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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ORIENTALISM WITHOUT COLONIALISM? THREE NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMAN INDOLOGISTS AND INDIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kaushik Bagchi, B . A., M. A. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Professor Alan Beyerchen, Adviser Professor Stephen Dale Adviser Professor Jane Hathaway Department of History UMI Number: 9639183 Copyright 1996 by Bagchx, Kaushik All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9639183 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Kaushik Bagchi 1996 To MARILYN WALDMAN Teacher and friend XI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although this project has now come to a close, it is still, in a sense, incomplete without the presence and guidance of my late professor. Dr. Marilyn Waldman. I thank her for all the help and encouragement she has given me over the years, both as a professor and as a friend, and hope this project and my future work will live up to her expectations. To my adviser. Dr. Alan Beyerchen, I am grateful for the constant personal encouragement and intellectual stimulation he has provided me ever since I first started working with him several years ago. I have always appreciated, in particular, his openness to new ideas and methods and his willingness to let students move in new and untested directions. Given the interdisciplinary nature of my project, I consider myself fortunate to have had Dr. Beyerchen as my adviser. To Dr. Stephen Dale and Dr. Jane Hathaway I express my thanks for their valuable comments and suggestions. Dr. Dale has always provided for me, at Ohio State, a connection to my homeland, India, and its culture. Being able to discuss this project with him as a "fellow Indian" has been an invaluable iii help for me. I am very grateful to Dr. Hathaway for agreeing to join my committee at a late stage and for her subsequent energetic participation in my work. I could not have found a better replacement for Dr. Waldman. An ideal committee would have included both of them. And finally, I thank my wife, Mala, my daughter, Rayna, and all the other members of my family for their patience and good cheer, and for helping me in various ways and at various stages of this project. IV VITA Sept. 11, 1958............. Born - Calcutta, India 1979........................ B. A., St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, India 1992-199 3 .................. Instructor in History, Kenyon College, Ohio 1993........................ M. A., Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1993-Presen t ............... Instructor in History, Goucher College, Baltimore, Maryland PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS "European Others: Native Americans and Asians." Paper presented at World History Association annual conference in May 1992. "The Common Intellectual Experience course at Goucher College." Paper presented at Cultural Legacies Institute, Philadelphia, sponsored by the Association of American Colleges and Universities in Februray 1994. "Japan, Southeast Asia, and World-Systems Theory; Some Unresolved Issues." Paper presented at Teikyo Loretto Heights University, Denver, Colorado, in April 1994. "Orientalism, Modernity, and Antiquity: German Indologists and Asian Reformers in the Nineteenth Century." Paper presented at Association of Asian Studies conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in October 1994. "Orientalism: Issues and Approaches in the Classroom." Paper presented at conference on Asian Studies across the Curriculum, sponsored by the East-West Center, Hawaii, in April 1995. "Orientalism: Issues and Approaches in the Classroom." ASIA 4 (Summer 1995). "The Problem of Chronology in Thematically-Structured World History Courses." Paper presented at annual conference of World History Association, Pomona, California, in June 1996. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................. il ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................ iii VITA.......................................................... V CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Notes........................................... 10 II. SURVEY OF THE DEBATE ON ORIENTALISM...............11 Introduction: Said's Critique and its Antecedents.................................... 11 Orientalism and the Postcolonial Critique.... 24 Extensions of Said's Critique.................35 Said's Critics and Alternative Approaches to Orientalism.................................... 45 Problems of Disciplinarity and Legitimacy in the Post-Orientalist and Postcolonial Critiques...................................... 55 The "European Other" and other "Orientalisms "................................. 66 Conclusion to Chapter......................... 78 Notes........................................... 81 III. GERMAN ORIENTALISM............ .................... 92 German Orientalism, Romanticism, and the Post- Orientalist Debate.............................93 German Colonialism: An Overview.......... ...106 German Orientalism and India............... 108 Conclusion to Chapter........................ 123 Notes.......................................... 125 Vll IV. AN ORIENTALIST OUTSIDE THE ORIENT: FRIEDRICH MAX MUELLER............................................ 130 Introduction.................................. 130 The Search for Aryan Antiquity....... 134 Max Mueller, Caste, and Modern India........ 163 Max Mueller, Colonialism, and European Dominance..................................... 181 Max Mueller, Christianity, and Hinduism 196 Conclusion to Chapter........................ 219 Notes .........................................224 V. AN ORIENTALIST IN THE ORIENT: PAUL DEUSSEN...... 236 Introduction.................................. 236 Indian Antiquity and Philosophy............. 241 The Encounter with Modern India............. 253 Deussen and Colonial Power................... 268 Change or the Absence of It..................281 Vivekananda and Deussen...................... 285 Conclusion to Chapter........................ 302 Notes..........................................314 VI. RICHARD GARDE'S INDIA.............................322 Introduction.................................. 322 Garbe, The Modern World, and Modern India...327 Prelude to the Orient..................327 Race.................................... 331 Survival in the East................... 341 Garbe and the Colonial Environment.... 347 The Search for Past Glory.................... 355 "The Redemption of the Aryan"................365 Garbe on Akbar................................ 373 Conclusion to Chapter........................ 383 Notes.......................................... 393 VII. CONCLUSIONS....................................... 400 German Orientalists and India................400 The Anti-Orientalist Critique Today......... 409 A Corrective, and a Personal Thought........ 411 Notes.......................................... 416 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 417 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This project examines images of India as revealed in the writings of German Orientalists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I study these images in the context of trends in intellectual and social reform in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century India, especially those initiated by the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist society with syncretic beliefs and goals started in 1828 by Rammohun Roy (1772-1833). I shall examine in particular writings of the German Indologists Friedrich Max Mueller (1823-1900), Paul Deussen (1845-1919), and Richard Garbe (1857-1927), and ideas associated with the Indian thinkers Rammohun Roy, Keshub Chunder Sen (1838-1884), Protap Chunder Mozoomdar (1840-1905), Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883), and Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902). My intention is to contrast these contemporaneous sets
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