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Archival Sources

Austria Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, Linz (OÖLA). Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna: Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv (ÖStA-AVA). Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna: Archiv der Republik (ÖStA-AdR). Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna: Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (ÖStA-HHStA). Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna: Kriegsarchiv (ÖStA-KA). Tiroler Landesarchiv, Innsbruck (TLA).

Germany Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich: Abt. II: Neuere Bestände (BayHStA-NB). Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich: Abt. IV: Kriegsarchiv (BayHStA-KA). Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde: Abt. Reich (BArch). Evangelisches Zentralarchiv, Berlin (EZA). Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA). Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duisburg (LNRW). Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Hanover (NHStA). Staatsarchiv Hamburg (StA Hamburg). Württembergisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Stuttgart (WHStA).

Italy Archivio di Stato di Trieste (AST). Museo storico italiano della guerra, Archivio storico, Rovereto (ASR).

Portugal Arquivo Histórico Militar, Lisbon (AHM).

Switzerland Archive du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, Geneva (ACICR). Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv, Bern (SBA).

United Kingdom/British Isles Liddle Collection, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds (LC). Manx National Heritage Library and Archives, Douglas, Isle of Man (MNH). Society of Friends Library, St. Pancras, London (SFL). The National Archives, Kew, London (TNA).

United States Harvard Law Library, Cambridge, MA (HLL). Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA (HL). National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, MD (NARA). National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD (NLM).

Contemporary Government Publications Auswärtiges Amt (Germany), Die Behandlung der deutschen Bevölkerung seitens der französischen und englischen Truppen und Behörden in den von diesen besetzten Teilen der Kolonien, n.d. [Berlin, 1914]. Deutscher Reichstag (Germany), Das Werk des Untersuchungsausschusses, 1919– 1928. Reihe 3: Völkerrecht im Weltkrieg, Bde. II and III.2 (Berlin, 1927). Doegen, Wilhelm, Kriegsgefangene Völker. Bd. 1: Der Kriegsgefangenen Haltung und Schicksal in Deutschland, im Auftrage des Reichswehr-Ministeriums (Berlin, 1919). Favre, Édouard, Swiss Internment of Prisoners of War. An Experiment in International Humane Legislation and Administration: A Report (New York, 1917). BIBLIOGRAPHY 317

Foreign Office (Great Britain), Parliamentary White Papers (Miscellaneous), 1915–16. Governo Italiano (Italy), Relazioni della reale commissione d’inchiesta sulle vio- lazioni del diritto delle genti commesse dal nemico, Vol. 3: Trattamento dei prigionieri di Guerra e degli internati civili (Rome, 1920). H.M.S.O. (Great Britain), The British Nationality Act (London, 1981), available at https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/pdfs/ukpga_19810061_ en.pdf ———, The Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act (London, 1919), available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1919/92/pdfs/ukpga_19190092_ en.pdf ———, Treatment by the Germans of British Prisoners and Natives in East Africa: Report Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty (London, 1917). ———, The Aliens Restriction Act (London, 1914), available at https://www. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1914/12/pdfs/ukpga_19140012_en.pdf ———, The Official History of the Russo-Japanese War, prepared by the Committee of Imperial Defence (London, 1909). ———, The Aliens Act (London, 1905), available at https://www.legislation.gov. uk/ukpga/1905/13/pdfs/ukpga_19050013_en.pdf Kriegsministerium (Prussia/Germany), Die Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland: Gegen 250 Wirklichkeitsaufnahmen aus deutschen Gefangenenlagern mit einer Erläuterung von Professor Dr. Backhaus (Siegen, 1915). ———, Die Ernährung der Kriegsgefangenen im Deutschen Reiche: Bericht über den Kursus für Verpflegungsoffiziere der Gefangenenlager vom 22. bis 25. Juni 1915 in Berlin (Berlin, 1915). Ministerium des Äussern (Austria-Hungary), Sammlung von Nachweisen für die Verletzungen des Völkerrechts durch die mit Österreich-Ungarn kriegführenden Staaten, 4 vols. (Vienna, 1915–1916). ———, Recueil de témoignages concernant les actes de violation du droit des gens commis par les États en guerre avec l’Autriche-Hongrie (Bern, 1915). ———, Collection of Evidence Concerning the Violations of International Law by the Countries at War with Austria-Hungary (Vienna, 1915). Mitteilungen der Staatskommission für Kriegsgefangenen- und Zivilinterniertenangelegenheiten, Vienna, June–October 1919. Müller-Meiningen, Ernst, Weltkrieg und Völkerrecht. Eine Anklage gegen die Kriegsführung des Dreiverbandes (Berlin, 1915). Österreichischer Reichsrat (Austria), Stenographische Protokolle des Abgeordnetenhauses des Reichsrates, XXII. Session (Vienna, 1917). Reichskolonialamt (Germany), Die Kolonialdeutschen aus Kamerun und Togo in französischer Gefangenschaft (Berlin, 1917). 318 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———, Die Kolonialdeutschen aus Deutsch-Ostafrika in belgischer Gefangenschaft (Berlin, 1918). Roxburgh, Ronald Francis, The Prisoners of War Information Bureau in London, with an introduction by L. Oppenheim (London, 1915).

Red Cross, Quaker and Medical Publications Bulletin International des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, various editions, 1915–19. Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, Rapport général du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge sur son activité de 1912 à 1920 (Geneva, 1921). ———, Nouvelles de l’Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre, various editions, 1916–18. ———, Documents publiés à l’occasion de la guerre [camp inspection reports fol- lowing visits from ICRC officials] (Geneva and Paris, 1915–17). ———, L’Agence internationale des Prisonniers de Guerre à Genève, 1914 et 1915 (Geneva, 1915). Ferrière, Frédéric, Conférence des Croix-Rouges Neutres à Genève: Questions concernant les civils (Geneva, 1917). Gruhle, Hans W., Psychiatrie für Ärzte, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1922) [1918]. Huot, Louis and Voivenel, Paul, Le Cafard (Paris, 1918). Internationales Hilfskomitee für Zivilgefangene, Zweck und Ziele des Internationalen Hilfskomitee für Zivilgefangene (Zurich, n.d. [1917/18]). Julliard, Charles, ‘La Captivitose: Communication à la Société médicale de Genève, le 4 juillet 1917’, Revue médicale de la Suisse romande, 20 July 1917, pp. 464–6. Repond, A., ‘L’hystérie chez les prisonniers de guerre internés en Suisse’, Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie/Archives suisses de neurologie et de psychiatre/Archivio svizzeri di neurologia e psichiatria, 3.1 (1918), pp. 128–46. Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, various editions, 1919–30. Society of Friends, St. Stephen’s House: Friends’ Emergency Work in England, 1914 to 1920, compiled by Anna Braithwaite Thomas and others (London, 1926). ———, Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in Distress, published reports (London, 1914–19). Turmann, Max, La Suisse pendant la guerre: L’aide aux victimes (Paris, 1917). Vischer, A. L, Barbed-Wire Disease: A Psychological Study of the Prisoner of War (London, 1919). ———, Die Stacheldraht-Krankheit: Beitrag zur Psychologie der Kriegsgefangenen (Zurich, 1918). ———, An der serbischen Front: Erlebnisse eines Arztes auf dem serbisch-türkischen Kriegsschauplatz 1912 (Basel, 1913). Wilmanns, Karl, Über Gefängnispsychosen (Halle, 1908). BIBLIOGRAPHY 319

Eye-Witness and Documentary Accounts, Diaries, Memoirs and Other Printed Primary Sources Anon., The Reception of Wounded Prisoner Soldiers of Great Britain in Switzerland (London, 1916). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington DC, 1914). Cohen-Portheim, Paul, Time Stood Still: My Internment in England, 1914–1918 (London, 1931). Ćorović, Vladimir, Crna Knjiga: Patnje srba Bosne i Hercegovine za vreme Svetskog Rata 1914–1918 (Belgrade and Sarajevo, 1920). Dunant, Henry, A Memoir of Solferino (Geneva, n.d.) [1862]. Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents, trans. by Joan Riviere (London, 1930) [1930]. ———, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, trans. by John Reddick, Penguin Modern Classics (London, 2003) [1920]. Garner, James W., ‘Treatment of Enemy Aliens: Measures in Respect to Personal Liberty’, American Journal of International Law, 12.1 (1918), pp. 27–55. Girardet-Vielle, Antonie, ‘Bureau international féministe en faveur des victimes de la guerre’, Jahrbuch der Schweizerfrauen, 1 (1915), pp. 68–73. Hirschfeld, Magnus, The Sexual History of the World War (Honolulu, HI, 1941; reprinted 2006). ———, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges, 2 Vols. (Leipzig and Vienna, 1929–30). Hobhouse, Emily, Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies (London, 1901). Jannasch, Lilli, Untaten des preussisch-deutschen Militarismus im besetzten Frankreich und Belgien (Berlin, 1924). Kuncz, Aladar, Black Monastery, translated from the Hungarian by Ralph Murray (New York, 1934). Laurent, François, 1914–1918: Des Alsaciens-Lorrains otages en France: Souvenirs d’un Lorrain interné en France et en Suisse pendant la guerre, edited by Camille Marie (Strasbourg, 1998). Liszt, Franz von, Das Völkerrecht, systematisch dargestellt, 11th ed. (Berlin, 1920). Newton, Lord, Retrospection (London, 1941). Niepage, Martin, The Horrors of Aleppo: A Word to Germany’s Accredited Representatives (London, 1917). Redlich, Joseph, Austrian War Government (New Haven, CT, 1929). Powell, Joseph and Gribble, Francis, The History of Ruhleben: A Record of British Organisation in a Prison Camp in Germany (London, 1919). Reed, John, War in Eastern Europe: Travels through the Balkans in 1915 (New York, 1916; reprinted, London, 1994). 320 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schiller, Joseph, Die Polizeihaft in Bayern (Kallmünz, 1931). Souvenir du Bureau International Féministe de Renseignements en faveur des Victimes de la Guerre, Octobre 1914–Juillet 1919 (Lausanne, 1919). Stříbrný, Jiří, Thalerhof (Prague, 1934). Talergofs’kyj al’manach: Propamjatnaja knyga avstryjs’kych žestokostej, yzuvirstv y nasylij nad karpato-russ’kym narodom vo vremja vsemyrnoj vojny 1914–1917 gg., 4 Vols. (Lvov, 1924–32). Weiland, Hans and Kern, Leopold (eds.), In Feindeshand: Die Gefangenschaft im Weltkriege in Einzeldarstellungen, 2 Vols. (Vienna, 1931). Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, ‘Resolutions presented to the peace conference of the powers in Paris’, May 1919, http://wilpf.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/WILPF_triennial_congress_1919.pdf Wyndham’s War – the Diaries of Thomas Wyndham Richards, a Cardiff Schoolmaster interned in Ruhleben and Havelberg, 1914–1918, edited by Derek Richards (Newport, 2014).

Select List of Secondary Sources Abbenhuis, Maartje M., The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914–1918 (Amsterdam, 2006). Andrew, Christopher, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009). Applebaum, Anne, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps (London, 2004). Armanski, Gerhard, Maschinen des Terrors: Das Lager (KZ und GULAG) in der Moderne (Münster, 1993). Bade, Klaus J., Europa in Bewegung: Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart (Munich, 2000). Bauerkämper, Arnd, ‘National Security and Humanity: The Internment of Civilian “Enemy Aliens” during the First World War’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, 40.1 (2018), pp. 61–85. Bayly, C. A., The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (Oxford, 2004). Becker, Annette, ‘Captive Civilians’, in Jay Winter (ed.), The Cambridge History of the First World War. Vol 3: Civil Society (Cambridge, 2014), pp. 257–81. ———, Oubliés de la Grande Guerre: Humanitaire et Culture de Guerre 1914– 1918. Populations Occupées, Déportés Civils, Prisonniers de Guerre (Paris, 1998). Bianchi, Bruna (ed.), La violanza contro la populazione civile nella grande guerra: Deportate, profughi, internati (Milan, 2006). Bloxham, Donald, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford, 2005). Bosworth, Mary, Inside Immigration Detention (Oxford, 2014). Brubaker, Rogers, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1992). BIBLIOGRAPHY 321

Cabanes, Bruno, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924 (Cambridge, 2014). Caglioti, Daniela L., ‘Subjects, Citizens, and Aliens in a Time of Upheaval: Naturalizing and Denaturalizing in Europe during the First World War’, Journal of Modern History, 89.3 (2017), pp. 495–530. ———, ‘Tra la Sardegna e Katzenau: Donne e uomini al confine e nei campi di concentramento’, in Stefania Bartoloni (ed.), La Grande Guerra delle italiane: Mobilitazioni, diritti, trasformazioni (Rome, 2016), pp. 249–70. ———, ‘Why and How Italy Invented an Enemy Aliens Problem in the First World War’, War in History, 21.2 (2014), pp. 142–69. ———, ‘Waging War on Civilians: The Expulsion of Aliens in the Franco-Prussian War’, Past and Present, 221 (2013), pp. 161–95. Clavin, Patricia, ‘Time, Manner, Place: Writing Modern European History in Global, Transnational and International Contexts’, European History Quarterly, 40.4 (2010) pp. 624–40. Conrad, Sebastian, Globalgeschichte: Eine Einführung (Munich, 2013). Dabag, Mihran, and Platt, Kristin (eds.), Genozid und Moderne. Band 1: Strukturen kollektiver Gewalt im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen, 1998). Davis, Gerald H., ‘National Red Cross Societies and Prisoners of War in Russia, 1914–1918’, Journal of Contemporary History, 28.1 (1993), pp. 31–52. Dedering, Tilman, ‘“Avenge the Lusitania”: The Anti-German Riots in South Africa in 1915’, Immigrants and Minorities, 31.3 (2013), pp. 256–88. de Roodt, Evelyn, Oorlogsgasten: Vluchtelingen en krijgsgevangenen in Nederland tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog (Zaltbommel, 2000). Douki, Caroline and Minard, Philippe, ‘Histoire globale, histoires connectées: un changement d’échelle historiographique?’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contem- poraine, 54–5.5 (2007), pp. 7–21. Durand, André, De Sarajevo à Hiroshima: Histoire du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (Geneva, 1978). Duranti, Marco, ‘European Integration, Human Rights, and Romantic Internationalism’, in Nicholas Doumanis (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 (Oxford, 2016), pp. 440–58. Durbach, Nadja, ‘The Parcel is Political: The British Government and the Regulation of Food Parcels for Prisoners of War, 1914–1918’, First World War Studies, 9.1 (2018), pp. 93–110. Eisfeld, Alfred, Hausmann, Guido and Neutatz, Dietmar (eds.), Besetzt, interniert, deportiert: Der Erste Weltkrieg und die deutsche, jüdische, polnische und ukrain- ische Zivilbevölkerung im östlichen Europa (Essen, 2013). Fahrmeir, Andreas, Citizenship: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Concept (New Haven, CT and London, 2007). Farcy, Jean-Claude, Les camps de concentration français de la première guerre mon- diale (1914–1920) (Paris, 1995). 322 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Feltman, Brian K., The Stigma of Surrender: German Prisoners, British Captors, and Manhood in the Great War and Beyond (Chapel Hill, NC and London, 2015). Fischer, Gerhard, Enemy Aliens: Internment and the Homefront Experience in Australia, 1914–1920 (St. Lucia, 1989). Forth, Aiden, Barbed-Wire Imperialism: Britain’s Empire of Camps, 1876–1903 (Berkeley, CA, 2017). Francis, Andrew, ‘To Be Truly British We Must Be Anti-German’: New Zealand, Enemy Aliens and the Great War Experience, 1914–1919 (Oxford, 2012). Frank, Matthew, Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth- Century Europe (Oxford, 2017). Gatrell, Peter, ‘Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War’, Immigrants and Minorities, 26.1–2 (2008), pp. 82–110. Gatrell, Peter and Zhvanko, Liubov (eds.), Europe on the Move: Refugees in the Era of the Great War (Manchester, 2016). Gerwarth, Robert, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917– 1923 (London, 2016). Gerwarth, Robert and Manela, Erez (eds.), Empires at War, 1911–1923 (Oxford, 2014). Giuseppi, Simon, Corse: Terre d’Accueil, Terre d’Exil, 1914–1918 (Ajaccio, 2017). ———, L’internement à Corbara en Corse de civils austro-allemands 1914–1920 (Ajaccio, 2014). Gorman, Daniel, International Cooperation in the Early Twentieth Century (London, 2017). Gosewinkel, Dieter, Schutz und Freiheit? Staatsbürgerschaft in Europa im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 2016). Grady, Tim, ‘Landscapes of Internment: British Prisoner of War Camps and the Memory of the First World War’, Journal of British Studies, 58.3 (2019), pp. 543–64. ———, A Deadly Legacy: German Jews and the Great War (New Haven, CT and London, 2017). Grayzel, Susan R., ‘Men and Women at Home’, in Jay Winter (ed.), The Cambridge History of the First World War. Vol 3: Civil Society (Cambridge, 2014), pp. 96–120. ———, Women’s Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France during the First World War (Chapel Hill, NC and London, 1999). Greiner, Bettina and Kramer, Alan (eds.), Welt der Lager: Zur ‘Erfolgsgeschichte’ einer Institution (Hamburg, 2013). Gumz, Jonathan E., The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 2009). Hagedorn, Ann, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (New York, 2007). BIBLIOGRAPHY 323

Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard and Kocka, Jürgen, ‘Comparisons and Beyond: Traditions, Scope, and Perspectives of Comparative History’, in Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Jürgen Kocka (eds.), Comparative and Transnational History: Central European Approaches and New Perspectives (New York and Oxford, 2009), pp. 1–30. Herbert, Ulrich, Geschichte der Ausländerbeschäftigung in Deutschland 1880 bis 1980: Saisonarbeiter, Zwangsarbeiter, Gastarbeiter (Bonn, 1986). Heyningen, Elizabeth van, The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History (Auckland Park, 2013). Hinz, Uta, Gefangen im Großen Krieg: Kriegsgefangenschaft in Deutschland, 1914–1921 (Essen, 2006). ———, ‘“Die deutschen ‘Barbaren’ sind doch die besseren Menschen”: Kriegsgefangenschaft und gefangene “Feinde” in der Darstellung der deutschen Publizistik 1914–1918’, in Rüdiger Overmans (ed.), In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg (Cologne, 1999), pp. 339–61. Hobsbawm, Eric, Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (London, 2007). ———, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (London, 1962). Holzer, Anton, Das Lächeln der Henker: Der unbekannte Krieg gegen die Zivilbevölkerung 1914–1918 (Darmstadt, 2008). Höpp, Gerhard, Muslime in der Mark: Als Kriegsgefangene und Internierte in Wünsdorf und Zossen, 1914–1924 (Berlin, 1997). Horne, John, ‘Introduction: Wartime Imprisonment in the Twentieth Century’, in Anne-Marie Pathé and Fabien Théofilakis (eds.),Wartime Captivity in the Twentieth Century: Archives, Stories, Memories (New York and Oxford, 2016), pp. 13–24. Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (New Haven and London, 2001). Huber, Anja, Fremdsein im Krieg: Die Schweiz als Ausgangs- und Zielort von Migration, 1914–1918 (Zurich, 2018). Huebner, Todd, ‘The Internment Camp at Terezín, 1919’, Austrian History Year Book, 27 (1996), pp. 199–211. Hull, Isabel V., A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War (Ithaca, NY and London, 2014). ———, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Ithaca, NY and London, 2005). Hyslop, Jonathan, ‘The Invention of the Concentration Camp: Cuba, Southern Africa and the Philippines, 1896–1907’, South African Historical Journal, 63.2 (2011), pp. 251–76. Jahr, Christoph, ‘Zivilisten als Kriegsgefangene: Die Internierung von “Feindstaaten-Ausländern” in Deutschland während des Ersten Weltkrieges am Beispiel des “Engländerlagers” Ruhleben’, in Rüdiger Overmans (ed.), In der 324 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Novels Habila, Helon, Travellers (London, 2019). Kafka, Franz, The Trial, trans. by Michael Hofmann. Penguin Classics edition (London, 2015) [1925]. Index1

A 133, 137, 140, 165, 202, 205, Ador, Gustave, 198, 218, 294 240, 241, 243, 244, 251–259, Algeria, 2, 44, 58, 68n74, 83, 85, 307 136, 147, 149 Auswärtiges Amt – German Foreign Aliens Act 1905, UK, 90, 92, 304 Office (AA), 45, 47, 55, 101, Aliens Restriction Act (ARA) 1914, 132, 133, 135–138, 144, 151, UK, 33, 91–93, 304 152, 167, 168, 193, 213, 264, Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 274, 282n72 (AR(R)A) 1919, UK, 261–263 Azores, 2, 40, 42, 267 Angola, 40–42 Argentina, 36, 65n32, 80, 273, 274 Armenian genocide, 1915–16, 56, B 112, 115, 116, 130, 295 Balkans, 2, 11, 56–62, 76n173, 185 Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche Balkan wars, 1912–13, 27n55, 56, 60, im Ausland und Ausländer in 185, 215, 217, 278 Deutschland, Germany, 15, Barbed-wire disease, 15, 186, 189–195 210–227, 252, 292, 297, 298, Australia, 36, 45, 50, 93, 94, 99, 242, 311n25 260, 263, 264, 276 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, Austria(-Hungary), 32, 41, 46–56, 113, 131, 132, 135, 151, 152, 77, 79, 83, 85–87, 102–112, 167

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Boer war, 1899–1902, 10, 94, 188, F 296, 307 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Bolsheviks, 21, 116, 241–243, USA, 274 245–247, 250, 251, 277 Ferrière, Frédéric, 97, 100, 198–200, Brazil, 2, 21, 33, 36, 38–40, 43, 217, 294 273–275, 278, 307 Forced labour, 18, 31, 44, 77, 87, 96, Bulgaria, 16, 56–62, 74n148, 80, 109, 101, 110, 142–144, 151, 162, 244 163, 201, 247, 253, 268, 308 Bureau international féministe de Forced migration, 33, 86 renseignements en faveur des Fort Douglas camp, Utah, 36 victimes de la guerre, Lausanne, Fort Napier camp, Pietermaritzburg, 184, 193, 196 35 Fort Oglethorpe camp, Georgia, 36, 37, 65n33, 159–161, 275 C France, 1–3, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 35, 37, Cameroon, 80, 96, 149, 151, 152, 39, 42–45, 48, 56–58, 77, 79–90, 200 92–94, 96, 98–100, 102, 103, Canada, 1, 21, 36, 46, 50, 57, 58, 87, 105, 110–112, 131, 133, 137, 96, 97, 99, 141–144, 147, 155, 138, 143, 147, 149–152, 157, 161, 166, 243, 260, 263, 158, 162, 164, 165, 169–171, 276–278, 307 185, 190, 191, 195, 196, 198, Chile, 36, 65n32, 80, 273, 274 205, 208, 212, 240, 242, 243, China, 2, 6, 21, 36, 48, 264, 265, 252–254, 260, 266, 268–273, 273, 307 275, 307 Cohen-Portheim, Paul, 95, 224 Freud, Sigmund, 224 Corsica, 2, 35, 42, 83, 85, 88, 268, Friends Emergency Committee for the 269 Assistance of Germans, Austrians Cuba, 10, 12, 250, 273, 300 and Hungarians in Distress (FEC, UK), 15, 94, 189, 190, 193–195, 216, 220, 227 D Dahomey, 1, 44, 147, 149 Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) G 1914, UK, 91, 93, 103, 159 Geneva conventions (1864, 1906, Douglas camp, Isle of Man, 1929, 1949), 60, 138, 195, 197, 216 201, 204, 206, 259, 295, 298–302 German East Africa, 41, 49, 97, 150, E 264 Egypt, 46, 69n86, 69n87, 203, German Samoan Islands, 46 242, 260, 262, 264, 266, German South West Africa, 40, 188, 278 262 INDEX 333

Germany, 2, 11, 12, 21, 33, 34, 36, 63n10, 69n76, 74n151, 82, 97, 39–43, 46–48, 50–55, 77, 79–81, 100, 102, 109–111, 135–138, 83–87, 90, 91, 98–103, 105, 141, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 133, 135, 138–144, 146, 154, 184, 189, 191, 192, 148–151, 154, 158, 161, 163, 195–204, 208, 211, 215, 217, 167, 169, 170, 185, 188–191, 218, 226, 240–242, 244, 245, 193–196, 198–200, 202, 206, 258, 259, 268–270, 294, 295, 213, 215, 226, 240, 241, 243, 298, 299, 301, 302, 307 251–267, 269, 272–274, 307 Internationales Hilfskomitee für Gibraltar, 46, 264 Zivilgefangene, Zurich, 194, 196, Goa, 42, 267 254 Greece, 2, 36, 44, 45, 57, 80 Italy, 2, 34, 36, 48, 84, 99, 104, 106, 109–111, 171, 203, 240, 254, 266, 268–273 H Habsburg empire, see Austria (-Hungary) J Hague conventions (1899 and 1907), Japan, 47, 79, 81, 242, 265, 273 10, 11, 137, 195–197, 199, 294, Jews/Jewish prisoners, 36, 54, 58, 90, 295, 300 93, 112, 116, 165, 255–258, 306 Haiti, 37, 66n36, 273, 274 Havelberg camp, Germany, 52, 162, 258 K Hindenburg, Paul von, 145 Katzenau camp, Austria, 29n75, 48, Hirschfeld, Magnus, 222–224, 227 106–107, 110, 253–255, 282n66 Hobhouse, Emily, 186–189, 229n23, Knockaloe camp, Isle of Man, 35, 57, 294 94–96, 107, 155, 193, 213, 224, Hobhouse, Stephen, 119n67, 190, 260 192 Holzminden camp, Germany, 47, 139, 149, 190 L Hungary, 47, 108, 109, 256, 264, Lofthouse Park camp, Wakefield, UK, 270, 271 35, 95, 194, 214, 224 Ludendorff, Erich, 144, 204

I India, 1, 6, 10, 37, 40, 42, 46, 48, 50, M 58, 70n88, 93, 94, 97, 154, 185, Malta, 2, 46, 50, 57, 58, 264 203, 214, 260, 262, 264–266 Metropolitan Police Special Branch International Committee of the Red (MPSB, UK), 90 Cross (ICRC, Geneva), 14, 19, MI5 (The security service, UK), 20, 33, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 90–92, 275 334 INDEX

Morocco, 1, 44, 68n74, 86, 136, 147, Romania, 16, 36, 48, 54, 61, 79, 80, 149, 185 99, 268–273 Mozambique, 40–43, 267 Rotten, Elisabeth, 150, 168, 189–196, 198, 224, 227, 254 Ruhleben camp, Germany, 100, 138, N 164, 194 Naville, Édouard, 97, 198, 201, 294 Russia, 2, 6, 20, 21, 32, 33, 36, 54, Netherlands, 1, 20, 40, 100, 131, 135, 55, 79, 80, 110, 111, 116, 152, 186, 190, 191, 194, 198, 154, 163, 185, 189, 199, 219, 204–210, 241, 252, 254, 307 241–251, 257, 259 New Zealand, 2, 36, 46, 50, 58, 93, Russian civil war, 1918–20, 20, 249, 97, 99, 243, 260, 262, 263, 276 259 Russo-Japanese war, 1904–05, 9

O Ottoman empire, 56, 93, 112, 130, S 244, 262 Serbia, 18, 34, 57, 59, 61, 79, 80, 104, 105, 109, 111, 117n9, 146, 149, 208, 217, 240, 273, P 300 Palestine, 46, 203, 260, 262 Siam (Thailand), 2, 36, 37, 260 Panama, 2, 36, 37, 160, 273, 274 South Africa, 10, 12, 26n50, 28n66, Paris Peace Conference, 1919–20, 35, 43, 46, 50, 58, 65n26, 94, 267, 271 99, 185–188, 243, 250, 260, Philippines, 10, 26n50, 36, 160, 274 263, 307 Poland, 36, 55, 65n28, 73n137, 154, Spain, 10, 41, 67n56, 84, 200, 255–257, 259, 269, 273 267 Polish-Soviet war, 1920–21, 20 Spanish-American war, 1898, 10 Polish-Ukrainian war, 1918–19, 20 Switzerland, 1, 14, 20, 40, 59, 84, 98, Portugal, 2, 14, 16, 36, 40–43, 100, 110, 168, 170, 186, 191, 67n57, 79, 80, 99, 266, 267, 192, 194, 195, 198, 204–210, 273, 275, 307 214, 225–227, 241, 242, 251, Prostitutes/prostitution, 12, 17, 32, 254, 255, 307 108, 139, 158–160, 247

T R Tahiti, 1, 2, 44 Refugees, 7, 15, 21, 33, 58, 106–108, Thalerhof camp, Austria, 34, 270 110, 112, 170, 190, 208, 245, Togo, 44, 80, 96, 149, 151, 152 246, 254–257, 271, 278, 293, Trieste, 50, 51, 53, 107, 108, 110, 296, 302, 305 111, 171, 271, 272, 292 INDEX 335

U V United Kingdom (UK), 10, 13, 37, Vischer, Adolf Lukas, 15, 20, 60, 58, 79, 90, 96, 154, 155, 159, 61, 186, 210, 215–221, 169, 216, 261, 262, 304 225, 226, 292, 294, 297, United States of America (USA), 2, 6, 311n25 8, 10, 14, 21, 36–38, 51, 53, 56, 59, 77, 79, 82, 85, 97, 130, 133, 140–142, 147, 155, 159–161, W 166, 169, 185, 188, 195, 213, Women’s International League 218, 219, 241–243, 265, 271, for Peace and Freedom 273–275, 277, 278, 299–301, (WILPF, Geneva), 197, 199, 303, 307 202, 294