The Red List of Oaks Sara Oldfield and Antonia Eastwood FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) , founded in 1903 and the world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of human needs.

Published by Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK.

© 2007 Fauna & Flora International

ISBN: 9781 903703 25 0

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 purposes is authorized without prior permission from countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize acknowledged. botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for is prohibited without prior written permission from the the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. copyright holder.

The designation of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not imply any expression on the part of the authors or Fauna & Flora International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries.

AUTHORS THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is a joint initiative between FFI and Sara Oldfield is Secretary General of Botanic Gardens BGCI in partnership with a wide range of other organizations around Conservation International (BGCI) and Chair of the the world. The aim of the Campaign is to save the world’s most IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. threatened trees and the habitats in which they grow through the Antonia Eastwood was formerly Tree Red List Officer provision of information, delivery of conservation action and support for at Fauna & Flora International and is now Plant sustainable use. Ecologist at the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland.

The opinion of the individual authors does not necessarily reflect the opinion of either the editors or Fauna & Flora International.

The authors and Fauna & Flora International take no THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms part responsibility for any misrepresentation of material from translation of this document into any other language. of the Species Survival Commission’s volunteer network of over 7000 volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. COVER PHOTOS SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN-The World Front cover: Quercus rysophylla by Juan Pablo Moreiras/FFI. Back cover: Girl with acorn of Quercus Conservation Union. It serves as the main source of advice to the Union insignis by Allen Coombes. and its members on the technical aspects of species conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote and COVER DESIGN John Morgan, Seascape. implement global red listing for trees and act in an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper. The Red List of Oaks

Sara Oldfield and Antonia Eastwood The Red List of Oaks

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 3

Acronyms 3

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

References 8

LIST OF GLOBALLY THREATENED OAKS 9

List of Oaks evaluated as Least Concern 21

References 27

ANNEX 1 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria 29

2 The Red List of Oaks

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

any experts around the world the Mexican workshop were Susanna Participants at the Guatemala workshop have contributed information and Valencia-Avalos, and Fernando Zavala- held in September 2005 were, from Mundertaken assessments for this Chavez. Participants at the China CONAP: Omar Molina, Hiram Ordóñez, global evaluation. Their input is gratefully workshop were Zhekun Zhou and D. Min. Julio Madrid, Edy Girón, Julio Tzirin, Otoniel acknowledged. Simon Mickleburgh, FFI, Participants at the Caucasus workshop Chacón, Mygdalia García, Lis Lima, Héctor prepared the lists of endemic species by were Dr Otar Abdaladze, Institute of Gutiérrez and Julio Cruz Corzo; from country and species with widespread Botany, Georgia; Dr Maia Akhalkatsi, CECON: Miguel Flores, Ana María Ortiz, distributions considered to be Least Institute of Botany, Georgia; Ketevan Rebeca Orellana, Marie Storek and Julio Concern, undertook the preliminary Batsatsashvila, Institute of Botany, Morales; from other institutions: Conrado assessments of the US species using the Georgia; Dr Marina Eristavi, Institute of Valdés Markwordt (USAC), Martín Sánchez IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Botany, Georgia; Dr George Fayvush, (Central University of the South West / and undertook much of the initial Institute of Botany, Armenia; Giorgi Gigauri, USAC), Brenda Chávez (Museum Jorge correspondence with experts. Tiffany WWF Caucasus, Georgia; Dr Adil Güner; Ibarra of Natural History), Herbert Ortega Aylett made most of the arrangements for Dr Mirian Gvritishvili, Tbilisi Botanic (National School of Agricultural Training, the Regional Tree Red Listing Workshop Garden, Georgia; Professor Vahid Hajiyev, ENCA), Mario Díaz (INAB). in the Caucusus, working with the local Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan; Professor NGO NACRES. Dr Georgina Magin, Svetlana Litvinskaia, Suban State Other people who have contributed Global Trees Campaign Coordinator, has University, Russia; Dr Zurab Manvelidze, valuable advice and/or information are managed various aspects of the project Batumi Botanical Garden, Georgia; Dr Dr Jeffrey Bacon, Mexico; Bruce including final editing and production of George Nakhutsrishvilli, Director of the Bartholemew, California Academy of the report. Fiona Wild helped to edit the Tbilisi Institute of Botany, Georgia; Dr Sciences; Rosalina Berazaín, Cuba; Y. document. Galina Pronkina; IUCN, Russia; Professor Cheng, Taiwan; Dr Lillian Chua, Forest Dr Peter A. Schmidt, University of Research Institute Malaysia; Dr Giuseppe Allen Coombes of Sir Harold Hillier Dresden, Germany; Dr Shamil Shetekauri, Garfì, Sicily; M. González-Espinosa, Gardens and Arboretum provided expert Institute of Botany, Georgia; Dr Shalva Mexico; Dr Felix Llamas, University of input throughout the project. He organized Sikharulida, Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Leon, Spain; Martín E. Mitre, Panama; the workshop in China and, jointly with Garden, Georgia; Dr Tatyana Shulkina, Neptali Ramírez-Marcia, Mexico; Dr Nghia, Maricela Rodriguez-Acosta, organized the Missouri Botanical Garden and Dr Kamilla Vietnam; G. Rusea, Malaysia; and workshop in Mexico. Other participants at Tamanyan, Institute of Botany, Armenia. Dr Salma Talhouk, Lebanon.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International NGO Non-government Organization CBD Convention on Biological Diversity SSC Species Survival Commission CECON Nature Conservation Centre, Guatemala UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme- C&I Criteria and Indicators World Conservation Monitoring Centre CONAP National Council for Protected Areas, Guatemala UNAM Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México FFI Fauna & Flora International USAC University of San Carlos, Guatemala GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation GTSG Global Tree Specialist Group IPA Important Plant Area INAB National Forestry Institute, Guatemala IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

3 The Red List of Oaks

FOREWORD

rees are important to the well-being and trade in plants. Projects of the Global of people in every country of Trees Campaign carried out in Tthe world, providing essential partnership with organizations and ecological, economic and cultural individuals around the world help to services. Oak trees are valued for their deliver these various targets. The projects uses as a source of timber, cork, dyes contribute to halting the loss of forest and animal fodder. They are of symbolic biodiversity and the provision of support value in many cultures and widely planted to rural livelihoods. ornamentally. Ecologically, oaks are keystone species in a wide range of The Global Tree Specialist Group is habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert committed to undertaking a global to subtropical rainforest. Oaks are under assessment of the conservation status of threat in the wild from general forest tree species. Results of the global loss and over-exploitation of particular assessment will be published as species. This report presents a review of components of the work are completed. the conservation status in the wild of oaks This will ensure that regular indicators of worldwide, undertaken by the IUCN/SSC progress are produced, updated tree Global Tree Specialist Group. conservation data are made widely available and that tree conservation Since its establishment in 2003, the initiatives around the world can be primary role of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree supported. This fourth publication Specialist Group has been to assess the highlights the urgent need to take action global conservation status of tree species for globally threatened oak species. in selected geographical areas and Unfortunately, it also highlights major taxonomic groups. The Red List of Oaks information gaps in the conservation is the fourth publication in the series. status of species in the wild. The report makes a strong plea for further research The collection of information on tree and action to save the globally threatened species of conservation concern is vital oak species and the habitats where they for planning conservation action. The occur. second role of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group is to act as an advisory body for the Global Trees Campaign, which aims to save the world’s most threatened tree species and the habitats where they grow. The Global Trees Campaign provides an important Sara Oldfield practical mechanism for implementation Chair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree of the Global Strategy for Plant Specialist Group Conservation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global tree red listing contributes directly to Target 2 of the Strategy, which calls for a provisional list of threatened plant species by 2010. In many ways Target 2 underpins the other ambitious targets that relate to in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable use

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INTRODUCTION

Oaks ( Quercus spp.) are of global soil stability and slope protection in shelter but, in more drastic scenarios, most of the ecological and economic importance and forests, especially in mountainous areas. species contract their ranges. In the USA, have great symbolic value in many This has significant ecological importance for example, some widespread oaks are countries. They have provided a major in the development and succession of tree expected to increase their ranges whereas source of timber and coppice wood for communities. As in other parts of the narrow endemics in California are predicted centuries and continue to provide a world, Chinese oaks are harvested for to become increasingly threatened with significant proportion of temperate timber, charcoal, the production of dyes extinction. In Mexico preliminary work hardwood production. Other useful and medicinal products. linking the distribution of oak species with products derived from oaks include in situ conservation of rare plant hotspots fuelwood, charcoal, medicinal products, Around the world many species of oak are and climate change has been undertaken dyes, cork and bark used in tanning. threatened with extinction, mainly because by Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Acorns have provided food in times of of land use changes, livestock grazing and México (UNAM) (Tellez-Valdes, 2006). famine and continue to provide animal unsustainable harvesting. For the past 200 fodder. Many species of oak are grown years, large areas of oak forest in the INFORMATION COLLECTION FOR ornamentally around the world. highlands of Mexico, Central America and CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT the northern Andes have been cleared for The collection of information on the The genus Quercus contains over 500 coffee plantations and cattle ranching. conservation status of oaks and evaluation species, mainly growing in the northern Continuing threats to these forests include using the IUCN Red List Categories and hemisphere. They occur in habitats ranging exploitation for timber, fuelwood and Criteria has been a collaborative endeavour from arid Mediterranean areas to charcoal (Kappelle, 2006b). involving botanists worldwide. The experts subtropical rainforest, with species who have provided information for this predominantly found in deciduous or In the USA, entire oak ecosystems have report are listed on p.3. evergreen forest with summer rainfall. The declined due to a combination of factors greatest diversity of species is found in still imperfectly known. Fire suppression, The starting point for the global evaluation Mexico, with around 160 species, 109 of increased consumption of acorns by was the World Checklist and Bibliography which are endemic to the country. Oaks are growing mammal populations, herbivory of of Fagales (Govaerts & Frodin, 1998). This a dominant component of species-rich seedlings, introduced pests and climate provides a readily available global list of oak montane forests and lowland dry forests in change are all thought to be contributory taxa. More recent taxonomic literature has Mexico and are amongst the most factors. (Lorimer, 2003). In some areas of been consulted where available, but the important trees for supporting rural the southern USA, forest management taxonomy of oaks remains controversial livelihoods, primarily because of their practices favour replacement of hardwood and complex in many countries. Using the widespread use as fuelwood and timber. forests with conifer plantations. Invasive World Checklist , single-country endemics Of the Mexican oak species, 33 species species including insects and fungal and oak species with restricted share their range with the USA whereas 20 pathogens such as Phytophthora geographical ranges were identified for extend into countries further south ramorum , which causes Sudden Oak further consideration of rarity and threat (Valencia-A., 2004). Death, are threats to oaks in various status. Some endemic taxa included in the countries. Oaks in western USA have been World Checklist have subsequently been A second centre of diversity for oaks is severely affected by this pathogen and excluded following correspondence with China, also with over 100 taxa. This outbreaks of oak death caused by experts. Quercus sicula Borzí, for example, includes species within the genus Phytophthora have recently been reported previously considered endemic to Sicily, is Cyclobalanopsis , which is treated as a in Mexico. only known through a unique specimen separate genus in the Flora of China (Flora cultivated at the Botanical Garden of of China Editorial Committee, 1999). Oaks Various studies have recently been Palermo. Although in the Flora d’Italia are important components of the published or are underway on the impact (Pignatti, 1982) it is reported in the wild in broadleaved evergreen forest of China. of climate change on the distribution of oak the region between the towns of Mirto and Zhou Yue et al (2001) reported that the species. Based on initial bioclimatic Cutò in the Nebrodi Mountains (Province of traction of lateral roots of Cyclobalanopsis modelling, some of the species expand Messina), it has not been recently collected plants plays an important role in effecting their ranges with increase in temperature, and no more detailed information about its

5 The Red List of Oaks

distribution is available. The true taxonomic during a three-day regional workshop to CURRENT CONSERVATION status of the cultivated specimen is assess threats to tree species in the MEASURES FOR THREATENED OAKS controversial (Garfi, 2006). Caucasus in September 2005, held in Information on the distribution and Tbilisi, Georgia (Global Tree Specialist abundance of threatened plant species is The conservation status of additional Group, 2005). In 2005, NatureServe of primary importance in the planning and species published since 1998 (when the reviewed the conservation status of oaks implementation of biodiversity conservation World Checklist was published) have been of the USA as a contribution to the global activities. The need for attention to be considered based on recent literature. evaluation. focused on rare and threatened species is Information on the 58 taxa already recognized within the objectives and assessed as globally threatened and RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION implementing mechanisms of the main recorded in the IUCN Red List was This report presents the results of a global international biodiversity conventions, incorporated into the list of taxa for further evaluation of the conservation status of oak notably the Convention on Biological consideration. These 58 taxa, mostly trees species. Initially, an attempt was made to Diversity (CBD). Target 2 of the Global occurring in Mexico and the USA, had apply the IUCN Red List Categories and Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) been assessed using the IUCN Red List Criteria version 3.1 to all taxa within the calls for a provisional list of threatened plant Categories and Criteria version 2.3 and genus, with the general exception of species by 2010. Target 2 underpins the new assessments were necessary using naturally occurring hybrids. However, for other ambitious targets of the GSPC, version 3.1 of the Categories and Criteria. over half the species it proved impossible which relate to in situ and ex situ A list of widespread oak species assumed to collect sufficient information and these conservation and sustainable use and to be Least Concern was also compiled species remain Not Evaluated. In total there trade in plants. and placed on the Global Trees Campaign are around 500 taxa in the genus and website, with comments invited to verify IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have In situ conservation of oak species can be the status of these species. been applied to 208 of these. A significant undertaken by the inclusion of the habitat number are recorded as Data Deficient, of threatened species within protected For the species identified as single-country where experts have considered the areas or by the sustainable management endemics or of restricted geographical available information and have not been of the forest habitats of oak species of range, experts were identified to undertake able to evaluate the degree of threat. These conservation concern. Examples of conservation assessments. According to species are assumed to be threatened on globally threatened oak species that occur the World Checklist and Bibliography of the basis of restricted distribution, but field within protected areas include Q. Fagales , a total of 345 Quercus species are work is required to verify the status. In benthamii , which occurs in the El Triunfo endemic to a single country. Thirty-two some cases there is taxonomic uncertainty Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, and Quercus countries worldwide have endemic oaks. about the species concerned. hinckleyi , most of the known populations Status assessments were made using an of which occur in Big Bend Ranch State edited version of the standard IUCN Red SUMMARY OF RESULTS Park, under the management of Texas List Assessment Sheet. A series of small Parks and Wildlife, USA. workshops was also held to facilitate the Conservation Number of evaluation process. The workshops took Status oak taxa In situ protection measures were proposed place in Puebla, Mexico in May 2004 Extinct 0 for the Endangered species, Quercus (Coombes et al , 2004). and in China in Critically Endangered 13 hintonii , based on a project supported by October 2004. Endangered 16 the Global Trees Campaign. These Vulnerable 27 included working with private owners of Oaks occurring in Guatemala were Near Threatened 22 land where the species occurs to decrease evaluated as part of a broader tree Red Data Deficient 33 deforestation on that land, training relevant Listing exercise for the country, which Not Evaluated c.300 authorities in propagation of the species involved extensive consultation within Least Concern 97 and reintroduction techniques and Guatemala and a national workshop held improving public awareness of the value in September 2005 (Vivero et al . 2006). and rarity of Q. hintonii (Rodriguez-Acosta Oaks of the Caucasus were also evaluated & Coombes, 2000).

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Sustainable management of the impoverished stands in highland areas of Urgent attention is required for the 12 neotropical montane oak forests is Chiapas, Mexico (Ramírez-Marcial et al . species considered to be Critically discussed in Kappelle (2006a). Criteria and 2005). A nursery has been successfully Endangered. Three of these species are Indicators (C&I) for sustainable established in Las Cañadas Reserve in known to be in cultivation in botanic management of this particular forest type Huatusco for the propagation and re- gardens, providing a basis for research and are proposed by Herrera & Chaverri (2006) planting of Q. insignis (Coombes & potential re-introduction into the wild. A within that publication. As improved Rodriguez-Coombes, 2007). more thorough survey of ex situ collections information becomes available, the specific of globally threatened oak species is a needs of threatened oak species can be PRIORITY NEEDS FOR FURTHER priority action that is being undertaken by taken into account in the development and ACTION BGCI. The information on existing holdings application of C&I. The information compiled in this report and propagation techniques will be used to should be used to guide conservation guide both species and habitat restoration. Oaks are relatively well represented in ex policy both at an ecosystem and species situ collections within botanic gardens and level. Although incomplete, it provides a Oaks will only be effectively conserved if arboreta. Such collections are valuable as useful baseline for planning conservation their natural habitats are secure. Specific an insurance policy at a time of rapid global action. At the same time, the conservation needs of threatened oak species should be change. Ex situ collections also provide an status of oak species is poorly known in taken into account in the development and opportunity for research into propagation various parts of the world and further application of C&I for forest management, and recovery techniques. For example, information collection is needed. In Mexico, for example in Mexico, Central America Q. hintonii is grown in three botanic the country with the highest diversity of oak and China. Information on the conservation gardens in Mexico as well in overseas taxa, 17 are still considered Data Deficient status of oaks should also be taken into collections. Although this species shows a and others have not yet been evaluated. account in the regional planning of forest good germination rate, its adaptation The need to review further the conservation conservation action. to cultivated conditions has been of status of oaks in Mexico was discussed at limited success so more work on a workshop on the Conservation status of Looking ahead, more information is cultivation conditions is being done at the Mexican cloud forest tree species needed on the impact of climate change Botanic Garden in the University of Puebla organised by the Global Tree Specialist on oak species. Given the, albeit (Coombes & Rodriguez-Coombes, 2007). Group in May 2007 (Newton, 2007). Other preliminary, results of this global evaluation countries where the evaluation of the of the conservation status of oak species BGCI’s PlantSearch Database records conservation status of oak species, based and their global importance, there is great around 240 oak taxa as occurring in living as far as possible on field survey, remains a potential to use oaks as indicators of the collections. This includes ten species that priority include India, Laos, Lebanon and impacts of climate change. are Endangered or Critically Endangered. Viet Nam. More work is needed to identify other living collections, particularly as oak seeds are not generally able to be stored under Box 1: Conservation of Quercus hinckleyi conventional seed bank conditions. Cryopreservation techniques using San Antonio Botanical Garden, Texas, is helping to conserve the Critically embryogenic cultures and embryonic axes Endangered Quercus hinckleyi as part of the Center of Plant Conservation have been developed for a few species (CPC) National Collections scheme for endangered plants of the USA. (Pritchard, 2007). Acorns have been collected from the wild for propagation within the Garden, which maintains and monitors plants of this species in field test Some efforts are being made to plots and within the Garden grounds. The species is listed on the US reintroduce threatened oak species in their Endangered Species Act and a recovery plan was devised in 1992. natural habitats. Seedlings of Q. benthamii have been massively produced in local Source: http://www.centerforplantconservation.org nurseries and allow its re-introduction into

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REFERENCES

Coombes, A., Rodriguez-Coombes, Kappelle, M. (ed.) (2006a) . Ecology Tellez-Valdes, O. (2006) . Biological M., Valencia-A, S. & Zavala-C, F. and conservation of neotropical diversity, conservation and climate (2004). Report on a meeting to assess montane oak forests . Ecological Studies change in Mexico . Presentation given at the status of threatened oaks in Mexico. No. 185. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. the Second Meeting of the Gran Unpublished report, Fauna & Flora Canaria Group on Climate Change and International, Cambridge. Kappelle, M. (2006b) . Neotropical Plant Conservation. Las Palmas de montane oak forests: overview and Gran Canaria, Spain. 10-11 April 2006. Coombes, A., & Rodriguez-Coombes, outlook. In: Kappelle, M. (ed.). Ecology M. (2007). E-mail correspondence with and conservation of neotropical Valencia-A., S. (2004) . Diversidad del Sara Oldfield. montane oak forests. Ecological Studies género Quercus (Fagaceae) en México. No. 185. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Bol. Soc. Bot. Méx. 75: 33–53. Flora of China Editorial Committee (eds) (1999) . Flora of China , Volume 4 Newton, A. (2007). Conservation status Vivero, J.L., Szejner, M., Gordon, J. (Cycadaceae through Fagaceae). of Mexican cloud forest tree species and Magin, G. (2006) . The Red List of Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Report of Red List Workshop 13th – Trees of Guatemala . Fauna & Flora Botanical Garden Press, St Louis. 15th May 2007, ECOSUR, San International, Cambridge. Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Garfì, G. (2006) . E-mail correspondence Mexico. Unpublished report, Fauna & Zhou Yue, Zhang Jun, Luo Hua-Song, with Sara Oldfield. Flora International, Cambridge. Xu Qiang (2001) . Tensile strength in lateral roots of Pinus and Global Tree Specialist Group (2005). Pignatti, S. (1982) . Flora d’Italia . 1-3. Cyclobalanopsis and its significance in Globally Threatened Trees of the Edagricole, Bologna. maintaining slope stability in a shelter- Caucasus . A report on the Caucasus forest system. Acta Phytoecologica regional tree Red Listing workshop Pritchard, H. (2007) . Quercus seed Sinica . 25(1):105-109. (Tbilisi, Georgia, 26–28 September conservation: a digest. Unpublished 2005). IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist document prepared by Dr H. Pritchard Group. of the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Ramírez-Marcial, N., Camacho-Cruz, Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, A. & González-Espinosa, M. (2005). Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). Royal Potencial florístico para la restauración Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK. de bosques en Los Altos y Montañas del Norte de Chiapas . Pp. 325–369 in: Herrera, B. & Chaverri, A. (2006). González-Espinosa, M., Ramírez- Criteria and indicators for sustainable Marcial, N. & Ruiz-Montoya, L. (eds). management of Central American Diversidad Biológica en Chiapas. Plaza montane oak forests. In: Kappelle, M. & Valdés, Mexico City. (ed.) Ecology and conservation of Neotropical montane oak forests. Rodriguez-Acosta, M. & Coombes, A. Ecological Studies No. 185. Springer- (2000) . Estrategia de Conservación de Verlag, Berlin. Quercus hintonii. Reporte Final. Fauna & Flora International. Referencia 99429. Lorimer, C.G. (2003). Editorial: BUAP, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico. the decline of oak forests. http://www.aibs.org/bioscience- editorials/editorial_2003_10.html

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GLOBALLY THREATENED OAKS

Quercus acerifolia (E.J.Palmer) Stoynoff & Hess Quercus alpestris Boiss. EN B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) USA (Arkansas) Spain Six localities of Q. acerifolia are currently known in the Magazine The taxon is restricted to one population in the western high and Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas (Logan, Montgomery, Polk, mountains of Málaga province in the Sierra de las Nieves and Sebastian). Populations are small, usually not numbering more Tolox. Threats to the taxon include poor natural regeneration, than a few hundred individuals. The species distribution in over-grazing, loss of habitat, fire and soil erosion. Although the Oklahoma is currently under review. taxon is considered to fall within Quercus faginea Lam. s.l. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group by some taxonomists, this isolated population is still of Refs : 1, 2, 4 great conservation interest and importance. A population augmentation programme was recently established for the Quercus acrodonta Seemen species. DD Assessor : B. Cabezudo, Y. Gil, D. Navas, P. Navas & A.V. China (Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Pérez Latorre Yunnan) Refs : 24, 26 Although a fairly widespread species, it is not common and populations tend to be small. Found in valleys and mountains Quercus alnifolia Poech from 300–2300 m. VU B1ab(iii) Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Cyprus (Troodos Mountains) Refs : 2, 10, 12 Restricted to the Troodos massif in south-west Cyprus, this endemic oak is found on volcanic and serpentine soils at mid- Quercus ajoensis C.H.Mull. elevations. Habitat degradation by fire, grazing, wood cutting VU B2ab(iii) and development threaten the species. Mexico (Baja California), USA (Arizona, Colorado) Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group The species is considered to be Vulnerable in the USA and has Refs : 2, 25 a very limited distribution in Mexico, where it is thought to be Endangered. The taxon is part of a poorly understood species Quercus argyrotricha A.Camus complex which requires taxonomic revision. In Mexico the EN D species has been virtually uncollected since the first half of the China (Guizhou) 20th century. It has no formal protection status. The IUCN The species is known from only two localities in one province, category and criteria are provisional, based on available occurring in broadleaved evergreen forest at around 1600 m. information. It is treated as Cyclobalanopsis argyrotricha (A.Camus) Chun Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group & Y.T.Chang ex Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China . Refs : 2, 4, 8, 28 Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Refs : 2, 10, 12 Quercus albicaulis Chun & W.C.Ko CR D Quercus arkansana Sarg. China (Hainan) VU B1ab(iii) This species is known to occur in only one province, Hainan. USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas) However, there have been no recent records and it is possibly Endemic to the Gulf of Mexico, Q. arkansana has a scattered extinct. Found in mesophytic forests from 200–600 m. Treated distribution with small fragmented populations. It is threatened as Cyclobalanopsis albicaulis (Chun & W.C.Ko) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei by habitat conversion into forestry plantations and farmland. Jen in the Flora of China . However, relatively large healthy populations of the species still Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . occur in Florida, some numbering several thousand individuals. Refs : 2, 10, 12 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 3, 4

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Quercus aucheri Jaub. & Spach Mature individuals can reach up to 40 m high, as at the El Triunfo NT Biosphere Reserve (Chiapas). Outside protected areas, the Greece, Turkey species is threatened by logging and habitat destruction. A small tree very similar to Q. coccifera L. It grows in the Aegean Q. rapurahuensis Pittier ex Seemen (distribution Costa Rica and region on the Greek islands and in Anatolia, Turkey. Recorded in Panama) is now considered a synonym of this species. the Turkish Red Data Book as Low Risk (Conservation Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Dependent). Populations are localised and isolated. Refs : 1, 2, 6, 8, 30, 36 Assessor : Adil Güner Refs : 1, 2 Quercus boyntonii Beadle CR B1ab(iii) Quercus austrocochinchinensis Hickel & A.Camus USA (Alabama, Texas) DD The species is only known from a few localities in Texas and China (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Alabama. The population in Alabama appears healthy and is Although considered to be Critically Endangered in China, with under conservation protection. However, it may have been very few individuals known, the extent of distribution of the extirpated in Texas as most of its habitat has been converted to species in neighbouring countries is unknown. It is treated as forestry plantations or pasture land. Cyclobalanopsis austrocochinchinensis (Hickel & A.Camus) Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Hjelmq. in the Flora of China . Refs : 1, 2, 3, 4 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 12 Quercus brandegeei Goldman EN B1ab(iii,v) Quercus austroglauca (Y.T.Chang) Y.T.Chang Mexico (Baja California) EN D The species occurs at low densities in xeric habitat in the foothills China (Yunnan) of the Sierra Lazaro. The area is subject to grazing pressure and Only found in south-east Yunnan in broadleaved evergreen no regeneration has been observed in recent years. forests, 800–1500 m. Treated as Cyclobalanopsis austroglauca Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Y.T.Chang in the Flora of China . Refs : 1, 2, 8 Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Refs : 2, 10, 12 Quercus brenesii Trel. DD Quercus bawanglingensis C.Huang, Z.X.Li & F.W.Xing Costa Rica CR D A taxonomically doubtful species, apparently endemic to the China (Hainan) department of Alajuela. Recently considered a synonym of Found growing on limestone in mountains at around 1000 m. Q. cortesii Liebm. The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain and it is Assessor : K. Nixon et al . thought to be closely related to Q. phillyreoides A.Gray, which is Refs : 1, 2 a widely distributed species. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Quercus bumelioides Liebm. Refs : 5, 10, 12 NT Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas), Quercus benthamii A.DC. Nicaragua, Panama VU A2cd Although previously evaluated as Vulnerable, a recent Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca), Panama assessment in Guatemala indicates this taxon is less threatened. This species is found in wet montane forest at 1500–3000 m and In Guatemala the taxon is NT and is a dominant species of is typically used for firewood and charcoal. In Chiapas, Mexico it montane cloud forest (1500–3200 m). Its timber is valued for its is sparsely distributed along the Sierra Madre (mostly in southern strength and durability and is used to make furniture, posts, areas close to Guatemala), and in the northern mountains. floorboards and tools. In Mexico it is considered Vulnerable due

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to habitat loss and logging, and it has become locally extinct in to its taxonomic status as some taxonomists consider it a close extensive areas of northern Chiapas. It is also considered relative of Q. acutissima Carruth. Endangered in Panama. More information is required on its Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . status elsewhere in the region. The species is highly variable, Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 leading to a complicated taxonomy and many synonyms, one of which is Q. sapotifolia Liebm. Quercus chrysocalyx Hickel & A.Camus Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group DD Refs : 1, 2, 6, 7, 30, 35 Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam In China the species is considered to be Critically Endangered Quercus carmenensis C.H.Mull. and is only known from one herbarium collection. However, it NT has a wider distribution in South-East Asia where its status is Mexico (Coahuila), USA (south-west Texas) not known. This species is only known from the Sierra del Carmen region in Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Coahuila, Mexico and the Chisos Mountains, Texas. It is Refs : 2, 5, 12 considered to be threatened in Texas. The taxonomic status of the species is uncertain. Quercus chrysotricha A.Camus Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group NT Refs : 2, 4, 8, 28 Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah), Indonesia (Kalimantan) Endemic to Borneo, the species is known to occur at five Quercus cedrosensis C.H.Mull. localities in lowland Kerangas forest to mid-altitude (1200–1300 VU B2ab(iii) m) montane forest in Sarawak and Sabah. The species has also Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) been recorded in Kalimantan. The species may be at threat from A species restricted to sclerophyllous vegetation in both lowland shifting agriculture. and mountainous areas. It occurs on Cedros Island where the Assessor : Rusea Go & Lillian Chua vegetation suffers from over-grazing by goats. Recent surveys Refs : 2, 18, 22 by the California Native Plant Society have discovered four new localities near Otay Mountain, San Diego, California, where it is Quercus coahuilensis Nixon & C.H.Mull. considered rare. DD Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Mexico (Coahuila, Chihuahua) Refs : 1, 2, 4, 11 A locally abundant narrow endemic, this species may prove to be threatened when the area of occupancy is calculated, taking Quercus chapensis Hickel & A.Camus into account its altitudinal range (2000–3550 m). It is in need of DD taxonomic revision. China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Although only known from one population in China (south and Refs : 1, 2, 8, 28 south-east Yunnan), the species is fairly well distributed in South-East Asia. It is treated as Cyclobalanopsis chapensis Quercus convallata Trel. (Hickel & A.Camus) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China . DD Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas) Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 A locally common endemic with dubious taxonomy which, with further morphometric investigation, may prove to be a synonym Quercus chenii Nakai of Q. obtusata Bonpl. DD Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Refs : 1, 2, 8, 28 Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang) The species has a wide distribution in China, but populations tend to be small and fragmented. There is some uncertainty as

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Quercus costaricensis Liebm. Flora of China . NT Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Costa Rica, Panama Refs : 2, 10, 12 Occurring in the montane forest of Volcáa Irázu and Cerro Chirripó up to 3000 m, the species is restricted to an area of Quercus delicatula Chun & Tsiang less than 2000 km². Although deforestation has been extensive CR D in the past, these areas are now given some degree of China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan) protection. The main population of this species occurs within The species has been recorded as occurring in the provinces La Amistad National Park. of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan and is well represented in Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group herbaria. However, there is now only one population left of this Refs : 1, 2, 30, 31 species. It is treated as Cyclobalanopsis delicatula (Chun & Tsiang) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China . Quercus crispifolia Trel. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . NT Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca), Guatemala, El Salvador In Guatemala the species occurs in rainforests between 900– Quercus deliquescens C.H.Mull. 1550 m and is considered Near Threatened. In Mexico, the forest VU D2 cover in most of the localities where it has been previously Mexico (Chihuahua) collected has disappeared, due to conversion into coffee A species of dry montane scrub known only from one population plantations. It has not been collected during the last 50–60 years. system in the valley of Río Concho and north along Río Grande. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Assessor : K. Nixon et al . Refs : 2, 6, 7, 30 Refs : 1, 2, 8

Quercus cualensis L.M.González Quercus depressa Bonpl. DD DD Mexico (Jalisco) Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) Currently very little information is known about this Mexican A species endemic to four states in Mexico. Records indicate it endemic species, other than that it occurs in the state of Jalisco grows at altitudes of 1800–2600 m. at altitudes of 1800–2420 m. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Refs : 2, 7, 8 Refs : 7, 8 Quercus devia Goldman Quercus cupreata Trel. & C.H.Mull. VU D2 DD Mexico (Baja California Sur) Mexico (Nuevo León) Two or three populations occur in dry montane forest, at Currently very little information is known about this Mexican altitudes of 2600 m where grazing pressure is high. The endemic species, other than that it occurs in the state of Nuevo mainland Mexican species, Q. viminea Trel., may be León. synonymous, in which case the species would qualify for a Assessor : A. Coombes et a l. status of lower risk. Refs : 2, 7, 8 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 7, 8 Quercus daimingshanensis (S.K.Lee) C.C.Huang EN D Quercus disciformis Chun & Tsiang China (Guangxi) VU D1 This species is restricted to one mountain range in the province China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan) of Guangxi, where it occurs in mixed mesophytic forests. It is The species is recorded to occur in five provinces and is well treated as Cyclobalanopsis daimingshanensis S.K.Lee in the represented in herbaria. However, there are now only three

12 The Red List of Oaks

populations left in China. It is treated as Cyclobalanopsis the species is poor and the remaining habitat is under threat disciformis (Chun & Tsiang) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora from grazing and urban, agricultural and industrial of China . developments. Only one tree remains on Santa Catalina Island Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . in California, but a part of the population on Santa Rosa is Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 protected in the Santa Rosa Plateau Reserve. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Quercus dumosa Nutt. Refs : 1, 2, 8 EN A2(c) Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) Quercus fimbriata Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen A number of populations (e.g. Santa Barbara, Hollywood and CR D Griffith Park) have disappeared. The lowland scrub habitat of China (Sichuan, Yunnan) the remaining populations is under threat from pollution and the Although recorded to occur in the provinces of Sichuan and expansion of urban and industrial areas. A recent inventory Yunnan, the species has not been found recently. There is also commissioned by the California Native Plant Society recorded some uncertainty regarding its taxonomic status as it may be a 16 separate localities for the species. However, it is considered hybrid of Q. dolicholepis A.Camus and Q. aquifolioides Rehder to be threatened in 80 per cent of these localities, with & E.H.Wilson. development still being the greatest threat. The status in Mexico Assessor : Zhekun Zhou is not known. Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 8, 11 Quercus flagellifera Trel. VU A2cd Quercus duratifolia C.H.Mull. Guatemala DD Grows in mixed wet or rainforest at 1250–2500 m. It is Mexico (Chiapas) distributed throughout the mountains in the east and central part Very little information has been gathered about this supposedly of Guatemala and is a difficult species to identify. This and other endemic species of Chiapas. It is known only from the southern species of the genus require taxonomic study using molecular Sierra Madre of Chiapas and has been considered a synonym techniques. of Q. sapotifolia Liebm., which is thought not to be threatened. Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 6, 30 Refs : 2, 7, 8, 30 Quercus gaharuensis Soepadmo Quercus edithiae Skan VU A2c NT Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia China, Viet Nam (Sumatra) The species is considered to be Vulnerable in China as it is now The species is known to occur at a number of localities thought to occur in only one province, Hainan. There are records throughout Malaysia and the island of Sumatra. The species’ of it occurring in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan in the Flora habitat is threatened by land conversion and logging. of China, where it is treated as Cyclobalanopsis edithiae (Skan) Assessor : Rusea Go & Lillian Chua Schottky in the Flora of China . Refs : 2, 18, 20, 21 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 10, 12 Quercus galeanensis C.H.Mull. VU D2 Quercus engelmannii Greene Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas) VU A2(c) A rare species characterised by the leaves being vertically Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) appressed to the twigs. Occurring in submontane to montane Extensive declines of the sclerophyllous habitat of this species chaparral, it is restricted to two populations occupying a narrow have been observed over the past 50 years. Regeneration of band (150 km x 10–20 km) from Galeana, Nuevo León to the

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Miquihrana region in Tamaulipas. Quercus hinckleyi C.H.Mull. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group CR A2ace; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Refs : 1, 2 Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Texas) A narrow endemic with holly-like leaves known from isolated Quercus georgiana M.A.Curtis populations, most of which are in the Big Bend Ranch State EN B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv) Natural Area. Most populations consist of fewer than 100 USA (Alabama, Georgia) individuals and cover an area of less than 2 hectares. Gene flow The species is restricted to small isolated populations on granite between the existing populations is thought to be virtually outcrops, occupying an area less than 500 km². Drought, poor impossible. Historical climate change is thought to be the main regeneration, soil erosion and compaction all threaten the factor that has caused the species to have such a restricted species and on Stone Mountain the impact of tourism is range today. Hybridization with other Quercus species, roadway considerable. It has been extirpated in South Carolina but in construction, collecting by horticulturists, drought and grazing Georgia it still occurs on granite outcrops in 14 counties. are threats. Although acorn yields are good, all reproduction Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group appears to be vegetative. The species is listed on the US Refs : 1, 2, 4 Endangered Species Act and a recovery plan was devised in 1992. Mexican populations, if they exist, are completely Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham. unprotected and subjected to heavy grazing pressure. VU A1c Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Refs : 1, 2, 4, 8, 28 Tamaulipas, Veracruz) A species of submontane, seasonal dry forest which has Quercus hintonii E.F.Warb. experienced dramatic declines over the last few decades. Forest EN A1cd+2cd; B1 ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) has been converted for agricultural use, especially coffee Mexico (México State) plantations. Previously considered to be Critically Endangered, extensive Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group field work and mapping have yielded more information on the Refs : 1, 2, 8 species and its status has changed accordingly. The species is confined to three main localities in Mexico State: between Quercus graciliformis C.H.Mull. Temascalttepec and Tejupilco, Sierra de Goleta and Sierra de CR B1ab(iii); C2b Nanchititla. It grows on steep mountain slopes at 1400–2000 USA (Texas) m in mixed dry pine–oak forest. Much of the area is in the One small isolated population exists in riparian oak woodland in process of conversion into avocado plantations and human mesic canyons in the Chisos Mountains. The distribution covers settlements. There has also been a huge reduction in forest area an extremely limited area (<65 km²) in Brewster County. The due to agricultural expansion and logging. A previously recorded locality is threatened by the activities of tourists from a nearby locality in neighbouring Michoacan no longer exists. camping ground and by occasional drought. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 8, 13 Refs : 1, 2, 4 Quercus hintoniorum Nixon & C.H.Mull. Quercus gulielmitreleasei C.H.Mull. VU D2 NT Mexico (Nuevo León, Coahuila) Costa Rica, Panama A montane forest species occurring in two locations close to The taxonomic status of the species is uncertain. It is confined each other in the Sierra Lamata. to Chiriquí in Costa Rica and Cartago in Panama in wet montane Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group forests. It is considered Endangered in Panama. Refs : 1, 2, 8 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 31, 35

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Quercus hirtiifolia Vázquez-Villagrán, Valencia & Nixon fragmented. In Chiapas it has been collected in scattered DD locations along the Sierra Madre and in the Northern Mountains Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla) region. At lower altitudes its habitat is being logged to make way A recently described species with no information on distribution for coffee plantations. Its timber is used for construction, fuel or status. and handicrafts. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 7, 8, 14 Refs : 2, 6, 7, 8, 15, 35

Quercus hypophaea Hayata Quercus invaginata Trel. NT NT Taiwan Mexico (Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León) Endemic to the east and south parts of Taiwan. It is suspected that the species will prove to be threatened when Assessor : Yu-pin Cheng the area of occupancy is calculated, taking into account its Refs : 2, 17 altitudinal range. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Quercus hypoxantha Trel. Refs : 1, 2, 8 NT Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí) Quercus jinpinensis (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang It is suspected that this species will prove to be threatened when CR D the area of occupancy is calculated, taking into account its China (Yunnan) altitudinal range. Only known from the type locality in south-east Yunnan. Treated Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group as Cyclobalanopsis jinpinensis Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora Refs : 1, 2, 8 of China . Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. Refs : 2, 10, 12 NT Portugal, Spain Quercus kerangasensis Soepadmo This species is present in a large part of the Iberian Peninsula DD within areas of lowland dry forest. It is locally abundant, forming Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak), Indonesia (central Kalimantan) extensive woodlands in places. Previous threats from over- The species is endemic to Borneo where it has been recorded cutting and expanding agriculture have now ceased, although from a few localities. It is considered Vulnerable in Sarawak there is still a high risk of fire. The trees are legally protected (Malaysia) where it is found in lowland Kerangas forest. The throughout the range. record from central Kalimantan may be an incorrect Assessor : J.L. Vivero et al . identification. Refs : 1, 26 Assessor : Rusea Go & Lillian Chua Refs : 2, 18, 19 Quercus insignis M.Martens & Galeotti NT Quercus kotschyana O.Schwarz Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, DD Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Lebanon The species appears to have a wide distribution in Central Contact with botanists in Lebanon has not revealed any current America. However, it is considered threatened in Mexico knowledge on the status of this species. (Endangered), Panama (Endangered) and Guatemala (Near Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Threatened), although reports indicate that it is still abundant in Ref : 2 Nicaragua. The species grows in mountains in rainforest and cloud forest at 800–3000 m. In Mexico, the species has a very restricted distribution and populations tend to be small and

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Quercus kouangsiensis A.Camus Quercus marlipoensis Hu & W.C.Cheng EN D CR D China China (Yunnan) The species has been recorded to occur in the provinces of Known to exist only from the type locality. Taxonomically very Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Yunnan in wet, broadleaved close to Q. engleriana Seemen and may in fact be the same evergreen forests (200–2000 m). However, it is now probably species. only present in Hainan as all the other localities have been lost. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . It is treated as Cyclobalanopsis kouangsiensis (A.Camus) Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China and considered to be closely related to C. thorelii (Hickel & A.Camus) Hu. Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . DD Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca) Quercus leiophylla A.DC. Grows at altitudes of 1800–2600 m. NT Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Mexico (Jalisco, Veracruz) Refs : 2, 7, 8 In the Huatusco region of Veracruz, Q. leiophylla acorns are collected and used to produce religious and decorative artefacts. Quercus miquihuanensis Nixon & C.H.Mull. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Refs : 2, 7, 8, 15 Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas) An endemic of Peña Nevada and Miquihuana, locally common Quercus litseoides Dunn in montane pine–oak forest and also chaparral, covering an area DD of less than 500 km². Logging activities and over-grazing China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong) threaten the habitat. The species is treated as Cyclobalanopsis litseoides (Dunn) Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Schottky in the Flora of China and is recorded as occurring in Refs : 1, 2, 8 forests at 700–1000 m. A revision of this and other small-leaved Quercus species in the region is required. Quercus monterreyensis Trel. & C.H.Mull. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . DD Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Mexico (Nuevo León) Grows at altitudes of 600–1300 m. Quercus lodicosa O.E.Warb. & E.F.Warb. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . DD Refs : 2, 7, 8 China (south-east Tibet), India (Assam), Myanmar Although the species is considered to be Endangered in China, Quercus mulleri Martínez it has a wider distribution into India and northern Myanmar. DD Assessor: Global Tree Specialist Group Mexico (Oaxaca) Refs : 2, 12 Grows at altitudes of 1000–1800 m. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Quercus macdougallii Martínez Refs : 7, 8 VU D2 Mexico (Oaxaca) Quercus nixoniana Valencia & Lozada A distinctive species known only from the type locality in the dry DD montane forests of Oaxaca. It has not been collected recently Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca) and it is biologically poorly known. Found at altitudes of 1300–2300 m. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Refs : 1, 2, 8 Refs : 7, 8

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Quercus obovatifolia C.C.Huang Quercus pacifica Nixon & C.H.Mull. CR B2ab(iii) VU D2 China (Fujian, Guangdong, south Hunan) USA (California) Thought to now only occur on a few mountain tops in Found on three Channel Islands in California. broadleaved evergreen forests, 1600–1800 m. Treated as Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Cyclobalanopsis obovatifolia (C.C.Huang) Q.F.Zheng in the Flora Refs : 2, 4 of China . Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Quercus parvula Greene var. parvula Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 EN B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) USA (California) Quercus oglethorpensis W.H.Duncan Two small populations on Santa Cruz Island and five to six EN B1ab(iii)+ 2ab(iii) populations in Santa Barbara County are known. Occurring in USA (Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Louisiana) maritime chaparral and pine forests, no population extends over Although distributed in four states, populations of this species more than 10 km². Habitat degradation and grazing are threats are small and severely fragmented. It is known from a small area on Santa Cruz Island. The Flora of North America considers the in the piedmont of north-east Georgia, neighbouring western three varieties of Q. parvula to be Q. wislizenii A.DC. South Carolina and a disjunct population in Mississippi. In total, Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group approximately 1000 individuals, covering an area of occupancy Refs : 1, 2, 11, 16 less than 150 km², are estimated to exist. The most common habitats are roadsides and old fence rows. A survey in 1985 Quercus parvula var. tamalpaisensis S.K.Langer failed to locate 11 per cent of the previously known sites. EN B2ab(i) Changes in land use continue to be the biggest threat to this USA (California) species. Poor seed viability and chestnut blight are also A localised endemic variety confined to Mount Tamalpais in reported. Marin County. The number of localities and individual plants is Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group small. The Flora of North America considers the three varieties Refs : 1, 2, 4 of Q. parvula to be Q. wislizenii A.DC. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Quercus orocantabrica Rivas Mart., Penas, T.E.Díaz & Refs : 2, 4, 16 Llamas EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Quercus pauciradiata Penas, Llamas, Pérez Morales & Acedo Spain CR B2ab(iii) The species is endemic to the north of Spain (Cantabrian Spain Mountains, Montes de León and Sierra Segundera). It occurs The species is endemic to the north-east of León province, in small patches along the tree line at altitudes of 1400–1800 where only one population is now known to occur. Threats to the m, on rocky siliceous substrates. The species is threatened by species include poor regeneration (imbalance of sex ratios, low frequent burning and conversion to pine plantations. seed viability), small population size and hybridization. A small Assessor : F. Llamas & C. Acedo population in the Picos de Europa Regional Park has recently Ref : 27 become extinct. The total area of occupancy is not more than 5 km². The population is now included in an LIC (Site of Quercus pachucana Zavala-Chávez Community Interest) which affords it some protection. DD Assessor : F. Llamas, C. Acedo, R. Alonso & C. Lence Mexico (Hidalgo) Refs : 24, 26 Found at altitudes of 2800–2900 m. Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Refs : 7, 8

17 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus paxtalensis C.H.Mull. Quercus pontica K.Koch NT VU B1ab(iii) Mexico (Chiapas) Georgia, Turkey Very little appears to be known about this species endemic to A species with a very narrow distribution limited to the southern Chiapas. It has been considered to be a synonym of Q. cortesii Caucasus (Georgia and Turkey). A tertiary relict, it is found in the Liebm. Its current distribution range is reduced by frequent fires, Colkhic forests of Georgia as well as at sub-alpine elevations on grazing and forest logging. acidic soils. In Georgia it is threatened by over-grazing where it Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group occurs on the timberline. Refs : 2, 7, 8, 30 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 9 Quercus peninsularis Trel. DD Quercus purulhana Trel. Mexico (Baja California) VU A2c A montane species for which the number of localities and Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico (Chiapas) conservation status remain unknown. A montane forest species, abundant in some areas but subject Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group to general declines in habitat. In Chiapas it has been collected Refs : 1, 2, 8 in highly seasonal and frost-free habitats with dry oak and pine– oak forests at 1060–1600 m elevation. Quercus percoriacea Soepadmo Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group VU A2c; B1ab(iii) Refs : 1, 2, 30 Malaysia (Sarawak), Brunei The species is restricted to a few localities in Sarawak and Quercus repanda Bonpl. Brunei. In Sarawak it is found in primary Kerangas forest at NT altitudes of 1000–1200 m. In Brunei the species has been Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz) recorded to occur on brown clay-loam soils at altitudes of 480– Found at altitudes of 1700–2800 m. It is a relatively rare species 540 m. Logging is a potential threat in certain areas. that has not been protected. Assessor : Rusea Go & Lillian Chua Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 18, 19, 20 Refs : 2, 7, 8, 30

Quercus perpallida Trel. Quercus repandifolia Liao DD VU B2 a(i)b(iii) Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora). Taiwan In western Chihuahua and adjacent Sonora, this species is Only found in the south-eastern part of Taiwan and restricted to reported to be occasional at lower elevations in canyons, often small areas. It is considered by some taxonomists as a synonym mixed with Q. oblongifolia Torr. of Q. glauca Thunb., which is widely distributed in Asia. This Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group species may also be distributed in China, in which case its Refs : 1, 2, 29 conservation status will need to be re-assessed. Assessor : Yu-pin Cheng Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. & Cham. Ref : 17 NT Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla), Quercus rex Hemsl. Guatemala, USA (Texas) DD The species is found in both dry and wet oak forests at altitudes China (Yunnan), India (north-east), Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam of 900–1200 m. Its distribution ranges from eastern Sierra Although the species is considered Critically Endangered in Madre (Mexico) to Guatemala, with one population in Texas. In China (possibly as it is at the edge of its distribution range), it Guatemala it is restricted to a few mountain ranges and is occurs in other neighbouring countries where its conservation considered Vulnerable. status is not yet known. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 4, 6, 8, 30 Refs : 2, 5, 12 18 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus robur subsp. imeretina (Steven ex Woronow) Quercus sichourensis (Hu) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang Menitsky CR D VU 2ab (iii,v) China (Yunnan) Georgia, Russia Only known from type locality in south-east Yunnan. Treated as A rare tree found only in western Georgia and the Black Sea Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis Y.C.Hu in the Flora of China . coast in Russia. The population is in decline due to felling and Found in broadleaved evergreen forests, 800–1500 m. agriculture. The wood is considered as valuable timber. There is Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . some uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 9 Quercus skinneri Benth. NT Quercus rysophylla Weatherby El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, NT Veracruz), Nicaragua Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas) The species is widespread and often occurs in abundance in The species is scarce and populations are fragmented. moist montane forests. It is also frequently planted. General Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group rates of deforestation in recent decades have, however, caused Refs : 7, 8, 12 significant population declines. In Guatemala the species is considered Near Threatened and grows in rainforest and mixed Quercus saltillensis Trel. forests on the Pacific plains and on volcanic slopes at 1000– DD 2400 m. Populations in some areas of Guatemala and Mexico Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León) have been considerably reduced. The species is very Assessor : A. Coombes et al . polymorphic in Central America and its differentiation from Refs : 2, 7, 8 Q. xalapensis Bonpl. is not always clear. In Quetzaltenango the leaves are used to fertilize fields. Quercus saravanensis A.Camus Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group DD Refs : 1, 2, 6, 30 China (Yunnan), Laos, Viet Nam Although considered Endangered in China (possibly at the edge Quercus skutchii Trel. of its distribution range), it occurs in neighbouring countries EN A2cd where more information is needed. Found in wet forests in Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) mountains at around 1700 m. Treated as Cyclobalanopsis It is considered Endangered in Guatemala, where it is found on saravanensis (A.Camus) Hjelmq. in the Flora of China . plains and dry montane slopes at 1800–2900 m. Deforestation Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group is the greatest threat to the species in Guatemala. The sites Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 where it was collected in the 1930s have been almost entirely deforested although new populations have been recorded Quercus sebifera Trel. recently. Although Ramirez-Marcial et al . (2005) indicated DD for NT the status of this species in Chiapas, the species’ habitat has Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San been severely reduced, and it is subjected to over-exploitation Luis Potosí) for charcoal and fuelwood. Some taxonomists treat this taxon as A low shrubby species, usually less than 2 m high, found Q. crispipilis var. pannosifolia (C.H.Mull.) C.H.Mull. growing in dense mats by rhizome propagation, usually at Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group altitudes of 1600–2400 m. It is frequently found on dried, infertile Refs : 1, 2, 6, 30 soils. Much of its habitat is severely altered by over-grazing. Assessor: Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 2, 7, 8, 30

19 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus subspathulata Trel. Quercus tomentella Engelm. VU A1c VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Mexico (Guadalupe Island, Baja California), USA (California) Chihuahua) The regeneration of the species is hampered by over-grazing in A forest species that has suffered extensive destruction of its the dry forest areas, which are restricted to the Channel Islands habitat, it is poorly collected and represented in herbaria of California and Guadalupe Island of Mexico. Populations on collections. In many cases it is confused with other species and Guadalupe Island, in particular, have declined dramatically in requires taxonomic revision. It is rarely, if ever, found in large recent years. populations, and its habitat range is very limited. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 2, 8 Refs : 1, 2, 8, 28 Quercus tonduzii Seemen Quercus tarokoensis Hayata DD NT Costa Rica Taiwan A species of uncertain taxonomic status, found in the mountains Only found on the eastern part of Taiwan, usually on limestone. of central Costa Rica in Alajuela. One collection from 1896 is Assessor : Yu-pin Cheng cited from Volcan Poas. Refs : 2, 17 Assessor : K. Nixon et al . Refs : 1, 2 Quercus tenuicupula (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang CR D Quercus tuitensis González-Villarreal China (Yunnan) DD Only known from its type locality. Treated as Cyclobalanopsis Mexico (Jalisco) tenuicupula Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China . However, Occurs at altitudes of 980–1400 m the Flora of China considers it to be almost identical to Assessor : A. Coombes et al . C. sichourensis , and it will most probably be amalgamated into Refs : 7, 8 C. sichourensis as more collections are made. Assessor : Zhekun Zhou et al . Quercus uxoris McVaugh Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 VU A2c Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca) Quercus thorelii Hickel & A.Camus The extent of population declines is not documented but the DD level of forest destruction has been dramatic. China, Laos, Viet Nam Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Although considered to be VU in China, the species has a wider Refs : 1, 2, 8 distribution in South-East Asia. Treated as Cyclobalanopsis thorelii (Hickel & A.Camus) Hu in the Flora of China . Quercus vulcanica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Kotschy Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group NT Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Turkey A species similar to Q. petraea subsp. pinnatiloba (K.Koch) Quercus tinkhamii C.H.Mull. Menitsky and with affinities to Q. frainetto Ten. It occurs in south- DD west and central Anatolia mixed with Cedrus libani A.Rich., Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí) Pinus nigra Arnold, Acer hyrcanum Fisch & C.A.Mey. and Assessor : A. Coombes et al . Quercus cerris L. It is under protection in a specially established Refs : 2, 7 nature reserve near Isparta province, Turkey. Assessor : Adil Güner Refs : 2, 23

20 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus vicentensis Trel. QUERCUS SPECIES EVALUATED AS LEAST CONCERN (LC) VU A2c El Salvador, Mexico (Chiapas Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán, Quercus acatenangensis Trel. Jalisco) Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador Declines in population numbers have not been recorded, but Considered to be very abundant in mountains throughout the species occurrence in an area of extensive forest destruction Guatemala, it is a species with very variable phenotypes, making qualifies it as Vulnerable. The species is recorded as occurring taxonomic identification difficult in many cases. in Guatemala in the Flora of Guatemala . However, there are no Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner herbarium collections of it from Guatemala and the consensus Ref : 2, 34 among most experts is that it doesn’t occur there. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Quercus acutissima Carruth. Refs : 1, 2, 6, 8, 30 Central and southern Japan, Korea, China, Indo-China, Himalaya Quercus xalapensis Bonpl. Ref : 2 VU A1c Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, San Luis Quercus agrifolia Née Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) USA (western California), Mexico In Chiapas it may be a relatively abundant tree in well preserved Ref : 2 montane rainforests between 1000 m and 1800 m. Its differentiation from Q. skinneri Benth. is not yet clear. Some Quercus alba L. Chiapas specimens have been erroneously identified as Central and eastern USA, south-east Canada Q. acutifolia Née. Ref : 2 Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Refs : 1, 8, 30 Quercus aliena Blume Japan, Korea, China, Thailand Quercus xanthotricha A.Camus Ref : 2 DD China (Yunnan), Laos, Viet Nam Quercus annulata Sm. A South-East Asian species whose distribution just reaches into Himalaya to north Viet Nam southern China, where one population is known. Treated as Ref : 2 Cyclobalanopsis xanthotricha (A.Camus) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen in the Flora of China , where it is recorded to occur in mixed Quercus argentata Korth. mesophytic forests in mountains, 800–1300 m. Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, western Java), Malaysia Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Refs : 2, 5, 10, 12 Ref : 2

Quercus arizonica Sarg. USA (Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas), north-west Mexico Ref : 2

Quercus augustinii Skan North-east Burma, China, Thailand, Viet Nam Ref : 2

Quercus austrina Small South-eastern USA Ref : 2

21 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus berberidifolia Liebm. Quercus cerris L. California, Mexico (Baja California) Southern and south-central Europe, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Ref : 2 Iran, Afghanistan Ref : 2 Quercus bicolor Willd. North-central and eastern USA, Canada (south Quebec, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. south-eastern Ontario) USA (California, western Oregon, Arizona, southern Nevada, Ref : 2 New Mexico), Mexico Ref : 2 Quercus brachystachys Benth. Guatemala Quercus coccifera L. Grows on both wet and dry mountains in Chiapas (Mexico) and Mediterranean Guatemala and is especially associated with Pinus , sometimes Ref : 2 forming extensive forests at elevations between 1500 m and 2600 m. There are many herbarium specimens of this species. Quercus coccinea Münchh. Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner North-central and eastern USA Ref : 34 Ref : 2

Quercus brantii Lindl. Quercus conspersa Benth. East and south-east Turkey, Syria, northern Iraq, western and Guatemala, Mexico southern Iran Ref : 2 Ref : 2 Quercus corrugata Hook. Quercus buckleyi Nixon & Dorr Central America, Mexico USA (Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas) Ref : 2 A tree previously listed as Vulnerable, being confined to scrub on Edward’s Plateau. However, NatureServe records indicate that Quercus cortesii Liebm. it is a widespread species in Texas with occurrences in Guatemala, Mexico Oklahoma and Kansas as well. Ref : 2 Refs : 1, 2, 3 Quercus crassifolia Bonpl. Quercus candicans Née Mexico, Guatemala Guatemala, Mexico Ref : 2 Typically grows on dry mountain slopes, in gullies and ravines at 1500–2000 m. This species is one of the best for firewood given Quercus crispipilis Trel. its high density and the ease with which it can be split. There are Guatemala, Mexico many specimens of this species in Guatemala and it is one of the Ref : 2 widespread oaks in Mexico. Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner Quercus dalechampii Ten. Ref : 2, 8, 34 East-central and south-eastern Europe Ref : 2 Quercus castanea Née Mexico, Guatemala Quercus dentata Thunb. Ref : 2 Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, China, Taiwan Ref : 2

22 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus depressipes Trel. Quercus geminata Small Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) South-eastern USA A species endemic to the central and northern Sierra Madre Ref : 2 Occidental and Texas. Although the species has a limited distribution, it is locally abundant and not considered to be Quercus glauca Thunb. threatened. In fact, it is considered to be a weed by many Himalaya to Japan, USA foresters and farmers. Ref : 2 Assessor : J.R. Bacon Refs : 1, 2, 28 Quercus gravesii Sudw. Mexico (Coahuila), USA (Texas) Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J.Hill A widespread species in Texas, where it is considered secure. North-central & east-central USA, Canada (south-west Status in Mexico is not known. Ontario) Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Ref : 2 Refs : 2, 4

Quercus elliptica Née Quercus griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq. Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras India (Sikkim, Assam), Bhutan, China (south-west, Tibet), Ref : 2 Burma, Thailand, Laos, Viet Nam Ref : 2 Quercus emoryi Torr. USA (Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas), Mexico Quercus helferiana A.DC. Ref : 2 India (Assam), Burma, Laos, Viet Nam, Thailand, China Ref : 2 Quercus falcata Michx. Central and eastern USA Quercus hemisphaerica Bartram ex Willd. Ref : 2 USA (south-western to Texas) Ref : 2 Quercus frainetto Ten. Southern and central Italy, Balkan Peninsula to north-western Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. Romania, north-western Turkey Colombia, Panama Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus fusiformis Small Quercus ilex L. Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas) and USA Mediterranean to south-central Europe (Oklahoma, Texas) Ref : 2 A relatively widespread species in the USA and therefore not of conservation concern on a global scale. Poorly known in Mexico. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group South-east Ontario, eastern USA Refs : 2, 3, 4, 7 Ref : 2

Quercus gambelii Nutt. Quercus imbricaria Michx. West-central and south-central USA, northern Mexico Central and eastern USA Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. Quercus incana Bartram Western USA, south-western Canada South-eastern USA to Oklahoma and Texas Ref : 2 Ref : 2

23 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus infectoria G.Olivier Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Greece Canada (south-central, northern and south-eastern) to USA Ref : 2 (Alabama) Ref : 2 Quercus ithaburensis Decne. South-eastern Italy to eastern Mediterranean Quercus margarettiae (Ashe) Small Ref : 2 East-central and south-eastern USA Ref : 2 Quercus laeta Liebm. Mexico Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh. Ref : 2 South-central and eastern USA Ref : 2 Quercus laevis Walter South-eastern USA Quercus michauxii Nutt. Ref : 2 East-central and eastern USA Ref : 2 Quercus lamellosa Sm. Central Himalaya to southern China Quercus microphylla Née Ref : 2 North-eastern and south-central Mexico Ref : 2 Quercus lanata Sm. Nepal, Bhutan, India (Assam, Uttarakhand), Sri Lanka, Burma, Quercus minima (Sarg.) Small Thailand, Viet Nam, China South-eastern USA Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham. Quercus mohriana Buckley ex Rydb. Guatemala, Mexico Mexico (Coahuila), USA (New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) Ref : 2 Grows on limestone hills and slopes at altitudes of 500–2500 m. The species is considered to be secure in the USA. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group South-eastern USA to Texas Refs : 2, 4, 8 Ref : 2 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus Russian Far East, Mongolia, north-east China, Korea, Japan Northern Pakistan to northern Burma, northern Thailand, Ref : 2 Viet Nam Ref : 2 Quercus montana Willd. Eastern USA to Illinois Quercus libani G.Olivier Ref : 2 Ref : 2 Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. Quercus lyrata Walter Canada (southern Ontario), eastern and central USA, north- Eastern and central USA eastern Mexico Ref : 2 Ref: 2

24 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. South-eastern USA Europe to northern Iran Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus nigra L. Quercus petraea subsp. huguetiana Franco & G.López Central and eastern USA France, northern Spain Ref : 2 Occurring in moist forest up to altitudes of 1800 m, the species is abundant over a relatively wide range. It is also legally Quercus obtusata Bonpl. protected in Spain. North-central and central Mexico Assessor : J.L. Vivero et al . Ref : 2 Refs : 1, 2

Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. Quercus phellos L. Guatemala, Mexico, Central America Central and eastern USA Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus oleoides Schlecht. & Cham. subsp. sagraeana Quercus praineana Trel. (Nutt.) Borhidi Mexico (Jalisco, Sinaloa) Cuba Locally abundant on the western slopes of the Sierra Madre This taxon, previously known as Quercus cubana A.Rich., Occidental, it appears to have increased with forestry occurs in the Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba, where it is disturbances in the region. Thought to be a synonym of widespread. Q. coffeicolor Trel. Assessor : Rosalina Berazaín Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Ref : 37 Refs : 1, 28

Quercus oxyodon Miq. Quercus prinoides Willd. Nepal to China Canada (southern Ontario), central and eastern USA Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus pagoda Raf. Quercus prinopsis Trel. East-central and eastern USA Mexico Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus palustris Münchh. Quercus pubescens Willd. East-central and north-eastern USA, Canada (south Ontario) Eastern, central and southern Europe, northern Turkey Ref : 2 Ref : 2

Quercus peduncularis Née Quercus pumila Walter Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras South-eastern USA This is a widely distributed, extremely variable species which is Ref : 2 very common in Guatemala. It is one of the best trees in the country for firewood, due to its high density and the ease with Quercus robur L. which it can be split. It is not clear whether this is the same Europe to Iran species as Q. purulhana Trel. Ref : 2 Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner Refs : 2, 34

25 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus rubra L. Quercus sinuata Walter South-eastern Canada, east-central and eastern USA Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Ref : 2 Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas) Quercus rugosa Née A widely distributed species in central and south-eastern USA USA (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico, Guatemala, and apparently secure. Honduras Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Ref : 2 Refs : 2, 4

Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. Quercus spinosa David Guatemala, Central America, Mexico China (Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, This is a very common and dominant species found in pine–oak Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Myanmar, Taiwan, Burma forests at 800–3000 m, widely distributed throughout Central Although considered to be Vulnerable in China, the species is America. It is favoured for firewood, due to its slow rate of considered to be of Least Concern in Taiwan where it occurs at burning and good heat production. Its bark is rich in tannins, high altitudes. It may actually be a species complex and further excellent for tanning leather. In some regions of Guatemala, a taxonomic research is required. coffee-coloured textile dye is made from the tree. Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Assessor : J.L. Vivero & M. Szejner Refs : 2, 5, 12, 17 Refs : 2, 34 Quercus stellata Wangenh. Quercus segoviensis Liebm. Central and southern USA Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua Ref : 2 Ref : 2 Quercus suber L. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Western and central Mediterranean Eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, eastern Nepal, India Ref : 2 (Sikkim, Uttarakhand), Bhutan, China (south-eastern Tibet) Ref : 2 Quercus texana Buckley East-central and south-eastern USA Quercus semiserrata Roxb. Ref : 2 India (Assam), Bhutan, China (Tibet, Yunnan), Burma, Thailand, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia (Sumatra) Quercus toumeyi Sarg. Ref : 2 Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas) Apparently secure in the USA. It is fairly abundant from central- Quercus serrata Thunb. western Chihuahua and adjacent Sonora northward. It has no E. Himalaya, China (Taiwan), Korea formal classification in Mexico. It is part of a taxonomically Ref : 2 confusing species complex of white oaks and needs taxonomic revision. Quercus shumardii Buckley Assessor : Global Tree Specialist Group Canada (southern Ontario) Refs : 2, 4, 28, 29 Ref : 2 Quercus tristis Liebm. Quercus similis Ashe Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, USA (south-eastern, eastern Texas) El Salvador Ref : 2 Ref : 2

26 The Red List of Oaks

Quercus turbinella Greene 7 Coombes, A., Rodriguez-Coombes, M., Valencia-A, S. South-western and central USA & Zavala-C, F. (2004) . Report on a meeting to assess the Ref : 2 status of threatened oaks in Mexico. Unpublished report, Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge.. Quercus variabilis Blume Central and southern Japan, Korea, Taiwan, central, eastern 8 Valencia-A., S. (2004) . Diversidad del género Quercus and southern China, Viet Nam, Tibet (Fagaceae) en México. Bol. Soc. Bot. Méx . 75: 33–53. Ref : 2 9 Global Tree Specialist Group (2005) . Globally Quercus velutina Lam. Threatened Trees of the Caucasus . A report on the East-central and eastern USA, Canada (south-eastern Caucasus regional tree Red Listing workshop (Tbilisi, Ontario) Georgia 26–28 September 2005). IUCN/SSI Global Tree Ref : 2 Specialist Group, Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge.

Quercus virginiana Mill. 10 Flora of China Editorial Committee (Eds.) (1999) . South-eastern and south-central USA Flora of China , Volume 4 (Cycadaceae through Fagaceae). Ref : 2 Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

11 California Native Plant Society (2006) . Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v6-05d). California REFERENCES Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA, USA.

1 Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. & MacKinven, A. (1998) . 12 Zhou, Z., Coombes, A. & Min, D. (2004) . Report on a The World List of Threatened Trees . 650pp. meeting to assess the status of Quercus in China. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. Unpublished report, Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge. 2 Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (1998) . World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, 13 Rodriguez-Acosta, M. & Coombes, A. (2000) . Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Estrategia de Conservación de Quercus hintonii. Reporte Kew, Richmond, UK. Final, Fauna & Flora International . Referencia 99429, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico. 3 NatureServe (2005) . Data from the NatureServe central database. 14 Vázquez, M.L., Valencia-A., S. & Nixon, K.C. (2004) . Notes on red oaks ( Quercus sect. Lobatae ) in eastern 4 NatureServe (2006) . NatureServe Explorer: An Online Mexico, with description of a new species, Quercus Encyclopedia of Life . Version 4.7. NatureServe, Arlington, hirtiifolia . Brittonia 56: 136–142. Virginia. Available at http://wwwnatureserve.org/explorer 15 Rodríguez-Coombes, M. & Coombes, A. (Undated) . 5 Bartholomew, B. (2006) . E-mail correspondence with Preliminary report on Quercus insignis . Mexican Oaks A. Eastwood on the global status of Quercus . Conservation Project. Unpublished report, Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge. 6 Vivero, J.L., Szejner, M., Gordon, J. and Magin, G. (2006) . The Red List of Trees of Guatemala . Fauna & Flora 16 Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Eds.) International, Cambridge, UK. (1993-) . Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3. New York & Oxford.

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17 Cheng, Y. (2006) . The Conservation Status of Oaks in 27 Rivas-Martínez, S., Díaz, T.E., Fernández-González, F., Taiwan . Unpublished report sent to Antonia Eastwood. Izco, J., Loidi, J., Lousã & Penas, A. (2002) . Quercus orocantabrica Rivas Mart., Penas, T.E. Díaz & Llamas. In: 18 Soepadmo, E., Julia, S. & Rusea, G. (2000) . Fagaceae. Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal. In: Soepadmo, E. & Saw, L.G. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah Addenda to the syntaxonomical checklist of 2001. Itinera & Sarawak . Vol. 3. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Geobotanica 15: 5–922. Sabah Forest Department & Sarawak Forest Department. Pp. 1–118. 28 Bacon, J.R. (2006) . Comments on the provisional list of globally threatened oaks. E-mail correspondence with 19 Coode, M.J.E., Dransfield, J., Forman, L.L., Kirkup, Sara Oldfield. D.W. & Idris, M.S. (1996) . A Checklist of the Flowering Plants & Gymnosperms of Brunei Darussalam . Ministry of 29 Spellenberg, R. (2006) . Comments on the provisional list Industry and Primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam. of globally threatened oaks. E-mail correspondence with Sara Oldfield. 20 Anderson, J.A.R. (1980) . A Checklist of the trees of Sarawak . Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia. 30 Ramírez-Marcial, N. & González-Espinosa, M. (2006) . Comments on the provisional list of globally threatened 21 Soepadmo, E. (1972) . Fagaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, oaks. E-mail correspondence with Sara Oldfield. 7: 265–403. 31 Zamora, N. (2006) . Personal communication with 22 Whitmore, T.C., Tantra, I.G.M. and Sutisna, U. (eds) Sara Oldfield. (1989) . Tree Flora of Indonesia . Forest Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia. 32 Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytac, Z. & Adiguzel, N. (2000) . Red Data Book of Turkish Plants . 23 Güner, A. (2005) . E-mail correspondence with Sara Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature, Oldfield on the conservation status of Quercus vulcanica . Ankara, Turkey.

24 Cabezudo, B., Gil, Y., Navas, D., Navas P. & Pérez 33 Phengklai, C. (2006) . E-mail correspondence on Quercus Latorre A.V. (2004) . Quercus alpestris Boiss. In: Bañares, longistyla and Q. wangsaiensis with Antonia Eastwood. Á., Blanca, G., Güemes, J., Moreno, J.C. & Ortiz, S. eds. (2004) Atlas y libro de la flora vascular amenazada de 34 Vivero, J.L. & Szejner, M. (2006) . Correspondence on España . Dirección General de Conservación de la Quercus sapotifolia, Quercus peduncularis and Quercus Naturaleza. Madrid, 1069 pp. acatenangensis with Sara Oldfield.

25 Eva Economidou (Undated) . Proposal for the addition of 35 Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (ANAM) (2000) . scrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifolia into Primer informe de la riqueza y estado de la biodiversidad the Habitats Directive (Annex 1). Department of Botany, de Panamá . ANAM, Panama City, República de Panamá. University of Athens, Greece. 36 Mitre, M. (2007) . E-mail correspondence with Sara 26 Llamas, F. (2006) . E-mail correspondence with Antonia Oldfield on the taxonomic and conservation status of oaks Eastwood on the conservation status of Spanish oaks. in Panama.

37 Leiva, A. (2006) . E-mail correspondence with Sara Oldfield.

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ANNEX 1 IUCN R ED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA

EXTINCT (EX) DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) possibility that future research will show that threatened classification A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a threatened status may well be justified. time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. NOT EVALUATED (NE) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence against the criteria. indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

ENDANGERED (EN) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction extinction in the wild. in the wild:

VULNERABLE (VU) A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations, it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are the wild. clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: NEAR THREATENED (NT) (a) direct observation A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for and/or quality of habitat a threatened category in the near future. (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, LEAST CONCERN (LC) pollutants, competitors or parasites. A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, 2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations, included in this category. whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may

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not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected (iii) number of locations or subpopulations to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of mature individuals. whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either: 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to following (a-b): (e) under A1. (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) 50 mature individuals, OR OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: (ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km 2, and subpopulation. estimates indicating at least two of a-c: (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in individuals. any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the (ii) area of occupancy wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. ENDANGERED (EN) c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates (i) extent of occurrence that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore (ii) area of occupancy considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild: (iii) number of locations or subpopulations A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: (iv) number of mature individuals. 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations, 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km 2, and whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are estimates indicating at least two of a-c: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single (and specifying) any of the following: location. (a) direct observation b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon any of the following: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence (i) extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (ii) area of occupancy (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, (iv) number of locations or subpopulations pollutants, competitors or parasites. (v) number of mature individuals.

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2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size (ii) area of occupancy reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may (iv) number of locations or subpopulations not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be (v) number of mature individuals. reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence 3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or suspected (ii) area of occupancy to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iii) number of locations or subpopulations whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based (iv) number of mature individuals. on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected individuals and either: population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or three 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a 100 years in the future), where the time period must include maximum of 100 years in the future) OR both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the (e) under A1. following (a-b): (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 250 mature individuals, OR 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km 2, and (ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one estimates indicating at least two of a-c: subpopulation. a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature any of the following: individuals. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever (iv) number of locations or subpopulations is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: VULNERABLE (VU) (i) extent of occurrence A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that (ii) area of occupancy it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore (iii) number of locations or subpopulations considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild: (iv) number of mature individuals. A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2, and reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, estimates indicating at least two of a-c: whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than (and specifying) any of the following: five locations. (a) direct observation b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon of the following: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence (i) extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

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(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, of the following: pollutants, competitors or parasites. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat reduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of locations or subpopulations whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may (v) number of mature individuals. not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 3. A population size reduction of ≥30%, projected or suspected (iii) number of locations or subpopulations to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of mature individuals. whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 population size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or three years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to following (a-b): (e) under A1. (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) 1000 mature individuals, OR OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: (ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation. 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2, (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the 10 locations. following: b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature of the following: individuals. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat less than 20 km 2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) (iv) number of locations or subpopulations such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or (v) number of mature individuals. stochastic events within a very short time period in an c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically (i) extent of occurrence Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period. (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the (iv) number of mature individuals. wild is at least 10% within 100 years.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km 2, and Source: IUCN (2001) estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.

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For further information please contact:

Fauna & Flora International 4th Floor, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD United Kingdom Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000 Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.fauna-flora.org www.globaltrees.org

BGCI Descanso House 199 Kew Road, Richmond Surrey, TW9 3BW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.bgci.org