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The Use-Potential of Quercus Aliena Var HENRIK SJÖMAN J. Plant Develop. 22(2015): 107 – 121 THE USE-POTENTIAL OF QUERCUS ALIENA VAR. ACUTESERRATA FOR URBAN PLANTATIONS – BASED ON HABITAT STUDIES IN THE QINLING MOUNTAINS, CHINA Henrik SJÖMAN1 Abstract: Traditionally, a limited number of species and genera dominate the tree stock in streets and urban sites, and recent surveys in European and North American cities show that few species/genera continue to dominate. Yet, over the past decades, a growing proportion of those commonly used species have shown increasing difficulties to cope with urban sites. This has led to considerable and persistent arguments for using a more varied range of trees, including stress-tolerant species, at urban paved sites. This study examined forest systems occurring between 1300-2200 m asl. in the Qinling Mountains, China, in order to evaluate the oriental white oaks (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig) growth and development in warm and dry forest habitats and hence evaluate its potential for urban paved sites in northern parts of central Europe and in adjoining milder parts of northern Europe. In total, 102 oriental white oak where found in the studied plots and here showed very promising development in habitats experiencing drier conditions than those in park environments in Copenhagen, and is therefore interesting for urban paved sites were the demands of a greater catalogue of tolerant trees are highly needed. Key words: Urban tree, Drought tolerance, Oriental white oak, Urban forestry Introduction Traditionally, a limited number of species and genera dominate the tree stock in streets and urban sites, and recent surveys in European and North American cities show that few species/genera continue to dominate [RAUPP & al. 2006; SJÖMAN & al. 2012a; COWETT & BASSUK, 2014]. Yet, over the past decades, a growing proportion of those commonly used species have shown increasing difficulties to cope with urban sites. Impermeable surfacing affecting both storm water run off and the urban heat island effect have resulted in tree decline and the increase of disease in the urban tree habitat. This negative trend, combined with the challenges of climate change and the threat of further future disease and infestations of vermin [e.g. TELLO & al. 2005; RAUPP & al. 2006; TUBBY & WEBBER, 2010] have led to considerable and persistent argumentation for the necessity of a more varied use and stress tolerant selection of tree species for urban sites [PAULEIT, 2003; SJÖMAN & al. 2012a]. A number of selection programmes with focus on trees for urban sites are in progress in several countries [SÆBØ & al. 2005]. However, the majority of these concentrate on the genetic aspect of species in current use, with the aim to select suitable varieties and genotypes [SANTAMOUR, 1990; MILLER & MILLER, 1991; SAEBØ & al. 2005]. In the case of northern Europe the majority of species used in cities originate from 1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Department of Landscape Management, Design and Construction, Box 66, 23053 Alnarp – Sweden. E-mail; [email protected] 107 THE USE-POTENTIAL OF QUERCUS ALIENA VAR. ACUTESERRATA FOR URBAN ... the native dendroflora, representing cool and moist site conditions were limitations of drought and pest tolerance continue to frame the main complications, albeit the intentions from these selection programmes [SAEBØ & al. 2005]. To supplement these selection programmes, additional tree species still awaits discovery and testing [DUHME & PAULEIT, 2000]. In order to achieve knowledge of a greater diversity of species adapted to urban sites, new innovating methods have to be developed. As water stress is widely argued to be the main constraint for tree growth and health in the urban environment [e.g. CRAUL, 1999; SIEGHARDT & al. 2005], research on drought tolerance of trees has classically focused on physiological reactions in the water balance/water use like transpiration rates, sap flow measurement and the hydraulic architecture of the tree [e.g. KOZLOWSKI & al. 1991; SPERRY & al. 1998; BREDA & al. 2006; DAVID & al. 2007; WEST & al. 2007]. These investigations give valuable information at the tree level but they are limited in their practical “every day use” for urban tree planners, arborists etc. [ROLOFF & al. 2009]. Instead, dendroecological studies can contribute to evaluate different tree species reaction and tolerance of e.g. drought. According to ROLOFF & al. (2009) this kind of dendroecological descriptions are seldom or not at all available for most species, which clearly points out the importance of this type of research in the selection process for “new” tree species for urban sites. In natural habitats, trees have been stress-tested and selected over evolutionary periods of time. Some species have developed an extensive plasticity and tolerance of a range of environmental conditions while others have specialised in certain habitat types [RABINOWITZ, 1981; GUREVITCH & al. 2002]. For instance, steep mountain slopes with thin soil layers represent distinct habitat types, where the environmental parameters that define the particular habitat and separate it from other habitats have shaped the evolution of plants and acted as a filter that screens out many potential colonizing species not suited to the particular habitats. Investigating habitats experiencing similar conditions as urban environments in nature and studying the ecological background of these species would be of special interest for future selection of trees for use in urban fabric [FLINT, 1985; WARE, 1994; SÆBØ & al. 2005; ROLOFF & al. 2009]. Starting this process now is urgent, as tree selection is a long-term process. From the perspective of the northern parts of Central Europe and in the adjacent, mild parts of Northern Europe (in the following abbreviated to the “CNE-region”) it is unlikely that the species poor native dendroflora can contribute to a larger variation of tree species with extended tolerance of the environmental stresses characterizing urban sites of the region [DUHME & PAULEIT, 2000]. In comparison, other regions with a comparable climate yet having a rich dendroflora may hold the potential to contribute new tree species and genera well adapted to the growing conditions in urban sites in the CNE-region [TAKHTAJAN, 1986; BRECKLE, 2002]. During the last decade extensive fieldwork have been carried out in the Qinling mountain range, China, in order to obtain an overall understanding of the species composition, structure and dynamics of the forest systems in the elevational zone where the climate is similar to the inner city environment across the CNE region [e.g. SJÖMAN & al. 2010]. This paper presents a study where the oriental white oak, Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig, use-potential for urban sites in the CNE-region have been evaluated based on habitat studies in the Qinling Mountains. This study is initiated by 108 HENRIK SJÖMAN the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences to examine selection of site-adapted species for urban sites. The research hypothesis in this selection programme is that identification of “new” tree species for urban use can be gained through studies of natural habitats with similar site conditions as urban paved environment – where the field study in Qinling is one of the case studies on order to test this hypothesis. With the long-term aim to contribute to the selection of “new” tree species and genera well adapted to the growing conditions in urban sites in the CNE region the field work in China specifically focused on: – identification of habitats in the Qinling Mountains where the oriental white oak are exposed to seasonally dry and harsh conditions; – characterisation of the oriental white oaks performance in these habitats; – presentation and discussion of the use-potential of the oriental white oak for urban sites in northern Europe. In order to evaluate the use potential of the oriental white oak for the CNE-region origin from the Qinling Mountains, China, the field data is compared to urban environments of Copenhagen. In the comparison, the Copenhagen case is divided into paved respectively park environment in order to evaluate the broadness of the use potential. Method and materials Case study area China is considered the most species rich region of the world [KÖRNER & SPEHN, 2002; TANG & al. 2006]. The Qinling Mountain range in the central, temperate part of the country forms a botanic border between the southern and northern regions of China, and consequently, it hosts a species rich flora [YING & BOUFFORD, 1998]. Shaanxi province, where the Qinling mountain range is situated, harbours 1224 wooded species [KANG, 2009], which can be compared to a total of only 166 wooded plants in the Scandinavian countries [MOSSBERG & STENBERG, 2003]. The relatively northern location of the mountain range combined with its altitudinal levels, makes it possible to find steep, south facing rocky and craggy slopes. Here, plants are exposed to cold winters and warm summer months with periods of intense drought [TAKHTAJAN, 1986; BRECKLE, 2002] much comparable to the climate expected in urban paved sites of the CNE-region. The oriental white oak grows in the Qinling Mountains in the altitude 1300-2200m asl, belonging to the deciduous broadleaved oak forest zone [LIU & ZHANG, 2003]. The oriental white oak is the main canopy species throughout the zone. In the lower part (< 1200 m asl) the oriental white oak is co-dominating with Quercus variabilis, and in higher parts of the zone together with Quercus wutaishanica. These oak species dominate particularly on slopes, independently of direction, whereas the moist river valleys are characterised by mixed broadleaved forests with a large number of other canopy species [SJÖMAN & al. 2010]. Site description The research was conducted in the northern part of the Qinling Mountain range within three different areas – Taibai Forest Reserve (34° 05’10” N 107° 44’46” E), Red 109 THE USE-POTENTIAL OF QUERCUS ALIENA VAR. ACUTESERRATA FOR URBAN ... Valley Forest Reserve (34° 05’08” N 107° 44’52” E), and Siboshan (33° 42’08, 30” N 106° 47’16, 69” E).
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