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Changing Perspectives Among Indian Diaspora in Germany: Culture and Gender

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Changing Perspectives Among Indian Diaspora in Germany: Culture and Gender Changing Perspectives among Indian Diaspora in Germany: Culture and Gender Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät derAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. Vorgelegt von Maya Subrahmanian Aus Akkikkavu (Indien) WS 2014/2015 1 Erstgutachter: Prof. Hermann Schwengel Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Boike Rehbein Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans- Helmuth Gander Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 08 Juli 2015 SYNOPSIS This study was envisaged with an interest to see the changing perspectives among Indian diaspora in Germany, regarding gender and culture. The tentative hypothesis held only the point that there would be some crucial cultural transformation among the diasporas, especially in terms of the gender based practices. During the fieldwork it turned into a mode of discussions that were more about the aspects of migration and integration. Thus the proposed study has a preliminary attempt to understand the meaning and definitions of diaspora and to analyze the material and non-material contexts of migration, integration and the formation of diasporas in the process. The points on which the discussions were concentrated in the later stages were culture, religion, politics, family, marriage, divorce and sexuality among the diaspora. Under each and every section the questions of change regarding the perspectives and practices based on gender were addressed. This was leading to the understanding of the concerned discourse as well. The basic research problem addressed in this study lies in the fact that we talk about diaspora by considering them as ‘genderless beings’. While they get researched the female diaspora should be identified. The existing form of patriarchal society worldwide, have caused this way of studying and knowing to neglect the ontological status of women diaspora. Escaping from this epistemological trap, there is an attempt to see the gendered existence of the diaspora people as a problematic in this study. Thus it looks at the changing practices and perspectives among Indian diaspora in Germany, to see how the diaspora shapes a hybrid culture, which is supposed to be more gender friendly. 2 And the analysis in this research is also to see the different modes in diaspora life by redefining gender concepts that was imbibed in the culture existing in their home country. Gender, as a new tool of analyzing life styles and issues of inequalities, is employed in this study to see the changes in cultural perspectives of men and women living in a foreign culture. Studies have been done on migrants in terms of socio-economic changes that they bring to their home countries and to the host countries. The investigation on what they think and feel about the changes in their personal life as a diaspora, are the most important point of interest in this study. The analysis of empirical data collected in Germany among the Indian diaspora is more hermeneutical than structural under this study. Most of the points of analysis taken into account in this study originated from the field discussions alone, and not derived from any pre- established theory. The elements and traits of culture determined by the pre- established theories and those considered in this analysis might coincide at times though not fully. The present thesis includes five chapters. The first chapter comprises the introduction, along with a note on the methodological and theoretical frameworks followed in this study. The second chapter goes through the concepts, conceptions and definitions around migration, globalization, transnationalism and diaspora. It also looks at the various arguments on these features that form the theories around it. This chapter also tries to review the literature about Indian diaspora, culture and gender. The literature on these topics and various related social institutions are appraised in this section. An attempt is made to see gender in India and also gender in the West referring to social and feminist theories. The third chapter presents the data from the field work. It is elaborating upon the discussions done 3 with Indians living in Germany. A detailed analysis of the discussions is provided in the forth chapter. The fifth chapter is the concluding note. Concluding the analysis of the available data seemed meaningless, since many points had to be left out for further scrutiny. Only a few aspects of the perspectives and changes among the diaspora were clear in reading culture and gender, within the limits of analysis. The methodological and ethical dilemmas that are faced in a research done by women on women with a gender perspective have caused immense restraint in the process of analysis. The issues of dealing with stigmatized topics such as sexuality and institutional breaks in personal lives also caused enormous moderation in the analysis. It seems drawing more complicated situations in the similar directions while one do diaspora studies. Some of the core conclusions are as followed. Gender disparities in the families of Indian diaspora in Germany are much less than that in India. The life style has changed the possibilities of equality among men and women in general but in the family life it seemed simply to be of convenience to some extent. But women from India have become more powerful persons unlike their existence supposed as a ‘caring machine’ in India. Though it is not a conscious effort, gender equality situationally crept into the life of the Indian diaspora while they migrated to Germany. Conceptions on marriage, morality, sex and sexuality which are stigmatic in India, also changed a lot in among the diaspora though they kept family as an important institution to be formed and preserved. The new ideas on interpersonal relationships have been entering into the minds of the diaspora, nevertheless many of the first-generation people had not been experimenting with that all as they witnessed in the migrated society. Thus the process of so-called ‘Westernization’ is working out in a different way among diasporas. 4 The discussions on the modes of migrant life of Indians in Germany provide an argument that there is a type of ‘ Easternization’ going on in the society along with ‘Westernization’. Westernization of the migrants is definitely on cards, but the Easternization in the host society is also an important phenomenon to be noted by social scientists. The Easternization is happening mainly by inculcating some of the cultural traits that they think as good for them by adopting it from the migrant’s culture. This trend could be understood as a process of Easternization in German culture that is caused by Indians in a partial way. But it is evaluated that there is no possibility of the migrants change totally or make the host people change to their home cultures. They change into a hybrid culture and postulate the positive qualities of both cultural backgrounds. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The fulfillment of this research was due to the supportive mentality of many people. First of all I would like to express my gratitude towards Prof. Dr. Hermann Schwengel for being the research supervisor. He had been a nicely supporting person all through the years of my research to complete it properly. Thanks to Prof. Dr. Boike Rehbein for being my second supervisor. Many people at the Institute for Sociology and Global Studies Program are conscientious for the execution of this thesis. The Secretaries and the Erasmus Mundus Co-ordinators at the Institute deserve special thanks. Dr Nina Degele, Dr Jan Cruze and Dr.Florian Schumacher were helpful with some information needed initially; thanks to them. Great many thanks to Dr. Gernot Saalmann, for stirring discussions and suggestions while the research proceeded. Thanks to Dr. Barbara Riedel who cared to support me with discussions at the final stage. And I express my thankfulness towards Dr. Anna Lindberg who had been an inspiring and resourceful friend. I would like to thank all friends/colleagues at the Institute for Sociology; their company at times was appreciative. Thanks due to the friendships I earned during my stay and field work in Freiburg and in various parts of Germany; Mr&Mrs. Gossmann, Mr&Mrs. Helmeth, Mr&Mrs. Punnamparambil, Lissia, Samira, Roy and Wendelin are some of the names that deserve special reference. Many Indians I met in Germany were all very nice to welcome me and most of them became friendlier by supporting my further research. I found the field resource through some organizations and that also needs to be referred here. People connected to Deutsche-Indische Gesellschaft, 6 www.thullal.com , www.kulturforum-freiburg.de are some of the sources from where I got contacts with Indians in Germany. I am so thankful to them all. Great many thanks due to the diaspora people who associated with me to envision the field discussions fruitfully. And I am thankful to all the offices concerning migration, enumeration etc. who were responding to my queries properly. I express my gratitude towards Erasmus Mundus for the funding that caused the accomplishment of this research. It had been great experience to be cool with the administrative aspects, that all went smooth while I involved in this academic work. Many thanks to all those concerned people at administrative offices, who made it all easy for me. I wish to thank my mother, father, relatives and friends in India, who have always been caring and supportive during this research program. And I express my love and gratefulness to Appu and Ammini for being pleasurably with me while finishing this research. 7 CONTENTS Synopsis Acknowledgements Chapters Pages I Introduction 10 i. Preface 11 ii. Inducement to the Study 18 iii. Conceiving the Indian Diaspora in Germany 19 iv. Methodological Concerns 22 v. Theoretical Frameworks 25 vi. On Chapters 28 II Concepts and Terminologies 29 i.
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