Extended Leaf Phenology and the Autumn Niche in Deciduous Forest Invasions
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Asterales Dipsacales Campanulanae Apiales Aquifoliales Lamiales Asteridae Solanales Lamianae Gentianales Garryales Ericales Cornales Saxifragales Fagales Kern-Eudico- Cucurbitales tyledoneae Rosales Fabales Fabanae Eudicoty- Zygophyllales ledoneae Celastrales Oxalidales Rosidae Malpighiales Sapindales Malvales Malvanae Brassicales Vitales Crossosomatales Myrtales Geraniales Polygonales Caryophyllidae Caryophyllales Berberidopsidales Santalales Gunnerales Buxaceae Trochodendrales Proteales Sabiaceae Ranunculales Canellales Piperales Magnoliidae Magnoliales Laurales Chloanthaceae Ceratophyllaceae Liliidae Liliidae Austrobaileyales Nymphaeales Amborellales Klasse: Magnoliopsida (Angiospermae) Dicotyledoneae, Zweikeimblättrige Ordnung: Rosales Familie: Rhamnaceae (Kreuzdorngewächse) Merkmale: – Holzpflanzen mit wechselständigen oder gegenständigen, ungeteilten Blättern mit krautigen oder dornigen Nebenblättern – radiäre, kleine, gelblich-grüne, meist zwittrige Blüten – meist 5-zählige, selten 4-zählige Blüten – epipetal (= vor den Kronblättern stehende) Staubblätter – intrastaminaler Diskus – Perianth perigyn = mittelständiger Fruchtknoten, selten unterständig – Steinfrüchte, Nussfrüchte oder Spaltfrüchte Klasse: Magnoliopsida (Angiospermae) Dicotyledoneae, Zweikeimblättrige Ordnung: Rosales Familie: Rhamnaceae (Kreuzdorngewächse) Rhamnus frangula = Frangula alnus (Faulbaum) Kelchblatt Kronblatt Merkmale: – 5-zählige Blüte Staubblatt – Rinde mit grauweißen Korkwarzen (= Lentizellen) – Blätter elliptisch-eiförmig, ganzrandig – beerenähnliche -
Glossy Buckthorn Rhamnusoriental Frangula Bittersweet / Frangula Alnus Control Guidelines Fact Sheet
Glossy buckthorn Oriental bittersweet Rhamnus frangula / Frangula alnus Control Guidelines Fact Sheet NH Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food, Division of Plant Industry, 29 Hazen Dr, Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271-3488 Common Name: Glossy buckthorn Latin Name: Rhamnus frangula / Frangula alnus New Hampshire Invasive Species Status: Prohibited (Agr 3800) Native to: Japan leaves (spring) Glossy buckthorn invasion Sapling (summer) Flowers (spring) Roadside invasion of saplings Fleshy fruits (fall) Gray bark w/ lenticels (Summer) Emodin in berries - effects to birds Fall foliage (Autumn) Description: Deciduous shrub or small tree measuring 20' by 15'. Bark: Grayish to brown with raised lenticels. Stems: Cinnamon colored with light gray lenticels. Leaves: Alternate, simple and broadly ovate. Flowers: Inconspicuous, 4- petaled, greenish-yellow, mid-May. Fruit: Fleshy, 1/4” diameter turning black in the fall. Zone: 3-7. Habitat: Adapts to most conditions including pH, heavy shade to full sun. Spread: Seeds are bird dispersed. Comments: Highly Aggressive, fast growing, outcompetes native species. Controls: Remove seedlings and saplings by hand. Larger trees can be cut or plants can be treated with an herbicide. General Considerations Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multi-stemmed shrub or single-stemmed tree up to 23’ (7 m) tall. Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arranged alternately. Leaves are dark-green and glossy above while dull-green below. The leaf margins are smooth/entire and tend to be slightly wavy. Flowers are small, about ¼” and somewhat inconspicuous forming in May to June. They develop and in small clusters of 2-8. Fruits form in mid to late summer and contain 2-3 seeds per berry. -
1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197
Fl. China 11: 440–463. 2008. 1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197. 1753 [“Evonymus”], nom. cons. 卫矛属 wei mao shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A. Michele Funston Shrubs, sometimes small trees, ascending or clambering, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous, rarely pubescent. Leaves opposite, rarely also alternate or whorled, entire, serrulate, or crenate, stipulate. Inflorescences axillary, occasionally terminal, cymose. Flowers bisexual, 4(or 5)-merous; petals light yellow to dark purple. Disk fleshy, annular, 4- or 5-lobed, intrastaminal or stamens on disk; anthers longitudinally or obliquely dehiscent, introrse. Ovary 4- or 5-locular; ovules erect to pendulous, 2(–12) per locule. Capsule globose, rugose, prickly, laterally winged or deeply lobed, occasionally only 1–3 lobes developing, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 to several, typically 2 developing, ellipsoid; aril basal to enveloping seed. Two subgenera and ca. 130 species: Asia, Australasia, Europe, Madagascar, North America; 90 species (50 endemic, one introduced) in China. Euonymus omeiensis W. P. Fang (J. Sichuan Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 1: 38. 1955) was described from Sichuan (Emei Shan, Shishungou, ca. 1300 m). This putative species was misdiagnosed; it is a synonym of Reevesia pubescens Masters in the Sterculiaceae (see Fl. China 12: 317. 2007). The protologue describes the fruit as having bracts. The placement of Euonymus tibeticus W. W. Smith (Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 264. 1911), described from Xizang (3000–3100 m) and also occurring in Bhutan (Lhakhang) and India (Sikkim), is unclear, as only a specimen with flower buds is available. Euonymus cinereus M. A. Lawson (in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 611. 1875) was described from India. -
FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2
ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1. -
Frangula Paruensis, a New Name for Rhamnus Longipes Steyermark (Rhamnaceae)
FRANGULA PARUENSIS, A NEW NAME FOR RHAMNUS LONGIPES STEYERMARK (RHAMNACEAE) GERARDO A. AYMARD C.1, 2 Abstract. The new name Frangula paruensis (Rhamnaceae) is proposed to replace the illegitimate homonym Rhamnus longipes Steyermark (1988). Chorological, taxonomic, biogeographical, and habitat notes about this taxon also are provided. Resumen. Se propone Frangula paruensis (Rhamnaceae) como un nuevo nombre para reemplazar el homónimo ilegítimo Rhamnus longipes Steyermark (1988). Se incluye información corológica, taxonómica, biogeográfica, y de hábitats acerca de la especie. Keywords: Frangula, Rhamnus, Rhamnaceae, Parú Massif, Tepuis flora, Venezuela Rhamnus L. and Frangula Miller (Rhamnaceae) have Frangula paruensis is a shrub, ca. 2 m tall, with leaves ca. 150 and ca. 50 species, respectively (Pool, 2013, 2015). ovate, or oblong-ovate, margin subrevolute, repand- These taxa are widely distributed around the world but are crenulate, a slightly elevated tertiary venation on the lower absent in Madagascar, Australia, and Polynesia (Medan and surface, and mature fruiting peduncle and pedicels 1–1.5 Schirarend, 2004). According to Grubov (1949), Kartesz cm long, and fruiting calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate and Gandhi (1994), Bolmgren and Oxelman (2004), and (two main features to separate Frangula from Rhamnus). Pool (2013) the recognition of Frangula is well supported. This species is endemic to the open, rocky savannas On the basis of historical and recent molecular work the on tepui slopes and summits at ca. 2000 m (Steyermark genus is characterized by several remarkable features. Pool and Berry, 2004). This Venezuelan taxon was described (2013: 448, table 1) summarized 11 features to separate the as Rhamnus longipes by Steyermark (1988), without two genera. -
Herb Other Names Re Co Rde D Me Dicinal Us E Re
RECORDED USE RECORDED USE MEDICINAL US AROMATHERA IN COSMETICS IN RECORDED RECORDED FOOD USE FOOD IN Y E P HERB OTHER NAMES COMMENTS Parts Used Medicinally Abelmoschus moschatus Hibiscus abelmoschus, Ambrette, Musk mallow, Muskseed No No Yes Yes Abies alba European silver fir, silver fir, Abies pectinata Yes No Yes Yes Leaves & resin Abies balsamea Balm of Gilead, balsam fir Yes No Yes Yes Leaves, bark resin & oil Abies canadensis Hemlock spruce, Tsuga, Pinus bark Yes No No No Bark Abies sibirica Fir needle, Siberian fir Yes No Yes Yes Young shoots This species not used in aromatherapy but Abies Sibirica, Abies alba Miller, Siberian Silver Fir Abies spectabilis Abies webbiana, Himalayan silver fir Yes No No No Essential Oil are. Leaves Aqueous bark extract which is often concentrated and dried to produce a flavouring. Distilled with Extract, bark, wood, Acacia catechu Black wattle, Black catechu Yes Yes No No vodka to make Blavod (black vodka). flowering tops and gum Acacia farnesiana Cassie, Prickly Moses Yes Yes Yes Yes Ripe seeds pressed for cooking oil Bark, flowers Source of Gum Arabic (E414) and Guar Gum (E412), controlled miscellaneous food additive. Used Acacia senegal Guar gum, Gum arabic No Yes No Yes in foods as suspending and emulsifying agent. Acanthopanax senticosus Kan jang Yes No No No Kan Jang is a combination of Andrographis Paniculata and Acanthopanax Senticosus. Flavouring source including essential oil. Contains natural toxin thujone/thuyone whose levels in flavourings are limited by EU (Council Directive 88/388/EEC) and GB (SI 1992 No.1971) legislation. There are several chemotypes of Yarrow Essential Oil, which is steam distilled from the dried herb. -
Section 317.1A (16, 2)
1 WEEDS, §317.1A 317.1A Noxious weeds. 1. The following weeds are hereby declared to be noxious and shall be divided into two classes, as follows: a. Primary noxious weeds, which shall include: (1) Quack grass (Elymus repens). (2) Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis). (3) Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). (4) Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare). (5) European morning glory or field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). (6) Horse nettle (Solanum carolinense). (7) Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). (8) Perennial pepper-grass (Cardaria draba). (9) Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens). (10) Buckthorn (Rhamnus spp., not to include Frangula alnus, syn. Rhamnus frangula). (11) All other species of thistles belonging in the genera of Cirsium and Carduus. (12) Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). b. Secondary noxious weeds, which shall include: (1) Butterprint (Abutilon theophrasti) annual. (2) Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) annual. (3) Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) annual. (4) Wild carrot (Daucus carota) biennial. (5) Buckhorn (Plantago lanceolata) perennial. (6) Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) perennial. (7) Sour dock (Rumex crispus) perennial. (8) Smooth dock (Rumex altissimus) perennial. (9) Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). (10) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). (11) Wild sunflower (wild strain of Helianthus annuus L.) annual. (12) Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris) annual. (13) Teasel (Dipsacus spp.) biennial. (14) Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) annual. 2. a. The multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) shall not be considered a secondary noxious weed when cultivated for or used as understock for cultivated roses or as ornamental shrubs in gardens, or in any county whose board of supervisors has by resolution declared it not to be a noxious weed. b. Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) shall not be considered a secondary noxious weed when cultivated or in any county whose board of supervisors has by resolution declared it not to be a noxious weed. -
Studies of Fruit and Seed Characters of Selected Euonymus Species Bernd Schulz, Translated by Wolfgang Bopp
Studies of fruit and seed characters of selected Euonymus species Bernd Schulz, translated by Wolfgang Bopp Summary Euonymus species are particularly prized for their decorative fruits. This work describes and illustrates (in water colour), the fruits and seeds of 30 commonly cultivated species found in Central European plant collections. The text discusses the criteria for species differentiation. As well as the shape of the fruits and seeds, seed colouration is described and compared to several published accounts in an attempt to correct previous misconceptions. This paper was originally published in German in 2006 (Schulz, 2006a). This translation contains some minor additions and adjustments to the original text and has been translated to the best of our ability, albeit not being a 100% accurate translation. 1 Introduction The German common name of Euonymus europaeus, is “Pfaffenhütchen” which translates as priest’s hat or mitre, in reference to its shape. In past centuries, the wearing of such a hat was a status symbol, showing the belonging to a professional group. Priests in Germany have, since the sixteenth century, been wearing the so-called biretta1,”a stiff and square-shaped head covering as worn by priests, also found in a wider and bigger version“ (Loschek 1993). In Germany today certain clerics wear a very similar head covering, closely resembling the shape of Euonymus europaeus fruits. While I never intended to get as closely involved with this genus, the very attractive nature of the fruits and seeds captivated me, and led me to produce this work. Prior to turning to the fruits of woody broadleaves, I primarily studied the winter buds and twigs of deciduous trees and shrubs (Schulz 1999, 2004, 2006b), a subject which was then little published, apart from the works by Schneider (1903) and Trelease (1931). -
An Assessment of Autumn Olive in Northern U.S. Forests Research Note NRS-204
United States Department of Agriculture An Assessment of Autumn Olive in Northern U.S. Forests Research Note NRS-204 This publication is part of a series of research notes that provide an overview of the invasive plant species monitored on an extensive systematic network of plots measured by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station (NRS). Each research note features one of the invasive plants monitored on forested plots by NRS FIA in the 24 states of the midwestern and northeastern United States. Background and Characteristics Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), a shrub of the Oleaster family (Elaeagnaceae), is native to eastern Asia and arrived in the United States in the 1830s. This vigorous invader was promoted for wildlife, landscaping, and erosion control. Tolerant of poor quality sites and full sun, it was often used for mine reclamation. Autumn olive disrupts native plant communities that require infertile soil by changing soil fertility through fixing nitrogen. Where it establishes, it can form dense thickets that shade out native plants (Czarapata 2005, Kaufman and Kaufman 2007, Kurtz 2013). Aside from the negative impact, autumn olive has important culinary and medicinal properties (Fordham et al. 2001, Guo et al. 2009). Figure 1.—Autumn olive flowers. Photo by Chris Evans, Description University of Illinois, from Bugwood.org, 1380001. Growth: woody, perennial shrub to 20 feet, often multi- stemmed; simple, alternate leaves with slightly wavy margins, green upper leaf surfaces, and silvery bottoms; shrubs leaf out early in the spring and retain leaves late in the fall. -
Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m. -
Barcroft News Vol 114, Issue 4 Ten Shrubs with Winter Interest by John Gunn Best in Light Shade to Full Sun
Barcroft News Vol 114, Issue 4 Ten Shrubs with Winter Interest By John Gunn best in light shade to full sun. at Mid-Atlantic Gardener Winter Daphne (Daphne odora) – This Many shrubs with winter interest evergreen is legendary for two things: its flow- could be perfect candidates for your yard, and ers’ intensely sweet aroma, and its finicky na- some on our list have the added benefit of ture. The flowers are typically pink in bud, being natives. Who wouldn’t enjoy beautiful opening to white in February. The most com- blooms, foliage, and fruit; interesting forms or mon cultivar, ‘Aureo-marginata,’ has a subtly branch structures; fragrances, and other im- variegated leaf. Give it light shade and excel- pressive attributes of these shrubs during the lent drainage. It will slowly reach three feet cold winter months? tall. Les Parks, Curator of Herbaceous Continued on Page 6 Plants at Norfolk Botanical Gar- Please join us for Barcroft’s den, led “The Tidewater Garden In Winter” lecture and tour on No- vember 17, 2016 at the Gardens in Annual Holiday Party Norfolk, Virginia. I asked Les if he’d share his favorite shrubs with winter interest. Here’s his re- Thursday, December 1 sponse (not in ranked order). 7 p.m. Winterhazel (Corylopsis species) – There are several spe- Featuring food, children’s activities, cies of winterhazel, all of which singing and a visit from have clusters of lantern-like yellow flowers that hang from bare a special guest from the North Pole. branches in early March. Size var- ies by species, but they typically Please bring a dessert to share. -
Natural Resources
Plants That Cause Problems – “Invasive Species” DestinationOakland.com STOP! What is an Invasive Species? Imagine spring wildflowers covered with a mat of twisted green vines. This is a sign that Oakland County Offenders invasive plants have moved in and native species have moved out. Invasive plant species originate in other parts of the world and are introduced into to the United States through flower a variety of ways. Not all plants introduced from other countries become invasive. The term invasive species is reserved for plants that grow and reproduce rapidly, causing changes to the areas where they become established. Invasive species impact our health, our economy seed and the environment, and can cost the United States $120 billion annually! flower pod flower A Ticking Time Bomb Growing unnoticed at first, invasive species spread and cover the landscape. They change the seed pod fruit ecology, affecting wildlife communities and the soil. Over time, invasive plant species form a monoculture in which the only plant growing is the invasive plant. Plants with Super Powers Invasive species have super powers to alter the ecological balance of nature. They flourish seed because controls in their native lands do not exist here. The Nature Conservancy ranks invasive species as the second leading cause of species extinction worldwide. Negative Effects of Invasive Species • Changes in hydrology— seed dispersal wetlands dry out • Release of chemicals into the soil that inhibit Black Swallow-wort Cynanchum louiseae & the growth of other plants. This is known as Pale Swallow-wort Cynanchum rossicum Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellate Garlic Mustard Allaria periolata Allelopathy.