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A Report on Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies, Vol DOCUMENT RESUME ED 042 530 RC 004 569 AUTHOR Cairns, H. A. C.; And Others TITLE A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: A Report on Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies, Vol. I. INSTITUTION Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa (Ontario). PUB DATE Oct 66 NOTE 409p. AVAILABLE FROM Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ($4.00) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$1.75 HC-$20.55 DESCRIPTORS Administration, *Agency Role, *American Indians, Civil Rights, Community, Development, *Economically Disadvantaged, Education, Health, Legislation, Management, *Political Influences, PrJgram Planning, *Sociocultural Patterns IDENTIFIERS *Canada ABSTRACT As the first of 2 volumes of a survey of contemporary (1966) economic, political, and educational needs of Indians of Canada, this study viewed the difficulties Indians have faced economically and politically. The study took over 2 years to complete, and over 40 scholars participated using interviews, firsthand observations, and questionnaires to gather data. It was noted that personal disorganization is the explanation for the Indian's failure to develop economically, which results in his failure to adjust to the dominant culture. Lack of economic development was reported as the overriding problem confronting the Canadian Indian. The document also viewed the argument of the Indian's right to citizenship status. It was recommended that sources of action be provided which would be profitable for the Indian in terms of improving his position to make his choice in life. Educational needs of Canadian Indians were surveyed in Volume II, ED 035 466. (EL) A U S DEPARTMENT OF ,IFALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION 1 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY 1 A SURVEY OF THE CONTEMPORARY INDIANS OF CANADA A Report on Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies In Two Volumes Editor, H. B. Hawthorn Principal authors of Volume H. A. C. Cairns S. M. Jamieson K. Lysyk Principal authors of Volume II: M.-A. Tremblay F. G. Vallee J. Ryan Indian Affairs Branch, Ottawa Volume I October 1966 1 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY G.Patenevdr Dir..Publishin4Dec. Bran.' TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONSIPERATIN6 UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER." ill Administrative and Research Staff H. B. Hawthorn, Director M.-A. Tremblay, Associate Director A. M. Bownick, Secretary and Administrative Assistant M. J. Audain J. E. M. Kew B. Bernier L. Laforest M. Burbidge D. Luth P. Charest. M. J. Lythgoe S. W. Corrigan R. F. McDonnell D. M. Coutts J.E. Nicholls C. B. Inglis G. Parsons R. H. Jackson E. Schwimmer To The Honourable Arthur Laing, P.C., M.P. Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development 400 Laurier Avenue West Ottawa 4, Oncario In 1964 the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration asked The University of British Columbia to undertake, in conjunction with scholars in other universities, a study of the social, edtcational and economic situation of the Indians of Canada and to offer recommendations where it appeared that benefits could be gained. We have the honour to submit Part 1 of the findings, concerned primarily with economic, political and administrative matters. M.-A. Tremblay H. B. Hawthorn Associate Director Director TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5 II THE CONCEPT AND GOALS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT . 21 III SOURCES AND METHOD OF THE ECONOMIC SURVEY 35 IV THE GENERAL PICTURE 45 V COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONG VARIOUS. INDIAN BANDS IN CANADA 65 VI SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ..101 VII SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .119 VIII MAJOR TRENDS AND PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR INDIANS 135 IX GENERAL PROSPECTS BY MAJOR REGIONS 145 x CONCLUSIONS ON THE MAJOR ECONOMIC ISSUES 163 XI THE CANADIAN FEDERAL SYSTEM 199 XII THE LEGAL STATUS OF CANADIAN INDIANS 211 XIII INDIANS AND :HE FRANCHISE 255 XIV INDIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2E3 XV INDIANS AHD WELFARE SERVICES 312 XVI INTER-GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS 344 XVII THE POLITICS OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 360 XVIII !EDERAL AND PROVINCIAL ROLES IN INDIAN AFFAIRS 386 1 LOCATION OF FIELD AND OTHER RESEARCH BY STAFF -- INDIAN RESEARCH PROJECT Name Main Topic and Region Period Dr. M.A. Tremblay Education Data collection and interviews in Ottawa and in various centres. Reserves: Maria, Restigouche, La 1-3 days Romaine, Mingan, Natashquan, Sevenat each Is. (old reserve), Maliotenam, Bersimis, Pointe Bleue, Mistassini, Weytonmachie (Sanmaur), Rupert House, Six Nations, Fort Alexander, Beardy's. Agencies: Quebec, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Edmonton Assistants: Mr. B. Bernier Statistics Mr. L. Laforeat Statistics Mr. P. Charest Ideology Miss J. Ryan Education Reserves: Cowichan #1 and #2, 1 day - 6 Comox, Inkameep, West Saaniel, weeks at Sooke, Six Nations, Caradoc each. (Oneida, Munce :;, Chipeweyan), Oak River, The Pas, Roseau River, Duck Lake, JaMes Smith, Sweetgrass, Red Pheasant, Mosquito Stoney, Poundmaker, Little Pine. Agencies: Ottawa, Toronto, London, Winnipeg, Portage La.Prairie, The Pas, Saskatoon; Duck Lake, N. Battle- ford, Edmonton, Vancouver, Nanaimo, Duncan, Vernon. Mrs. M.J. Lythgoe Education Reserves: MUsqueam, Squamish, Mr. M. Burbidge Dollarton. 3 months Interviews at Vancouver Vocational Institute, Burnaby Technical, U.B.C. and various high schools in Vancouver and North Vancouver. Dr. H.A.0 . C9. irns Political Data collection and interviews in & Adminis- Ottawa and in various centres. trative Issues Assistants: Mr. M. J. Audain Welfare 4 months Mr. A.B. Jackson Administration 8-1/2 months Mr. J.E. NichollsAdministration 4 months Professor K. Lysyk Constitutional Data collection and interviews & Legal in Ottawa and in various Issues centres. Dr. S.M. Jamieson Economic Data collection and interviews Survey in Ottawa and provincial capitals. Assistant: Miss D.M. Coutts Social dis- Reserves: Squamish, Musqueam, 3 months organization Sarcee Dr. F.G. Vallee Band organization I 2 Name Main Topic and Region Period Mr. G.B. Inglis Social Reserves: Chilliwack, Port 2-10 weeks Organization Simpson, Saddle Lake, in each Nipissing Mr. D. Luth Social Reserve: Walpole Is. 9 weeks Organization Mr. R.F. McDonnell Social Reserves: Kamloops, Masset, 2-3 weeks Irganization Goodfish Lake, Dokis Mr. C. Parsons Social Reserves: Manitoulin, 12 weeks Organization Fort Alexander Mr. E. Schwimmer Social Reserves: Mount Currie, 2-3 weeks Organization Blood, The Pas at each Dr. T.F.S. McFeat Band Reserves: Christian Is., 2 summers Organization Parry Is. Work mainly with Tobique Malecites in New Brunswick. Mr. J.E.M. Kew Social Reserves: Christian Is., 1 day to Organization Walpole Is., Georgia Is., 1 week in Scugog, Rama, Curve Lake, each Hiawatha (Rice Lake), Alderville, Saugeen Mr. B. Bernier Social Reserves: -Comax, Cowichan 2 months Organization each Mr. S.W. Corrigan Social Reserve: Oak River 5 months Organization 3 INDEPENDENT RESEARCH SUPPORTED IN FULL OR IN PART BY THE PROJECT Name Main Topic and Region Period Mrs. P. Koezur Education Bands: Mattagami, Michipicoten, 1-28 days Amalgamated Rainy River, in each Couchiching, Lac La Croix, Seine River Stangecoming, Golden Lake, Albany, Attawapiskat, Moose Factory, Moosonee, Winisk. Rat Portage, Shoal Lake #93 and #40, Wabiguon, Whitefish Bay, Manitoulin Is., Sheguiandah, Sucker Creek, West Bay, Whitefish River. Fort Hope, Long Lac #58 and #77, Nipigon, Dokis, Matachewan, Nipissing, Temagami, Whitefish Lake, Parry Sound. Fort William, Gull Bay, Red Rock, Mississauguas of Curve Lake, Batchewaila (Rankin), Garden River, Serpent River, Spanish River #1 and #2. Caribou Lake (Round Lake), Lac Seul, Osnaburg (New Osnaburg, Cat Lake), Trout Lake, Six Nations, St. Regis, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, Walpole Is. Amalgamated. Dr. B.S. Lane Education Saanich 45 days Mr. S.W. Munroe Social Stoney Band at Morley continuing Organization Drs. E.W. 4.M1:4_14cL Socializa- Iroquois school children Ames tion Miss P. Atwell. Off-reserve Indians residing in Calgary continuing Migration Miss M. Bossn Economic Ontario 3 months Development Dr. H. Dimock Ecqnomic Chibougamau-Mistassini Development Prof. K. Duncan Vocational Oneida, Chippewa, Delaware with D. Korn and Training P. McIntyre Mr. L.R. Gue Education Northern Alberta continuing Mr. & Mrs. W.R. Social Prophet River 1 year Ridington Organization 4 Name Main Topic and Region Period Mrs. R.L.B. RobinsonSocializa- The Pas 2 months tion & Child Care Miss J. Smith with Socio-economic Micmac continuing Mr. R. Maipass Factors Dr. T. F. Storm Motivation British Columbia continuing and assistants Research Consultants Mr. A. McCallum Dr. C. S. Belshaw Dr. R. M. Will Dr. D. V. Smiley Dr. E. R. Black Dr. E. S. Rogers Dr. P. Carstens Dr. R. W. Dunning Dr. E. W. Ames Dr. M. McL. Ames Dr. P. Termansen Dr. T. F. Storm Mr. W. Duff Dr. T. F. S. McFeat CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The Purposes and Goals of the Report. In 1964 the Minister of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration asked that a study be undertaken of the contemporary situation of.the Indians of Canada with a view to understanding the difficulties they faced in overcoming some pressing problems and their many ramifications. The Director and Associate Director, Dr. Harry Hawthorn and Dr. Marc-Adilard Tremblay, accepted the charge, and were joined by Dr. Alan Cairns, Dr. Stuart Jamieson and Dr. Frank Vallee as senior members of the research group, and by a number of other scholars who have acted as consultants and field research staff, and by specialized assistants who deployed their various skills. The problems that called for detailed and objective study were con- cerned with the inadequate fulfilment of the proper and just aspirations of the Indians of Canada to material well-being, to health, and to the knowledge that they live in equality and in dignity within the greater Canadian society.
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