aveiro, Évora, Lisbon (PT), Castile (SP), grammar von 1536 (© National Library (Coimbra 1536); Arte da Guerra do Mar História de Portugal (Ms.), Livro da Agri- Rome (IT), France, England, Africa of Portugal) (Coimbra 1555), Livro da Fábrica das cultura de Lúcio Júlio Columella Naus (Ms.); Ars Nautica(Ms.), Livro

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 44 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

despise the salvation of so many souls; but they truly have the keys with which “They put the shameful and godless quest for profit before the Christian faith, nefariousness, that can be overpowered by all pious souls with weapons and the they neither enter nor let others enter. Oh you insatiable greed, you unbearable

Damião de Góis to Pope Paul III in his report on Lapland. Leuven 1540 feather, yes with all possible powers. “

Damião de Góis

2. 2. 1502 – 30. 1. 1574

began his service at the Portuguese court receive the role of a tutor to the heir to the Born in Alenquer in 1502, Damião de Góis, In 1545 he returned to Portugal, hoping to in 1511; In 1523 he was sent by King John III as Portuguese crown. However, he was reported Portuguese crown in commercial and diplomatic secretary to Antwerp, where he served the to the Inquisition and his plans fell through. In 1548 he became the director of the royal matters until 1545 in several European cities: archive Torre do Tombo. He was commissioned Gdansk, Leuven, Paris, Vilnius, Strasbourg, by the Portuguese Cardinal Henry to write a Krakow. He met Martin Luther and Philipp chronicle on his father (King Manuel I); it was Melanchthon In Wittenberg, he lived for a short published in 1566, and that of Manuel’s father, had close relationships with German-speaking was once again reported to the Inquisition, but time as a guest of Erasmus in Freiburg. He also John II appeared in the following year. In 1571 he this time without a defender at the Portuguese scholars such as Albrecht Dürer and Sebastian Münster. He went on to study at the university court. He was convicted of Lutheranism. He was and made friends with the humanists Pietro of Padua until 1539, travelled through Italy imprisoned until December 1572 and he died in publication of the recent Portuguese discoveries 1574. An important aspect of his work was the Bembo and Jacopo Sadoleto. He completed his humanistic studies in Leuven, where he in India and Ethiopia. The humanistic spirit also tolerance, which he learned and appreciated by published a history of India in 1539 and in 1540 a revealed itself in modern reflections on religious religious-ethnographic work on the Ethiopians, which was influenced by Erasmus’ ideas and virtue of his contacts abroad. He had created a which made him famous amongst the European network of friends in Europe, which – despite humanists. being labelled a heretic upon his return – he did not abandon. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait, after Albrecht History of India (1539), On the faith, Lisbon (PT), Antwerp, Leuven (BE), Albrecht Dürer, Martin Luther, Philipp Dürer, graphic reproduction, reprint. religion and customs of the Ethiopians Gdansk, Krakow (PL), Paris, Strasbourg Melanchthon (DE), Erasmus, Glareanus, (© private ownership) (1540), Chronicles of the Portuguese (FR), Vilnius (LT), Wittenberg (DE), Padua Sebastian Münster (CH), Pietro Bembo, kings Manuel I (1566) and John II (1570), (IT) Jacopo Sadoleto (IT) letters

National project partner: Dr. Maria Luísa de Oliveira Resende, Prof. Ana María Sánchez Tarrío Page 45 of 58 Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Clássico. EUROPA HUMANISTICA EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Romania

“Care must also be taken to ensure that teachers are endowed with a good education and an honourable character such that, by their example, they dissuade students from vice and urge them to follow the path of virtue ... Caution should also be exercised while speaking or otherwise so that teachers avoid stupid, useless or Catholicae ac Christianae religionis... ch. 18, on the teacher other such questions which go beyond the intellect of the boys. “

Nicolaus Olahus

(Miklós Oláh) 10. 1. 1493 – 15 .1. 1568

lahus came from a renowned family, “disturbance” in religious teachings, which his father was the brother-in-law of also made him a staunch defender of the O sequently his wife, Maria von Habsburg was formative for his future life, because of Austria. Meeting Maria von Habsburg as her secretary he accompanied her to To support his interests, he brought the the legendary Johannes Hunyadi, father of Catholic Church against the Reformation. King Matthias Corvinus. He experienced both phases of the new Hungarian empire: the parliament in Augsburg (1530) and to Jesuits into the country to initiate a new powers that clearly sought alignment with its rise to one of the leading European Belgium (when Maria was entrusted with cultural movement. the administration of the Habsburg Nether­ the empire fell apart after the death of and became a royal adviser (to Ferdinand the West, as well as its downfall when lands). In 1542 he returned to Hungary

Matthias Corvinus (1490) and was ulti­ I of Habsburg; 1543–1568) and the bishop his studies at the Cathedral Chapter of ma­tely overrun by foreign powers. After of Zagreb (1543–1548), followed by the Ora­dea, Olahus began his career under bishop of Eger (1548–1553) and finally Through­out the fateful history of his times the archbishop of Esztergom (1553–1568). he witnessed the importance of education Cor­vinus’ successor, Vladislaus II, the Jagiel­lonian King of Hungary and Bohemia, chose the path of the Church and was impor­tant to him as a church dignitary to at the court in Buda­pest. Thereafter he and its nurturing. It was particularly ordai­ned a priest; he made a remarkable work against dark machinations on the one career in this role, as the secretary of hand, and on the other hand to promote in his dioceses the ideal of education the bishop of Pécs to becoming the arch­ returned to the secular world and became deacon of Komárom. In 1526, however, he which Matthias Corvinus had put forth than anything else, he did not want a new with his legendary library in Buda. More secretary to his successor Louis II and sub­ INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait c. 1740, after Doctrines of the Catholic faith (Catholi- Sibiu, Oradea (RO), Budapest, Esztergom Erasmus, Cornelius de Schepper (NL), a woodcut from 1560 (© A Magyar Nem- cae ac Christianae religionis praecipua (HU), Brussels (BE), Trnava, Bratislava Camillo Ghilino (IT), Antun Vrančić (HR) zeti Galéria kiadványai 2008/3) quaedam capita de sacramentis, fide (SK) et operibus, de ecclesia, iustificatione) (Vienna 1560), Hungaria et Athila (Basel 1568)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 46 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“... therefore, none of the servants (of the Church) should come unprepared for preaching, trusting their innate loquaciousness, and waste time with useless trifles, just for the sake of habit and for the appearance of having done something, even the teachers from foolishness and biting invectives, which alienate the listeners and though one has not contributed anything useful. It will also be necessary to rein in

Reformatio ecclesiae Coronensis, chapter on teaching often scorn the content of what is being said.”

Johannes Honter

c. 1498 – 23. 1. 1549

and was born into a wealthy middle-class with new ideas he wanted Honter comes from Transylvania in Saxony subsequent work. Armed to reach out to a wide audience, family in Braşov (Kronstadt) around 1498. In ambit of the Catholic Church, possibly from the Braşov he received his early education in the so he set up a printing press (1539) and a paper mill (1546) to publish his he was able to afford what was the basis of most Dominicans. Thanks to his prosperous family, works. Except for a visit to Martin Luther and energy to setting up an educational in Wittenberg, he devoted all of his time travels to new countries and getting to know thinkers and cultural mediators in Europe – new intellectual environments that would separate brotherhood (Coetus Honteri institution along with a library (1547). A ) was influence one’s own ideas. In 1520 he enrolled dedicated to the promotion of education. at the University of Vienna where he earned his Even though Honter was considered a Cosmographia, which occupies a special Masters’ degree in 1525. In the fateful year 1529 symbol of the Reformation of the East. his place among his works, became one of he fled to Regensburg, in 1530 he found himself in Krakow; this was followed by sojourns in he worked as a lector and wood carver in the Nuremberg and significantly in Basel, where the most popular handbooks in Europe, to provide a comprehensive education valued even by the Jesuits. His aim was printing industry. In 1533 he returned to Braşov. and his enthusiasm for the teaching material as well as Greek, and astronomy as well The knowledge that he gained in the West for young people, which included Latin of the Reformation were to determine his

as geography. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Statue in front of the Grammar (Vienna 1530); Two books on Braşov (RO), Wien (AT), Regensburg Johann Georg Turmair, Martin Luther, Black Church in Braşov/Kronstadt, de- the foundations of cosmography(Kra - (DE), Krakow (PL), Basel (CH) Philipp Melanchthon (DE), Sebastian signed by Hanno Magnussen (© private kow 1530), Foundations of cosmography Münster (CH), Antun Vrančić (HR) photograph) (Braşov 1542; 42, reprints till 1602), Reformatio ecclesiae Coronensis ac to- tius Barcensis provinciae(Braşov 1543), Church order of the Germans in Transsyl- vania (Braşov 1548)

National project partner: Page 47 of 58 Prof. Ioan-Aurel Pop, Dr. Alexandru Simon, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Slovakia

“There are many forms of natural law, but the most important are the following: to live honourably, not to harm others and to allow everyone

On Public Administration III, 7 that what they are entitled to.”

Valentin Eck

(Valentinus Ecchius) 1494 – 5. 9. 1556

Germany into a middle-class family due to his remarkable Valentin Eck was born in Lindau, Stöckel. He was largely of Bardejov. He was a prolific writer, with metrics, which earned books or articles that that was later given the status of nobility. textbook on Latin more than 30 known to have made friends with the famous him considerable were written between He studied in Leipzig, where he is said reputation in humanistic often appeared in several humanist Rudolf Agricola the Younger. 1512 and 1545 and which and subsequently to Krakow, where he his contributions to From there he went to Olomouc in Bohemia circles. Apart from the dissemination of and the humanistic editions. His textbook humanistic ideas as an dialogue On the Usefulness received his degree of Baccalaureus Artium with members of the humanist circle of educationist, he also of Friendship and Unity in 1513. During his stay there he associated began to engage himself were pioneering works with far-reaching effects Erasmus and himself led a circle of young Over the years he in for the geographic poets. In 1514 he succeeded Agricola in in political activities. worked his way up in and cultural region of ​​ the professorship for poetics. Three years later he moved to Hungary, mainly upon On Public Administration which stated that invitation of the influential magnate Bardejov from town clerk and notary to a modern-day Slovakia. Similarly, his treatise the position of a teacher for his daughter the right form of government should rest Alexius Thurzo, who had offered him member of the city senate and from 1526– of his studies he gained considerable on two pillars, legal and ethical, was of 529 to the position of the sheriff. On account Anna. In 1518 he was in Bardejov, where even with diplomatic tasks, which as an editor of the works of classical he became the rector of the city’s Latin influence. He was subsequently entrusted particular significance. He also worked school and where he left a lasting influence he continued to promote the interests on subsequent generations of humanists. brought him to the court in Vienna. There authors including Horace, Prudentius and for example the Slovak humanist Leonard Augustine. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Cover page of the On the Art of the Verse (Krakow 1515), Leipzig (DE), Krakow (PL), Bardejov (SK), Rudolf Agricola the Younger (DE/PL), treatiseOn Public Administration(© pri- On the Usefulness of Friendship and Vienna (AT) Georgius Werner, Jodocus Ludovicus vate ownership) Unity (Krakow 1518), On Aversion to the Decius, Leonard Cox (PL), Augustinus World and Regard for Virtue (Krakow Käsenbrot Moravus (CZ) 1519), On Public Administration(Krakow 1520)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 48 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

will always produce the values it brought with it, and such values “In so far as there exists a sense of elegance: the language of Rome

Three dialogues on the imitation of CiceroI 6 will still be of benefit to the people.”

Johannes Sambucus

(János Zsámboky) 1531 – 1584

historiographer and settled down

Born in Tyrnau, Johannes Sambucus came he acquired countless books and from an influential family. His father Peter, finally in Vienna. Over the years times and ensured that his only son received valuable Greek manuscripts (thanks ennobled in 1549, held the sheriff‘s office several

built a unique private library that an excellent education. Sambucus enrolled as to his travels, among others) and thus began a study tour lasting for more than an 11-year-old at the University of Vienna and became famous throughout Europe; programme: he attended several German uni­ 20 years in the spirit of a modern-day Erasmus it contained over 3000 books and 600 manuscripts. The books served versities. In 1551 he received the degree of to broaden his intellectual horizons. addition to historical works he Master Artium in Paris. In 1553 he went to Padua He was also a writer himself: in as the tutor of the nephew of Miklós Oláh, Arch­ verses resonated widely throughout bishop of Esztergom. During his stay in Italy, he wrote poems. His emblematic completed a medical degree. Unlimited mobility the manuscripts he acquired and through Europe and studying at prestigious Europe. He meticulously edited through his editions he wanted universities gave him an excellent education. in his library also testify to the fact that he His writings as well as the collection of books to interested specialists in the to make the new texts accessible spoke several languages. During his travels, he people who helped him, in the way of a social Pannonian region matched that of made important connections with influential field. The legacy left by him in the years of age he was appointed as the imperial network, in his later work. At a little over 30 the greatest pioneers of European humanism. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Cover page ofWith Poems (Padua 1555), Three dialogues Trnava (SK), Vienna (AT), Paris (FR), Leip- Johannes Camerarius (DE), Johannes which (virtues) one preserves the state, on the imitation of Cicero(Paris 1561), zig (DE), Padua (IT) Sturm (FR), Miklós Oláh (RO), Miklós Emblemata, Antwerp 1576, 2nd edition Emblemata (Antwerp 1564), Portraits of Istvánffy (HU), Paolo Manuzio (IT), Caro- (© archive.org) classical and modern doctors and philo- lus Clusius (Flanders) sophers (Antwerp 1574)

National project partner: Page 49 of 58 Dr. Ivan Lábaj, Prof. Daniel Škoviera, Doc. Ludmila Buzássyová, Comenius-University, Bratislava EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Spain

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

12. 4. 1539 – 23. 4. 1616

e nurtured a network of connections within the humanistic circles in Seville, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, actually Gomez H Suarez de Figueroa, was a writer and historian of Spanish and Peruvian roots. He was the first Cordoba and Montilla. Following the he delved into the study of history and mestizo of the New World to reconcile both European humanistic trend of the time, heritages and to create a work of intellectual the reading of poets of the classical and indigenous American and European cultural

publication of his translation of Dialogues brilliance. His command over Spanish, Quechua Renaissance periods. This resulted in the on Love and Latin is particularly outstanding for his literary output. His work had a considerable by the Neo-Platonic philosopher Leo influence upon Peruvian historians even till the Hebraeus (Yehuda ben Isaak Abravanel) end of the 19th century. from Italian. It was the first literary work e was the son of a noble conquistador and an in Europe written by an American from the H New World. to his father’s privileged position, he received t the height of his creative career, he Inca princess from the ruling family. Thanks Apresented the history, culture and customs of the Incas and other peoples of not only an exhaustive Spanish education in ancient Peru, written down from his own Cuzco, but also lessons in the mythology and inheritance he was ultimately able to travel to childhood memories, the stories of his culture of the Incas. Because of his paternal family, information from letters and visits

Spain for his further studies. Once there, he lived his masterpiece and it became a starting with his uncle Alonso de Vargas y Figueroa in from leading figures in Peru. It is considered Montilla; in 1561 he moved to Madrid and started his military service. After Alonso’s death, point for Latin American literature. Inca Garcilaso left the army and became a cleric. Garcilaso died in Cordoba in April 1616. INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Cover page of hisA History of the conquest of Florida (Lisbon Cuzco, Lima (PE), Panamá (PA), Carta- Luis de Góngora, Miguel de Cervantes true commentary on the kingdom of the 1605), A true commentary on the king- gena de las Indias (CO), Havana (CU), (ES) Incas Lisbon 1609 (© WikiCommons) dom of the Incas (Lisbon 1609), A gene- Lisbon (PT), Montilla, Madrid, Sevilla, ral history of Peru (Cordoba 1617) Granada, Cordoba (ES)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 50 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote of La Mancha. Munich 2008, 170 “Between a woman’s Yes and No there is no room for a pin to go.”

Miguel de Cervantes

9. 10. 1547 – 22. 4. 1616

iguel de Cervantes was a soldier, writer,

M bought free. Apart from his work administration and later as a poet and dramatist. He stands as an as a supply officer for the naval for his novel Don Quixote, which is considered outstanding figure in Spanish literature, famous tax collector, he tried his hand Cervantes was sent to Seville the first modern novel and one of the finest at theatre as well. Eventually, prison for misappropriation of works in world literature. s the third of seven children of an impoverished noble family, he learned under that he started to develop his A taxpayers’ money. It was there novel Don Quixote the humanist Juan López de in Madrid in . is life fell into an era of 1566 and studied the writings of Aristotle and upheaval as social ideals Erasmus of Rotterdam. H were being questioned by a new

His life of adventure began while fleeing the valet of a cardinal, after which he travelled to Cervantes’ work marked the Spanish judiciary. In Rome he worked as a materialism. During this time, beginning of realism as a literary aesthetic and he created the Palermo, Milan, Florence, Venice, Parma and Ferrara. As a soldier of the Spanish navy he took part in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and was genre of the modern novel. iguel de Cervantes died on wounded on the left arm. On his way home to Spain, Cervantes was kidnapped to Algiers as M to escape, but it was only later that he could be a slave. In captivity, he initiated four attempts 22. April 1616 in Madrid.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait of Cervantes La Galatea (Alcalá de Henares 1585), Madrid, Sevilla (ES), Rome, Palermo, Juan López de Hoyos, Lope de Vega, Inca (authenticity unconfirmed), oil on can- Don Quixote of La Mancha (part I, Ma- Milan, Florence, Venice, Parma, Ferrara Garcilaso de la Vega (ES) vas, around 1600. Real Academia de la drid 1605; part II, 1615), Novelas ejem- (IT), Algiers, Oran (DZ), Azores (PT) Historia, Madrid (© WikiCommons) plares (Madrid 1613), Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (Madrid 1617)

National project partner: Page 51 of 58 Dr. Christina Eggeling, Head of Cultural Affiars, Instituto Cervantes Vienna EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Sweden

“The Elbe held him tight, the Rhine tempted him with a certain sweetness, the nymphs of the Rhône laughed joyfully at him; he especially liked the Tiber ... Here he collected what Kircher, Battista, Mutius Oddo and others who were blessed by divine knowledge had spread through their learned writings; and he kept it faithfully for the benefit of his homeland. Naples admires him, Florence praises him, Padua reinforces and prophesies the Olof Hermelin on Dahlbergh, Plausus et jubila ... Erico Dahlberg. 1696 same, that he will be a wise ornament in his Nordic empire.”

Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh

10. 10. 1625 – 16. 1. 1703

hrough his numerous scholarly

Erik Dahlbergh (Jönsson before his nobili­ T gained profound knowledge of science tisation) is an exceptional person in Swedish travels through Europe Dahlbergh never­theless rose successfully to high positions history. He came from a lowly parentage but and technology. Dahlbergh’s primary occupation was in the in the up-and-coming Swedish state apparatus. military, but he gained renown on account of These journeys included residences his richly illustrated topography of ancient and in Frankfurt am Main, Venice, Rome, Naples, Palermo and in some other Euro­ abroad to broaden his intellectual hori­ contemporary Sweden. However, this work pean cities. He also utilised his stays could only be published after his death in 1716; Dahlbergh’s original sketches of Swedish cities, few humanists and with new theories it contains more than 350 etchings based on zons, thus he came into contact with a

Suecia castles and other historical sites. With his – to name just a few of the famous , Dahlbergh created the first systematic scientists: Athanasius Kircher, Giovanni image protocol in Sweden without any external Battista Riccioli and Mutius Oddo in either dis­appeared over time or have completely and mathe­matician, Dahl­bergh became help. Some of his pictures show places that have Italy. As a talented technical draftsman an outstanding militarist and fortress follo­wed an antiquarian principle and wanted changed in their appearance. Dahlbergh thus to preserve a contemporary documentation for builder. He was later awarded the super­ was also the main administrator of the vision of all forti­fi­cations in Sweden; he posterity. As a result, his material has achieved immense historical significance. annexed areas of Bremen, Werden and Livonia.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait (© Suecia Suecia antiqua et hodierna(1660‒1715, Frankfurt am Main (DE), Venice, Floren- David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl (SE), Merian Antiqua et Moderna. Stockholm, ca. um three volumes, published posthumously ce, Padua, Rome, Naples, Palermo (IT), family in Frankfurt am Main (DE), Jean 1700, with kind permission of the Natio- in 1716) Paris (FR) Marot, Jean Le Pautre, Adam Perelle, nal Library of Sweden) Nicolas Perelle (FR)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 52 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Therefore it is clear: Since nature has created all human beings on an equal footing,

Disputatio philosophica de aequalitate humana. Uppsala 1689, 30 it is right to reject the claim that some people are declared to be slaves by nature.”

“Virtue and all earthly happiness are based on the correct use of Effluvia. Uppsala 1683, 38, appendix judgment, in practice as well as in theory.”

Anders Spole

13. 6. 1630 – 1. 8. 1699

scholarly society, which, regardless of national Anders (Andreas) Spole was a Swedish borders, respected the mathematician and astronomer. He studied Pomerania and afterwards at German research at the University of Greifswald in Swedish achievements and scientific and cultural valued their intellectual institutions. His career was geared towards mathematics, and he got employment at Uppsala University, specialising in pyrotechnics and potential and character. over the personal tutoring of the two young young counts of Douglas navigation techniques. At the same time he took He also accompanied the barons Sjöblad, whom he later accompanied during their study trip. Sweden he was appointed during their Grand Tour through Europe; this Upon his returned to this unique opportunity to get in touch with professor of mathematics took place in the years 1664–1667. Spole used the leading scholars of his time and to gain new insight directly from the source of modern at the University of Lund held the professorship in 1668. From 1679 he for astronomy at the research. He met with well-known scientists like Christiaan Huygens, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Nicolaus Mercator, Jean Dominique University of Uppsala. to his own testimony, he became acquainted Cassini and Giovanni Battista Riccioli. According with the aforementioned and had a familiar relationship with some of them. In this way he symbolised the ideal of the European INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Lithograph by Pars sphaerica et usus globorum (1694), Greifswald (DE), Amsterdam, Emden, Christiaan Huygens (NL/FR), Giovanni Otto Henrik Wallgren (© after Pars theoretica(1695), Treatise on the The Hague, Rotterdam (NL), London, Battista Riccioli, Jean Dominique Cassini G. H. Mellin, Sveriges store män ... Midnight Sun (1695), Map of Sweden n Oxford (GB), Paris (FR), Bologna, Rome, (IT), Ole Rømer (DK) Stockholm 1840/49, 397) Erik Dahlbergh’s Suecia antiqua et ho- Padua (IT) dierna (1716, published posthumously)

National project partner: Page 53 of 58 Dr. Elena Dahlberg, Prof. Hans Helander, Uppsala University EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

Switzerland

“His books are in circulation across the wide world, his reputation is not hidden even in some dark corner (…) All the teachings of confusing wisdom in lengthy books have often stalled a journey begun. The most beautiful joys of life perished and stared at doom, almost destroyed by wild barbarism. Glarean comes along and flees the decay all around, a haven and a life-force for the good studies. He revives the honour of the classics with Complaint (poem) on the death of Glarean, composed by Iodocus Castner. Basel 1563, 12 tremendous effort and protects them from decay.”

Heinrich Glarean

28. 2./2. 6. 1488 – 27./28. 3. 1563

s a young man Glarean came into contact larean won accolades Awith humanism through his studies at Gfor editing classics from antiquity, for his studies on the chronology various educational institutions. In 1512, when he of the classical period as received his master’s degree from the University Poeta well as for Dodekachordon, of Cologne, he wrote a poem on Emperor laureatus which laid the foundations Maximilian I who gave him the title got involved in the dispute over the humanist for the modern concept (crowned poet). Since 1514 Glarean and Hebraist Johannes Reuchlin that was doing of major and minor key demand by the Dominicans in Cologne to ban work to various scholars the rounds among the European scholars. The tones. He sent the latter in German-speaking and other scholars who had, in the wake of countries, which, along the writings of Jews was not shared by Reuchlin with his correspondence, provides us valuable Renaissance Humanism, rediscovered and Glarean also shared this view and subsequently appreciated the Greek and Hebrew languages. insight into his network. left Cologne. In Basel, Paris and Freiburg im Breisgau he found a more open mindset as well as students from different countries.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Baptista Mantuanus, Helvetiae descriptio(Basel 1515), Isago- Basel, Mollis, Bern (CH), Cologne, Rott- Johannes Aal, Aegidus Tschudi, Huldrych Opera, vol. 1, Paris 1513, f. 25v. author’s ge in musicen (Basel 1516), De geogra- weil, Freiburg im Breisgau (DE), Vienna Zwingli (CH), Rudolf Götschi, Wolfgang copy of Glarean with characteristic phia liber unus (Basel 1527), Dodeka- (AT), Pavia (IT), Paris (FR) Hunger (DE) annotations: headings of topics, notes chordon (Basel 1547) on the subject and meanings of words (© Zurich Central Library, : Rq 1)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 54 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

“Because so many and such valuable books of all kinds of wisdom have gradually been lost – partly destroyed by flames or in the turmoil of war, partly infested with vermin and mould due to age, but very who care about the scholarly state must make every effort to ensure that those best books, even if they are many also destroyed due to negligence and hatred of the barbarians against literature – all good people only a few, are at least preserved for us and, being saved by divine providence over many further centuries, our descendants would be deprived of these wonderful resources in science, art and all kinds of teaching, that they are also preserved for the future, and are not lost through our carelessness. For if that happened,

Gessner to Leonard Beckh von Beckhenstain, dedication to his Historia universalis. Basel 1545 and I do not think they would then differ much from other living beings.”

Conrad Gessner

16. 3. 1516 – 13. 12. 1565

onrad Gessner encountered humanism in his ith his C WHistoria animalium hometown of Zurich, where Zwingli preached and taught. As is well known, the reformer achieved the from Zurich was committed to the Renaissance (4 vols.) he status of the humanism of northern Italy. Zwingli’s mind- the three classical languages, but also in the founder of set was not only reflected in the nurturing of importance given to the ancient authors in the as well as in zoology. In this, study programmes at school and university. in France, where he met several humanistic Historia Gessner left Switzerland in his teens to study his unfinished plantarum, he was supported scholars and teachers in Bourges and Paris. In 1545 he tried to record the entire handwritten network of and printed tradition of Europe which was by an extensive Bibliotheca universalis. colleagues that available in Hebrew, Greek or Latin in his ranged from n Mithridates de differentiis linguarum and from Spain to I (Mith­ England to Greece described over a hundred different languages, ridates or On the diversity of languages) he Lithuania. being also the first to include native American idioms from the New World.

INFLUENTIAL WORKS PLACES OF LIFE AND WORKS NETWORK OF HUMANISTS In the illustration: Portrait of Conrad Bibliotheca universalis (Zurich 1545), Zurich, Basel, Lausanne (CH), Bourges, Benedictus Aretius, Johannes Bauhin the Gessner, oil on wood, 1564 (© Central Historia animalium (Zurich 1551–1558), Paris (FR) Younger, Johannes Fabricius Montanus, Library of Zurich, call number: Inv 10) Thesaurus Euonymi Philiatri (Zurich Felix Platter, Theodor Zwinger, Cosmas 1552), De omni rerum fossilium genere Holzach (CH), Johannes Crato von Kraff- … libri (Zurich 1565) theim (DE/PL), Achilles Pirmin Gasser, Johannes Kentmann, Adolph Occo (DE)

National project partner:

Page 55 of 58 Dr. Urs Leu, Zurich Central Library, Department of Old Prints and Rarities EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

ERBE DER HUMANISTEN

CREATING which the inviolable and inalienable rights of man such as freedom, out of the cultural, religious and humanistic heritage of Europe, from Europademocracy, equality and the rule of law have developed– as universal values,

IN THE CONVICTION moving forward on the path of civilisation, progress and prosperity that after painful experiences Europe, now united, wants to keep for the well-being of all its inhabitants, including the weakest and the poorest, that it wants to remain a continent that is open for culture, knowledge and social progress, that it strives to strengthen democracy and transparency as the basis of its public life and to work towards peace, justice and solidarity in the world, IN THE CERTAINTY are determined to overcome the old contradictions and to shape their that the people of Europe, proud of their national identity and history, destiny together, tightly united forever,

IN THE CERTAINTY ensuring the rights of individual and aware of their responsibility that Europe, “united in diversity”, offers them the best opportunities, towards future generations and the earth, to continue with this great endeavour that opens up a space in which hope can thrive,

DETERMINED to continue the work that was begun within the framework of the

acquis com­munau­ treaties establishing the European Communities and that of the Euro­ taire pean Union, while ensuring the continuity of the (Preamble (common to a treaty rights) for the EU … constitution, Official journal 2004/C 310/1 of the European Union dated December 16, 2004)

Europe – Legacy of the humanists Page 56 of 58 EUROPEAN UNION NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR CULTURE – EUNIC

EUNIC European Union National Institutes for Culture The mission of EUNIC – – is to institutes,advocate the to illustrateEuropean the values cultural and, diversitythrough the cooperation of the European cultural of Europe both within and outside of the EU. strivesEUNIC aimsto intensify to put the cultural cultural dialogue, life of Europe cultural more distinctly in the limelight. It thus exchange and sustainable cooperation Further information at https://www.eunicglobal.eu/ throughout the world.

Page 57 of 58 EUROPE – LEGACY OF THE HUMANISTS

The Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Europe. Legacy of the Humanists. A publication of Goethe-Institut Sweden. Revised: August 28, 2020, 10:45 am