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Waldvegetation und Standort Grundlage für eine standortsangepasste Baumartenwahl in naturnahen Wäldern der Montanstufe im westlichen Qinling Gebirge, Gansu Provinz, China Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Fakultät für Umwelt und Natürliche Ressourcen der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Brsg. vorgelegt von Chunling Dai Freiburg im Breisgau Juli 2013 Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Barbara Koch Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Albert Reif Referent: Prof. Dr. Dieter R. Pelz Disputationsdatum: 18. November 2013 I Danksagung Die Haltung des Menschen gegenüber der Natur war schon früh ein wichtiges Thema in der chinesischen Philosophie. Zhuangzi (370-300 v. Ch.) sagt, der Mensch solle in Harmonie mit der Natur leben. Der Begriff Natur (Zi Ran 自然) wortwörtlich übersetzt bedeutet: „Von-selber-so-seiend“ (BAUER & ESS 2006). Die einzelnen Pflanzen, Tiere und andere Lebewesen, also das Von-selber-so-seiende, mit ihren eigenen Gesetzmässigkeiten, die im dauernden Wandel ein Gleichgewicht miteinander suchen, galt es zu erforschen und verstehen, beobachtend und nicht eingreifend. In Harmonie mit der Natur leben bedeutet, naturnah leben ohne störend einzugreifen. Der Wald ist ein sehr gutes Beispiel für diese Vorstellung vom Zusammenleben verschiedener Lebewesen, die im dauernden Anpassungsvorgang eine Balance suchen. Mein Interesse an diesen Vorgängen hat mich dazu geführt, an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Forstwissenschaft zu studieren und zu promovieren. Für mich stand fest, dass ich mich mit einer Dissertation mit dem Thema Vegetation und Standort auseinandersetzen möchte. Ich bin dem Waldbau-Institut der Universität Freiburg, das Landesgraduierten- förderungsgesetz (LGFG) von Baden-Württemberg, sowie der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) und die Robert Bosch Stiftung zu Dank verpflichtet, dass sie mir erlaubt haben, meine Vorstellungen zu verwirklichen. Prof. Dr. Albert Reif und Dr. Stefanie Gärtner haben mich mit ihrer anregenden und konstruktiven Betreuung sehr unterstützt. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bauhus hat mit seinem Vertrauen für meine Arbeit einen ausgezeichneten Rahmen gestaltet. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Huss, der mich gelehrt hat, den kleinsten Details korrekt und mit Aufmerksamkeit zu begegnen, sei es im Fach Waldbau, sei es im Kontakt mit Behörden. Prof. Dr. Barbara Koch hat mich mit ihrer konstruktiven, fördernden Gesprächsführung sehr gestärkt. Prof. Dr. Dieter R. Pelz konnte mit seinem Hintergrundwissen über chinesische Mentalität mir sein Fachwissen ausgezeichnet vermitteln. Ihnen allen gilt meine tiefe Dankbarkeit. Mein Dank geht an: - State Forestry Administration of the P. R. China, Xiaolongshan-Forstamt, Chinese Academy of Forestry, die durch ihre Unterstützung die Durchführung der Untersuchungen in dem Waldgebiet in der Gansu Provinz in China für Forschungszwecke vereinfacht haben. Insbesondes an Herr LIU Wen-Zhen, Prof. Dr. II ZHANG Song-Zhi, Prof. Dr. LU Yuan-Chang, Prof. Dr. ZHANG Shou-Gong, Prof. Dr. JIANG Ze-Ping. - Prof. KANG Xin-Gang und Prof. Dr. ZHANG Qing von Beijing Forest University für ihre Unterstützung während des Bosch-Stiftung-Projekts. Ganz besonders herzlich bedanke ich mich bei: - Botaniker Herr SUN Jian-Xin dafür, dass er mich beim Pflanzenbestimmen unterstützt hat. - Den Bauern aus dem Gebiet, Frau ZHANG für ihre vorzügliche Küche und Herr ZHANG für die Erstellung der Bodenprofile. Ich danke herzlich: - Dr. Carl Höcke, der mir durch den Besuch in meinem Forschungsgebiet neue Anregungen gab. - Den lieben Doktoranden und Kollegen, Dr. Jan Bannister Hepp, Tamalika Chakraborty, Dr. Mario Dobner, Prof. Néstor Gutiérrez, Dr. LEI Pi-Feng, Dr. Marcus Lingenfelder, Dr. Juana Palma Martínez, Dr. Winfried Meier, Dr. Cristabel Duran Rangel, Dr. Somidh Saha, Dr. Dimitrios Samaras, Katja Seis, Hendrik Stark, Dr. Rodrigo Vargas, Dr. YUE Chao-Fang, für ihre Freundschaft, und dass ich mit ihnen ich in Diskussionen meine Begeisterung teilen konnte. - Allen Doktoranden und Kollegen, Adam Benneter, Dr. Germar Csapek, Ursula Eggert, Dr. Simon Bilodeau Gauthier, Dr. David Forrester, Mathias Frowein, Yildiz Guenes, Dr. Martin Kohler, Dr. Christian Kühne, Victor Meza, Jörg Niederberger, Renate Nitschke, Dr. Joachim Schmerbeck, Mathias Seebauer, Björn Todt, Bernadette Trautwein, für die freundliche Atmosphäre des Waldbau-Instituts. - Allen Freundinnen und Freunden, Sabeth, Hilda, Ursula, Akiyo, Martin, Dirk, Yun- Sheng, Tsui-Chuan, die mit ihrer wertvollen Freundschaft viel zum Gelingen meiner Arbeit beigetragen haben. - Meinem Mann Zhen-Ping und meiner Tochter Chen für ihre liebevolle Geduld; meinen Eltern und Brüdern für Rat und Hilfe; meiner Schwiegermutter und Schwägerin für ihre Unterstützung. 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Bewirtschaftung von Wäldern in China und Nachhaltigkeit ...................................... 5 1.2 Naturnaher Wirtschaftswald und seine Bedeutung .................................................. 6 1.2.1 Funktion der naturnahen Wirtschaftswälder..................................................... 6 1.2.2 Herausforderung für die chinesische Forstwissenschaft ................................... 7 1.2.3 Internationale Zusammenarbeit ........................................................................ 7 1.3 GTZ-Projekt „Protection and sustainable management for forests in Western China” .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Rahmenbedingungen ................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Ziel und Fragestellung der Forschung ...................................................................... 10 1.6 Untersuchungsgebiet ............................................................................................... 10 1.6.1 Die eichen-dominierten naturnahen Wirtschaftswälder im Xiaolongshan- Forstamt im westlichen Qinling Gebirge .......................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Gegenwärtige waldbauliche Ausgangslage ...................................................... 11 1.6.3 Kriterien zur Auswahl des Untersuchungsgebiets ........................................... 13 2 Vegetation of the deciduous mixed oak forest in the montane zone of the Western Qinling Mountains, China ................................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Material and Methods.............................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Study area ......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Sampling design ................................................................................................ 20 2.2.3 Vegetation sampling......................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Site conditions .................................................................................................. 21 2.2.5 Temperature and precipitation during April to October ................................. 22 2.2.6 Data analysis ..................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 General floristic features .................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Forest vegetation and sites – an overview ...................................................... 27 2.3.3 Floristical similarity and vegetation-site relationship ...................................... 27 2.3.4 Floristic composition and site demands of the 3 forest community groups and the 7 communities ........................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 44 3 Stand structure, regeneration and site quality of the species-rich mountain forests in the Western Qinling Mts. – Suggestions for conservation and silviculture on an ecological basis ........................................................... 48 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 49 3.1.1 Natural Forests Protection Program ................................................................ 49 3.1.2 Selective harvesting and forest products in the Western Qinling Mts. ........... 49 3.1.3 Knowledge about common tree species .......................................................... 50 3.1.4 The 3 forest community groups, the 7 communities and their sites ............... 51 3.1.5 Objectives and research questions .................................................................. 51 2 3.2 Methods ................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Study area ......................................................................................................... 54 3.2.2 Sampling design and measurement ................................................................. 54 3.2.3 Tree top height ................................................................................................
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