Ecological Response Units of the Southwestern United States

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United States Department Ecological Response Units of Agriculture of the Southwestern United States Forest Service

Southwestern Region Maximilian Wahlberg F. Jack Triepke DRAFT 2014 Wayne Robbie Steve H. Stringer FR-R3-XX-XX Don Vandendriesche Esteban Muldavin Jim Malusa

Summary

Wahlberg, M.M., F.J. Triepke, W.A. Robbie, S.H. Strenger, D. Vandendriesche, E.H. Muldavin, and J.R Malusa. 2013. Ecological Response Units of the Southwestern United States. USDA Forest Service Forestry Report FR-R3-XX-XX. Southwestern Region, Regional Office, Albuquerque, NM. 201 pp.

In the Southwest, the US Forest Service has developed a framework of ecosystem types, or “Ecological Response Units”, to facilitate landscape analysis and strategic planning. The framework represents all major ecosystem types of the region, and a coarse stratification of biophysical themes. Ecological Response Units (ERUs) are map unit constructs, technical groupings of finer vegetation classes of the National Vegetation Classification. The suite of vegetation classes that make up any given ERU share similar disturbance dynamics, plant species dominants, and theoretical succession sequence (potential vegetation). The ERU framework includes 31 terrestrial units, and 8 associated subclasses (additionally, 12 provisional subclasses are proposed), along with 21 riparian units.

Key Words

Ecosystem stratification, ecosystem unit, reference condition, landscape analysis, strategic planning, southwestern ecology.

The Authors Acknowledgements

Max Wahlberg is acting Regional Analyst for the USDA The authors gratefully acknowledge the work Forest Service Southwestern Region in Albuquerque, New of the many individuals who have worked to Mexico, and Forest Ecologist for the Prescott National classify vegetation of the southwest including, Forest. David E. Brown, Charles H. Lowe, Charles P. Pase, Robert DeVelice, John Ludwig, Will Moir, Jack Triepke is Regional Ecologist for the Forest Service Frank Ronco, and several other pioneering Southwestern Region, also conducting research at the phytosociologists of the region. University of New Mexico. Special thanks and recognition are extended to Wayne Robbie is Regional Soil Scientist and Inventory and Bob Davis, Director & Robert Trujillo, Assistant Monitoring Coordinator for the Forest Service Southwestern Director of Ecosystem Assessment and Region.Steve Strenger is New Mexico Team Leader for the Planning for the USDA Forest Service Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory Coordinator for the Southwestern Region along with Reuben Forest Service Southwestern Region Don Vandendriesche is Weisz, George Robertson, Matt Turner, & Vegetation Application Program Manager for the Forest Michelle Aldridge for their contributions and Service Southwestern Region. support in the preparation of this document.

Esteban Muldavin is Research Associate Professor at the University of New Mexico, and Ecology Coordinator with Natural Heritage New Mexico.

Jim Malusa is Research Specialist with the School of Natural Resources and the Environment at the University of Arizona.

Cover Photos by Maximillian Wahlberg:

Upper Left: Juniper Grass ERU with understory fire, Coronado National Forest.

Upper Right: Montane / Subalpine Grassland ERU on the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest.

Center: Open characteristic Ponderosa Pine-Bunchgrass ERU in the Gila Wilderness, Gila National Forest.

Lower Left: Fall foliage in the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU on the San Francisco Peaks, Coconino National Forest.

Lower Right: Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU at the base of the Chirihcaua Mountains near Rodeo, NM.

Contents Introduction ...... 1 Ecological Response Unit Concepts ...... 4 Relationship of Ecological Response Units to other Ecosystem Stratifications ...... 5 Biotic Communities of the Southwest ...... 5 LANDFIRE Biophysical Settings and NatureServe Ecological Systems ...... 8 Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory ...... 8 National Vegetation Classification ...... 9 Descriptions for Upland Ecological Response Units ...... 11 Forest Ecological Response Units: ...... 14 Spruce-Fir Ecological Response Unit ...... 14 Bristlecone Pine Ecological Response Unit ...... 21 Mixed Conifer with Aspen Ecological Response Unit ...... 23 Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire Ecological Response Unit ...... 28 Ponderosa Pine Forest Ecological Response Unit ...... 33 Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak Ecological Response Unit ...... 39 Woodland Ecological Response Units: ...... 44 Juniper Grass Ecological Response Unit...... 44 PJ Sagebrush Ecological Response Unit ...... 48 PJ Evergreen Shrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 51 PJ Woodland Ecological Response Unit ...... 55 PJ Grass Ecological Response Unit ...... 58 Madrean Encinal Woodland Ecological Response Unit ...... 62 Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland Ecological Response Unit ...... 65 Grassland Ecological Response Units: ...... 69 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Ecological Response Unit ...... 69 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Ecological Response Unit ...... 71 Semi-Desert Grassland Ecological Response Unit ...... 74 Shrubland Ecological Response Units: ...... 79 Alpine and Tundra Ecological Response Unit ...... 79 Gambel Oak Shrubland Ecological Response Unit ...... 81 iii

Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Ecological Response Unit ...... 83 Interior Chaparral Ecological Response Unit ...... 85 Sagebrush Shrubland Ecological Response Unit ...... 87 Intermountain Salt Scrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 89 Sandsheet Shrubland Ecological Response Unit ...... 91 Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 93 Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 96 Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 98 Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit ...... 101 Great Plains Ecological Response Units: ...... 103 Shortgrass Prairie Ecological Response Unit ...... 103 Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecological Response Unit ...... 106 Shinnery Oak Ecological Response Unit ...... 109 Sandsage Ecological Response Unit ...... 111 Riparian Ecological Response Units: ...... 113 References ...... 115 Appendix A—ERU-Biophysical Setting / Ecolgocial System ...... 120 Appendix B – Crosswalk between ERUs and National Vegetation Classification Groups ...... 127 Appendix C – Development of Computed Values for Forest and Woodland ERUs ...... 132 Appendix D – Ecological Response Units across Soutwestern Climate Gradients:...... 135 Appendix E – ERU Key ...... 139 Appendix F—TEUI to ERU Crosswalk ...... 150

Introduction ______

Successful land management planning is predicated on stratification of the landscape into meaningful landscape units. To facilitate landscape analysis and strategic planning in the Southwest, the US Forest Service has developed a framework of ecosystem types referred to as Ecological Response Units of ERUs. This guide documents the Ecological Response Units of the Southwestern United States with special emphasis on upland systems. In the Southwestern Region of the US Forest Service, these ERUs provide the foundational unit for analysis of vegetative attributes and associated ecosystem services at the landscape and strategic planning scales.

While this guide is focused primarily on US Forest System lands, attempts have been made to characterize Ecological Response Units for all lands in Arizona and New Mexico. This all-lands approach provides key linkages to ecosystem services on lands not administered by the US Forest Service, and facilitates cooperative landscape analysis and planning across land status boundaries. As a result, all major ecosystems in the Southwest have been identified and are represented in this framework. To date, mapping of these ERUs has been limited to all lands in Arizona and New Mexico, and Forest Service administered lands only in Oklahoma and Texas (Figure x). However, many of the ERUs described in this document extend far beyond the bounds of this region and occur in adjoining states and the country of Mexico.

Ecological Response Units are map unit constructs—technical groupings—of finer scale vegetation classes from the National Vegetation Classification. Each ERU combines finer scale vegetation classes that share similar ecosystem processes and successional dynamics, as well as potential vegetation under historic disturbance regimes. A full list of upland Ecological Response Units for the Southwestern US is presented in Table 1.

This guide provides detailed descriptions of each upland Ecological Response Unit in the Southwestern United States. Riparian systems are unique in their landscape context, and are recognized as ERUs in this framework, as shown in Table 2 and Table 3. However, detailed descriptions of the riparian ERUs are not included in this text. For a description of riparian ERUs in the Southwest, the reader is referred to the Regional Riparian Mapping Project Report (Triepke et al. 2013).

This guide describes the principal ecosystem framework for analysis of vegetation attributes at the landscape and planning scales. It includes descriptions of reference conditions, system characteristics, seral state dynamics, structure and compositional representation, and primary disturbance regimes for each Ecological Response Unit. This guide is intended to assist land managers in the analysis of ecosystem sustainability and integrity.

Table 1. Ecological Response Units for major terrestrial systems of the southwestern US

Ecological Response Unit and Subclasses ERU Code System Type Spruce-Fir Forest SFF forest Spruce-Fir – Lower SFM forest Spruce-Fir - Upper SFP forest Bristlecone Pine BP forest Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen MCW forest Mixed Conifer – Frequent Fire MCD forest

Ecological Response Unit and Subclasses ERU Code System Type Ponderosa Pine Forest PPF forest Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass PPG forest Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak PPO forest Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak PPE forest PJ Sagebrush PJS woodland PJ Evergreen Shrub PJC woodland PJ Woodland PJO woodland PJ Woodland – Cold PJO-cold woodland PJ Woodland - Mild PJO-mild woodland PJ Grass PJG woodland PJ Grass – Cold PJG-cold woodland PJ Grass – High Sun Mild PJGmHS woodland PJ Grass – Low Sun Mild PJGmLS woodland Juniper Grass JUG woodland Juniper Grass – Cold JUGc woodland Juniper Grass – High Sun Mild JUGmHS woodland Juniper Grass – Low Sun Mild JUGmLS woodland Madrean Encinal Woodland MEW woodland Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland MPO woodland Montane / Subalpine Grassland MSG grassland Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland CPGB grassland Semi-Desert Grassland SDG grassland Piedmont Grassland PFG grassland Foothill Grassland FHG grassland Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland SDLG grassland Sandy Plains Grassland SPG grassland Alpine and Tundra ALP shrubland / mixed Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland MMS shrubland Gambel Oak Shrubland GAMB shrubland Sagebrush Shrubland SAGE shrubland Interior Chaparral IC shrubland Sand Sheet Shrubland SSHR shrubland Intermountain Salt Scrub ISS shrubland Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub SDS shrubland Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub CSDS shrubland Chihuahuan Desert Scrub CDS shrubland Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub MSDS shrubland Sandsage SAND shrubland Shinnery Oak SHIN Great Plains Mixed-Grass Prairie MGP Great Plains Shortgrass Prairie SGP Great Plains

Table 2. Ecological Response Units for riparian systems of the southwestern US

Ecological Response Unit ERU Code Arizona Alder – Willow 110 Desert Willow 130 Fremont Cottonwood – Conifer 150 Cottonwood / Hackberry 160 Fremont Cottonwood – Oak 170 Fremont Cottonwood / Shrub 180 Herbaceous Riparian 190 Little Walnut / Chinkapin Oak 210 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Shrub 230 Narrowleaf Cottonwood – Spruce 240 Oak / Desert Willow 250 Rio Grande Cottonwood / Shrub 260 Sycamore - Fremont Cottonwood 270 Upper Montane Conifer / Willow 280 Willow - Thinleaf Alder 290 Arizona Walnut 300 Elm - Eastern Cottonwood 310 Eastern Cottonwood / Shrub 320 Ponderosa Pine / Willow 350 Little Walnut / Desert Willow 360 Little Walnut / Ponderosa Pine 370 Historic Riparian – Agriculture 400 Historic Riparian – Residential/Urban 410 Historic Riparian – Natural/Semi-Natural Terrestrial 420

Table 3. Subclasses for riparian Ecological Response Units

Subclass Map Unit Subclasses Codes

Mesquite Bosque 6

Alkali Herbaceous Wetland 7

Tamarisk 8

Constructed Riparian 9

Ecological Response Unit Concepts ______

In the Southwest the US Forest Service uses a system of ecosystem types, “Ecological Response Units” (ERUs), to facilitate landscape analysis and strategic planning. The ERU framework represents all major ecosystem types of the region and a coarse stratification of biophysical themes (Table 1). The ERUs are map unit constructs, technical groupings of finer vegetation classes with similar site potential (Daubenmire 1968) and disturbance history; that is, the range of plant associations, along with structure and process characteristics, that would occur when natural disturbance regimes and biological processes prevail (TNC 2006). Similar to LANDFIRE biophysical settings conceptualized in the Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class Guidebook (Barrett et al. 2010), ERUs combine themes of site potential and historic fire regime:

Ecological Response Unit = Site Potential + Historic Disturbance Regime

The Fire Regime Condition Class Guidebook goes on to describe how biophysical settings (BpS) are delimited: “Vegetation includes the area’s native species and associated successional stages, determined according to our best understanding of the historical or natural range of variation. Physical characteristics include climate, geology, geomorphology, and soils..." (i.e., site potential), and “…characteristic ecological processes of fire frequency and severity” (historic fire regime). The ERU system (formerly “PNVT”) is a stratification of units that are each similar in plant indicator species, succession patterns, and disturbance regimes that, in concept and resolution, are most useful to management.

This approach is similar to that employed by NatureServe in development of their Ecological Systems (Comer et al. 2003):

A terrestrial ecological system is defined as a group of plant community types that tend to co-occur within landscapes with similar ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients. A given terrestrial ecological system will typically manifest itself at intermediate geographic scales of 10s to 1,000s of hectares and persist for 50 or more years.

Ecological processes include natural disturbances such as fire and flooding. Substrates may include a variety of soil surface and bedrock features, such as shallow soils, alkaline parent materials, sandy/gravelling soils, or peatlands. Finally, environmental gradients include local climates, hydrologically defined patterns in coastal zones, arid grassland or desert areas, or montane, alpine or subalpine zones.

MAP UNIT CONSTRUCT

As mentioned, ERUs are map unit constructs, technical groupings of finer vegetation classes. To date ERUs have been built from plant associations recognized with the National Vegetation Classification (NVC), and from coarser subseries of ecological units that have been identified through Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (Winthers et al. 2005). The Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (TEUI) data are an ideal source of classification and geographic delineation from which to build ERUs. The TEUI effort 4

maps terrestrial ecosystems (ecological types) based on the primary ecosystem components of soil, vegetation, and climate, and involves extensive field sampling to refine map unit concepts (USDA Forest Service 1986). For the purposes of ERU mapping, vegetation classes can be subset from TEUI data.

Some vegetation classes that are used in the construction of ERUs span more than one unit and require careful interpretation of historic circumstances for a given geography, particularly where they occur in ecotonal zones. For example, the oneseed juniper blue grama subseries would initially indicate the woodland ERU – Juniper Grass. However, a closer look at the vegetation type, as it occurs in central New Mexico, shows that the type usually exists in plant communities of low tree cover contiguous to grassland systems, with inferences of high fire frequency. The TEUI map unit description also indicates mollisols, a signature of grassland ecosystems. The collective evidence suggests that the subseries would be best placed in the Colorado Plateau/Great Basin Grassland ERU.

A key concept in the Ecological Response Unit framework is that ERUs can be polyphyletic. In other words, an individual existing vegetation type may be indicative of more than one ERU. An example would be an open semi-arid grassland community type that may represent either a late seral stage in Semi-Desert Grassland or an early seral state in Juniper – Grass. This crossover between existing seral states among ERUs is most common in ecotonal zones. In this way, the ERU concept differs from many other system classifications where strict hierarchical relationships based on existing vegetation preclude such an approach.

Relationship of Ecological Response Units to other Vegetation Stratifications

The development of Ecological Response Units represents one conceptual model for stratifying vegetative systems in the Southwestern United States. Many other efforts to stratify systems have been completed at both broader and finer scales of division. This section discusses the relationship between ERUs and other key vegetation stratifications. While one-to-one relationships are not always possible to develop, crosswalks are provided between ERUs and other ecosystem classifications.

Biotic Communities of the Southwest In 1980, Brown and Lowe published Biotic Communities of the Southwest which stratified the region into 27 unique ecological biomes, of which 16 occur in Arizona and New Mexico. The biome concept is described by Lowe and Brown (1994) as “Natural formations, characterized by a distinctive vegetation physiognomy, within a biotic province. They are plant and animal community responses to integrated climactic factors, more or less regional in scale.”

This substantial work in southwestern landscape ecology generally represents systems (biotic communities) at a broader level, both thematically and spatially, than the Ecological Response Units presented in this document. To illustrate this point, and draw linkages between the two efforts, table 4 provides a conceptual crosswalk between 5

Biotic Communities and ERUs. Figure 1 shows biotic communities of Arizona and New Mexico as depicted by Brown and Lowe (1980).

Figure 1. Spatial representation of Biotic Communities in Arizona and New Mexico.

Table 4. Biotic Communities to Ecological Response Units crosswalk.

Biotic Community Associated Ecological Code Community Name Response Units:

111.5 Alpine and Tundra ALP

121.3 Rocky Mountain (Petran) Subalpine Conifer Forest SFF, BP

122.3 Rocky Mountain (Petran) and Madrean Montane Conifer Forests MCW, MCD, PPF, PPE

122.4 Great Basin Conifer Woodland PJS, PJC, PJO, PJG, JUG

123.3 Madrean Evergreen Woodland MEW, MPO

132.1 Great Basin Montane Scrubland GAMB, MMS

133.1 Californian (Coastal) Chaparral n/a

133.3 Interior Chaparral IC

141.4 Alpine and Subalpine Grasslands MSG

142.1 Plains and Great Basin Grasslands CPGB, SGP, MGP

143.1 Semidesert Grassland SDG

152.1 Great Basin Desertscrub ISS, SSHR, SAGE, SAND

153.1 Mohave Desertscrub MSDS, SDS

153.2 Chihuahuan Desertscrub CSDS, CDS

154.1 Sonoran Desertscrub MSDS, SDS

Further refinement of the classification system by Brown et al. (1998) proposed a seven level, hierarchical framework for classifying world ecosystems. The fourth level of their system represents biotic communities following the same biome concepts presented by Brown and Lowe (1974, 1980); however the numeric coding and naming conventions were revised. The refined classification also included proposals to adopt a fifth level classification representing series, a sixth level classification representing associations, and a seventh level further refining associations into structural and compositional groupings. At the time of its publication, the work included only example fifth and sixth level classification. As a result, the crosswalk between Brown et al. and ERUs does not represent a one- to-one relationship, with some ERUs crosswalked at the Series (fifth level) and others only at the Biotic Community (fourth level). Table 5 displays the relationship between the Brown et al. classification system and ERUs.

Table 5. Comprehensive crosswalk between ERUs and Biotic Communities (Brown et al. 1998).

ERU Biotic Series Name (Fifth Ecological Response Unit Biotic Community Name (Fourth level) Series* Code Community level) Engelman Spruce- Spruce-Fir Forest SFF 121.31 Rocky Mountain and Great Basin AplineFire Series 121.3 Subalpine Conifer Forest Bristlecone Pine- Bristlecone Pine BP 121.32 Limber Pine Series Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen MCW Douglas Fir-White Fir 122.61 Mixed Conifer – Frequent Fire MCD Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Series 122.6 Ponderosa Pine Forest PPF Forest 122.62 Yellow Pine Series Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak PPE PJ Sagebrush PJS PJ Evergreen Shrub PJC PJ Woodland PJO 122.7 Great Basin Conifer Woodland 122.71 Pinyln-Juniper Series PJ Grass PJG Juniper Grass JUG Madrean Encinal Woodland MEW Madrean Evergreen Forest and 123.31 Encinal (Oak) Series 123.3 Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland MPO Woodland 123.32 Oak-Pine Series Rocky Mountain Alpine and Subalpine 141.21/ Montane / Subalpine Grassland MSG 141.2/142.4 Grassland/Rocky Mountain Montane 142.41 7

Grassland Colorado Plateau / Great Basin CPGB 142.2 Great Basin Shrub-Grassland n/a Grassland Semi-Desert Grassland SDG 143.1 Chihuahuan (Semidesert) Grassland n/a Rocky Mountain and Great Basin Alpine and Tundra ALP 111.6/131.4 Tundra / Rocky Mountain Alpine and n/a Subalpine Scrub Mountain Mahogany Mixed Mountain-Mahogany MMS 132.12 Shrubland 132.1 Great Basin Montane Scrub Series Gambel Oak Shrubland GAMB 132.11 Oak-Scrub Series Sagebrush Shrubland SAGE 152.1 Great Basin Desertscrub 152.11 Sagebrush Series Southwestern Interior (Arizona) Interior Chaparral IC 133.3 n/a Chaparral Sand Sheet Shrubland SSHR n/a 152.1 Great Basin Desertscrub Intermountain Salt Scrub ISS n/a Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert SDS 153.1 Mojave Desertscrub 153.16 Saltbrush Series Scrub Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub CSDS 153.2 153.26 Saltbrush Series Chihuahuan Desertscrub Chihuahuan Desert Scrub CDS 153.2 n/a Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub MSDS 153.1 Mojave Desertscrub n/a Sandsage SAND n/a 132.4 Plains Deciduous Scrub Shinnery Oak (Black Kettle NG) SHIN 132.41 Oak-Scrub Series Mixed "Short-Grass" Mixed-Grass Prairie MGP 142.13 Series 142.1 Plains Grassland Grama "Short-Grass" Shortgrass Prairie SGP 142.12 Series

*Brown et al. 1998 provides limited provisional classification at the series level and below.

LANDFIRE Biophysical Settings and NatureServe Ecological Systems

LANDFIRE Biophysical Settings (Bps) are based on NatureServe’s Ecological Systems (ES) natural plant communities, and as previously discussed follow a similar conceptual framework as Ecological Response Units. However, both Biophysical Settings and Ecological Systems provide unique challenges in the southwestern United States, as some systems are not adequately described (e.g. Ponderosa Pine- Evergreen Oak) while others are split at too fine a detail for landscape scale analysis. As a result, the ERU framework serves to bridge these gaps and better describe southwestern systems. Appendix A contains a crosswalk and serves to illustrate the linkages between upland ERUs and their counterpart Biophysical Settings and Ecological Systems.

Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory The Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (TEUI) maps and classifies ecosystems on National Forest Service Lands in the Southwestern Region. At a broad scale, this classification begins with divisions based on bedrock geology, regional climate, and geomorphic processes. Finer scale landscape elements include parent material, landform/morphology, local climate, and finally soils and potential natural 8

vegetation (PNV). However, as is discussed in Winthers et al. (2005), “Different combinations of landscape elements that do not differ in PNV, successional dynamics, or management capabilities do not always constitute separate ecological types.” This top down approach that focusses on similarity in site potential and successional dynamics is especially suited for the development of Ecological Response Units.

The TEUI program in the Southwestern Region classifies and maps ecosystems at the Land Type and Land Type Phase levels of the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (Cleland et al. 1997). The excerpt from the Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory Guide (Winthers et al. 2005) describes the ecological type concept:

An ecological type is a category of land unit with a unique combination of landscape elements. The elements making up an ecological type are climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, and potential natural community. [TEUI] ecological types differ from other ecological types in the ability to produce vegetation and respond to management and natural disturbances. Classification of ecological types is sued to validate landscape stratifications, assist in map unit design and delineation, and describe map unit components.

To date, TEUI has been conducted and finalized on all forests and grasslands in the region with the exception of the Coronado, Gila, and Tonto (though work is in progress on these three remaining forests.

On Forest System lands, TEUI units provide the primary source for building Ecological Response Units, and ERUs can be thought of as functional aggregate of TEUI units at a slightly broader scale. Thus, TEUI provides the primary geographic boundary delineations of ERUs on Forest System lands, facilitating geospatial analysis. All TEUI data available for the region, including draft data for the Coronado, Gila, and Tonto have been incorporated into the ERU framework and mapping. A detailed description of mapping ERUs is discussed in a later section of this guide.

Appendix F contains a crosswalk between TEUI and Ecological Response Units for all finalized TEUI units in the Region. Additional TEUI data will be included in subsequent versions of this framework.

National Vegetation Classification The National Vegetation Classification Standard (NVCS) provides a consistent national data standard for the classification of existing/actual vegetation (FGDC 2008). This classification is hierarchical in nature, ranging from a level 1 “Formation Class” to level 8 “Associations” with increasing resolution and detail along a continuum. The purpose of the NVCS is to, “…support the development and use of a consistent national vegetation classification (hereafter referred to as the “NVC”) in order to produce uniform statistics about vegetation resources across the nation, based on vegetation data gathered at local, regional, or national levels… The ability to crosswalk other vegetation classifications and map legends to the NVC will facilitate the compilation of regional and national summaries”. The National Vegetation Classification System Guide goes on to describe its four primary objectives: 9

1. To facilitate and support the development of a standardized vegetation classification for the United States and its use for information sharing. 2. To define and adopt standards for vegetation data collection and analysis used in support of the classification. 3. To maintain scientific credibility of the national classification through peer review. 4. To facilitate inter-agency collaboration and inter-agency product consistency.

NVC data are housed and maintained by NatureServe, and include classification of units down to the association level. While the Ecological Response Units presented in this guide are based on a foundation of alliances and plant associations recognized in the NVC, there is a key distinction between the ERU concept and the NVC. Specifically, the NVC standard is geared towards existing vegetation, and does not apply to mapping potential natural vegetation, per se. Rather, ERUs reflect systems of characteristic successional dynamics among a set of associations that share the same geography. Further, the NVCS classifies systems based primarily on physiognomic and floristic characteristics. While these reflect descriptive elements in the ERU framework, they are balanced with site potential, climate, and successional dynamics. As a result, some alliances and associations may be associated with more than one ERU. Nevertheless, there is a critical linkage between the NVC and ERU concepts, and a crosswalk has been developed between the NVC group (level 6 in the hierarchy) and ERUs of the southwest. This crosswalk can be found in Appendix B.

Descriptions for Upland Ecological Response Units This section contains descriptions of southwestern upland Ecological Response Units. They reflect the current thinking of ecological processes and dynamics in the Southwest, including provisional subclass designations where appropriate, and will be updated as time allows and with new information. Also, it is worth noting that not all ERUs are of equal breadth, the thematic resolution driven in part by management needs.

These descriptions are intended to provide essential information for landscape and strategic analysis. A particular focus is placed on the description of each ERUs seral state components. These seral states reflect suites of vegetation characteristics (composition and structure) within each ERU that relate to state and transition models built and adapted to describe both reference conditions and contemporary dynamics within a system (Weisz et al. 2009). State and Transition Modeling (STM) provides a dynamic framework for analyzing proportional shifts in ecosystem components through time, and serves as a primary tool for determining future trends in ecosystem dynamics as they relate to ecological sustainability. A key aspect of STMs is that they can be “tuned” to reflect different management scenarios and determine broad scale impacts of differing management strategies. Further, a direct links can be made between seral states within an ERU and wildlife habitat needs, fire risk (fuel loading), carbon storage (biomass), stand stocking variables, and many other ecosystem components assessed in landscape scale and strategic planning efforts (Weisz et al. 2010).

Each of the following ERU descriptions contains information relating to ecosystem components to facilitate assessments including the following:

 General descriptions of each ERU including setting, location in the region, adjacent types, and dominant species composition. Descriptions of subclasses are included where applicable.  Reference Conditions o Seral Stage Proportions . Proportional representation of seral states are provided including references to associated reference condition STMs. . Note: Where “R3 Standard Desired Conditions” are reported, they represent the final regional products of the Region 3 (R3) Vegetation Desired Conditions Working Group (USDA Forest Service 2011). These values were developed to be consistent with Southwestern Region’s approach to incorporating Mexican Spotted Owl, Goshawk, and Old Growth requirements addressed in the ’96 Forest Plan Amendment. In all other cases, the reference conditions are intended to serve as the primary comparison point to current conditions in analysis unless analysis specific desired conditions have been developed. o Coarse Woody Debris and Snag Density . Values presented for coarse woody debris and snag density are based on empirical data and generated using weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportions. o Fire Regime

. The predominant fire regime is reported for each ERU following the historic fire group nomenclature presented in the Fire Regime Condition Class Handbook (Barrett et al. 2010). Fire regime classes and descriptions are provided in Table 6.

Table 6. LANDFIRE fire regime classification (Barrett et al. 2010) and subclasses.

Fire Average Fire Return Subclassification Fire Severity Regime Interval Subclass Description I 0-35 years Non-lethal fire When dominant layer is IIh herbaceous II 0-35 years Stand replacement fire When dominant layer is tree IIw or shrub IIIa <50 years IIIb 50-100 years III 35-200+ years Mixed severity fire IIIc 100-200 years IIId 200+ years IVa 35-100 years IV 35-200+ years Stand replacement fire IVb 100+ years IVc 100-200 years IVa 200-400 years IVb 400+ years V 200+ years Stand replacement fire IVc No fire IVd Non-forest

o Patch Size . To facilitate habitat analysis, historic patch size is reported where available. This guide uses the standard Region 3 definition of patch, (adapted from R3 desired conditions and Forman and Godron (1986)): Areas in which the vegetation composition and structure are relatively homogeneous, made up of plant communities or forested stands similar in structure and composition (see Forman and Godron 1986; chapter 3). Patch size is reported for forest and woodland systems only.  Contemporary Seral States o For most ERUs in this guide, STMs have been developed to model contemporary dynamics, including novel conditions that may not have occurred in historic landscapes. These contemporary states, and their linkages to reference condition states are provided to facilitate analysis of contemporary conditions and trends.  Computed Values for Contemporary Model States o For forest and woodland systems, key ecosystem values have been calculated for each contemporary seral state within an ERU. These include stand structure, stocking, wildlife habitat, forest health, fuels, and carbon variables. These were developed using analysis of Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)(USDA Forest Service 2005) plots run through the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) tool to calculate mean values for each variable within

a given seral state. These calculated values provide critical information in landscape analysis by providing quantifiable measures for evaluating trend in key ecosystem variables. Appendix C provides a full discussion on how these values were calculated.  Biomass o Biomass is reported by seral state to facilitate assessment of carbon stocks trends. For forest and woodland ERUs, biomass is reported as part of the computed values for contemporary model states. For all other ERUs, values are presented representing approximate biomass carbon values for each contemporary model state. These values are derived from calculations of above ground live and dead fuels associated with each seral state (Weisz et al. 2010) and by applying coefficients to aboveground live biomass to account for belowground biomass. Soil organic carbon (including below ground dead biomass) is not reported in these values.

Forest Ecological Response Units:

Spruce-Fir Forest Ecological Response Unit

Figure 2: Characteristic Photo of the Spruce-Fir Forest Figure 3: Distribution of Spruce-Fir Forest ERU ERU

General Description Also known as sub-alpine conifer forests, the Spruce-Fir Forest ERU ranges in elevation from 9,000 to 11,500 ft. along a variety of gradients including gentle to very steep mountain slopes. Spruce-Fir Forest is widespread in the Southwestern region, occurring on the Apache-Sitgreaves, Carson, Cibola, Coconino, Gila, Kaibab, Lincoln, and Santa Fe National Forests. This ERU is comprised almost entirely of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (corkbark fir)(Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa) associations. An assessment on the Kaibab (Higgins 2009) suggests that about 15% of the area occurs as an aspen cover type. Common understory species may include but are not limited to red baneberry (Actaea rubra), fleabane (Erigeron eximius), blackberry (Rubus pedatus), whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and twinflower (Linnaea borealis), . Natural disturbances in this ERU include blow-down, insect outbreaks and stand replacing fires.

Subclasses Spruce-Fir Lower (AKA “Spruce-Fir Mix”)—This subclass typically occurs between 9,500 and 10,500 feet and includes a suite of mixed conifer species, especially Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white fir (Abies concolor). Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), occurs as a seral component that may be codominant or dominant. This subclass often occurs in the transitional ecotone between the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU and Spruce-Fir Upper. It generally has similar processes dynamics to the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU but supports different tree species.

Spruce-Fir Upper (AKA “Spruce-Fir Pure)—Spruce and subalpine fir dominate the “Upper” subclass of this ERU which is typically found between 10,500 and 11,500 feet. It occurs adjacent to and below the Bristlecone Pine and Alpine and Tundra ERUs, above its “Lower” counterpart.

Reference Conditions

Ecosystem Characterization

Seral Stage Proportions The Spruce-Fir reference conditions come from The Nature Conservancy’s “Spruce-Fir High and Low Elevation” model (TNC 2006). Reference condition states are displayed below with a crosswalk to the R3 Standard Desired Conditions (USDA Forest Service 2011) for both subclasses.

REFERENCE CONDITION

TNC STATE HISTORIC MEAN* DESCRIPTION

Grass/forb seedling/sapling w/ aspen, Douglas-fir, spruce, fir; tree A 21% canopy is open. B 33% Young Forest w/ regeneration; tree canopy is closed C 46% Mature/old forest w/ regeneration; tree canopy is closed *- Historic mean based on 300-yr stand replacement fire interval

R3 DESIRED CONDITIONS -- SPRUCE-FIR FOREST-LOWER

Ref. S STAGE DESCRIPTION State % 9% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession** Aspen/mixed -aspen early forest, 10-20%: Based on reference condition including systems with no aspen A 13% succession**. Corroborated by FIA. Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession**. Corroborated by FIA. 20% 7% 13%

B 14% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession**

C 44% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession**

R3 Desired Conditions - Spruce Fir Upper

Ref. S STAGE Description STATE % 9% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession Aspen/mixed aspen early forest, 0-10%:based on reference condition including systems with no aspen 5% succession. Corroborated by FIA A Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession. Corroborated by FIA 23% 8% 15%

B 15% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession

C 48% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Spruce-Fir ERU. CWD and snag values are based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportions.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 20 34 54 28 11 R3 STANDARD DESIRED CONDITIONS n/a 5-30 30-40 40 20 (13-30) 1-3 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Spruce-Fir Forest ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IIIc with an average fire return interval of 100 to 200 years from mixed severity fire and fire regime group Va, with an average fire return interval of 200 to 400 years from stand replacing fire.

Patch Size The Spruce-Fir ERU historically supported patch sizes ranging from 100+ to 1,000+ acres in size, resulting from large scale stand replacing fire events.

Contemporary Seral States Two models have been developed for the Spruce-Fir ERU, one for each subclass, and values for both are presented below. Spruce-Fir Lower is based on the R3 Model SFF, and Spruce-Fir Upper is based on the R3 Model SFP.

Spruce-Fir Lower: Ref. CURRENT TRENDS MODEL Spruce Fir - Lower R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING Condition STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER State NON-TREE: Recently burned, grass, A, K Grass / Forb / Shrub; tree cover < 10% = N/A forb, and shrub types Seed/sap, All aspen, deciduous tree mix, and Aspen / Mixed Deciduous forest (all size small, medium, B = evergreen-deciduous mix tree types AND A and cover classes) and very-large (e.g., POTR5_PSME) { all cover classes Seed/sap, Shade tolerant forest of predominantly Shade tolerant and mixed tolerant C = AND small, all cover seed/sap and small trees. tree types (e.g., PIPO_PSME) classes Shade intolerant, open canopy forest of Seed/sap-open, G, P = Shade intolerant tree types AND predominantly seed/sap and small trees. small-open Shade intolerant, Closed Seed/sap- L canopy forest of predominantly seed/sap = All shade intolerant tree types AND closed, small- and small trees. closed Shade tolerant forest comprised of Shade tolerant and mixed tolerant Medium, all B { D, M primarily medium trees, both open and = AND tree types (e.g., PIPO_PSME) cover classes closed canopy. 16 Shade intolerant forest comprised of Medium, all H, Q primarily medium trees, both open and = All shade intolerant tree types AND cover classes closed canopy. Tolerant Conifer forest, closed canopy E, N single storied Shade tolerant and shade intolerant Very large- C { = AND Tolerant Conifer forest, closed canopy tree types. closed F, O multi-storied Contemporary landscapes only… Tolerant Conifer forest, open canopy I, R single storied All shade tolerant and shade = AND Very large-open Tolerant Conifer forest, open canopy, intolerant tree types. J, S multi-storied States in red indicate elk pressure states.

Spruce-Fir Upper: CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER STATE NON-TREE: Recently burned, Grass / Forb / Shrub, tree cover < A = corresponding grass, forb and shrub N/A 10% types Aspen / Mixed Deciduous forest, Seed/Sap-closed, Aspen, deciduous tree mix, evergreen H seed/sap to small, both open and = AND seed/sap open, small- deciduous tree mix closed canopy closed, small-open A { Tolerant Conifer Forest comprised Corresponding conifer-dominated tree Seed/sap-closed, B of seed/sap trees both open and = AND types seed/sap open closed Tolerant Conifer Forest comprised Corresponding conifer-dominated tree C of small trees both open and = AND Small-closed, small open types closed Tolerant Conifer Forest comprised Corresponding conifer-dominated tree D of primarily medium trees, single = AND types storied Medium-closed, B { Tolerant Conifer Forest comprised medium open Corresponding conifer-dominated tree F of primarily medium trees, multi- = AND types storied Forest comprised of primarily very E large trees, both open and closed canopy, single storied Corresponding conifer-dominated tree Very large-closed, very C { } AND Forest comprised of primarily very types large-open G large trees, both open and closed canopy, multi-storied

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values

Spruce-Fir Lower Subclass (without elk) Contemporary Model State: A B C D E F G H I J

Dominance Type NVG POTR5 PIEN PIEN PIEN PIEN PIAR_PIEN PIEN PIEN ABLAA Size Class NT S/S SML MED VLG VLG SML MED VLG VLG Closed Closed Tree Canopy Class <10% >60% >60% Closed Closed Closed Open Open Open Open Tree Canopy Layers 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 Overstory Stand Age 0 yrs 84 yrs 100 yrs 132 yrs 139 yrs 142 yrs 61 yrs 111 yrs 145 yrs 151 yrs Structure Variables Structure Dominant Story Stand Age 0 yrs 70 yrs 84 yrs 122 yrs 137 yrs 129 yrs 50 yrs 104 yrs 142 yrs 158 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” bles Varia Stock Stock diameter) 74 351 351 417 374 401 1489 274 312 394 17

Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 12 807 787 385 204 317 139 97 136 107 Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 2 152 165 182 195 191 33 92 135 145 Canopy Cover 3 74.72 66.79 56.06 43.37 51.24 27.31 25.81 26.37 24.99

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 3CSS 3CMS 4CMS 5BSS 5BMS 1 4ASS 5ASS 6AMS Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0 8.26 8.13 17.13 4.06 8.2 33.25 2.47 1.98 2.89 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0 6.67 3.89 10.34 6.59 6.95 13.57 18.49 6.72 5.39

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18"

Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife diameter) 0 3.19 7.69 7.01 17.6 15.79 0 5.27 23.42 31.54

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator

(plot count) 0 7 20 21 0 0 0 2 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 2.19 7.39 5.22 1.97 2.4 0 19.08 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 1 7 9 9 11 10 1 7 8 8 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

Crown Bulk Density 0.01 0.09 0.23 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.1 Crown Base Height 1 7.85 4.05 3.47 4.12 3.22 4 3.43 6.73 13.83

Crowning Index 136.2 27.02 10.68 15.15 19.81 18.83 23.96 17.29 23.47 21.42 Torching Index 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.01 Duff (Tons/Acre) 11.99 17.64 19.04 20.27 22.01 22.1 6.21 22.49 30.45 28.71 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.26 6.59 6.61 6.4 5.46 5.68 1.16 3.8 4.82 4.32 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 2.86 11.65 12.35 11.91 15.6 13.68 1.82 11.47 16.45 21.51

Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 7.95 21.55 20.2 24.65 33.91 28.04 5.96 25.65 33.99 38.17 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0 5.67 9.54 10.46 23.15 19.21 0.26 8.23 26.93 32.11

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 11.59 74.04 83.42 95.55 124.9 113.7 19.46 78.22 130.1 141.34

Spruce-Fir Lower Subclass (with elk) Contemporary Model State:

B K L M N O P Q R S Dominance Type POTR5 NVG PIEN PIEN PIEN PIEN PIEN PIEN PIEN ABLAA Size Class MED NT SML MED VLG VLG SML MED VLG VLG Closed Closed Tree Canopy Class >60% <10% >60% Closed Closed Closed Open Open Open Open Tree Canopy Layers 1 0 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 123 135 137 62 96 146 165 Overstory Stand Age 59 yrs 2 yrs 90 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs Structure Variables Structure 114 133 132 49 78 145 151 Dominant Story Stand Age 52 yrs 2 yrs 76 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 532 278 437 501 353 415 349 230 309 405 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 582 53 773 394 238 327 184 78 141 105

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 110 3 151 171 194 188 39 48 136 132 Variables Canopy Cover 61.92 5.68 64.62 54.53 43.29 50.77 25.57 19.02 26.52 24.22

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 3BSS 1 3CMS 4BMS 5BSS 5BMS 3AMS 4ASS 6BSS 6AMS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 9.85 0 8.55 16.93 3.96 8.31 19 20.62 2.55 6.71 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 6.9 0 4.03 10.46 7.09 7.4 11.09 14.55 6.36 13.3

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 2.67 0 5.67 6.88 17.15 15.45 12.2 13.35 23.92 35.96 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife 18

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 3 0 24 24 0 0 9 10 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 1.37 0 5.97 4.13 1.56 2.86 37.95 32.64 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 1 8 9 8 10 9 8 8 8

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

Crown Bulk Density 0.08 0.02 0.23 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.21 0.14 0.09 0.1

Crown Base Height 3.45 1 2.94 3.11 4.04 3.38 3.05 4.64 6 15.6 Crowning Index 28.6 112.8 11.19 15.39 19.67 18.8 12.27 18.65 23.71 22.36 Torching Index 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.94 Duff (Tons/Acre) 16.69 11.99 17.91 20.06 25.29 21.89 21.98 26.26 30.48 27.77 Litter (Tons/Acre) 4.48 0.26 6.14 5.98 5.36 5.7 6.51 5.38 4.56 5.68 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 8.36 2.8 10.29 11.1 15.24 13.38 12.72 10.97 16.34 16.34 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 15.86 7.92 17.73 24.07 34.05 28.81 28.73 33.51 34.41 33.38 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 2.09 0 7.43 10.59 17.56 18.67 19.37 16.43 28.39 26.56

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 55.13 11.76 73.51 91.64 121.1 112.8 97.56 101.9 131.3 142.24

Spruce-Fir Upper Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G H ABLA_PIE ABLA_PIE ABLA ABLA_PIE

Dominance Type N TETX N A PIEN N PIEN POTR5 Size Class S/S S/S SML MED VLG MED VLG S/S Closed Closed Close Close Close Closed Tree Canopy Class <10% >60% >60% d d Closed d >60% Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 155 165 192 Overstory Stand Age 5 yrs 81 yrs 129 yrs yrs yrs 168 yrs yrs 75 yrs Structure Variables Structure 147 182 194 Dominant Story Stand Age 6 yrs 50 yrs 94 yrs yrs yrs 150 yrs yrs 52 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 568 854 792 816 813 879 845 575 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 42 1116 717 421 284 498 366 1045

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 3 153 198 205 190 201 196 144 Variables Canopy Cover 3.78 64.74 62.95 53.91 40.63 53.6 45.03 70.38

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 2C 3CMS 4CSS 5BSS 4CMS 6BMS 3CSS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 19.14 3.98 13.24 21.69 4.96 13.25 4.49 7.2 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 6.33 4.58 6.01 16.19 10.86 11.3 6.58 4.52 Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0 15.26 8.51 5.23 21.34 8.92 17.7 8.79 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot

count) 0 4 12 12 5 27 0 2 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 8.01 6.73 5.75 12.35 5.84 0.58 4.08

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 1 9 8 7 10 8 8 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

Crown Bulk Density 0.01 0.22 0.24 0.18 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.13 Crown Base Height 9 2.08 3.2 3.27 2.67 2.81 2.9 3.56 Crowning Index 152.2 10.78 10.86 14.52 19.56 15.44 18.81 18.92 Torching Index 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Duff (Tons/Acre) 9.64 16.7 21.03 23.76 27.48 23.86 28.11 18.98 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.23 5.15 6.93 7.08 5.4 6.16 5.24 4.98 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 2.24 10.34 13.32 14.71 17.11 12.36 13.76 11.12

3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 6.84 21.93 25.62 34.81 41.48 30.06 35.4 20.99 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.16 19.6 15 13.27 19.48 12.72 23.29 11.21

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon 109.4 (Tons/Acre) 13.6 89.65 98.3 6 132.1 105.7 122.2 79.11

Bristlecone Pine Ecological Response Unit

Figure 4: Characteristic Photo of the Bristlecone Pine ERU Figure 5: Distribution of Bristlecone Pine ERU General Description The Bristlecone Pine ERU is limited in extent in the Southwestern Region, occurring on the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona and the southern Sangre de Cristo mountains in northern New Mexico. These plant communities are typically found at elevations above 10,500 feet, and often are found between the Spruce-Fir Forest and Alpine and Tundra ERUs, and occasionally extending downward into the mixed contifer zone. This ERU favors dry, rocky ridges and slopes, and supports a patchy open-canopy primarily from its namesake bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata). Unlike the bristlecone pine systems of the Great Basin region, and further north in the Rocky Mountains, limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is not common in this ERU. Other tree species that occasionally are found in this ERU include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii). The understory is typically sparse.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Bristlecone Pine reference conditions model is derived from the LANDFIRE National "Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Limber-Bristlecone Pine Woodland" (2410570) BpS (LANDFIRE 2010).

REFERENCE CONDITION AND CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING HISTORIC STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER MEAN* Post replacement, early seral woodland; Recently burned, grass, forb, A 20% generally <10% tree cover with sparse = and shrub types, and all tree AND Seed/sap understory. types within…

C 20% Mid-development, open canopy woodland = All tree types AND Small-open comprised of primarily small diameter trees. Medium- D 60% Late-Development, open canopy woodland = All tree types AND open, very comprised of medium to very large trees. large-open Contemporary landscapes only… Contemporary conditions only; closed B canopy woodland consisting of primarily = All tree types AND Small-closed small diameter trees. Contemporary conditions only; closed Medium- E canopy woodland consisting of primarily = All tree types AND closed, very medium to very large trees. large-closed

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre Data are not available for this ERU at this time.

Fire Regime The Bristlecone Pine ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 200 years primarily from non-lethal fire.

Patch Size Data are not available for this ERU at this time.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary seral states for the Bristlecone Pine ERU are the same as those presented for reference conditions with the addition of two contemporary states (B & E). See the table above for a description of these states.

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values Due to the limited extent of the Bristlecone Pine in the Southwestern Region, state class values have not been calculated for this ERU.

Mixed Conifer with Aspen Ecological Response Unit

Figure 6: Characteristic Photo of the Mixed Conifer with Figure 7: Distribution of Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU Aspen ERU

General Description The Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU hosts a variety of dominant and co-dominant species spanning mesic environments in the Rocky Mountain and Madrean Provinces. This ERU is found at elevations between 7,000 and 10,000 ft., situated between ponderosa pine and dry mixed conifer forests below and Spruce- Fir Forest ERU above. Dominant and co-dominant vegetation varies in elevation and moisture availability. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) occurs incidentally or is absent, while Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), white fir (Abies concolor), and Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) occur as dominant and or codominant conifer species. Other species that may be present in sub-dominant proportions include limber pine (Pinus flexilis). Understory vegetation is comprised of a wide variety of shrubs, graminoids, and forbs depending on soil type, aspect, elevation, disturbance history, and other factors. Historically this ERU had over 10% tree canopy cover, with the exception of early, post-fire plant communities. At the moment, two subclasses exist for this ERU, with and without elk, differentiated by the presence of an aspen state in the case of the latter ecosystem.

Originally aspen was conceptualized as having a unique system (ERU), however it has since been incorporated as a component of the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU. This component is dominated by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and may or may not have a significant conifer component, depending upon successional status. The understory structure may have shrubs and an herbaceous layer, or just an herbaceous layer. Common shrubs include oceanspray (Holodiscus dumosus), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), fivepetal cliffbush (Jamesia americana), and mountain ninebark (Physocarpus monogynus). The herbaceous layer may be dense or sparse, dominated by graminoids or forbs. Some of the species typically found associated with aspen include Arizona peavine (Lathyrus arizonica), meadow rue (Thalictrum fendleri), deer’s ears (Frasera speciosa), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), violet (Viola canadensis), paintbrush (Castilleja spp.), and several grasses and sedges (Poa spp. and Carex spp.).

23 Distribution of aspen within this ERU is limited by several factors including adequate soil moisture required to meet its high evapotranspiration demand, the length of the growing season or low temperatures, and major disturbances that clear areas of vegetation and stimulate root sprouting and colonization.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Mixed Conifer with Aspen reference condition model is derived from The Nature Conservancy’s “Mixed Conifer with Aspen” model (TNC 2006)

REFERENCE CONDITION DESIRED CONDITION Ref. HISTORIC HISTORIC DESCRIPTION Note State MEAN* MEAN* Early seral state comprised of grass/forb understory with aspen or oak ramets & Reference condition including systems with no A 1% 7% suckers ranging in cover from 10-40% canopy aspen succession** cover. Mid development state dominated by aspen or oak species with more than 40% canopy B 21% 21% Reference condition cover. Conifers are often present in the understory.

Seed/Sap and Small Trees Mid development state dominated by a mix 18% Reference condition including systems with no of conifer species. Tree canopy cover is 20- aspen succession** C, F 29% 60%+ and is comprised primarily of seed/sap to medium sized trees. Medium Trees 14% Reference condition including systems with no aspen succession** Late development state dominated by a *Reference condition including systems with no mature, shade tolerant mix of conifer species. aspen succession.** Higher proportions can be D, G 49% 40% Tree canopy cover is 20-60%+ and is expected for associations with longer stand comprised primarily of very large trees. replacement intervals. *- Adaptation strategies to thin stands (to states C, F) are limited * - Based on 15-yr non-lethal fire interval where white fir and spruce dominate.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU. CWD and snag values are based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportions.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 9 32 38 14 4 R3 STANDARD DESIRED CONDITIONSB n/a 5-20 20-40 > 35 20 1-5 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime 24 The Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IIIb, with an average fire return interval of 50-100 years from both stand replacing and mixed severity fire. Small scale, stand replacing fire events play an important role in aspen regeneration.

Patch Size The Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU historically supported patches ranging in size from 100 to 300+ acres, resulting from stand replacing fire events.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for Mixed Conifer with Aspen come from the USFS R3 model MCW. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER State NON-TREE: Recently burned, A = A, K Grass / Forb / Shrub, tree cover < 10% = N/A grass, forb, and shrub types All aspen, deciduous tree Seed/sap, small, medium, Aspen / Mixed Deciduous forest (all mix, and evergreen- B = B = AND and very-large all cover size and cover classes) deciduous mix tree types classes (e.g., POTR5_PSME) Shade tolerant/mixed Shade tolerant forest of predominantly Seed/sap, small, all cover C = tolerant tree types (e.g., AND seed/sap and small trees. classes PIPO_PSME) Shade intolerant, open canopy forest G, P of predominantly seed/sap and small = Shade intolerant tree types AND Seed/sap-open, small-open trees. Shade intolerant, Closed Seed/sap-closed, small- C, F { L canopy forest of predominantly = Shade intolerant tree types AND closed seed/sap and small trees. Shade tolerant forest comprised of Shade tolerant and mixed D, M primarily medium trees, both open and = tolerant tree types (e.g., AND Medium, all cover classes closed canopy. PIPO_PSME) Shade intolerant forest comprised of All shade intolerant tree H, Q primarily medium trees, both open and = AND Medium, all cover classes types closed canopy. Tolerant Conifer forest, closed canopy E, N single storied Shade tolerant and shade D, G { = AND Very large-closed Tolerant Conifer forest, closed canopy intolerant tree types. F, O multi-storied Contemporary landscapes only… Tolerant Conifer forest, open canopy I, R single storied All shade tolerant and shade = AND Very large-open Tolerant Conifer forest, open canopy, intolerant tree types. J, S multi-storied

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values

Mixed Conifer with Aspen (states without elk) Contemporary Model State: A B C D E F G H I J NV PSM QUAR_ ABLA PSM les ure ure Struct

Variab Dominance Type G POTR5 TEIX TEIX E TEIX QUEM A TETX E 25

Size Class NT S/S SML MED VLG VLG S/S MED VLG VLG <10 Closed Closed Close Close Close Tree Canopy Class % >60% >60% d d d Open Open Open Open Tree Canopy Layers 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 128 151 137 125 166 96 Overstory Stand Age yrs 85 yrs 92 yrs yrs yrs yrs 62 yrs yrs yrs yrs 6 112 153 136 101 170 113 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs 66 yrs 75 yrs yrs yrs yrs 48 yrs yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0”

diameter) 18 289 337 341 442 255 321 94 295 367 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 35 722 642 410 209 319 255 99 94 125 Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 3 147 158 177 176 182 35 112 97 122

Stock Variables Stock 3.6 54.5 43.7 49.9 19.7 25.5 Canopy Cover 8 67.65 60.8 9 8 4 18.33 24 1 3

4CM 6CM 5BM R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 3CSS 3CMS S 5BSS S 1 4ASS 6BSS S Small Standing Snags (8-12" 17. 12.1 14.8 19.1 diameter) 88 7.91 6.8 12.4 7 5.45 5.96 7.86 7 5 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" 8.6 10.4 diameter) 5 4.36 3.67 6.91 8.17 4.69 3.29 5 7.8 9.98 Large Standing Snags (>18" 11. 10.6 25.6 19.5 diameter) 12 4.78 6.78 5.27 11.5 8 6.9 7.35 4 6 Wildlife Habitat Variables Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator

(plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2

Crown Bulk Density 0 0.09 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.1 0.11 0.07 2.8 14.9 21.2 Crown Base Height 8 8.23 3.59 4.1 5.61 5.36 1.5 1 6.71 5 53. 16.6 21.4 20.8 21.0 19.6 25.9 Crowning Index 48 25.64 13.06 8 7 4 21.66 8 9 6 10.6 Torching Index -1 0 0 0 0 0 3.96 1 0 6.88 8.9 14.4 12.8 13.0 15.9 26.9 12.7 Duff (Tons/Acre) 7 15.47 13.98 9 4 1 7.97 8 8 7 0.4 Litter (Tons/Acre) 4 5.84 5.94 6.18 5.64 5.82 1.36 3.8 5.16 4.3

Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris 10.9 12.0 11.5 12.5 (Tons/Acre) 1.9 10.59 11.67 2 5 6 2.87 2 15.7 16.5 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris 6.9 20.1 21.9 21.7 29.5 39.9 21.4 (Tons/Acre) 5 20.34 18.07 9 3 9 7.33 1 3 1 >12" Coarse Woody Debris 1.8 11.4 13.6 17.2 25.2 17.0 21.3 (Tons/Acre) 2 10.17 14.63 9 2 2 4.96 2 2 2

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon 21. 88.7 104. 104. 95.0 125. 105. (Tons/Acre) 1 77.35 83.24 5 6 3 25.71 7 2 97

Mixed Conifer with Aspen (states with elk, lacking aspen regeneration) Contemporary Model State:

K L M N O P Q R S

ABCO_PSM PSM Dominance Type NVG TEIX TEIX PSME PSME TEIX TETX E E

Variables Size Class NT SML MED VLG VLG S/S MED VLG VLG Structure Structure 26

<10 Close Close Close Close Ope Ope Tree Canopy Class % d d d d n n Open Open Tree Canopy Layers 0 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 120 126 135 41 82 81 Overstory Stand Age 1 yrs 83 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 149 yrs yrs 108 115 130 38 79 82 Dominant Story Stand Age 2 yrs 67 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 151 yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 22 381 359 351 282 329 152 174 302 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 35 653 407 271 320 265 111 86 115 Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 5 143 172 160 180 28 81 83 109 20.5 23.9

Stock Variables Stock Canopy Cover 4.07 58.63 54.83 45.85 49.4 6 20.4 19.43 8

6BM R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 3CMS 4CMS 5BSS 6CMS 1 4ASS 6ASS S 14.8 12.5 Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 8 6.91 12.95 6.19 5.77 7.94 6.06 9.4 5 10.8 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 5.91 2.95 6.96 4.89 4.75 2.76 3 15.87 9.68 15.5 Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 4.17 6.01 4.96 9.38 11 7.4 6.63 24.56 7 Wildlife Habitat Variables Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot

count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2

Crown Bulk Density 0.14 0.18 0.14 0.1 0.11 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.07 10.4 19.0 Crown Base Height 2.52 3.24 4.31 4.17 4.83 1.63 1 9.36 5 11.4 29.2 22.0 Crowning Index 1 13.38 17.16 21.86 20.94 7 8 18.49 29.6 Torching Index 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.14 0 4.3 11.1 11.8 11.6 Duff (Tons/Acre) 5 14.07 14.68 13.32 12.96 1 17.7 23.23 7 Litter (Tons/Acre) 3.73 5.28 6.05 5.56 5.62 2.2 3.79 3.9 3.11 12.7 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 5.82 9.54 10.31 10.39 11.39 4.84 10.5 13.08 4 10.9 22.1 19.1 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 8.49 15.99 20.12 23.16 22.37 7 2 34.15 4 12.0 17.0 20.7 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.3 13.27 10.7 12.02 17.11 9 8 19.09 5

38.5 40.2 82.7 92.8 Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 2 74.13 86.26 96.63 103.7 7 6 109.9 1

Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire Ecological Response Unit

Figure 8: Characteristic Photo of the Mixed Conifer— Figure 9: Distribution of the Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire Frequent Fire ERU ERU

General Description Also sometimes referred to as “Dry Mixed Conifer”, the Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire ERU spans a variety of semi-mesic environments in the Rocky Mountain and Madrean Provinces. In the southwestern US, mixed conifer forests may be found at elevations between 6,000 and 10,000 ft., situated between ponderosa pine, pine-oak, or pinyon-juniper woodlands below and spruce-fir forests above. For the most part, the frequent fire type occupies warmer and drier sites of the mixed conifer life zone, and are characterized by an historic fire regime of frequent (9-22 years; Baisan and Swetnam 1990; Grissino- Mayer et al. 1995; Heinlein et al. 2005) low severity surface fires, and infrequent mixed severity fires. Typically these types were dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) in an open forest structure (<30% tree cover), with minor occurrence of aspen (Populus tremuloides), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies concolor), and Southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis). Unlike the Mixed Conifer with Aspen ERU, aspen occurs within dissimilar inclusions and not as a seral stage in the Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire ERU. On contemporary landscapes, more shade tolerant conifers, such as Douglas-fir, white fir, and blue spruce (Picea pungens), tend to increase in cover in late succession, contrary to conditions under the characteristic fire regime. However, historically, these species could have achieved dominance in localized settings where aspect, soils, and other factors limited the spread of surface fire. Currently, much of this type is dominated by closed structure (>30% tree cover) and climax species as a result of fire suppression.

Madrean Mixed Conifer – Of special note for the Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire ERU in the Sky Islands area of the Southwest and portions of the Gila National Forest is the occurrence of associations within mild climate zones, distinguished by the presence of Madrean oaks. While not currently treated as a bona-fide subclass of this ERU, the following narrative was adapted from the University of Arizona’s description of Sky Island ecosystems (Malusa 2012) to describe Madrean Mixed Conifer:

The mild mixed conifer type (AKA Madrean Upper Montane Conifer-Oak Forest) occurs from 6800 to 9000 feet in elevation. Like the rest of the summit region, this type sits atop volcanic and sub-volcanic (almost but not quite extrusive) rocks from the middle Miocene to Oligocene

(15 to 38 mya). However, sites are considerably steeper than the mixed conifer ecosystems situated in higher terrain. While 6-8% of the remaining mixed conifer types in the Sky Islands area are on gentle terrain of less than 18% slope, only 1% of the mild type is similarly sited. In other respects, this ecosystem is, as stated in the NVCS description, “similar to Southern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland, which typically lacks Madrean elements” (NatureServe 2013). The vegetation is a mosaic of forest dominated by Douglas-fir on mesic slopes with Madrean oaks (Quercus hypoleucoides, Q. reticulate, Q. rugosa, and Q. arizonica) on xeric slopes. White fir (Abies concolor) and montane pines (P. ponderosa, P. arizonica, P. leiophylla, P. engelmannii, and P. strobiformis) can be common. On a gradient between upper and lower slopes, lower elevations express a greater plurality of oaks, while upper slopes express a greater plurality of Douglas-fir and the montane pines. Pinyon pine and alligator juniper occur intermittently, often in rocky areas, but are typically not dominants.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire reference condition model is derived from the LANDFIRE National “Southern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer” (1510510) (LANDFIRE 2010).

REFERENCE CONDITION DESIRED CONDITIONS

State HISTORIC STATE CLASS DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION MEAN % %

* Reflects both the reference condition and the Early seral state; trees absent or seed/sap A 20% 9% level of even-aged mgt needed to sustain 25% only mature closed conditions for MSO habitat.

Mid development state dominated by small, * Reflects both the reference condition and the C 10% shade intolerant trees with open canopy 3% level of even-aged mgt needed to sustain 25%

structure. mature closed conditions for MSO habitat. Mid development, closed canopy state * Reflects both the reference condition and the B 5% supporting small shade tolerant and mixed 3% level of even-aged mgt needed to sustain 25%

tolerance tree species. mature closed conditions for MSO habitat. Reflects reference condition and the Late development state, dominated by predominance of uneven-aged dynamics and D 60% medium to very large shade intolerant trees 60% open forest. Stands on low-productivity sites

with an open canopy structure. likely to occur as state J, vs high-productivity sites where K is most likely. Late development state, dominated by Conditions indicative of MSO habitat, and medium to very large shade tolerant and occasional even-aged dynamics that occurred in mixed tolerant trees with a closed canopy the reference condition (Romme et al. 2009), E 5% 25% particularly on north facing slopes and canyons. structure. The plurality of stands on low-productivity sites likely to occur as state H/L, versus high- productivity sites where state I/M is more likely. *- Based on necessary level of even-aged mgt (4% per decade) to * - Based on 15.6-yr fire interval sustain >25% mature closed forest condition (10"+ dbh) for

Mexican spotted owl habitat.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre 29

The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire ERU. Snag densities are based on Harrod et al. (1998) and Weisz et al (2010). CWD values are based on Stephens (2004) and Weisz et al. (2010).

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18"

REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 2 12 20 9 4

R3 STANDARD DESIRED CONDITIONSB 3 5-10 n/a 3 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire ERU is characterized by historical fire regime group I, with an average fire return interval of 9-22 years from primarily non-lethal surface fire, though less frequent mixed severity fires also occurred.

Patch Size Historically, this ERU would have supported primarily an open canopy with patch sizes of 1/10th to 1 acre in size.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for Mixed Conifer—Frequent Fire come from the USFS R3 model MCD. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

CURRENT TRENDS MODEL EXISTING VEGETATION MAPPING + FIA Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER STORIEDNESS STATE NON-TREE: Recently burned, A, N Grass / Forb / Shrub; tree cover < 10% = N/A N/A grass, forb, and shrub types A { Emerging forest comprised of primarily = Seed/sap-open, B, F seed/sap trees, both open and closed All tree types AND N/A seed/sap-closed canopy Early forest comprised of primarily = C = C All tree types AND Small-open N/A small trees with an open canopy Early forest comprised of primarily = B = G All tree types AND Small-closed N/A small trees with a closed canopy Mid Aged Forest compried of primarily = J medium trees with an open, multi- All tree types AND Medium-open multi storied canopy D { Mature Forest compried of primarily = K very large trees with an open, multi- All tree types AND Very large-open multi storied canopy Mid Aged Forest compried of primarily = H, L All tree types AND Medium-closed > 1 medium trees with a closed canopy E { Mature Forest compried of primarily = I, M All tree types AND Very large-closed > 1 very large trees with a closed canopy Occurs on contemporary landscapes, historically rare/localized…

Mid Aged Forest comprised of D, E primarily medium trees in an open = All tree types AND Medium-open 1-2

canopy 30

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M NV AB POTR5_ PIP PIP PS TEI PS PS Dominance Type G CO PSME O O TEIX TEIX TEIX ME X ME TEIX ME ME ME ME ME Size Class S/S S/S SML D VLG S/S SML D VLG D VLG D VLG <1 Op Op Ope Closed Closed Clos Clos Op Ope Clos Clos Tree Canopy Class 0% en Open en n >60% >60% ed ed en n ed ed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 24 68 85 119 133 154 94 105 137 150 Structure Variables Structure Overstory Stand Age yrs yrs 101 yrs yrs yrs 80 yrs 110 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 25 58 85 132 130 158 89 99 124 141 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs yrs 99 yrs yrs yrs 57 yrs 94 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 57 65 65 70 1.0” diameter) 6 3 539 6 749 620 303 265 284 0 393 328 251 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” 36 14 24 diameter) 74 5 179 8 140 1011 660 384 219 8 117 433 317 Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 9 36 44 61 89 122 156 171 181 66 69 167 177

Stock Variables Stock 5.2 23. 23. 22.0 56.2 43.4 25. 54.4 48.0 Canopy Cover 6 89 21.33 11 2 59.96 61.79 5 9 13 19.3 9 8

R3 – Vegetative Structural 4A 6AS 4CS 6BS 5B 4C 6B Stage 1 1 5AMS SS S 2C 3CMS S S MS 1 MS MS Small Standing Snags (8-12" 11. 5.7 10. 15.0 3.1 11.5 diameter) 07 7 6.93 12 2 4.16 7.25 18.1 3.62 8 3.85 9 5.63 Medium Standing Snags (12- 2.0 2.5 4.2 18" diameter) 5 4 3.04 2 9.91 3.08 2.66 8.4 4.94 5.3 4.42 6.11 4.21 Large Standing Snags (>18" 5.2 2.0 23.4 12.0 4.0 12.2 diameter) 6 3 1.28 2.3 4 4.6 3.73 3.22 9 2 7 3.62 7.48 Wildlife Habitat Variables Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness

Indicator (plot count) 0 5 7 8 4 132 354 99 64 11 3 468 138 Percent Infected Host Trees = 15. 20. 21.2 21.5 27.5 23. 15.9 1.0"+ diameter 0 91 23.09 99 5 18.75 21.67 3 8 14 2.1 19.4 3

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Crown Bulk Density 2 2 0.11 5 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.09 4 0.06 0.11 0.1 5.1 17. 34.7 12. Crown Base Height 11 7 6.42 08 5 4.36 4.67 6.26 9.81 97 9.93 5.9 7.56 44. 37. 42. 42.6 18.1 23.7 47. 31.2 19.7 21.0

Crowning Index 56 85 31.65 39 4 19.16 18.28 6 2 59 2 3 6 2.5 26. 13. Torching Index -1 6 6.04 32 30.2 0 0 0 0 56 0.73 0 0 2.7 11. 5.9 11.0 3.8 10.9 Duff (Tons/Acre) 7 35 14.23 4 5.82 7.12 7.15 9.19 9 8 12.8 9.22 3 1.1 4.0 2.0 2.0 Litter (Tons/Acre) 2 7 4.71 9 3.65 4.67 5.99 6.07 5.02 6 4.21 5.53 5.35 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris 3.2 7.7 2.0 10.1 10.6 2.4 10.5 (Tons/Acre) 4 5 7.88 2 5.43 6.75 9.51 6 2 8 2 8.74 9.55 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris 4.2 12. 5.1 18.7 20.2 4.2 29.1 15.4 16.4 (Tons/Acre) 2 82 15.49 5 5.96 8.76 11.57 2 9 7 1 9 3 >12" Coarse Woody Debris 0.8 0.5 16.5 0.8 25.3 (Tons/Acre) 0.9 6 2.46 9 2.85 4.59 6.38 9.66 5 5 9 6.84 9.93

Total Above and Below Ground 19. 43. 30. 71.5 77.5 101. 33. 95.4 73.8 87.8 Carbon (Tons/Acre) 87 39 58.71 16 8 50.88 63.85 3 1 31 6 1 1

Ponderosa Pine Forest Ecological Response Unit

Figure 10: Characteristic Photo of the Ponderosa Pine Figure 11: Distribution of The Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU Forest ERU

General Description The Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU is widespread in the Southwest occurring at elevations ranging from 6,000-7,500 ft on soils from igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary parent materials with good aeration and drainage, and across elevational and moisture gradients. As currently described, this ERU is comprised of both the “Ponderosa Pine Bunchgrass” and “Ponderosa Pine / Gambel oak” subclass concepts. The dominant species in this system is Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum). Other trees, such as Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), and juniper spp. (Juniperus spp.) may be present. There is typically a shrubby understory mixed with grasses and forbs, although this type sometimes occurs as savannah with extensive grasslands interspersed between widely spaced clumps or individual trees. This system is adapted to drought during the growing season, and has evolved several mechanisms to tolerate frequent, low intensity surface fires.

Subclasses

Ponderosa Pine / Bunchgrass Subclass This subclass is characterized by open stands supporting an understory of primarily herbaceous species, and is commonly found above the Mogollon Rim on mollisol soils. A grassy understory, and ample needle cast / duff are the primary carriers of fire, and support frequent, non-lethal fires. The role of fire in this subclass is essential to maintain canopy openings and prevent excess stocking. Common grass species include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), and mountain muhley (Muhlenbergia montanum)

Ponderosa Pine / Gambel Oak Subclass While structurally similar to its counterpart subclass, the Ponderosa Pine / Gambel Oak subclass is typically found on alfisols or inceptisol soils and is primarily distinguished by the presence of the deciduous gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) in the sub-canopy. Other common species include alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), twoneedle pinyon (Pinus edulis), and New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana).

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions Reference conditions for both subclasses of the Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU are derived from The Nature Conservancy’s “Ponderosa Pine / Bunchgrass” model (TNC 2006). This model assumes a 15.6 year fire return interval.

REFERENCE CONDITION TNC HISTORIC DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN*

Early seral, post disturbance state consisting primarily of grass with less than 10% tree cover. AND A, J 0% Uncharacteristic grassland

F 0% Emergent forest system with 10%+ canopy cover from seed/sap trees.

B 0% Young ponderosa pine forest supporting open canopies from small trees.

C 0% Mid-aged ponderosa pine forest supporting open canopies from medium trees. The dominant reference state; a mature to old growth forest consisting of open canopy stands from very large D, E 100% trees. Regeneration occurs within this state, with multi aged stands from all size classes, however the very large size class is the dominant cohort.

R3 Standard Desired Conditions (USDA Forest Service 2011) are provided below for both subclasses of this ERU with linkages to paired historic states.

DESIRED CONDITIONS PONDEROSA PINE / GAMBEL OAK

Ref. STATE S STAGE % DESCRIPTION

A, J 0% Reference condition

*Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the F 2% development of MSO habitat.

*Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the B 2% development of MSO habitat. C 79% **Based on reference condition, and the predominance of uneven-aged (Primarily as J dynamics and open forest. The plurality of stands on low-productivity sites likely D, E and K) to occur as state J, versus high-productivity sites where state K is more likely. Contemporary states only *Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the Contemporary State G 2% development of MSO habitat.

Conditions indicative of MSO habitat, and occasional even-aged dynamics that Contemporary States occurred in the reference condition (Romme et al. 2009), particularly on north 15% facing slopes and canyons. The plurality of stands on low-productivity sites H, L, I, M likely to occur as state H/L, versus high-productivity sites where state I/M is more likely.

*- Reflects percentage of seral forests necessary to sustain at least 15% MSO habitat in mature closed forest. **- Based on residual proportion of the landscape not including mature closed forest (states H, L, I, M) and early-mid even-aged states (B, F, C, G).

DESIRED CONDITIONS PONDEROSA PINE / BUNCHGRASS

Ref. STATE S STAGE % DESCRIPTION

A, J 0% Reference condition

*Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the development F 1% of northern goshawk nesting habitat.

*Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the development B 1% of northern goshawk nesting habitat. C Based on reference condition, and the predominance of uneven-aged dynamics and 94% open forest. The plurality of stands on low-productivity sites likely to occur as state J, D, E versus high-productivity sites where state K is more likely. Contemporary states only Contemporary *Conditions indicative of occasional even-aged stand dynamics and the development 1% State G of northern goshawk nesting habitat.

Conditions indicative of northern goshawk nesting habitat, and occasional even-aged Contemporary dynamics that occurred in the reference condition (Romme et al. 2009), particularly on 3% States H, L, I, M north facing slopes and canyons. The plurality of stands on low-productivity sites likely to occur as state H/L, versus high-productivity sites where state I/M is more likely.

*- Reflects percentage of early-mid seral forest necessary to sustain at least 3% mature closed forest condition as northern goshawk nesting habitat.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU. Ranges given for log and snag density are based on standard deviation values reported with Sanchez-Meador et al. 2008. CWD values taken from Graham et al. (1994) do not represent HRV, rather they reflect calculations by the authors for maximizing ecological sustainability.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION 0-2.5 5-13 0.2-1.1 R3 STANDARD DESIRED CONDITIONSB 3 3-10 n/a 1-2 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group I, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from low severity, non-lethal fire.

Patch Size Mean reference patch size for the Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU is 1/10th to ½ an acre in the form of individual trees and isolated clumps in this open canopy system.

Contemporary Seral States The following contemporary seral states were developed for the USFS R3 model PPF. The state class definitions for both subclasses of this ERU are the same, though transitions between states differ.

R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG CURRENT TRENDS MODEL MAPPING Ref. DOMINANCE STATE DESCRIPTION SIZE / COVER STATE UNIT NON-TREE: Recently Disturbed state dominated by Recently burned, Grasses Forbs and Shrubs; tree cover < N/A A, J A, N = grass, forb, and

10% shrub types Emerging forest comprised primarily B of seed/sap trees with an open All tree types AND Seed/sap-open canopy = F Emerging forest comprised primarily F of seed/sap trees with a closed All tree types AND Seed/sap-closed canopy = Young forest comprised primarily of All tree types AND Small-open B C small trees with an open canopy. = Mid Development Forest comprised C D, J of primarily medium trees with an All tree types AND Medium-open open canopy. = Mature Forest comprised of D, E E, K primarily very large trees with an All tree types AND Very large-open open canopy. = Contemporary states only

Young forest comprised primarily of All tree types AND Small-closed G small trees with a closed canopy. = Mid Development Forest comprised H, L of primarily medium trees with a = All tree types AND Medium-closed closed canopy. Mature Forest comprised of I, M primarily very large trees with an All tree types AND Very large-closed closed canopy. =

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values

Ponderosa Pine—Bunchgrass Subclass Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M NV PIP PIP PIP PIP PIP PIP PIP Dominance Type G O O O O O O PIPO PIPO O PIPO PIPO PIPO SM ME ME Size Class NT S/S L D VLG S/S SML MED VLG D VLG MED VLG <10 Ope Ope Ope Ope Clos Clos Clos Clos Ope Ope Clos Clos Tree Canopy Class % n n n n ed ed ed ed n n ed ed Tree Canopy Layers 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 11 41 74 75 93 72 99 116 139 95 114 132 150

Structure Variables Structure Overstory Stand Age yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 13 30 59 78 98 55 88 116 143 90 114 125 148 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 201 351 186 170 118 340 122 66 25 352 126 65 41 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 63 279 182 114 96 891 503 264 148 184 129 315 242

Stock Variables Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” 11 35 42 53 76 104 129 149 160 62 77 151 156 36

diameter 5.7 21. 22. 22. 22. 51.2 50.5 46.7 40.2 23. 24.1 44.1 Canopy Cover 5 83 78 03 26 7 1 7 2 62 5 48 1

3AS 4AS 6BS 3CM 5A 6BM 4CM 6CM R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 1 S S S 2C S 4CSS 5CSS MS S S S Small Standing Snags (8-12" 0.8 1.5 1.7 2.7 diameter) 2 5 4 2.6 6 2.18 4.18 8.91 2.3 2 2.2 7.14 3.79 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" 1.5 1.4 0.9 2.9 2.1 1.8 diameter) 6 9 9 3 5 2.09 1.63 5.97 3.83 3 2.21 4.35 3.22 Large Standing Snags (>18" 1.4 4.5 2.6 1.7 3.3 diameter) 8 6 4 6 7 2.71 2.5 1.74 4.97 8 7.42 2.15 3.75 Wildlife Habitat Variables Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness

Indicator (plot count) 2 6 3 11 45 32 183 248 151 22 68 527 229 Percent Infected Host Trees = 3.2 8.0 3.6 4.4 26. 15.8 15.4 14.7 11. 39.2 14.8 15.0 1.0"+ diameter 6 8 8 1 74 6 9 8 21.1 7 8 8 2

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Crown Bulk Density 1 4 4 4 3 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.05 3 0.03 0.07 0.05 11. 5.9 10. 12. 24. 18.7 28.6 15. 19.3 15.4 19.5 Crown Base Height 15 5 12 98 46 9.59 9.89 6 8 62 7 7 2 95. 52. 45. 47. 53. 34.8 31.9 28.7 39.3 57. 57.5 31.5 37.5

Crowning Index 28 64 68 74 62 5 1 4 4 12 4 4 9 6.9 6.9 12. 30. 12.8 33.2 61.5 17. 22.9 25.6 30.7 Torching Index 5 0 9 22 42 9.42 6 5 5 07 6 6 7 0.6 1.4 2.2 2.1 2.3 Duff (Tons/Acre) 5 3 1 9 3.6 3.42 3.03 3.65 5.14 1 3.92 3.75 4.56 1.1 1.7 1.6 2.3 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.6 3 9 5 1 3.5 3.91 3.9 3.77 1.7 2.45 4.12 4.03 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris 0.3 2.0 6.2 2.0 (Tons/Acre) 8 1.7 3 1.9 5 4.41 5.03 5.74 7.95 8 6.86 5.9 7.01 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris 1.1 3.4 3.4 10. 13.5 3.7 12.0 10.7 (Tons/Acre) 3 2.2 7 1 69 5.07 6.26 8.5 5 3 3 8.61 5 >12" Coarse Woody Debris 0.1 1.8 3.2 0.5 8.2 2.3 (Tons/Acre) 4 8 2 6 1 1.76 3.5 3.2 7.64 1 10.2 3.97 6.24

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon 6.2 15. 21. 22. 54. 35.7 41.3 52.1 25. 54.4 54.3 66.1 (Tons/Acre) 9 63 02 62 59 3 8 5 75.4 65 6 3 6

Ponderosa Pine—Gambel Oak Subclass Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M QU PIP PIP PIP PIPO_Q PIP PIP PIP PIP PIP PIPO_ PIP PIP Dominance Type GA O O O UGA O O O O O QUGA O O SM ME ME ME ME Size Class S/S S/S L D VLG S/S SML D VLG D VLG D VLG <10 Op Op Op Clos Clos Clos Clos Ope Clos Clos Tree Canopy Class % en en en Open ed ed ed ed n Open ed ed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 30 37 90 93 69 113 130 154 108 143 160 Structure Variables Structure Overstory Stand Age yrs yrs yrs yrs 82 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 145 yrs yrs yrs 29 34 78 97 54 103 131 160 113 140 171 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs yrs yrs yrs 67 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 157 yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” 138 170 bles Varia Stock Stock diameter) 2 0 512 467 620 744 317 201 44 558 199 191 82 37

Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” 119 diameter) 61 621 309 135 160 0 717 376 222 242 113 442 390 Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 11 40 46 49 82 114 147 165 186 75 86 167 176 5.4 23. 22. 20. 52. 55.5 51.8 45.0 25.8 51.2 47.9 Canopy Cover 8 87 73 83 20.14 33 3 8 9 1 24.9 3 1

R3 – Vegetative Structural 3AS 3AS 3C 4CS 5CS 5B 5C 5C Stage 1 1 S S 5ASS 2C MS S S MS 6BMS MS MS Small Standing Snags (8-12" 17. 1.4 2.1 0.2 1.4 diameter) 64 8 7 9 1.13 5 4.17 8.07 0.98 3.22 2.03 5.19 2.01 Medium Standing Snags (12- 11. 0.6 1.2 2.3 0.9 18" diameter) 37 1 1 2 3.59 2 1 3.12 1.73 1.87 0.65 2.51 1.46 Large Standing Snags (>18" 3.0 1.3 0.4 1.0 diameter) 4 1 1.5 6 2.78 2 0.62 0.48 2.35 0.36 1.31 0.7 1.66 Wildlife Habitat Variables Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness

Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Crown Bulk Density 1 4 3 3 0.01 6 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.05 19. 5.3 10. 6.9 11.0 17.0 29.9 19.5 17.6 21.0 Crown Base Height 56 8 75 18 40.09 8 1 5 6 8 25.63 1 9 153 43. 73. 53. 31. 38.2 29.5 34.3 51.8 33.5 37.8

Crowning Index .6 58 28 56 94.72 8 8 6 6 6 58.22 3 7 13. 18. 12. 39.1 46.5 26.4 37.7 41.0 Torching Index -1 0 75 82 66.56 72 7 9 62.5 4 43.05 7 6 0.6 1.4 1.9 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.4 8 0.8 5 1.3 7 2.66 4.3 5.79 1.72 2.94 4 4.99 0.9 0.8 1.8 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.5 7 5 0.7 0.8 5 2.04 2.01 1.64 0.89 1.18 1.82 1.72 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 2.1 (Tons/Acre) 2 7 7 7 1.16 2 2.63 2.45 2.64 1.02 1.54 2.33 2.45 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris 3.0 3.3 1.1 1.8 2.7 (Tons/Acre) 1 8 7 9 2.73 9 4.28 7.01 8.09 2.26 4.15 6.14 6.81 >12" Coarse Woody Debris 1.2 0.6 0.1 1.4 (Tons/Acre) 3 3.3 1 7 3.99 6 1.72 1.87 6.7 0.14 2.54 2.09 4.61

Total Above and Below Ground 14. 17. 12. 14. 30. 38.8 50.7 72.9 24.4 50.5 61.0 Carbon (Tons/Acre) 67 51 12 61 31.3 39 3 7 8 7 40.45 4 1

Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak Ecological Response Unit

Figure 12: Characteristic Photo of the Ponderosa Pine— Figure 13: Distribution of the Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Evergreen Oak ERU Oak ERU

General Description The Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak ERU occurs in the mild climate gradients of central and southern Arizona and in southern New Mexico, particularly below the Mogollon Rim, where warm summer seasons and bi-modal (winter-summer) precipitation regimes are characteristic. This type occurs at elevations ranging from 5,500-7,200 ft, on sites slightly cooler-moister than the Madrean Pinyon-Oak ERU, and with a much greater plurality of ponderosa pine. This system is dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum), and can be distinguished from the Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU by well-represented evergreen oaks (e.g., Emory oak (Quercus emoryi), Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), silverleaf oak (Quercus hypoleucoides), grey oak (Quercus grisea)), alligator juniper, and pinyon pine (e.g., Pinus edulis). In the Sky Islands of southeastern Arizona, Arizona pine (P. arizonica = P. ponderosa var. arizonica) assumes plurality on a southward gradient into the Madrean region of Mexico, relegating ponderosa pine to the mixed conifer zone. [Farther south in Mexico, ponderosa pine is also replaced in the mixed conifer zone by Apache pine (P. engelmannii)]. In the Sky Islands, Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak communities can alternatively be dominated or codominated by Apache pine (Pinus englemannii) and Chihuahuan pine (P. leiophylla), both site potential indicators. Though not an indicator in the ponderosa pine life zone, border pinyon (P. discolor) can occur as a dominant or codominant component of the ERU. In terms of disturbance, the Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak averaged greater fire severity than the ponderosa pine forests above the Mogollon Rim, and greater patchiness with less horizontal uniformity and more even-aged conditions. Site potential, fire history, and the importance of perennial grasses versus shrubs in the understory vary on a gradient between two provisional subclasses (described below). Understory shrubs include manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.), turbinella oak (Quercus turbinella), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), and mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). Historically this ERU had over 10% tree canopy cover, with the exception of early, post-fire plant communities. This ERU is similar to the Madrean Pinyon-Oak ERU in terms of stand dynamics and composition but with a dominant ponderosa pine component.

Subclasses The following subclasses for this ERU are, at time of publication, provisional. To date, these subclasses have not been distinguished geographically in regional efforts such as the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Triepke et al. in draft), FIA-FVS State Class Reporting, etc. The reference conditions and contemporary seral states presented later in this section reflect this ERU as a whole, without differentiation among provisional subclasses.

Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak (Perennial Grass Subclass) This subclass is distinguished from the Ponderosa Pine–Evergreen Shrub subclass by a more continuous layer of perennial grasses in the understory and a relatively minor shrub component. These circumstances may be less evident in the current condition depending on the degree of shrub encroachment. Trees occur as individuals or in smaller groups and range from young to old, but were historically more uneven-aged in structure. The understory is dominated by low to moderate density shrubs, with herbaceous plants in the interspaces. Common grass species include Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), a variety of muhleys (e.g. Muhlenbergia longiligula, M. dubia, M. straminea, and M. montanum). Fire frequency varied, but averaged higher with less severity. These disturbance patterns create and maintain the uneven-aged (grouped) low to moderately-closed canopy nature of this type. Site potential and disturbance history also maintained oak, juniper, and pinyon as subdominant tree components, with herbaceous plants in the interspaces.

Due to the effects of long-term fire suppression in this type, in many locations the current condition is severely departed from historic conditions. Typically these changes include in-filling of the canopy gaps, increased density of tree groups, higher fire severity, and reduced composition, density and vigor of the herbaceous understory plants. Currently many of these sites are closed-canopied forests, capable of supporting crown fires.

Ponderosa Pine – Evergreen Oak (Evergreen Shrub Subclass) Ponderosa Pine–Evergreen Shrub forests differ from the former subclass by site potential, typically favoring high shrub cover, and by higher fire severity, and more even-aged conditions characteristic of mixed-severity fire regimes. This type is found on well-drained soils, frequently with coarse-textured or gravelly (stony) soil characteristics, that favor shrub layer development (particularly oaks). Trees occur as individuals or in small groups and patches and range from young to old, but typically groups or patches are even-aged in structure. The understory is dominated by moderate to high density shrubs, with limited grass cover. Typical disturbances (fire, insects, disease) worked collectively to favor mixed severity conditions (fire regime III), where sufficient tree canopy provides needle-cast to facilitate fire spread). Some high-density evergreen shrub patches exhibit infrequent, high severity fire (fire regime IV; stand replacement at 35-200 years). Areas where this pattern was persistent are likely to be mapped as Interior Chaparral ERU. More typical disturbance patterns created and maintained the even-aged tree groups, with a moderate to moderately-closed canopy.

Due to the effects of long-term fire suppression in this type, in many locations the current condition is departed from historic conditions. Typically these changes include in-filling of the canopy gaps, increased density of tree groups; and reduced composition, density and vigor of the herbaceous understory plants. Other significant changes resultant from fire exclusion are increased homogeneity of the shrub structural stages on the landscape, facilitating larger patch sizes of high-severity fire effects. Currently, many of these sites are closed-canopy forests, capable of supporting crown fires.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions Reference conditions for this ERU are based on The Nature Conservancy’s “Madrean Pine Oak Woodland” model. The following table describes the reference condition seral state proportions. Values are also provided for R3 Standard Desired Conditions (USDA Forest Service 2011). These are split into two categories, one for sites with Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica) where the standard desired conditions reflect historic reference conditions, and one for sites without Arizona white oak with modified standard desired conditions.

DESIRED CONDITIONS REFERENCE CONDITION Sites w/ Arizona w/o Arizona white oak white oak TNC HISTORIC S STAGE DESCRIPTION S STAGE % DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN % A 4% Grass seedling/sapling 4% 4% Reference condition F 5% Resprouter dominated 5% 5% Reference condition *Reference condition, and conditions indicative Young forest w/ grass B 3% 3% 13% of even-aged stand dynamics and the understory, closed canopy development of MSO habitat. Young forest w/ grass C 24% understory, moderate canopy 24% 3% Reference condition cover Old forest w/ grass understory, D 60% 60% 60% Reference condition moderate canopy cover Old forest, lacking a grass **Conditions indicative of MSO habitat and E 4% 4% 15% understory, closed canopy mature closed-forest conditions. *- Reflects the reference condition of 24% minus the additional 9% allocated to state E for MSO habitat (mature-closed).

**- Reference condition for this state is 4%.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 5 3 4 5 2 R3 STANDARD DESIRED CONDITIONSB 3 3-10 n/a 1-2

* - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak ERU is supported a range of fire regimes. In systems supporting a predominantly grass understory, fire regime group I historically burned frequently with low intensity fire. In systems supporting a more robust shrub component, the fire regime group III historically burned with mixed severity.

Patch Size Historically, this ERU would have supported primarily an open canopy with patch sizes of 1/10th to 1 acre in size, though more variation in historic patch size would have occurred in this ERU than in the Ponderosa Pine Forest ERU.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak come from the USFS R3 model PPE. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, and their paired existing vegetation attributes. The state class concepts and naming follow the reference condition states presented above.

Current Trends Model States Existing Vegetation Classes

Size—Cover class STATE DESCRIPTION Dominance Type combination Recently Disturbed state dominated by Grasses NON-TREE: Recently burned, sparsely A N/A Forbs and Shrubs; tree cover < 10% = vegetated, grass, forb, and shrub types Emerging forest comprised of primarily Seed/sap-open, F All tree types AND seed/sap trees, canopy is both open and closed = seed/sap-closed Young forest comprised of mostly small trees B All tree types AND Small-closed with a closed canopy = Young forest comprised of mostly small trees C All tree types AND Small-open with an open canopy = Mature forest comprised of medum to very Medium-open, very D All tree types AND large trees with an open canopy = large-open Mature forest comprised of medum to very Medium-closed, very E All tree types AND large trees with a closed canopy = large-closed

FIA-FVS Analysis of Forested ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F Dominance Type NVG PIED PIPO PIPO TEIX QUHY

Size Class S/S SML SML MED MED S/S Tree Canopy Class <10% Closed Open Open Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 0 2 2 2 2 2 114 68 55 139 Overstory Stand Age 6 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 83 yrs

Structure Variables Structure 110 67 54 138 Dominant Story Stand Age 6 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 75 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 253 328 428 520 144 692 les Stock Stock

Variab Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 38 663 190 200 449 1156

Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 6 151 40 53 166 117 Canopy Cover 4.06 56.56 21.44 22.09 53.03 50.7

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 3CMS 3ASS 5AMS 5CMS 2C

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 2.68 4.38 2.66 1.82 5.56 1.36 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 2.01 1.7 1.69 1.6 2.91 1.48

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0.67 1.43 0.68 1.99 1.75 2.28 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 1 97 2 3 193 4 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 11.11 15.13 9.88 2.51 10.36 7.28

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 2 2 1 2 2 2

Crown Bulk Density 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 Crown Base Height 5.33 11.13 11.55 14.98 17.85 10.48

Crowning Index 101.6 42.28 62.7 66.62 45.72 41.1 Torching Index 3.96 24.28 10.24 12.4 54.64 31.34 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.63 2.21 2.01 0.79 3.01 1.64 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.16 1.71 0.58 0.59 1.9 1.71 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.19 2.25 0.69 0.74 2.38 2.16 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 1.98 4.75 2.16 1.92 6.37 3.34 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.24 2.97 0.41 1.62 4.07 3.86

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 4.04 36.57 11.26 15.37 46.2 29.09

Woodland Ecological Response Units:

Juniper Grass Ecological Response Unit

Figure 14: Characteristic Photo of the Juniper Grass ERU Figure 15: Distribution of the Juniper Grass ERU

General Description The Juniper Grass ERU is typically found on warmer and drier settings beyond the environmental limits pinyon, and just below and often intergrading with the pinyon-juniper zone. The Juniper Grass ecosystem is generally uneven aged and very open in appearance, primarily on mollisol soils. Trees occur as individuals or in smaller groups and range from young to old. A dense herbaceous matrix of native grasses and forbs characterize this type. Typical disturbances (fire, insects, disease) are low severity and high frequency. These disturbance patterns create and maintain the uneven-aged, open-canopy nature of this type. The tree and grass species composition varies throughout the Region, consisting of a mix of one or more juniper species. Typically, native understory grasses are perennial species, while forbs consist of both annuals and perennials. Shrubs are characteristically absent or scattered. This type is typically found on sites with well-developed, loamy soil characteristics, generally at the drier edge of the woodland climatic zone. Generally these types are most extensive in geographic areas dominated by warm (summer) season or bi-modal precipitation regimes. Overall these sites are less productive for tree growth than the Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Type.

Due to the effects of long-term fire suppression and grazing in this type, in many locations the current condition is severely departed from historic conditions. Typically these changes include in-filling of the canopy gaps, increased density of tree groups, and reduced composition, density and vigor of the herbaceous understory plants. Many of these sites currently are closed-canopy woodlands, with insufficient understory vegetation to support surface fires.

The PJ Grass ERU was previously described as a subclass of the PJ Woodland ERU. While empirical information on historic structure of pinyon-juniper systems of the southwestern US in general is very

limited, PJ Woodland is assumed to have averaged less frequent and more severe fires than either the Juniper Grass or PJ Grass ERUs.

Subclasses The three provisional subclasses that have been proposed for the Juniper Grass ERU include Juniper Grass—Cold, Juniper Grass—High-Sun-Mild, and Juniper Grass—Low-Sun-Mild. Analysis in support of the Regional Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Triepke et al. in draft) suggests that these three subclasses occupy different climate envelopes throughout the region, resulting in different species composition, particularly in the understory. However, as the overarching process dynamics of the three systems are similar in terms of stand structure and transitional dynamics, values are presented for the entirety of the Juniper Grass ERU below. Future work will further evaluate these provisional subclasses.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Juniper Grass ERU reference condition model was adapted from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment “Juniper-Pinyon” model (RA JUPI1) (LANDFIRE 2010). Additional information is needed to supplement and refine ERU concepts for the Juniper Grass and PJ Grass ecosystems. Until then, a working assumption will be used to describe historic vegetation conditions where a plurality of tree diameter values existed to indicate one of four tree-dominated states, acknowledging that multiple tree cohorts within any one plant community were likely. Reference condition values were modified for ecological sustainability analysis work to reflect a high frequency, low severity fire regime where grass-forb-shrub (post replacement) plant communities would have been uncommon at watershed scales. The landscape proportion of 20% originally reported for state A (post replacement) was reduced to 5%, with the excess 15% distributed proportionately among the remaining open states (C and D).

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION Ref. HISTORIC DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN* Early development, post disturbance state supporting primarily herbaceous species with tree and A 5% shrub cover each below 10% canopy cover.

Mid development state comprised of seed/sap and small trees with a predominantly open C 25% canopy.

D 50% Late development state with open tree canopy dominated by medium to very large trees.

B 10% Mid development state with closed tree canopy from small trees.

Late development state with a closed tree canopy consisting of medium to very large trees. E 10%

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Juniper Grass ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion. 45

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 3 3 3 3 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Juniper Grass ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group I, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from low to moderate severity fire.

Patch Size Mean reference patch size for this ERU is 1/10th to ½ an acre.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the Juniper Grass ERU come from the USFS R3 model JUG. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING

Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER State Recently disturbed state dominated by grasses, NON-TREE: Recently burned, A = A = N/A forbs, and/or shrubs; tree cover is < 10% grass, forb, and shrub types Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily B = All tree types AND Seed/sap-open seed/sap trees with an open canopy Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily C { E = All tree types AND Seed/sap-closed seed/sap trees with a closed canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily small C = All tree types AND Small-open trees with an open canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily medium Medium-open, very D = D = All tree types AND to very large trees with an open canopy large-open Young Woodland comprised of primarily small B = F = All tree types AND Small-closed trees with a closed canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily medium Medium-closed, very E = G = All tree types AND to very large trees with a closed canopy large-closed

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type NVG 2TD JUMO JUMO 2TD 2TD 2TD Size Class NT S/S SML MED S/S SML MED

Variables Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Overstory Stand Age 3 yrs 42 yrs 64 yrs 85 yrs 45 yrs 81 yrs 108 yrs

Structure Structure Dominant Story Stand Age 3 yrs 36 yrs 65 yrs 84 yrs 40 yrs 79 yrs 109 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 26 76 29 31 72 53 14 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 36 274 140 90 709 267 138

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 9 27 39 58 63 81 97 Variables Canopy Cover 5 19.09 20.23 21.2 40.7 41.75 43.21

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 1 4ASS 5BSS 3BSS 4BSS 5BSS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0.27 0.12 0.54 1.23 0.23 3.98 4.3 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.37 1.29 0.47 1.23 2.17 1.16 2.69

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0.67 0.25 0.46 1.23 0.2 0.42 0.79 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Variables

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Crown Bulk Density 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 Crown Base Height -0.58 1.07 4.24 6.03 0.89 3.91 4.7

Crowning Index -1 -1 99.12 279.16 -1 42.45 89.33 Torching Index -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Duff (Tons/Acre) 1.01 3.5 1.67 0.92 6.07 3.63 4.4 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.15 0.68 0.5 0.34 1.94 1.65 2.42 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.61 1.85 1.13 0.67 3.8 2.27 2.55 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 1.06 3.07 1.65 1.67 4.78 4.13 5.62 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.69 0.56 0.73 0.96 0.76 1 1.48

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 4.03 9.24 8.5 11.29 19.26 19.34 25.09

PJ Sagebrush Ecological Response Unit

Figure 16: Characteristic Photo of the PJ Sagebrush ERU Figure 17: Distribution of the PJ Sagebrush ERU

General Description The PJ Sagebrush ERU is concentrated in geographic areas dominated by cold (winter) season precipitation regimes and the frigid soils of northern Arizona and New Mexico. These systems have a distinct physiognomy of open woodland canopies interspersed by Colorado Plateau and Great Basin shrub species such as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), and winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata). Trees occur as individuals or in smaller clumps, and range from young to old. Tree clumps are often even-aged. The understory is dominated by moderate to high density shrubs, and the development of the herb layer is limited and concentrated in canopy openings. The tree and shrub species composition varies throughout the Region; pinyon is occasionally absent, but one or more juniper species are always present. Generally the sparse native understory grass development includes perennial species, while forbs consist of both annuals and perennials. Shrubs are characteristically well distributed, and usually achieve high canopy closure during mature successional phases or where livestock grazing has favored their development over herb species.

Typical historic disturbances include fire, insects, and disease. Contemporary disturbances include “chaining”, where overstory trees are removed to support increased forage for domestic livestock production. Fire suppression has not exhibited the drastic effects on increased tree densities as with other woodland types, presumably since the fire frequency may not have been altered significantly from the pre-European settlement period. However, the invasion of exotic annual species, particularly cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), has the potential to alter natural successional pathways in PJ Shrublands, by fueling altered fire regimes. (Ott et al. 2001)

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions

The PJ Sagebrush reference conditions are adapted from draft LANDFIRE National "Colorado Plateau Pinyon-Juniper Woodland" (1510160) (LANDFIRE 2010).

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION LF HISTORIC DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN Early seral/post disturbance state. A 10%

C 25% Mid-development, open canopy woodlands with seed/sap and small trees.

D 35% Late development open canopy woodlands with medium to very large trees B 20% Mid-Development, closed canopy woodlands with small trees. E 10% Late development closed canopy woodlands with medium to very large trees

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the PJ Sagebrush ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 4 6 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The PJ Sagebrush ERU is characterized by infrequent historic fire, with mixed and stand replacement severity (FR III, 100+ year fire interval) (Gruell et al. 1994, Mensing et al. 2006) on south- and west-facing slopes, and much shorter intervals on north- and east-facing slopes where fine fuels are relatively abundant.

Patch Size Mean reference patch size the PJ Sagebrush is variable, ranging from 1 to 10+ acres in sizeon sites with more frequent fire, and 10-100+ acres on sites with less frequent fire.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the PJ Sagebrush ERU come from the USFS R3 model PJS. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily E = All tree types AND Seed/sap-closed seed/sap trees with a closed canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily small C = All tree types AND Small-open trees with an open canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-open, D = D = All tree types AND medium to very large trees with an open canopy very large-open Young Woodland comprised of primarily small B = F = All tree types AND Small-closed trees with a closed canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-closed, E = G = All tree types AND medium to very large trees with a closed canopy very large-closed

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type PIED JUOS_PIED PIED PIED PIED PIED PIED Size Class S/S S/S SML MED S/S SML MED Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 17 71 125 156 Overstory Stand Age yrs 55 yrs yrs 90 yrs 72 yrs yrs yrs

Structure Variables Structure 16 72 116 155 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs 58 yrs yrs 89 yrs 68 yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 140 180 185 121 0 66 50 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 81 257 256 159 426 327 264

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 6 32 45 61 63 97 110 Variables Canopy Cover 3.69 14.89 22.03 21.77 30.76 41.84 42.21

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 5AMS 4ASS 5BMS 3BSS 4BSS 5BSS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0.02 1.71 0.92 3.89 0 3.93 7.11 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.01 1.86 0.33 3.7 0 1.25 4.27

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0 0.22 0.8 3.35 0 0.71 0.96 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Crown Bulk Density 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.03 Crown Base Height 2.46 5.5 5.1 7.13 4 6.12 6.86

Crowning Index 65.53 104.5 63.57 114.03 36.64 48.08 52.51 Torching Index 5.57 5.94 6.42 6.25 4.85 7.74 10.12 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.14 0 0.28 0.39 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.1 0.17 0.6 0.42 0.5 0.88 0.89 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.07 0.09 0.29 0.61 1.37 0.61 0.8 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.02 0.23 0.87 2.89 1.82 2.68 5.44 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0 0.16 0.68 2.24 0 1.57 2.14

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 1.63 4.71 7.56 13.3 7.22 16.51 22.39

PJ Evergreen Shrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 18: Characteristic Photo of the PJ Evergreen Shrub Figure 19: Distribution of the PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU ERU

General Description The PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU is typically found on lower slopes in transition zones, often between Interior Chaparral and montane forests, and is most extensive in geographic areas dominated by mild climate gradients and bi-modal precipitation regimes. The PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU is a broad grouping of different plant associations for descriptive purposes, with tree and shrub species composition varying throughout the Region. Historically this ERU had greater than 10% tree canopy cover in later successional stages, expressed by twoneedle pinyon (Pinus edulis), single leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla var. fallax), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), oneseed juniper (J. monosperma), or alligator juniper (J. deppeana). Pinyon is occasionally absent, but one or more juniper species are always present. Oak trees (i.e., Arizona white oak, gray oak, Emory oak) are subordinate, but have high constancy in mild climate zones between central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Trees occur as individuals or in smaller groups and range from young to old, but typically small stands or clumps are even-aged in structure as a consequence of mixed severity fire (at least historically). The understory is dominated by low to moderate density shrubs, with herbaceous plants in the interspaces. Shrub species include Manzanita spp. (Arctostaphylos spp.), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), Antelope bushes (Purshia spp.), silktassles (Garrya spp.), Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia stansburiana), turbinella oak (Quercus turbinella), and sumacs (Rhus spp.).

Typical disturbances (fire, insects, disease) are mixed severity and moderate, although some evergreen shrub woodland types exhibit infrequent fire/high severity effects (FR IV, 35-200 years, replacement severity; e.g., PJ manzanita). These disturbance patterns create and maintain tree-age diversity and low to moderately-closed canopy typical of this type. Understory plants consisting of perennial native grasses and both annuals and perennial forbs comprise the remainder of the inter-canopy interspaces. This ERU is found on well-drained soils, frequently with coarse-textured or gravelly (stony) soil characteristics. Aside from disparities in structure and composition, PJ Evergreen Shrub can also be differentiated from Interior Chaparral by longer fire intervals and less severe fire events.

Due to the effects of long-term fire suppression, in many locations the current condition is severely departed from historic conditions. Typically these changes include in-filling of the canopy gaps, increased density of tree groups, and reduced composition, density and vigor of the herbaceous understory plants. Many of these sites currently are closed-canopy woodlands, with insufficient understory vegetation to support surface fires.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU reference condition model is adapted from the LANDFIRE National “Madrean Pinyon-Juniper Woodland” (151025) model (LANDFIRE 2010). The tree cover of the R3 model is much lower than implied by the description for LANDFIRE model 151025, and as a result the proportions reported for mid and late closed states are now assumed for open states (i.e., values reported for B and E are now used for C and D, respectively). When considering both tree and shrub cover in total, these plant communities would often have been in closed condition, though the tree component alone would typically have been low, as acknowledged by LANDFIRE developers -- "The upper vegetation canopy is composed of open to moderately dense tree layer...". Additional note: contrary to the LANDFIRE description, R3 modeling assumes that non-lethal (surface) fire would have been rare and minor in effect.

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION Ref. HISTORIC DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN Early development, post disturbance state supporting primarily herbaceous species with tree and shrub cover each A 5% below 10% canopy cover. Mid development state comprised of seed/sap and small trees with a predominantly open canopy. C 55%

Late development state with open tree canopy dominated by medium to very large trees. Total cover between trees D 40% and shrubs often exceeds 30%.

Mid development state with closed tree canopy from small trees. B 0% E 0% Late development state with a closed tree canopy consisting of medium to very large trees.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 4 2 3 3 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 35-200 years from mixed severity fire.

Patch Size Mean reference patch size the PJ Evergreen Shrub is 1 to 10+ acres in size, coming from tree clumps to stands.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the PJ Evergreen Shrub ERU come from the USFS R3 model PJC. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER STATE Recently disturbed state dominated by grasses, NON-TREE: Recently burned, A = A = N/A forbs, and/or shrubs; tree cover is < 10% grass, forb, and shrub types Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily B = All tree types AND Seed/sap-open seed/sap trees with an open canopy Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily C { E = All tree types AND Seed/sap-closed seed/sap trees with a closed canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily small C = All tree types AND Small-open trees with an open canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-open, D = D = All tree types AND medium to very large trees with an open canopy very large-open Young Woodland comprised of primarily small B = F = All tree types AND Small-closed trees with a closed canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-closed, E = G = All tree types AND medium to very large trees with a closed canopy very large-closed

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type PINUS PIMOF JUMO_PIED JUMO PIED PIED PIED Size Class S/S S/S SML MED S/S SML MED Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 Overstory Stand Age 14 yrs 52 yrs 70 yrs 76 yrs 73 yrs 105 yrs 141 yrs

Structure Variables Structure Dominant Story Stand Age 14 yrs 49 yrs 71 yrs 75 yrs 59 yrs 107 yrs 140 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 106 104 114 85 155 60 43 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 66 366 211 139 634 310 217

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 12 33 42 55 74 93 108 Variables Canopy Cover 6.1 18.47 21.41 21.09 37.78 40.75 39.83

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 1 4ASS 5ASS 3BSS 4BSS 5BMS Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 1.1 0.51 0.6 1.18 1.24 3.47 5.78 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.39 0.27 0.77 1.22 1.06 1.29 3.73 Variables

Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0.9 1.51 0.96 1.84 2.17 1.26 1.78

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.44 Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Variables

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Crown Bulk Density 0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 Crown Base Height 3.91 4.41 6.19 8.05 3.79 6.58 8.28

Crowning Index 137.8 70.12 84.08 134.48 34.68 56.63 72.14 Torching Index 5.65 3.05 4.63 8.96 -1 5.07 9.3 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.04 0.15 0.65 0.31 0.29 0.54 0.58 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.22 0.56 0.48 0.4 1.49 1.11 0.99 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.21 0.81 0.61 0.55 2.27 1 1.08 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.31 2.22 1.32 1.56 3.48 2.75 4.6 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.31 2.35 0.95 1.31 2.17 2.03 2.36

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 3.63 8.73 8.46 11.71 18.25 18.48 23.53

PJ Woodland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 20: Characteristic Photo of the PJ Woodland ERU Figure 21: Distribution of the PJ Woodland ERU

General Description The Pinyon Juniper Woodland ERU serves as a broad grouping of different plant associations for descriptive purposes. Trees may occur as individuals or in smaller groups and range from young to old, but more typically as large even-aged structured patches. The site is characteristically dominated by moderate to high density tree canopy, and understory herbaceous plants/shrubs are limited or scarce. Typical disturbances (fire, insects, disease, etc.) are high severity and occur infrequently. These disturbance patterns create and maintain the even-aged nature of this type. Woodland development occurs in distinctive phases; ranging from open grass-forbs, to mid-aged open canopy to mature closed canopy forest. Where fire is very infrequent, the fire regime is usually attributed to local edaphically- influenced fire affects such as rocky scarps, etc.. On these sites, factors such as insect and disease may be the only disturbance agents that affect woodland development. Tree and shrub species composition varies throughout the Region and common trees include twoneedle pinyon (Pinus edulis), single leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla var. fallax), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), oneseed juniper (J. monosperma), and alligator juniper (J. deppeana). Typically, sparse native understory grasses are perennial species, while forbs consist of both annuals and perennials. Shrubs are characteristically sparse to moderately distributed. This type is typically found on sites with rocky soil characteristics.

Fire suppression has not exhibited the far-reaching effects this ERU, as has been the case in other woodland types, since the fire frequency may or may not have been altered during the period since European settlement. Vegetation maturation, decadence and overall readiness for ignition are some of the key characteristics that influence fire disturbances in this type.

Subclasses Two provisional subclasses have been proposed for the PJ Woodland ERU: PJ Woodland—Cold and PJ Woodland—Mild. Analysis in support of the Regional Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Triepke et al. in draft) suggests that these subclasses occupy different climate envelopes throughout the region, resulting in differing species composition. However, as the overarching process dynamics of the three systems are similar in terms of stand structure and transitional dynamics, values are presented for the entirety of the PJ Woodland ERU below. Future work will further evaluate these provisional subclasses.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The PJ Woodland ERU reference condition model is from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment “Pinyon Juniper – Rare Replacement Fire Regime” (R3PIJUrf) (LANDFIRE 2010).

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION Ref. HISTORIC DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN

Early development, post disturbance state supporting primarily herbaceous species with A 10% tree and shrub cover each below 10% canopy cover.

Mid development state comprised of seed/sap and small trees with a predominantly open C 5% canopy.

D 10% Late development state with open tree canopy dominated by medium to very large trees.

B 15% Mid development state with closed tree canopy from small trees.

E 60% Late development state with a closed tree canopy consisting of medium to very large trees.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the PJ Woodland ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 2 2 5 2 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The PJ Woodland ERU is generally characterized by historic fire regime group IV with fire return intervals of 35-200 years from stand-replacement. However, some types exhibit little to no natural fire (historic fire regime group V)

Patch Size Mean reference patch size for the PJ Woodland ERU is fairly large at 10 to 100+ acres.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the PJ Woodland ERU come from the USFS R3 model PJO. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type PIED TEIX PIED JUOS QUGA PIED PIED Size Class S/S S/S SML MED S/S SML MED Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 Overstory Stand Age 15 yrs 50 yrs 57 yrs 61 yrs 68 yrs 100 yrs 131 yrs

Structure Variables Structure Dominant Story Stand Age 15 yrs 44 yrs 54 yrs 61 yrs 60 yrs 103 yrs 130 yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 187 342 231 147 591 174 70 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 74 356 229 161 1477 429 271

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 12 35 43 69 85 106 120 Variables Canopy Cover 6.05 18.55 21.91 22.12 43.95 44.05 41.33

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 2A 4ASS 5BMS 3CSS 4BSS 5BMS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 1.67 0.44 1.95 3.75 0.95 5.35 6.49 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 1.13 0.47 1.72 1.89 0.72 2.06 3.98

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 3.35 1.3 1.2 2.73 0.33 0.85 1.44 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife

Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Variables

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Crown Bulk Density 0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 Crown Base Height 5.57 5.67 6.22 8.22 5.56 6.48 8.08

Crowning Index 170.2 93.69 89.63 149.46 81.51 56.6 66.81 Torching Index 6.87 0 6 10.96 0 6.02 10.78 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.2 0.31 0.65 0.55 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.28 0.64 0.7 0.59 4.03 2.17 1.3 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.46 0.44 0.68 0.99 4.56 2.25 1.49 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 1.09 0.81 1.21 2.46 0.87 3.96 5.89 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 1.48 1.24 1.07 2.34 0.15 2.15 2.31

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 6.44 7.23 8.64 15.17 20.59 22.98 26.45

PJ Grass Ecological Response Unit

Figure 22: Characteristic Photo of the PJ Grass ERU Figure 23: Distribution of the PJ Grass ERU

General Description The PJ Grass ERU Grass occurs across the states of Arizona and New Mexico, in what were historically more open woodlands with grassy understories. Tree species include one seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), and alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana). Pinyon trees include twoneedle pinyon (Pinus edulis). Native understories were made up of perennial grasses, with both annual and perennial forbs, and shrubs that were absent or scattered. Contemporary understories often include invasive grasses and uncharacteristically high shrub cover. The PJ Grass ERU is typically found on sites with well-developed, loamy soil characteristics (typically mollisols), within areas of warm summer seasons and a bi-modal precipitation regime.

Empirical information on the historic condition of this type is lacking; however, site productivity provides inference for the development of a grass/fine fuels layer, in turn, providing inference of frequent fire and open, uneven-aged forest dynamics. At least one study, substantiating multiple tree cohorts in similar plant communities, corroborates these assumptions (Gottfried 2003). As such, trees would have occurred as individuals or in smaller clumps and range from young to old. Scattered shrubs and a dense herbaceous understory of native grasses and forbs characterize this type. Typical disturbances (fire, insects, disease, etc.) are low severity and high frequency. These disturbance patterns would have created and maintained uneven-aged and open-canopied conditions. The tree and grass species composition varies throughout the Region, consisting a mix of one species of pinyon (ranges are typically distinct) and one or more juniper species. Typically, native understory grasses are perennial species, while forbs consist of both annuals and perennials. Shrubs are characteristically absent or scattered.

Due to the effects of long-term fire suppression and grazing in this type, in many locations the current condition is severely departed from historic conditions. Typically these changes include in-filling of the canopy gaps, increased density of tree groups; and reduced composition, density and vigor of the herbaceous understory plants. Many of these sites currently are closed-canopy woodlands, with insufficient understory vegetation to support surface fires.

This type is similar to pinyon-juniper woodlands that occur on Region 3 National Grasslands in the subhumid and semi-arid climate gradients. Here, the ERU includes ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), red berry juniper (Juniperus erythrocarpa), pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), and a few oak spp. (Quercus spp.). Stand dynamics are thought to be similar to the PJ Grass system (Poulos et al. 2009).

Subclasses Similar to the closely related Juniper Grass ERU, three provisional subclasses that have been proposed for the PJ Grass ERU: PJ Grass—Cold, PJ Grass—High-Sun-Mild, and PJ Grass—Low-Sun-Mild. Analysis in support of the Regional Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Triepke et al. in draft) suggests that these three subclasses occupy different climate envelopes throughout the region, resulting in different species composition, particularly in the understory. However, as the overarching process dynamics of the three systems are similar in terms of stand structure and transitional dynamics, values are presented for the entirety of the PJ Grass ERU below. Future work will further evaluate these provisional subclasses.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The PJ Grass ERU reference condition model was adapted from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment “Juniper-Pinyon” model (RA JUPI1) (LANDFIRE 2010). Additional information is needed to supplement and refine ERU concepts for the Juniper Grass and PJ Grass ecosystems. Until then, a working assumption will be used to describe historic vegetation conditions where a plurality of tree diameter values existed to indicate one of four tree-dominated states, acknowledging that multiple tree cohorts within any one plant community were likely. Reference condition values were modified for ecological sustainability analysis work to reflect a high frequency, low severity fire regime where grass-forb-shrub (post replacement) plant communities would have been uncommon at watershed scales. The landscape proportion of 20% originally reported for state A (post replacement) was reduced to 5%, with the excess 15% distributed proportionately among the remaining open states (C and D).

Mid development state comprised of seed/sap and small trees with a predominantly open C 25% canopy.

D 50% Late development state with open tree canopy dominated by medium to very large trees.

B 10% Mid development state with closed tree canopy from small trees.

Late development state with a closed tree canopy consisting of medium to very large trees. E 10%

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the PJ Grass ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 1 2 5 5 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The PJ Grass ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group I, with an average fire return interval of 0- 35 years from non-lethal surface fire.

Patch Size Mean reference patch size for the PJ Grass ERU is 1/10th to 1 acre from individual trees to tree groups in open stands.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the PJ Grass ERU come from the USFS R3 model PJG. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values 60

Contemporary Model State:

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type PIED PIED PIED JUOS PIED PIED PIED Size Class S/S S/S SML MED S/S SML MED Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 15 44 61 101 153 Overstory Stand Age yrs yrs yrs 81 yrs 61 yrs yrs yrs

Structure Variables Structure 15 38 59 102 154 Dominant Story Stand Age yrs yrs yrs 82 yrs 56 yrs yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 201 204 294 196 167 111 45 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 94 515 281 194 775 468 253

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 11 43 42 76 83 123 139 Variables Canopy Cover 5.82 21.37 21.38 22.36 38.65 48.12 45.02

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 5AMS 4ASS 5BMS 2B 4CSS 5CMS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0.69 0.22 1.21 1.96 0.67 4.94 8.04 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.34 0.25 0.53 1.65 0.52 1.26 3.61

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0.42 0.2 0.52 1.9 0.39 0.57 1.08 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.01

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

Crown Bulk Density 0 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.03 Crown Base Height 4.24 4.34 6.14 8.5 4.49 5.98 8.33

Crowning Index 158.5 70.84 92.92 135.04 45.52 47.22 62.54 Torching Index 5.27 3.29 6.68 9.75 3.55 6.53 11.64 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.13 0.17 0.57 0.76 Litter (Tons/Acre) 0.2 0.67 0.57 0.38 1.31 1.81 1.17 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.09 0.33 0.49 0.6 0.89 1.72 1.31 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.14 0.28 0.66 2.29 0.89 3.17 6.66 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.12 0.32 0.08 1.92 0.54 0.96 2.31

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 2.66 6.29 6.39 14.39 12.05 22.52 29.35

Madrean Encinal Woodland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 24: Characteristic Photo of the Madrean Encinal Figure 25: Distribution of the Madrean Encinal ERU ERU

General Description The Madrean Encinal Woodland ERU is found in the Madrean Province, and occurs on foothills, canyons, bajadas and plateaus between the Semi-Desert Grasslands and Madrean Pinyon-Oak woodlands. This ERU is dominated by Madrean evergreen oaks such as Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), Emory oak (Quercus emoryi), gray oak (Quercus grisea), Mexican blue oak (Quercus oblongifolia), and Toumey oak (Quercus toumeyi). Madrean pine, Arizona cypress, pinyon and juniper trees and interior chaparral species may be present, but do not co-dominate. The ground cover is dominated by warm-season grasses such as threeawns (i.e. Aristidateripes, and A. schiedeana var. orcuttiana), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), Rothrock grama (Bouteloua rothrockii), Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica), plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia), curly-mesquite (Hilaria belangeri), green sprangletop (Leptochloa dubia), muhly grasses (i.e. Muhlenbergia emerslyi, M. pauciflora, and M. setifolia), or Texas bluestem (Schizachyrium cirratum). Historically this ERU had over 10% tree canopy cover, with the exception of early, post-fire plant communities.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Madrean Encinal Woodland ERU reference condition model is from LANDFIRE National “Madrean Encinal” (2410230) (LANDFIRE 2010).

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION

LF STATE HISTORIC MEAN DESCRIPTION

A 20% Early seral, post disturbance state dominated by grasses and/or shrubs. Tree cover is less than 10%

C 25% Mid development state with primarily open canopy stands comprised of seedling/sapling and small trees.

D 15% Late development state with open tree canopy from medium to very large trees. B 40% Mid development state with closed canopy stands comprised of small trees.

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Madrean Encinal Woodland ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 1 4 2 4 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Madrean Encinal Woodland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III (I), with an average fire return interval of 35-200+ years from mixed severity fire.

Patch Size Data for reference patch size limited, however inference from fire historic fire regime suggests patches may have ranged in size from 1 to 10+ acres in size with some areas supporting larger patches.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the Madrean Encinal Woodland ERU come from the USFS R3 model MEW. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

CURRENT TRENDS MODEL R3 MID-SCALE EXISTING VEG MAPPING

Ref. STATE DESCRIPTION DOMINANCE UNIT SIZE / COVER STATE Recently disturbed state dominated by NON-TREE: Recently burned, sparsely A = A grasses, forbs, and/or shrubs; tree cover is < = vegetated, grass, forb, and shrub N/A 10% types Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily B = All tree types AND Seed/sap-open seed/sap trees with an open canopy Emerging Woodland comprised of primarily C { E = All tree types AND Seed/sap-closed seed/sap trees with a closed canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily C = All tree types AND Small-open small trees with an open canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-open, D = D medium to very large trees with an open = All tree types AND very large-open canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily B = F = All tree types AND Small-closed small trees with a closed canopy Contemporary landscapes only…

Mature Woodland comprised of primarily Medium-closed, G medium to very large trees with a closed = All tree types AND very large-closed canopy

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Due to limited sample numbers, FIA-FVS analysis for this ERU was combined with the Madrean Pinyon- Oak Woodland. Users are cautioned to consider this when interpreting these values.

A B C D E F G

Dominance Type QUERC QUERC QUERC QUEM QUGA QUERC QUERC Size Class S/S S/S SML MED S/S SML MED Tree Canopy Class <10% Open Open Open Closed Closed Closed Tree Canopy Layers 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 109 Overstory Stand Age 15 yrs 53 yrs 57 yrs 42 yrs 72 yrs 87 yrs yrs

Structure Variables Structure 108 Dominant Story Stand Age 14 yrs 49 yrs 58 yrs 38 yrs 70 yrs 97 yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 172 294 218 199 320 118 62 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 77 469 213 179 1163 463 285

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 12 34 41 52 97 122 139 Variables Canopy Cover 5.87 20.04 20.81 21.01 48.54 49.27 46.03

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 2A 3ASS 5ASS 2C 3CSS 5CMS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0.56 0.79 1.41 1.88 1.13 4.93 6.39 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.31 0.43 1.09 0.94 1.05 0.89 3.18

Variables Large Standing Snags (>18" diameter) 0.25 0.59 0.58 1 0.58 0.83 1.28 Wildlife Habitat Habitat Wildlife Dwarf Mistletoe Awareness Indicator (plot count) 0 0 2 0 2 6 3 Percent Infected Host Trees = 1.0"+ diameter 0 0 1.71 0 2.02 0.55 0.13

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Crown Bulk Density 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 Crown Base Height -0.02 4.11 4.51 2.95 5.06 6.91 6.89

Crowning Index -1 169.7 129.1 -1 42.53 113 101 Torching Index -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 26.57 13.42

Variables Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.76 0.95 0.44 0.55 1.32 1.82 2.21 Litter (Tons/Acre) 1.05 1.65 2.02 2.43 3.91 5.46 5.93 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.47 0.95 0.94 1.32 2.99 4.23 4.85 Fire/Fuel Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.56 0.73 0.62 1.14 2.27 3.34 6.25 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.21 0.55 0.64 0.9 0.94 2.2 3.23

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 4.24 8.27 9.49 13.65 20.9 31.74 39.75

Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 26: Characteristic Photo of the Madrean Pinyon- Figure 27: Distribution of the Madrean Pinyon-Oak ERU Oak ERU

General Description The Madrean Pinyon-Oak ERU is concentrated in the Madrean province and is dominated by an open to closed canopy of evergreen oaks such as Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides), Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla) and other various pines with a grassy understory. Elsewhere in the region, as far east as the southern Rocky Mountains, plant communities dominated by tree-form evergreen oaks with or without pinyon and juniper codominants have been placed in the Madrean Pinyon-Oak a provisional resort, pending revision of the ERU framework. In these cases, the composition differs from communities of the Madrean province, though the physiognomy and dynamics of the system are consistent with the ERU concept. This ERU is transitional with the Ponderosa Pine—Evergreen Oak ERU but lacks dominance of large pine species (i.e. Pinus arizonica, P. englemannii, and P. leiophylla). Madrean Pinyon-Oak woodlands usually occupy foothills and mountains ranging from approximately 4000 to 7000 ft. in elevation. Climate generally consists of mild winters and wet summers with mean annual precipitation ranging from about 10 to 25 inches; half of the precipitation typically occurs in the summer, with the remainder occurring during the winter and spring. Historically this ERU had over 10% tree canopy cover, with the exception of early, post-fire plant communities. This ERU was previously named “Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland” but was changed to better reflect the woodland nature of the unit, and avoid confusion with other classification approaches with regards to “Madrean Pine”.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland ERU reference condition model is from The Nature Conservancy’s “Madrean Pine Oak Woodland” model (TNC 2006).

REFERENCE CONDITION DESIRED CONDITIONS

TNC HISTORIC S STAGE DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION STATE MEAN %

Early seral, recently disturbed state A 4% 4% Reference condition dominated by grasses.

Young state dominated by resprouting F 5% 5% Reference condition seedlings with both open and closed stands.

Young state with open tree canopy cover *Reference condition, and conditions indicative C 24% from small trees. Understory is grass 13% of even-aged stand dynamics and the

dominated. development of MSO habitat. Young state with closed tree canopy cover B 3% from small trees. Understory is grass 3% Reference condition

dominated. Mature forest state with open tree canopy D 60% cover from medium to very large trees. 60% Reference condition

Understory is grass dominated. Mature forest state with closed tree canopy Conditions indicative of MSO habitat and mature E 4% cover from medium to very large trees. 15% closed-forest conditions. Understory is grass dominated. *- Reflects the reference condition of 24% minus the additional 9% allocated to state E for MSO habitat (mature-closed).

Coarse Woody Debris & Snags per Acre The following table depicts reference conditions for coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags for the Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland ERU. CWD and snag values based on Weisz et al. (2010) and weighted averages according to reference condition seral stage proportion.

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SNAGS PER ACRE

LOGS* / AC EARLY MID LATE > 8" > 18" REFERENCE CONDITION n/a 2 2 3 4 1 * - Logs are >12" diameter and >8' long

Fire Regime The Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III (I), with an average fire return interval of 35-200+ years from mixed severity fire.

Patch Size A typically open canopied system, Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland likely supported patches of 1/10 to 1 acre in size, though larger groupings may have been present.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for the Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland ERU come from the USFS R3 model MPO. The table below provides a crosswalk between the contemporary states, their paired existing vegetation attributes, and associated reference condition states.

seed/sap trees with a closed canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily small trees C = C = All tree types AND Small-open with an open canopy Young Woodland comprised of primarily small trees B = F = All tree types AND Small-closed with a closed canopy Mature Woodland comprised of primarily medium Medium-open, D = D = All tree types AND to very large trees with an open canopy very large-open Mature Woodland comprised of primarily medium Medium-closed, E = G = All tree types AND to very large trees with a closed canopy very large-closed

FIA-FVS Analysis of Woodland ERU State Class Values Due to limited sample numbers, FIA-FVS analysis for this ERU was combined with the Madrean Encinal Woodland. Users are cautioned to consider this when interpreting these values.

A B C D E F G

Structure Variables Structure 108 Dominant Story Stand Age 14 yrs 49 yrs 58 yrs 38 yrs 70 yrs 97 yrs yrs

Seedlings per acre (trees < 1.0” diameter) 172 294 218 199 320 118 62 Trees per acre (trees ≥ 1.0” diameter) 77 469 213 179 1163 463 285

Stock Stock Basal Area per Acre, Tree ≥ 1.0” diameter 12 34 41 52 97 122 139 Variables Canopy Cover 5.87 20.04 20.81 21.01 48.54 49.27 46.03

R3 – Vegetative Structural Stage 1 2A 3ASS 5ASS 2C 3CSS 5CMS

Small Standing Snags (8-12" diameter) 0.56 0.79 1.41 1.88 1.13 4.93 6.39 Medium Standing Snags (12-18" diameter) 0.31 0.43 1.09 0.94 1.05 0.89 3.18

Variables Spruce Beetle Hazard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Health Health Forest Mountain Pine Beetle Hazard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Crown Bulk Density 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 Crown Base Height -0.02 4.11 4.51 2.95 5.06 6.91 6.89

Crowning Index -1 169.7 129.1 -1 42.53 113 101 Torching Index -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 26.57 13.42 Duff (Tons/Acre) 0.76 0.95 0.44 0.55 1.32 1.82 2.21 Litter (Tons/Acre) 1.05 1.65 2.02 2.43 3.91 5.46 5.93 0-3" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.47 0.95 0.94 1.32 2.99 4.23 4.85 Fire/Fuel Variables Fire/Fuel 3-12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.56 0.73 0.62 1.14 2.27 3.34 6.25 >12" Coarse Woody Debris (Tons/Acre) 0.21 0.55 0.64 0.9 0.94 2.2 3.23

Total Above and Below Ground Carbon (Tons/Acre) 4.24 8.27 9.49 13.65 20.9 31.74 39.75

Intentionally left blank.

Grassland Ecological Response Units:

Montane / Subalpine Grassland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 28: Characteristic Photo of the Montane / Figure 29: Distribution of the Montane / Subalpine Subalpine Grassland ERU Grassland ERU

General Description Also referred to as montane grasslands, this system occurs at elevations ranging from 8,000-11,000 ft., and often harbors several plant associations with varying dominant grasses and herbaceous species. Such dominant species may include Parry’s oatgrass (Danthonia parryi), Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), Thurber’s fescue (Festuca thurberi), pine dropseed (Blepharoneuron tricholepis), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), various sedges (Carex spp.), shooting star (Dodecatheon jeffreyi), fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata), Sierra rush (Juncus nevadensis), Rocky Mountain iris (Iris missouriensis), Parry’s bellflower (Campanula parryi), California false hellebore (Veratrum californicum), and bulrush spp. (Scirpus and/or Schoenoplectus spp). Trees may occur along the periphery of the meadows, which may include Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), blue spruce (Picea pungens), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies concolor), limber pine (Pinus flexilis), and sub-alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Some shrubs may also be present. These meadows are seasonally wet, which is closely tied to snowmelt, though they typically do not experience flooding events. The Montane / Subalpine Grassland if often interspersed with the Herbaceous Riparian (190) ERU. Historically this ERU had less than 10% tree canopy cover and less than 10% shrub cover.

Because of the broad nature of this ERU, future works may develop subclasses splitting out Montane Grasslands from Subalpine Grasslands.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Montane / Subalpine Grassland ERU reference condition model comes from the LANDFIRE National “Southern Rocky Mountain Montane-Subalpine Grassland” model (151146) (LANDFIRE 2010).

Reference / R3 Existing Veg Classes

Desired Description Dominance Type Group Structure Class Condition Recently Disturbed, grass, shrub Recently burned, sparsely A 20% = N/A and tree all < 10% vegetated Mature Grassland, grass is All corresponding grass and forb B,C 80% = N/A dominant lifeform types Contemporary landscapes only… SHRUB TYPES: All corresponding = All Tree or shrub encroached state shrub types D 0% with > 10% cover from trees Seed/sap and all TREE TYPES: All corresponding and/or shrubs = AND open tree structure shrub types classes

Fire Regime The Montane / Subalpine Grassland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group II, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from stand replacing fire.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary model states for Montane / Subalpine Grassland are the same as those described for reference conditions. See the table above for a description of the states.

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 3.11 B 3.27 C 6.38 D 5.21

Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 30: Characteristic Photo of the Colorado Plateau / Figure 31: Distribution of the Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Great Basin Grassland ERU Grassland ERU

General Description The Colorado Plateau Great Basin Grassland ERU is typically found along elevational and temperature gradients above Semi-Desert Grasslands and below Montane-Subalpine Grasslands. It occupies cooler and wetter sites than Semi-Desert Grasslands and is common above the Mogollon Rim. This ERU is typically associated with Pinyon-Juniper Grass along the grassland-woodland ecotone in cool climates. Vegetation coverage consists of mostly grasses and interspersed shrubs. Grass species may include but are not limited to: Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), threeawn spp. (Aristida spp.), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), fescue spp. (Festuca spp.), needle and thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), spike fescue (Leucopoa kingii), Muhlenbergia spp., James’ galleta (Pleuraphis jamesii), and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). Shrub species may include but are not limited to: sagebrush (Artemesia tridentate), saltbush (Atriplex spp.), Ephedra, snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), one-seeded juniper (Juniperus monosperma), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and wax currant (Ribes cereum). As described, this ERU may have had over 10% shrub cover historically, but had less than 10% tree cover.

Other works (e.g., Robbie 2004) have treated the Colorado Plateau Grasslands separately from Great Basin Grasslands. While the floristic distinction between these two is recognized here, the coarse ecosystem dynamics driving the two systems are similar, and therefore they are considered to be a common ERU in this guide. As the understanding of ecosystem processes evolves for these systems, and as state and transition models are developed, subclasses may be developed in the future. The reader is referred to Robbie (2004) for a description of the differences between the two grassland types.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland ERU reference conditions are based on LANDFIRE National "Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Grassland" (1511350) (LANDFIRE 2010). The values presented 71

below represent conceptual regional model states for the Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland ERU. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

REFERENCE / DESIRED STATE DESCRIPTION CONDITION

A High seral: Perennial grasses, shrub/tree cover <10%, grass cover >30%. 70%

Mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover <10%, grass cover >10%. B 5% Includes post-fire plant communities previously high seral.

Low-mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover >10%, grass cover C 25% >10%.

Fire Regime The Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group II, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from stand replacing fire. Mixed severity fire has been reported in this ERU to have occurred with a mean return interval of 37 years primarily top-killing herbaceous species. Stand replacing fire occurred less frequently (MFRI 75 years) and consumed both shrub and herbaceous life forms.

Contemporary Seral States Multiple efforts have attempted modeling contemporary dynamics in this ERU. The ILAP (2012) developed two different models for Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland. One represented drier sites and areas further from juniper woodlands without potential for juniper encroachment. The other represented areas susceptible to establishment from woodland species. The following conceptual ERU states have been developed for the Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland ERU with a crosswalk to their paired ILAP model states. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- COLORADO PLATEAU / GREAT BASIN GRASSLAND

(CPG and CPJ) REF DESCRIPTION - COMP DESCRIPTION - STR STATE DESCRIPTION STATE %* COMPOSITION CODE STRUCTURE CODE High seral: Perennial grasses, 70 Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- A shrub/tree cover <10%, grass A Perennial Grass P OSA % Absent cover >30%. Mid seral: Perennial-mixed

grasses, shrub/tree cover Perennial <10%, grass cover >10%. Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- B 5% B Grass/Ruderal PM OMA Includes post-fire plant Absent*** Grass/Early Shrub*** communities previously high seral. Low-mid seral: Perennial- EarlySeralShrub/Perenn Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr- 25 D YP OMA C mixed grasses, shrub/tree ial Grass Absent % cover >10%, grass cover F** Juniper/Perennial Grass JP Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- OOO

>10%. Open

Contemporary landscapes only… Low seral, native: Ruderal grasses and forbs, shrub/tree Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr- D 0% C MidShrub M SMA cover various, grass cover Absent various. Gr-Mid_Sh-Open_Tr- Novel-low seral, exotic: Exotic E Exotics/MidShrub XM MOA Absent E grasses, shrub/tree cover 0% Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- various, grass cover various. G Juniper/Exotics JX OOO Open Novel-low seral, seeded: Seeded grasses, shrub/tree Gr-Mid_Sh-Open_Tr- F 0% F, H** SeededGrass D MOA cover various, grass cover Absent >10%. * - Based on LANDFIRE analysis of Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Grassland (BpS 1511350)(LANDFIRE 2010). ** - From ILAP model CPJ, Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland - Juniper Invasion Potential (ILAP 2012). *** - Altered from how state was originally conceptualized by ILAP (ILAP 2012).

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 4.14 B 2.02 C 3.06 D 2.93 E 1.79 F 2.20

Semi-Desert Grassland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 32: Characteristic Photo of the Semi-Desert Figure 33: Distribution of the Semi-Desert Grassland ERU Grassland ERU

General Description The Semi-Desert Grassland ERU occurs throughout southeastern Arizona and southern New Mexico at elevations ranging from 3,000 to 4,500 ft. This ERU is common on the Apache-Sitgreaves, Cibola, Coconino, Coronado, Lincoln, and Prescott National Forests. These grasslands are bounded by Sonoran or Chihuahuan desert at the lowest elevations and woodlands or chaparral at the higher elevations. Species composition and dominance varies across the broad range of soils and topography that occur within the two states. Dominant grassland associations/types are black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland, blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) grassland, curly mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) grassland, tobosa (Pleuraphis mutica) grassland, giant sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii) grassland, mixed native perennial grassland, and non-native perennial grassland. Shrubs also occupy these grasslands and their abundance and species composition also varies. As described, this ERU may have had over 10% shrub cover historically, but had less than 10% tree cover. Semi-Desert Grasslands tend to occur adjacent to and above desert communities, and below Interior Chaparral and woodlands. The boundary between Semi-Desert Grasslands and desert communities is sometimes hard to distinguish as desert shrub species can be common in this ERU. Other works (Girard et al. 2008) have distinguished areas of naturally high shrub cover as “Hot Steppe Shrub” systems. In this guide, these systems are included with Semi-Desert Grassland as they share similar overarching ecosystem properties.

Subclasses There are currently four subclasses described for this ERU – Piedmont Grassland, Foothill Grassland, Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland, and Sandy Plains Grassland. Other works (R3 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Triepke et al. in draft) have split Semi-Desert Grassland into more general subclasses based on moisture gradient, creating the two provisional subclasses high sun and low sun.

Piedmont Grassland - The following description comes from ILAP (2012): 74

The PFG model represents grassland vegetation typical of coalesced alluvial fan piedmonts along mountain fronts and characterized the dominance of black grama (Bouteloua eripoda), bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), and fluffgrass (Dasyochloa pulchella). Other grasses that are prevalent and may dominate or codominate are curlyleaf muhly (Muhlenbergia setifolia), tobosagrass (Pleuraphis mutica), New Mexico feathergrass (Hesperostipa neomexicana), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta), and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). Additional grass associates include plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia), purple three-awn (Aristida purpurea), red grama (Bouteloua trifida), Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica), curly-mesquite (Hilaria belangeri). The exotic Lehmann’s lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) can displace native piedmont grasses, especially in disturbed soils. While shrubs and sub- shrubs are clearly subordinate in these grasslands, they are always common and sometimes abundant, forming a shrub-steppe. The most diagnostic tall shrubs are longleaf jointfir (Ephedra trifurca) and Torrey’s yucca (Yucca torreyi) along with the sub-shrubs pricklyleaf dogweed (Thymophylla acerosa), lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), Bigelow sage (Artemisia bigelovii), woody crinklemat (Tiquilia canescens). Where the combination of drought, livestock grazing, and reduced fire frequency have impacted sites, shrubs typical of Chihuahuan Desert Scrub can invade. These include whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta), viscid acacia (Acacia neovernicosa), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), catclaw mimosa (Mimosa aculeaticarpa), and tarbush (Flourensia cernua). In addition, broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and burroweed (Isocoma tenuisecta) are most abundant where there has been disturbance.

Foothill Grassland - The following description comes from ILAP (2012):

The FHG model describes grassland vegetation typical of colluvial foothill slopes of desert mountain ranges. These often rocky sites are typically dominated by sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), curlyleaf muhly (Muhlenbergia setifolia), New Mexico feathergrass (Hesperostipa neomexicana), and bullgrass (Muhlenbergia emersleyi). Other dominant or co-dominant grasses may include purple grama (Bouteloua radicosa), tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta), southwestern needlegrass (Achnatherum eminens), and slim tridens (Tridens muticus). While shrubs and sub-shrubs are clearly subordinate in these grasslands, they are always common and sometimes abundant, forming a shrub-steppe. The most diagnostic tall shrubs are green sotol (Dasylirion leiophyllum), common sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri), sacahuista (Nolina microcarpa), Texas sacahuista (Nolina texana), banana yucca (Yucca baccata), Torrey’s yucca (Yucca torreyi), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), resinbush (Viguiera stenoloba) along with sub-shrubs such as mariola (Parthenium incanum), featherplume (Dalea formosa), lechugiulla (Agave lechuguilla), Harvard’s century plant (Agave havardiana), and plumed crinklemat (Tiquilia greggii). Where the combination of drought, livestock grazing, and reduced fire frequency have impacted sites, shrubs typical of Chihuahuan Desert Scrub can invade. These include viscid acacia (Acacia neovernicosa), tarbush (Flourensia cernua), catclaw mimosa (Mimosa aculeaticarpa), and turpentine bush (Ericameria laricifolia).

Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland - The following description comes from ILAP (2012):

The SDL model describes grassland vegetation typical of lowland basins and playas where surface water can collect in good years. Grass cover can be luxuriant and characterized by the dominance of tobosagrass (Pleuraphis mutica), burrograss (Scleropogon brevifolius), alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), big sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), or vine mesquite (Panicum obtusum). Other grass associates may include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and bush muhley (Muhlenbergia porteri). Desert scrub shrubs can invade and may include honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), tarbush (Flourensia cernua), and goldenbush (Isocoma pluriflora).

Sandy Plains Grassland - The following description comes from ILAP (2012):

The SPG model describes grassland vegetation typical of sandy plains (sandsheets) and dominated by black grama (Bouteloua eripoda), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), mesa dropseed (Sporobolus flexuosus), spike dropseed (Sporobolus contractus), ear muhly (Muhlenbergia arenacea), and sand muhly (Muhlenbergia arenicola). In addition to the dominant grasses, blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), purple three-awn (Aristida purpurea), low woollygrass (Dasyochloa pulchella), bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), 75

sandhill muhley (Muhlenbergia pungens), and giant dropseed (Sporobolus giganteus) can be common associates. On gypsum substrates, gyp dropseed (Sporobolus nealleyi), gyp grama (Bouteloua breviseta), and New Mexico bluestem (Schizachyrium neomexicanum) dominate. While shrubs and sub-shrubs are clearly subordinate in these grasslands, they are always common and sometimes abundant, forming a shrub- steppe. Typical indicators include Torrey’s jointfir (Ephedra torreyana), and soaptree yucca (Yucca elata). Where the combination of drought, livestock grazing, and reduced fire frequency have impacted sites, shrubs typical of Chihuahuan Desert Scrub and sand scrubs can invade. These include, sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), frosted mint (Poliomintha incana), broom dalea (Psorothamnus scoparius), littleleaf sumac (Rhus microphylla), and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae). Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Semi-Desert Grassland ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Inter- Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Grassland" (1511350) (LANDFIRE 2010). The values presented below represent conceptual regional model states for the Semi-Desert Grassland ERU. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

R3 Conceptual Model REFERENCE / DESIRED STATE DESCRIPTION CONDITION A High seral: Perennial grasses, shrub/tree cover <10%, grass cover >30%. 70%* Mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover <10%, grass cover B 25%** >10%. Includes post-fire plant communities previously high seral. Low-mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover >10%, grass cover C 5%*** >10%. Contemporary landscapes only…

Low seral, native: Ruderal grasses and forbs, shrub/tree cover various, grass D 0% cover various. Novel-low seral, exotic: Exotic grasses, shrub/tree cover various, grass E 0% cover various. Novel-low seral, seeded: Seeded grasses, shrub/tree cover various, grass 0% F cover >10%. * - LANDFIRE analysis of Apacherian-Chihuahuan Semi-Desert (BpS 2711210) resulted in a value of 70% (LANDFIRE 2010), versus a value of 75% generated with the TNC analysis of semi-desert grassland, using a mean fire interval of 6 years (TNC 2006).

** - Both the LANDFIRE analysis of Apacherian-Chihuahuan Semi-Desert (BpS 2711210) and the TNC analysis of semi-desert grassland resulted in a value of 25% (LANDFIRE 2010, TNC 2006). The TNC analysis was based on a mean fire interval of 6 years.

*** - LANDFIRE analysis of Apacherian-Chihuahuan Semi-Desert (BpS 2711210) resulted in a value of 5% for shrub encroached communities (LANDFIRE 2010), versus a value of 0% generated with the TNC analysis of semi-desert grassland, using a mean fire interval of 6 years (TNC 2006).

Fire Regime The Semi-Desert Grassland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group II, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from stand replacing fire. Recurring fire is important in this type to maintain open conditions, prevent shrub and tree invasion, and retain species diversity. TNC synthesis of fire history in this ERU reports large scale fire events occurring every 2.5-10 years and typically occurring in the early summer. This coincides with pre-monsoon lightning activity in the region and contemporary fire behavior suggests that historic ignitions would likely have burned until they ran out of contiguous fuel or were rained out.

Contemporary Seral States Multiple efforts have attempted modeling contemporary dynamics in this ERU. The ILAP (2012) developed four different models for Semi-Desert Grassland, each representing a subclass of the ERU. As discussed above, conceptual ERU states have been developed for the Semi-Desert Grassland ERU. Crosswalks are presented below for each ILAP model to their paired R3 conceptual model states. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

R3 Conceptual Model ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- SANDY PLAINS GRASSLAND (SPG)

ILAP STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION COMP CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE STR CODE STATE

A = C Perennial Grass PLM Gr-Mod-High Sh-Low MOA

L PerennialGr-Resprout PLM_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA M RuderalGr/PerennialGr-Resprout RLP_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B { N PerennialGr/Mesquite-Resprout PLMQ_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B RuderalGrass/Perennial Grass RLP Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA

D Perennial Grass MLP Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA C { K Mesquite/Perennial Grass QLP Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA A Annual Grass AL Gr-Sparse Sh-Sparse SSA E Sparse Grass ML Gr-Sparse Sh-Mod-High SMA G RuderalGrass MLR Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA D { O RuderalGr/Mesquite-Resprout RLMQ_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA F Mesquite/RuderalGrass QLR Gr-Low Sh-Low OOA J Mesquite Q Gr-Sparse Sh-Mod-High SMA H Exotics X Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA E { I Exotics MLX Gr-Low Sh-Low OOA P Exotics-Resprout XML_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA

F No paired state

R3 Conceptual Model ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- PIEDMONT GRASSLAND (PFG)

ILAP STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION COMP CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE STR CODE STATE

A = C Perennial Grass PLM Gr-Mod-High Sh-Low MOA

M PerennialGr-Resprout PLM_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA N RuderalGr/PerennialGr-Resprout RLP_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B { K PerennialGr/Mesquite-Resprout PLMQ_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B RuderalGrass/Perennial Grass RLP Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA D Perennial Grass MLP Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA C { J Mesquite/Perennial Grass QLP Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA A Annual Grass AL Gr-Sparse Sh-Sparse SSA E Sparse Grass ML Gr-Sparse Sh-Mod-High SMA D { G RuderalGrass MLR Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA L RuderalGr/Mesquite-Resprout RLMQ_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA F Mesquite/RuderalGrass QLR Gr-Low Sh-Low OOA H Exotics X Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA E { I Exotics MLX Gr-Low Sh-Low OOA

O Exotics-Resprout XML_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA

F No paired state

R3 Conceptual Model ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- FOOTHILL GRASSLAND (FHG) & LOWLAND GRASSLAND (SDLG)

ILAP STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION COMP CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE STR CODE STATE

A = C Perennial Grass PLM Gr-Mod-High Sh-Low MOA

I PerennialGr-Resprout PLM_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B { J RuderalGr/PerennialGr-Resprout RLP_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA B RuderalGrass/Perennial Grass RLP Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA C = D Perennial Grass MLP Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA A AnnualGrassrub AL Gr-Sparse Sh-Sparse SSA D { E Sparse Grass ML Gr-Sparse Sh-Mod-High SMA F RuderalGrass MLR Gr-Low Sh-Mod-High OMA G Exotics X Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA E { H Exotics MLX Gr-Low Sh-Low OOA K Exotics-Resprout XML_rs Gr-Low Sh-Sparse OSA

F No paired state

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 3.27 B 1.53 C 4.30 D 2.44 E 1.39 F 1.80

Shrubland Ecological Response Units:

Alpine and Tundra Ecological Response Unit

Figure 34: Characteristic Photo of the Alpine and Tundra Figure 35: Distribution of the Alpine and Tundra ERU ERU

General Description Alpine and Tundra is limited to high elevation sites above 10,600 feet, and occur on the Carson, Coconino and Santa Fe National Forests in the Southwestern Region. Alpine areas are typically barren with sparse vegetation including grasses, forbs, lichens and low shrubs found in the Gelic soil temperature regime. Unstable substrates, exposure to high winds, and a short growing season make it difficult for plants to establish and grow in these areas. Barren areas include rocky outcroppings, scree slopes, and open fell-fields. Open fell-fields may include the following species: mountain sandwort (Arenaria capillaries), black and white sedge (Carex albonigra), Payson’s sedge (Carex paysonis), Ross’s avens (Geum rossii), Bellardi bog sedge (Kobresia myosuroides), twinflower sandwort (Minuartia obtusiloba), Asian forget-me-not (Myosotis asiatica), nailwort (Paronychia pulvinata), wherry (Phlox pulvinata), creeping sibbaldia (Sibbaldia procumbens), and moss campion (Silene acaulis). Within the alpine region, tundra can be found on gradual to moderate slopes, flat ridges, valleys, and basins, where there is fairly stable soil. The tundra system is typically characterized by low-growing, perennial graminoids and forbs, historically with less than 10% tree cover. Rhizomatous, sod-forming sedges are the dominant graminoids, and prostrate and mat-forming plants with thick rootstocks or taproots characterize the forbs. Dominant species include sagebrush (Artemisia arctica), sedges (Carex spp.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), fescue grasses (Festuca spp.), Ross’s avens (Geum rossii), Bellardi bog sedge (Kobresia myosuroides), wherry (Phlox pulvinata), and alpine clover (Trifolium dasyphyllum).

As of this publication, the Alpine and Tundra ERU does not have any subclasses. However, LANDFIRE describes two Biophysical Settings associated with this ERU, one representing herb dominated systems

and another representing shrub dominated systems. Overarching ecosystem dynamics are similar, so they are combined here, though subsequent works may include delineating subclasses for this ERU.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Alpine and Tundra ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Rocky Mountain Alpine Turf" (2411440) for herb-dominated systems and from LANDFIRE "Rocky Mountain Alpine Dwarf- Shrubland" (2410700) for shrub-dominated systems (LANDFIRE 2010).

Herb-dominated systems… R3 Existing Veg Classes Description State Reference / Desired Condition Dominance Type Group Recently Disturbed state, all Recently burned, sparsely A 5% vegetation = vegetated < 10% cover Mature herbaceous component, B 95% = All corresponding herb types > 10% cover

Shrub -dominated systems… R3 Existing Veg Classes Description State Reference / Desired Condition Dominance Type Group Recently Disturbed state, all Recently burned, sparsely A 15% vegetation = vegetated, all corresponding herb < 10% cover types Mature shrub component, B 85% = All corresponding shrub types > 10% cover

Fire Regime The Alpine and Tundra ERU is characterized by a historic fire regime group IIIc, with an average fire return interval of 100-200 years from mixed severity fire.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary states for this ERU follow the reference condition states. See the table presented above for a description of each state.

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 2.85 B 5.13

Gambel Oak Shrubland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 36: Characteristic Photo of the Gambel Oak Figure 37: Distribution of Gambel Oak Shrubland ERU Shrubland ERU

General Description The following description is adapted from the LANDFIRE draft model description for Rocky Mountain Gambel Oak-Mixed Montane Shrubland (LANDFIRE 2010).

Gambel Oak Shrubland is dominated by long-lived Gambel oak clones that form largely mono-typic overstories (Simonin 2000). It occurs between [6,500-9,500 ft.] on all aspects, and at higher elevations occurs more predominantly on southern exposures. Gambel oak occurs as the dominant species ranging from dense thickets to clumps associated with other shrub species such as serviceberry or sagebrush. Older, more developed Gambel oak can have a well-developed understory comprised of snowberry, elk sedge, letterman's needlegrass, Poa ampla, yarrow, lupine, and goldenrod. Depending on site potential, ponderosa pine, juniper, and pinyon can encroach older plant communities. The primary disturbance mechanism is mixed-severity to stand replacement fire resulting in top-kill and rare mortality. Gambel oak responds to fire with vigorous sprouting from the root crown. Larger forms may survive low- intensity surface fire.

The Gambel Oak Shrubland ERU is classified as an edaphic-fire disclimax by the Southwestern Region Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory. On contemporary landscapes, in the absence of recurring mixed to stand replacing fire, coniferous tree species may be co-dominant to dominant.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Gambel Oak Shrubland ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Rocky Mountain Gambel Oak - Mixed Montane Shrubland" (2411070) (LANDFIRE 2010)

Reference R3 Existing Veg Classes Ref. / Desired Description Structure State Dominance Type Group Condition Class

Recently burned, sparsely Recently disturbed state, A 5% vegetated, all N/A shrub cover < 10% = corresponding herb types Mid to late development All corresponding shrub B, C 65% states, dominated by shrubs, AND All = types trees < 10% cover Late development state All corresponding tree D 30% dominated by trees with > AND All = types 10% cover

Fire Regime The Gambel Oak Shrubland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IV, with an average fire return interval of 35-200 years from stand replacing fire.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for Gambel Oak Shrubland follow those described above for reference condition. See the table above for a description of the states.

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 3.47 B / C 7.38 D 36.42

Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 38: Characteristic Photo of the Mountain Figure 39: Distribution of the Mountain Mahogany Mixed Mahogany Mixed Shrubland ERU Shrubland ERU

General Description The Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland ERU occurs in the foothills, canyon slopes, and lower mountain slopes of the Rocky Mountains and on outcrops and canyon slopes in the western Great Plains. It ranges from southern New Mexico extending north into Colorado. These shrublands are often associated with exposed sites, rocky substrates, dry conditions, and recurrent historic fire that limited tree growth. Scattered trees or inclusions of grassland patches or steppe may be present, but the vegetation is typically dominated by a variety of shrubs including Cercocarpus montanus and Rhus trilobata. Historically this ERU had less than 10% tree canopy cover.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Rocky Mountain Gambel Oak - Mixed Montane Shrubland" (2411070) (LANDFIRE 2010)

Reference R3 Existing Veg Classes Ref. / Desired Description Structure State Dominance Type Group Condition Class Recently burned, sparsely Recently disturbed state, A 5% vegetated, all N/A shrub cover < 10% = corresponding herb types Mid to late development All corresponding shrub B, C 65% states, dominated by shrubs, AND All = types trees < 10% cover Late development state All corresponding tree D 30% dominated by trees with > AND All = types 10% cover

Fire Regime The Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IV, with an average fire return interval of 35-200 years from stand replacing fire.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland follow those described above for reference condition. See the table above for a description of the states.

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 1.90 B / C 9.06 D 18.11

Interior Chaparral Ecological Response Unit

Figure 40: Characteristic Photo of the Interior Chaparral Figure 41: Distribution of the Interior Chaparral ERU ERU

General Description Interior Chaparral is typically found on mountain foothills and lower slopes where low-elevation desert landscapes transition into wooded evergreens. Interior chaparral consists of mixed shrub associations including but not limited to the following species: Manzanita spp. (Arctostaphylos spp.), crucifixion thorn (Canotia holacantha), desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), little-leaved mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus intricatus), Antelope bushes (Purshia spp.), silktassles (Garrya spp.), Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia stansburiana), shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella), and sumacs (Rhus spp.). Historically this ERU had less than 10% tree canopy cover, maintained by relatively frequent, stand replacing fire events. As such, some sites that type as pinyon, juniper, or ponderosa pine associations that historically had sparse tree cover are grouped with the Interior Chaparral ERU.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Interior Chaparral ERU reference conditions come from The Nature Conservancy’s “Interior Chaparral” model using a 60 year fire frequency (TNC 2006).

Ref. Reference / Desired Description State Condition A 2% Recently disturbed state, Grass & Forb Regeneration with shrub resprouts < 10% cover Mid development state dominated by shrub resprouts with 10-30% cover. Grasses and B 5% forbs present. C / D 93% Mature shrubland with closed canopy of shrubs and limited herbaceous vegetation.

Fire Regime The Interior Chaparral ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IV, with an average fire return interval of 35-200+ years from stand replacement fire.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for Interior Chaparral follow those described above for reference condition. See the table above for a description of the states.

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.57 B 10.98 C / D 46.36

Sagebrush Shrubland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 42: Characteristic Photo of the Sagebrush Figure 43: Distribution of Sagebrush Shrubland ERU Shrubland ERU

General Description This ERU is dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and ranges from the state of Washington east to the Dakotas, and south as far as Arizona and New Mexico. Within the Southwest sagebrush shrubland primarily occurs adjacent to Great Basin grassland and pinyon-juniper woodland ERUs. While big sagebrush is the dominant species other shrubs such as broom snakeweed and shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) are common, as are grassland species such as blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). Historically this ERU had less than 10% tree canopy cover. Sagebrush shrubland sites in the southwest are usually found on deep well-drained valley bottom soils between 4,800 and 5,800 ft. with precipitation ranging between 10 to 18 inches per year.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Sagebrush Shrubland reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Colorado Plateau Mixed Low Sagebrush Shrubland" (251064) model (LANDFIRE 2010).

Reference /Desired Ref. State Description Condition

A, B 80% Herbaceous dominates state with < 10% cover from shrubs

C 20% Mature shrubland state with > 10% cover from shrubs

Fire Regime The Sagebrush Shrubland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 35-200 years from mixed severity fire.

Contemporary Seral States Box Cover Type Structural Stage

ILAP Ref. State Abbrev Name Abbrev Name State Gr-Open_Sh- A, B = A PS Perennial Grass/Sagebrush OSA Sparse_Tr-Absent Gr-Open_Sh- B SP Sagebrush/Perennial Grass OOA Open_Tr-Absent Gr-Open_Sh- C SP Sagebrush/Perennial Grass OMA Mid_Tr-Absent C { Gr-Sparse_Sh- G S Sagebrush SMA Mid_Tr-Absent Gr-Open_Sh- J YP EarlySeralShrub/Perennial Grass OMA Mid_Tr-Absent Contemporary Landscapes Only…

Gr-Open_Sh- D SPJ Sagebrush/PerenGrass/Juniper OOO Open_Tr-Open Gr-Mid_Sh- E JX Juniper/Exotics MSO Sparse_Tr-Open Sagebrush/Perennial Gr-Mid_Sh- F SPX MOA Grass/Exotics Open_Tr-Absent Gr-Mid_Sh- N/A H XS Exotics/Sagebrush MOA Open_Tr-Absent Gr-Mid_Sh- I X Exotics MAA Absent_Tr-Absent Gr-Open_Sh- K JP Juniper/Perennial Grass OOM Open_Tr-Mid Gr-Mid_Sh- L D SeededGrass MOA Open_Tr-Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 1.65 B 29.81 C / D 9.05

Intermountain Salt Scrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 44: Distribution of the Intermountain Salt Scrub ERU

General Description The Intermountain Salt Scrub ERU is found in cold climate gradients and the Great Plains, and is not often found on Forest Service lands of the Southwest. Soils associated with this ERU are typically sodic, saline, or saline-sodic. The vegetation is characterized by a typically open to moderately dense shrubland composed of one or more Atriplex species such as Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex polycarpa, or Atriplex spinifera. Other shrubs present to codominate may include Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria nauseosa, Ephedra nevadensis, Grayia spinosa, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium spp., Picrothamnus desertorum, Tetradymia spp., or Sarcobatus vermiculatus.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Intermountain Salt Scrub ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Inter- Mountain Basins Mixed Salt Desert Scrub - South" (2710811 / S065) (LANDFIRE 2010)

Reference / Ref. State Desired Description Condition

A 25% Early seral state dominated by herbaceous with only widly scattered shrubs.

B 45% Mid development shrubland with open canopy shrub cover and discontinuous grasses. C 30% Mature shrubland dominated by shrubs and lacking a herbaceous component. Contemporary landscapes only… X Uncharacteristic

Fire Regime The Intermountain Salt Scrub ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 35-200+ years from mixed severity fire.

Contemporary Seral States Cover Type Structural Stage Ref. State ILAP State Abbrev Name Abbrev Name Perennial A A PM OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent Grass/MidShrub MidShrub/Perennial B B MP OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent Grass MidShrub/Perennial C C MP SOA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent Grass Contemporary landscapes only… D X Exotics MSA Gr -Mid_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent E XM Exotics/MidShrub OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent F D SeededGrass OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.62 B 3.47 C 5.78

Sandsheet Shrubland Ecological Response Unit

Figure 45: Distribution of Sandsheet Shrubland ERU

General Description The Sandsheet Shrubland ERU occurs in cold climate gradients, and rarely on Forest Service lands. This large patch ecological system is found on the south-central Colorado Plateau in northeastern Arizona extending into southern Utah. The ERU occurs on windswept mesas, broad basins and plains at low to moderate elevations (4,000-6,000 ft.). Substrates are stabilized sandsheets or shallow to moderately deep sandy soils that may form small hummocks or small coppice dunes. This semi-arid, open shrubland is typically dominated by short shrubs (10-30 % cover) with a sparse graminoid layer. The woody layer is often a mixture of shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. Characteristic species include Ephedra cutleri, Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra viridis, and Artemisia filifolia. Coleogyne ramosissima is typically not present.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Sandsheet Shrubland ERU reference conditions are derived from LANDFIRE National "Southern Colorado Plateau Sand Shrubland" (241093) (LANDFIRE 2010)

Description Ref. State Reference / Desired Condition

A 20% Recently disturbed state with low vegetative cover B 79% Mid Development dominated by open shrub canopy; herbaceous varies. C 1% Mature shrubland with a closed canopy shrub layer; herbaceous lacking.

Fire Regime The Sandsheet Shrubland ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 35-200 years from mixed severity fire.

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary states for this ERU come from the ILAP SSHR model. They are identical to the reference condition model from LANDFIRE described above with the exception of an additional exotic, invaded state. A crosswalk between the current and reference condition states is presented below.

Cover Type Structural Stage Ref. ILAP Abbrev Name Abbrev Name State State MidShrub/Perennial A A MP SSA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent = Grass B = B M MidShrub SOA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent C = C M MidShrub SMA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent

Contemporary Landscapes Only

D XM Exotics/MidShrub OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.62 B 0.11 C 5.78

Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 46: Characteristic Photo of the Chihuahuan Desert Figure 47: Distribution of the Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU Scrub ERU

General Description The following description is excerpted from the ILAP Arid Lands Model Documentation (2012).

[The Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU] ranges from the edges of basin floors, up alluvial fan piedmonts to foothills of desert mountains and mesas. The major dominant is creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), often mixed with tarbush (Flourensia cernua). Other sites may be dominated by whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta), viscid acacia (Acacia neovernicosa), Rio Grande saddlebush (Mortonia scabrella), and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Sub-shrubs are also abundant and often codominants. These include lechugiulla (Agave lechuguilla), cactus apple (Opuntia engelmannii), Wright’s beebrush (Aloysia wrightii), and mariola (Parthenium incanum). Other typical sub-shrub associates are broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), pricklyleaf dogweed (Thymophylla acerosa), plumed crinklemat (Tiquilia greggii), and mat rockspirea (Petrophyton caespitosum). Herbaceous cover can by sparse or grassy with fluffgrass (Dasyochloa pulchela) and bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porter) key indicators. Black grama (Bouteloua eripoda), tobosagrass (Pleuraphis mutica), and burrograss (Scleropogon brevifolius) may also occur.

Some areas within this ERU may be barren with an abundance of sand, rock, gravel, scree or tallus. The ERU is provisionally stratified into two subclasses, succulent scrub and thorn scrub.

Subclasses Succulent Scrub - The vegetation in this subclass is characterized by a relatively high cover of succulent species such as Agave lechuguilla, Euphorbia antisyphilitica, Ferocactus spp., Fouquieria splendens, Opuntia engelmannii, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia spinosior, Yucca baccata. Perennial grass cover is generally low.

Thorn Scrub - Vegetation is characterized by Larrea tridentata alone or mixed with thornscrub and other scrub such as Agave lechuguilla, Aloysia wrightii, Fouquieria splendens, Dasylirion leiophyllum, Flourensia cernua, Leucophyllum minus, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera, Mortonia scabrella (= Mortonia sempervirens ssp. scabrella), Opuntia engelmannii, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis glandulosa, and Tiquilia greggii. Stands dominated by Acacia constricta, Acacia

neovernicosa, or Acacia greggii are included in this subclass, and limestone substrates appear important for at least these species.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU reference conditions are Derived from LANDFIRE National "Sonoran Paloverde Mixed Cacti Desert Scrub" (151109) (LANDFIRE 2010)

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION EXISTING VEGETATION MAPPING

STATE % STATE DOMINANCE STRUCTURE A 5% Early Development 1 Open SPARSELY VEGETATED: All sparsely vegetated types N/A HERB TYPES: All corresponding herb types (not B 20% Mid Development 1 Open N/A including exotics) SHRUB TYPES: All corresponding shrub types AND Shrub-Closed C 75% Mid Development 1 Closed All size and TREE TYPES: All corresponding tree types AND cover classes Contemporary landscapes only…

X 0% All Exotic Vegetation HERB TYPES: All exotic herb types N/A

Fire Regime The Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group IIId, with an average fire return interval of 200+ years from mixed severity fire. The sparse nature of this ERU indicates that fires likely would have been limited in size to small areas of continuous fuels.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for the Chihuahuan Desert Scrub ERU come from the ILAP model CDS (ILAP 2012).

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Chihuahuan Desert Scrub (CDS)

Ref. ILAP COMP STR State State DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE CODE A Annual Grass/LowShrub AL Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent SSA A { F Annual Grass/LowShrub-Resprout AL_rs Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent SSA

B = B RuderalGrass/LowShrub/Perennial Grass RLP Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent OSA

C = C MidShrub/LowShrub ML Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent SMA

Contemporary landscapes only… D Exotics X Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent OSA

E MidShrub/LowShrub/Exotics MLX Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent OOA

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.20 B 0.67 C 2.47

Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 48: Distribution of the Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub ERU

General Description This ERU occurs in the high sun mild climate gradient and includes extensive open-canopied shrublands of typically saline basins (saline, sodic, or saline-sodic soils) in the Chihuahuan Desert. Stands often occur on alluvial flats and around playas. Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. Vegetation is typically composed of one or more saltbush species such as Atriplex canescens, Atriplex obovata, or Atriplex polycarpa along with species of Allenrolfea, Flourensia, Salicornia, Suaeda, or other halophytic plants. Graminoid species may include Sporobolus airoides, Pleuraphis mutica, or Distichlis spicata at varying densities.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub ERU reference conditions are Derived from LANDFIRE "Chihuahuan Mixed Salt Desert Scrub" (2510750) (LANDFIRE 2010)

REFERENCE / DESIRED CONDITION EXISTING VEGETATION MAPPING

STATE % STATE DOMINANCE STRUCTURE

Early Development 1 All SPARSELY VEGETATED or HERB TYPES (all corresponding A 25% N/A Structure herb types, excluding exotics)

B 35% Mid Development 1 Open SHRUB TYPES: All corresponding shrub types AND Shrub - Open SHRUB TYPES: All corresponding shrub types AND Shrub - Closed C 40% Late Development 1 Closed All size and TREE TYPES: All corresponding tree types* AND cover classes

Contemporary landscapes only… HERB TYPES: All exotic herb types

X 0% All Exotic Vegetation N/A SHRUB TYPES: All shrub types with exotic understory

*LANDFIRE describes PODEW as the dominant upper canopy tree. This may not be appropriate outside of floodplains.

Fire Regime The Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub ERU is characterized by Historic fire regime group IIIc, with an average fire return interval of 100-200yearsfrom mixed severity fire.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for the Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub ERU come from the ILAP model CSD (ILAP 2012).

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub (CSD)

Ref. COMP DESCRIPTION - STR State ILAP STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION CODE STRUCTURE CODE Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr- A Annual Grass/LowShrub AL SSA Absent Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- A { B RuderalGrass/LowShrub/Perennial Grass RLP OSA Absent Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr- F Annual Grass/LowShrub-Resprout AL_RS SSA Absent Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- B = E MidShrub/LowShrub/Exotics MLX OOA Absent

Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr- C = C MidShrub/LowShrub ML SMA Absent

Contemporary landscapes only…

Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- D Exotics X OSA Absent X { Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr- G Exotics/MidSh/LowSh-Resprout XML_rs SSA Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.19 B 1.11

Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 49: Characteristic Photo of the Mojave-Sonoran Figure 50: Distribution of the Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Desert Scrub ERU ERU

General Description

The Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub ERU is found below 4,000 ft. primarily on the Tonto and Coronado National forests though areas of this ERU are also found on the Prescott and Coconino National Forests. Some areas within this ERU may be barren, with less than 1% cover, but most lands support succulents, desert grasses, desert scrub, and some herbaceous cover. Valley vegetation is typically dominated by a 2 to 25% cover of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), with smaller associates that include bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea, Ambrosia dumosa). Alluvial fans in Sonoran regions with mild winters can be characterized by a diagnostic sparse, emergent tree layer of 15-30 ft. saguaro cactus (Carnegia gigantea) and 10-15 ft. palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) and ironwood (Olneya tesota), with creosote and bursage. Similar alluvial fans in the colder Mojave Desert lose the frost sensitive saguaro but gain either Mohave Yucca (Yucca schidigera) or the larger (15-30 ft.) Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia), usually in the company of shrubs such as creosote, cheesebush (Hymenoclea salsola), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) and buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). Ephemeral watercourses can hold dense vegetation in both the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, especially catclaw (Acacia greggii) and wolfberry (Lycium spp). On National Forest lands, most of this ERU is on steeper mountain slopes and associated colluvium, places characterized in the Sonoran desert by saguaro and palo verde, but with creosote replaced by up to 50% cover of small shrubs and trees such as brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), fairyduster (Calliandra eriophylla) and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Desert mountains in the Mojave Desert lack the tall saguaros and palo verdes, but hold succulents such as the silver cholla (Cylindropuntia echinocarpa) and beavertail prickly pear (Opuntia basilaris), along with bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and creosote. Invasive species are a special concern for this ERU. In southern Arizona, Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) poses a danger to valley communities, especially those with sandy soils, while buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarus) threatens the saguaro/paloverde communities. Further north, red brome (Bromus madritensis var rubens) has introduced uncharacteristic fire into the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.

The ILAP splits this ERU into seven different groupings with specific models developed for each (ILAP 2012). For reference, the ILAP models that fall within the Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub ERU are:

Model CBS - Sonora-Mojave Creosote-Bursage Desert Scrub – Sand

Model CBM - Sonora-Mojave Creosote-Bursage Desert Scrub – Mountains

Model CBV - Sonora-Mojave Creosote-Bursage Desert Scrub – Valleys

Model SPM - Sonoran Paloverde-Mixed Cactus Desert Scrub – Mountains

Model SPB - Sonoran Paloverde-Mixed Cactus Desert Scrub – Bajada/foothills

Model SOS - Sonoran Mid-Elevation Desert Scrub

Model MOS - Mojave Mid-Elevation Desert Scrub

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions Reference / Desired Condition

STATE % STATE A 5% Early Development 1 Open

B 20% Mid Development 1 Open

C 75% Mid Development 1 Closed Contemporary landscapes only…

X 0% All Exotic Vegetation

Fire Regime The Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub ERU is generally characterized by historic fire regime group IIIb, with an average fire return interval of 200+ years from mixed severity fire. However, the role of fire in this ERU historically is thought to be minimal to absent.

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for the Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub ERU come from the ILAP model SPM (ILAP 2012).

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- SONORAN PALOVERDE-MIXED CACTUS DESERT SCRUB (SPM)

Ref. ILAP COMP STR State STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE CODE 99

A = A AnnualGrass/Forbs LAF Gr-Sparse Sh-Sparse Tr-Sparse SSS D Cacti CT Gr-Low Sh-Sparse Tr-Sparse OSS B { G Perennial Grass PM Gr-Mod-High Sh-Low Tr-Sparse MOS B Cacti MCT Gr-Low Sh-Low Tr-Low OOO C { C Cacti TCM Gr-Low Sh-Low Tr-Low OOO

E ExoticPerennialGrass/Cacti XpCT Gr-Low Sh-Sparse Tr-Sparse OSS F ExoticPerennialGrass Xp Gr-Mod-High Sh-Sparse Tr-Sparse MSS X { H ExoticAnnualGrass/Cacti XaCT Gr-Low Sh-Low Tr-Low OOO I ExoticAnnualGrass Xa Gr-Mod-High Sh-Sparse Tr-Sparse MSS

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.50 B 1.66 C 6.07

100

Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub Ecological Response Unit

Figure 51: Characteristic Photo of the Sonora-Mojave Figure 52: Distribution of Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Mixed Salt Desert Scrub ERU (photo by: Michele Girard) Scrub ERU

General Description The Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub ERU occurs in the low sun mild climate gradient, and includes extensive open-canopied shrublands of typically saline basins in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. This ERU is rare on Forest Service lands. The following description is adapted from the LANDFIRE BPS 1410880 description. Stands often occur around playas. Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. Vegetation is typically composed of one or more saltbush species such as Atriplex canescens or Atriplex polycarpa along with other species of Atriplex. Species of Allenrolfea, Salicornia, Suaeda, or other halophytic plants are often present to codominant. Graminoid species may include Sporobolus airoides or Distichlis spicata at varying densities.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub ERU reference conditions are Derived from LANDFIRE "Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub" (1410880) (LANDFIRE 2010).

Reference / Desired Condition EXISTING VEGETATION MAPPING

STATE % STATE DOMINANCE STRUCTURE Early Development 1 All SPARSELY VEGETATED or HERB TYPES (all corresponding A 15% N/A Structures herb types, excluding exotics) SHRUB TYPES: All corresponding shrub types All size and B 85% Late Development 1 Open AND TREE TYPES: All corresponding tree types* cover classes

Contemporary landscapes only… HERB TYPES: All exotic herb types X 0% All Exotic Vegetation N/A SHRUB TYPES: All shrub types with exotic understory

* Assumes some species were mapped as "trees" (e.g. CAGI10, PAMI5, etc.)

101

Fire Regime Noncontiguous fuels in this ERU limited historic fire

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states for the Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub ERU come from the ILAP model SDS (ILAP 2012).

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Sonoran Mixed Salt Desert Scrub (SDS)

Ref. ILAP COMP STR State State DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION CODE DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE CODE A = A Perennial Grass / Mid Shrub PM Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent OSA

B { B MidShrub/Perennial Grass MP Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent OOA

C Exotics X Gr-Mid_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent MSA X { D Exotics/MidShrub XM Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent OOA

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 0.19 B 1.11

102

Great Plains Ecological Response Units:

Shortgrass Prairie Ecological Response Unit

Figure 53: Characteristic Photo of the Shortgrass Prairie Figure 54: Distribution of the Shortgrass Prairie ERU ERU

General Description The Shortgrass Prairie ERU is primarily found on the Kiowa and Rita Blanca Grasslands in eastern New Mexico. This ERU typically occurs on broad plains as well as flat to gently rolling uplands. Vegetation is a mix of shortgrass species typically dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides). Other common grasses include sideoats grama (B. curtipendula) alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), New Mexico feathergrass (Hesperostipa neomexicana), needle and thread (H. comata),switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), western wheat (Pascopyrum smithii), purple three-awn (Aristida purpurea) and sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus). This ERU is adapted to large ungulate herbivory and is therefore more resistant to grazing pressures than many other grassland ERUs in the region. Historically this ERU averaged less than 10% shrub cover and less than 10% tree cover as a result of frequent fire. Much of the area occupied by the Shortgrass Prairie ERU in the Southwest was heavily effected by the dustbowl, and subsequently seeded with sideoats grama, which can dominate contemporary landscapes.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Shortgrass Prairie ERU reference conditions are based on analysis of LANDFIRE RA "Shortgrass Prairie" (R3PGRs). The values presented below represent conceptual regional model states for the Shortgrass Prairie ERU. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

STATE DESCRIPTION Reference / Desired 103

Condition High seral: Bluestem-blue grama-buffalograss, shrub/tree cover various, A 30% grass cover >30%. Mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover various, grass cover B 5% >10%. Includes post-fire plant communities previously high seral. Low-mid seral: Blue grama-buffalograss, shrub/tree cover various, grass C 65% cover <30%. Contemporary landscapes only…

Low seral, native: Ruderal grasses and forbs, shrub/tree cover various, grass D 0% cover various. Novel-low seral, exotic: Exotic grasses, shrub/tree cover various, grass cover E 0% various. Novel-low seral, seeded: Seeded grasses, shrub/tree cover various, grass F 0% cover >10%.

Fire Regime The Shortgrass Prairie ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group II, with an average fire return interval of 0-35 years from stand replacing fire.

Contemporary Seral States Multiple efforts have attempted modeling contemporary dynamics in this ERU. The ILAP (2012) developed two different models for Shortgrass Prairie. One represented areas without potential for juniper encroachment, while the other represented areas susceptible to establishment from woodland species. The two concepts have been combined, and the following conceptual ERU states have been developed for the Shortgrass Prairie ERU with a crosswalk to their paired ILAP model states. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Shortgrass Prairie - Juniper Invasion Potential SJG

Ref. COMP DESCRIPTION - STR STATE DESCRIPTION STATE DESCRIPTION - COMPOSITION %* CODE STRUCTURE CODE High seral: Gr-Mid_Sh-Open_Tr- C Perennial Grass/LowShrub PL MOA Bluestem-blue Absent grama-buffalograss, A 30% shrub/tree cover Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- H** Juniper/LowShrub/Perennial Grass JLP OOA various, grass cover Absent >30%. Mid seral: Perennial Grass/LowShrub- Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- L PL_rs OSA Perennial-mixed Resprout Absent grasses, shrub/tree RuderalGr/LowSh/PerennialGr- Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- K RLP_rs OSA cover various, grass Resprout Absent B cover >10%. 5% Gr-Sparse_Sh-Open_Tr- G** Juniper J SOA Includes post-fire Absent plant communities previously high

seral. RuderalGrass/LowShrub/Perennial Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr- Low-mid seral: Blue J RLP SSA Grass Absent grama-buffalograss, Perennial Gr-Mid_Sh-Open_Tr- C shrub/tree cover 65% S PL_ag MOA Grass/LowShrub_AbandonedAg Absent various, grass cover RuderalGrass/LowShrub/Perennial Gr-Mid_Sh-Sparse_Tr- <30%. B RLP MSA Grass Absent Contemporary landscapes only… Low seral, native: Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr- D 0% A Annual Grass/LowShrub AL SSA Ruderal grasses and Absent

104

forbs, shrub/tree RuderalGrass/LowShrub_Abandon Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- Q RL_ag OSA cover various, grass edAg Absent cover various. Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- M Mesquite/LowShrub/RuderalGrass QLR OOA Absent Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- D** Juniper/LowShrub/RuderalGrass JLR OOA Absent Mesquite/LowShrub/Perennial Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- N QLP OOA Grass Absent Gr-Sparse_Sh-Open_Tr- O Mesquite Q SOA Absent Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- E Exotics X OSA Absent Novel-low seral, Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- exotic: Exotic I Exotics/MidSh/LowSh-Resprout XML_rs OSA Absent E grasses, shrub/tree 0% Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr- cover various, grass R Exotics_AbandonedAgriculture X_ag OSA Absent cover various. Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr- F MidShrub/LowShrub/Exotics MLX OOA Absent Novel-low seral, seeded: Seeded Gr-Absent_Sh-Absent_Tr- F grasses, shrub/tree 0% P Agriculture ag AAA Absent cover various, grass cover >10%. * - Based on analysis of LANDFIRE RA "Shortgrass Prairie" (R3PGRs). ** - From ILAP model SGJ, Shortgrass Prairie - Juniper Invasion Potential (ILAP 2012).

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 3.30 B 2.36 C 2.36 D 3.16 E 2.70 F 2.36

105

Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecological Response Unit

Figure 55: Characteristic Photo of the Mixed-Grass Prairie Figure 56: Distribution of the Mixed-Grass Prairie ERU ERU

General Description The Mixed-Grass Prairie ERU is found on moderate to gentle slopes in eastern New Mexico and western Oklahoma and Texas. It is found between the Shortgrass Prairie to the west, and Tallgrass Prairie to the east, occurring on the Kiowa, Rita Blanca, and Black Kettle National Grasslands. Rain, temperature and soils limit this ERU to lower elevations. This ERU may be dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), western wheat (Pascopyrum smithii), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), needle and thread (Hesperostipa comate), or New Mexico feathergrass (Hesperostipa neomexicana). Other common grass species include sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), rough dropseed (Sporobolus clandestinus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). This ERU may also include areas that are dominated by low cover grasses and forbs. Historically this ERU had less than 10% shrub canopy cover and less than 10% tree cover.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The reference conditions for the Mixed-Grass Prairie ERU are adapted from the LANDFIRE model “Southern Short/Mixed-Grass Prairie” (R5PRSG) (LANDFIRE 2010) modified to remove the persistent D (prairie dog colony) state. The values presented below represent conceptual regional model states for the Mixed-Grass Prairie ERU. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

VDDT R3 Existing Veg Classes

Reference / Ref. DESCRIPTION Desired Vegetation States Dominance Type Group STATE Condition High seral: Perennial grasses, shrub/tree A 57% Mid, bluestem = Bluestem map unit cover <10%, grass cover >30%.

106

Mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, shrub/tree cover <10%, grass cover >10%. B 25% Early, grama = Recently burned, grama map unit Includes post-fire plant communities previously high seral. Low-mid seral: Perennial-mixed grasses, C 18% Late, shrub/tree = All shrub and tree map units shrub/tree cover >10%, grass cover >10%.

Fire Regime The Mixed-Grass Prairie ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group II, with an average fire return interval of 3-5 years from stand replacing fire.

Contemporary Seral States Multiple efforts have attempted modeling contemporary dynamics in this ERU. The ILAP (2012) developed a 16 state model for contemporary dynamics in this system. The following conceptual ERU states have been developed for the Mixed-Grass ERU with a crosswalk to their paired ILAP model states. At the time of publication, the transitional mechanics for this conceptual model are still being developed.

Box Cover Type Structural Stage Ref Ref / ILAP DESCRIPTION Abbrev Name Abbrev Name State DC State High seral: Perennial Gr-Mid_Sh- grasses, shrub/tree Perennial A 57% C PL MOA Open_Tr- cover <10%, grass cover Grass/LowShrub >30%. Absent Mid seral: Perennial- mixed grasses, Gr-Open_Sh- shrub/tree cover <10%, PerennialGr/LowSh/Mesq B grass cover >10%. 25% I PLQ_rs OSA Sparse_Tr- uite-Resprout Includes post-fire plant Absent communities previously high seral. Gr-Open_Sh- Mesquite/LowShrub/Pere Low-mid seral: K QLP OOA Open_Tr- Perennial-mixed nnial Grass Absent C grasses, shrub/tree 18% cover >10%, grass cover Perennial Gr-Mid_Sh- >10%. P PL_ag Grass/LowShrub_Abando MOA Open_Tr- nedAg Absent Contemporary landscapes only… Gr-Sparse_Sh- A AL Annual Grass/LowShrub SSA Sparse_Tr- Low seral, native: Ruderal Absent grasses and forbs, Gr-Mid_Sh- D 0% RuderalGrass/LowShrub/ shrub/tree cover various, B RLP MSA Sparse_Tr- Perennial Grass grass cover various. Absent RuderalGrass/LowShrub/ Gr-Sparse_Sh- G RLP SSA Perennial Grass Sparse_Tr-

107

Absent Gr-Open_Sh- RuderalGr/LowSh/Perenn H RLP_rs OSA Sparse_Tr- ialGr-Resprout Absent Gr-Open_Sh- Mesquite/LowShrub/Rud J QLR OOA Open_Tr- eralGrass Absent Gr-Sparse_Sh- L Q Mesquite SOA Open_Tr- Absent Gr-Open_Sh- RuderalGrass/LowShrub_ N RL_ag OSA Sparse_Tr- AbandonedAg Absent Gr-Open_Sh- D X Exotics OSA Sparse_Tr- Absent Novel-low seral, exotic: Gr-Open_Sh- Exotic grasses, shrub/tree MidShrub/LowShrub/Exot E 0% E MLX OOA Open_Tr- cover various, grass cover ics various. Absent Gr-Open_Sh- XML_r Exotics/MidSh/LowSh- F OSA Sparse_Tr- s Resprout Absent Gr-Open_Sh- Exotics_AbandonedAgricu O X_ag OSA Sparse_Tr- lture Absent Novel-low seral, seeded: Seeded grasses, F 0% shrub/tree cover various, grass cover >10%. Gr- Absent_Sh- M ag Agriculture AAA Absent_Tr- Absent * - Adapted from LANDFIRE RA "Southern Short/Mixed-Grass Prairie" (R5PRSG) with state D removed. (LANDFIRE 2010). ** - From ILAP model Great Plains Grassland - Mixed-Grass Prairie MGP (ILAP 2012).

Biomass

Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 3.60 B 3.03 C 2.16 D 2.47 E 2.48 F 2.16

108

Shinnery Oak Ecological Response Unit

Figure 57: Distribution of the Shinnery Oak ERU

General Description The Shinnery Oak ERU is can be found on on the Black Kettle National Grassland in the Southwestern Region. This ERU is found in the western regions of the Great Plains on primarily sandy soils. The dominant vegetation type is shinnery oak also known as Harvard oak (Quercus harvardii). Other vegetation that may be present includes a variety of grasses such as bluestems (Andropogon gerardi), grama species (Bouteloua spp.), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and dropseeds (Sporobolus cryptandrus and S. clandestinus). Other species that may be present are yucca spp. (Yucca spp.); mesquite species (Prosopis spp.); catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), sand sage (Artemesia filifolia), Chicksaw plum (Prunus angustifolia), and other vegetation. Historically this ERU would have had over 10% oak canopy cover, with the exception of early, post-fire plant communities. On contemporary landscapes, encroachment from eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) has been observed on the Black Kettle National Grassland.

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The Shinnery Oak ERU reference conditions are Derived adapted from LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment "Shinnery Tallgrass" (R5SHNT) (LANDFIRE 2010)

Reference Ref. R3 Existing Veg Classes / Desired Description State Dominance Type Group Condition Early development, post disturbance, dominated by A 19% = Recently burned, grama and bluestem map units native grasses B 31% Mid, open C 39% Mid, closed = Shinnery oak map unit D 11% Late, Closed

Fire Regime The Shinnery Oak ERU is characterized by historic fire regime groups II/III, with an average fire return interval of 5-10 years from stand replacing severity fire. 109

Contemporary Seral States The contemporary state model for Shinnery Oak comes from ILAP (2012). A crosswalk between reference states and contemporary states is provided below.

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Shinnery Oak (SHI)

Cover Type Structural Stage

Ref. ILAP State State Abbrev Name Abbrev Name H PLO_rs Perennial Grass/LowShrub/Oak-Resprout OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent RuderalGr/LowSh/PerennialGr/Oak- I RLPO_rs OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent Resprout A J PLQ_rs PerennialGr/LowSh/Mesquite-Resprout OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent RuderalGr/LowSh/PerennialGr/Mesquite K RLPQ_rs OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent -Resprout B A OP Oak/Perennial Grass OMA Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent C D OR Oak/RuderalGrass OMA Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent D B O Oak SMA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent Contemporary Landscapes Only E OQX Oak/Mesquite/Exotics OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent L XOQ_rs Exotics/Oak/Mesquite-Resprout OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent M P_trt PerennialGrass_Treated OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent N RP_trt RuderalGrass/PerennialGrass_Treated OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent X O X_trt Exotics_Treated OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent P ag Agriculture AAA Gr-Absent_Sh-Absent_Tr-Absent C QLR Mesquite/LowShrub/RuderalGrass OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent G QLP Mesquite/LowShrub/Perennial Grass OMA Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent F Q Mesquite SMA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 15.05 B 32.81 E 91.35 C, D 17.85

110

Sandsage Ecological Response Unit

Figure 58: : Characteristic Photo of the Sandsage ERU Figure 59: Distribution of Sandsage ERU (photo by Angela Safranek)

General Description The Sandsage ERU has limited extent on Forest System lands in the Southwestern Region, limited primarily to the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands. It occurs mainly on sand dunes and areas and areas that were overblown with a thicker, sandier soil surface during the Dust Bowl and associated disturbances. Characteristic plant species for the Sandsage ERU are sand sagebrush (Artemesia filifolia), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata) and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans).

Reference Conditions

Seral Stage Proportions The reference conditions for Sandsage come from the LANDFIRE National “Western Great Plains Sandhill Shrubland” (341094) model (LANDFIRE 2010).

Reference / Desired Description State Condition

A 30% Early Development 1 All Struct

B 70% Late Development 1 Closed

Fire Regime The Sandsage ERU is characterized by historic fire regime group III, with an average fire return interval of 35-200+ years from mixed severity fire.

111

Contemporary Seral States Contemporary seral states come from the ILA P model “Sandsage – SAN” (ILAP 2012). A crosswalk between reference condition states and contemporary states is provided below.

ILAP CURRENT TRENDS MODEL -- Sandsage (SAN)

Cover Type Structural Stage

Ref.

State ILAP State Abbrev Name Abbrev Name A AL Annual Grass/LowShrub SSA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent RuderalGrass/LowShrub/Perennial B RLP OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent Grass A { C PLM Perennial Grass/LowShrub/MidShrub MOA Gr-Mid_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent PerennialGr/LowSh/Sagebrush- I PLA_rs OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent Resprout RuderalGr/LowSh/PerennialGr- J RLP_rs OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent Resprout D SP Sagebrush/Perennial Grass OMA Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent B { E S Sagebrush SMA Gr-Sparse_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent F SR Sagebrush/RuderalGrass OMA Gr-Open_Sh-Mid_Tr-Absent Contemporary Landscapes Only

G X Exotics OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent X { H MLX MidShrub/LowShrub/Exotics OOA Gr-Open_Sh-Open_Tr-Absent K XML_rs Exotics/MidSh/LowSh-Resprout OSA Gr-Open_Sh-Sparse_Tr-Absent

Biomass Approximate vegetative carbon (above and below ground)

STATE Tons per acre A 6.13 B 8.82

112

Riparian Ecological Response Units:

Riparian systems provide critical ecosystem services nationwide, and in the arid southwest, their importance is further amplified. Serving as an essential link between upland and aquatic systems, riparian areas provide critical watershed functions through processing, transport, and storage of sediment and water, as well as providing important habitat to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. The Southwestern Region has adapted the following definition for riparian areas for the purposes of ecosystem mapping (Triepke et. al. 2013):

Riparian areas are plant communities contiguous to and affected by surface and subsurface hydrologic features of perennial or intermittent lotic and lentic water bodies. Riparian areas have distinctively different vegetative species than adjacent areas; specifically, riparian mapping is conducted where riparian/wetland plant species are common. Where indicator plants may not be present, riparian areas are identified by signs of fluvial processes and/or fluvial features created under the current flow and climatic regimes.

The southwestern US contains 21 riparian Ecological Response Units (

Table 7) with widely varying distribution. While the primary ERU concept applies equally to riparian units, these systems are more strictly bounded by landform than their upland counterparts due to their reliance on available soil moisture. As a result, riparian ERU’s are typically found in valley bottoms, floodplains, and depressional areas, and tend to occur in smaller, more linear configurations distributed within upland ERUs. The primary delineation of riparian ERUs in the southwest is provided by the Regional Riparian Mapping Project (RMAP). The reader is referred to the RMAP project report (Triepke et. al. 2013) for a full description of the riparian mapping effort as well as riparian ERU descriptions.

Table 7 riparian ERUs of the southwestern US

Ecological Response Unit ERU Code

Arizona Alder – Willow 110

Desert Willow 130

Fremont Cottonwood – Conifer 150

Cottonwood / Hackberry 160

Fremont Cottonwood – Oak 170

Fremont Cottonwood / Shrub 180

113

Herbaceous Riparian 190

Little Walnut / Chinkapin Oak 210

Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Shrub 230

Narrowleaf Cottonwood – Spruce 240

Oak / Desert Willow 250

Rio Grande Cottonwood / Shrub 260

Sycamore - Fremont Cottonwood 270

Upper Montane Conifer / Willow 280

Willow - Thinleaf Alder 290

Arizona Walnut 300

Elm - Eastern Cottonwood 310

Eastern Cottonwood / Shrub 320

Ponderosa Pine / Willow 350

Little Walnut / Desert Willow 360

Little Walnut / Ponderosa Pine 370

114

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Appendix A—ERU-Biophysical Setting / Ecolgocial System

The following table illustrates the linkages between upland ERUs and their counterpart Biophysical Settings and Ecological Systems.

Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Northern Pacific Mesic n/a S029 Peripheral Subalpine Woodland

Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Subalpine Dry-Mesic Subalpine Dry-Mesic S028 Central Spruce-Fir Upper, Spruce-Fir Forest and Spruce-Fir Forest and Spruce-Fir Forest Spruce-Fir Lower Woodland Woodland

Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic-Wet Subalpine Mesic S030 Central Spruce-Fir Forest and Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland Woodland

Rocky Mountain Inter-Mountain Basins Subalpine-Montane Subalpine Limber- S026 Central Limber-Bristlecone Pine Bristlecone Pine Woodland Woodland

Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain S031 Peripheral Lodgepole Pine Forest Lodgepole Pine Forest

Bristlecone Pine n/a Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Subalpine-Montane S025 Central Limber-Bristlecone Pine Limber-Bristlecone Pine Woodland Woodland

Sierra Nevada Subalpine Lodgepole n/a S122 Peripheral Pine Forest and Woodland

Madrean Upper Montane Conifer-Oak S111 Peripheral Forest and Woodland n/a Mediterranean California Dry-Mesic Mixed Conifer -- Frequent S033 Peripheral n/a Mixed Conifer Forest Fire and Woodland

Southern Rocky Mediterranean Mountain Dry-Mesic California Ponderosa- S123 Peripheral Montane Mixed Conifer Jeffrey Pine Forest and Forest and Woodland Woodland

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Rocky Mountain Montane Dry-Mesic S032 Central Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland

Inter-Mountain West Inter-Mountain Basins Aspen-Mixed Conifer Aspen-Mixed Conifer S043 Central Forest and Woodland Forest and Woodland Complex

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain West Aspen-Mixed Conifer Aspen-Mixed Conifer S042 Central Forest and Woodland - Forest and Woodland High Elevation Complex

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain West Aspen-Mixed Conifer Aspen-Mixed Conifer S044 Central Forest and Woodland - Forest and Woodland Mixed Conifer (w/ Aspen) n/a Low Elevation Complex

Rocky Mountain Aspen Rocky Mountain Aspen S023 Central Forest and Woodland Forest and Woodland

Southern Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Mesic Montane Mesic Mixed S034 Central Montane Mixed Conifer Conifer Forest and Forest and Woodland Woodland

Mediterranean n/a California Red Fir S121 Peripheral Forest and Woodland

Southern Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Ponderosa Ponderosa Pine S037 Central Pine Savanna Woodland Ponderosa Southern Rocky Rocky Mountain Pine/Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine Forest Mountain Ponderosa Ponderosa Pine S038 Central Ponderosa Pine Pine Woodland Woodland Gambel Oak Southern Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Ponderosa Ponderosa Pine S036 Central Pine Woodland - South Woodland

Ponderosa Pine -- **No equivalent map **No equivalent map n/a N/A N/A Evergreen Oak unit unit

Colorado Plateau Colorado Plateau Pinyon-Juniper Pinyon-Juniper S052 Central Shrubland Shrubland PJ Sagebrush n/a Great Basin Pinyon- Great Basin Pinyon- S040 Central Juniper Woodland Juniper Woodland

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Madrean Pinyon- Madrean Pinyon- PJ Evergreen Shrub n/a S112 Peripheral Juniper Woodland Juniper Woodland

Rocky Mountain Foothill Rocky Mountain Foothill PJ Woodland n/a Limber Pine-Juniper Limber Pine-Juniper S125 Peripheral Woodland (2410490) Woodland

Colorado Plateau Colorado Plateau Pinyon-Juniper Pinyon-Juniper S039 Central Woodland Woodland

Recently Chained PJ Grass n/a n/a D11 Peripheral Pinyon-Juniper Areas

Southern Rocky Southern Rocky Mountain Pinyon- Mountain Pinyon- S038 Central Juniper Woodland Juniper Woodland

Southern Rocky Southern Rocky Juniper Grass n/a Mountain Juniper Mountain Juniper S074 Central Woodland and Savanna Woodland and Savanna

Madrean Encinal Woodland n/a Madrean Encinal Madrean Encinal S051 Central

Madrean Lower Madrean Pinyon-Oak Madrean Pinyon-Oak n/a Montane Pine-Oak S035 Central Woodland Forest and Woodland Forest and Woodland

Invasive Perennial n/a D06 Peripheral Grassland

North Pacific Montane n/a S134 Peripheral Grassland Montane / Subalpine n/a Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Grassland Subalpine-Montane Subalpine Mesic S083 Central Mesic Meadow Meadow

Southern Rocky Southern Rocky Mountain Montane- Mountain Montane- S085 Central Subalpine Grassland Subalpine Grassland

Colorado Plateau Colorado Plateau Blackbrush-Mormon-tea Blackbrush-Mormon-tea S059 Peripheral Shrubland Shrubland

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins Colorado Plateau / Great Montane Sagebrush S078 Central n/a Big Sagebrush Steppe Basin Grassland Steppe

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins S075 Central Juniper Savanna Juniper Savanna

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins S071 Central Montane Sagebrush Montane Sagebrush

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Steppe - Mountain Big Steppe Sagebrush

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins S090 Central Semi-Desert Grassland Semi-Desert Grassland

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Shrub- Semi-Desert Shrub S079 Peripheral Steppe Steppe

Apacherian- Apacherian- Chihuahuan Semi- Chihuahuan Piedmont S077 Central Desert Grassland and Semi-Desert Grassland Piedmont Grassland Steppe and Steppe

Madrean Juniper Madrean Juniper S115 Peripheral Savanna Savanna

**No equivalent map **No equivalent map Foothill Grassland N/A N/A unit unit

Chihuahuan Loamy Chihuahuan-Sonoran Plains Desert Desert Bottomland and S109 Peripheral Grassland Swale Grassland

Chihuahuan-Sonoran Chihuahuan-Sonoran Semi-Desert Lowland Desert Bottomland and Desert Bottomland and S109 Peripheral Semi-Desert Grassland Grassland Swale Grassland Swale Grassland

Chihuahuan-Sonoran Chihuahuan-Sonoran Desert Bottomland and Desert Bottomland and S109 Peripheral Swale Grassland - Swale Grassland Tobosa Grassland

Chihuahuan Stabilized Chihuahuan Stabilized Coppice Dune and Coppice Dune and S068 Central Sand Flat Scrub Sand Flat Scrub

Chihuahuan Chihuahuan All Sandy Plains Gypsophilous Gypsophilous other N/A Grassland Grassland and Steppe Grassland and Steppe codes

Chihuahuan Sandy Chihuahuan Sandy Plains Semi-Desert Plains Semi-Desert S113 Central Grassland Grassland

Rocky Mountain Alpine S043 Central Dwarf-Shrubland Rocky Mountain Alpine Alpine and Tundra n/a Turf Rocky Mountain Dry S081 Central Tundra

Mountain Mahogany Mixed Inter-Mountain Basins n/a Rocky Mountain Lower S050 Central Shrubland Mountain Mahogany Montane-Foothill Woodland and

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Shrubland Shrubland

Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill S047 Central Shrubland

Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Gambel Oak-Mixed Gambel Oak-Mixed S046 Central Montane Shrubland Montane Shrubland Gambel Oak Shrubland n/a Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Gambel Oak-Mixed Gambel Oak-Mixed S047 Central Montane Shrubland - Montane Shrubland Continuous

Colorado Plateau Mixed Colorado Plateau Mixed Low Sagebrush Low Sagebrush S056 Peripheral Shrubland Shrubland

Great Basin Xeric Great Basin Xeric Mixed Sagebrush Mixed Sagebrush S055 Central Shrubland Shrubland Sagebrush Shrubland n/a Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Big Sagebrush S054 Central Shrubland Shrubland

Wyoming Basins Low n/a S128 Peripheral Sagebrush Shrubland

n/a Coahuilan Chaparral S117 Central

Great Basin Semi- n/a S053 Central Desert Chaparral

Madrean Oriental Interior Chaparral n/a Mogollon Chaparral S058 Central Chaparral

Mogollon Chaparral Mogollon Chaparral S057 Central

Sonora-Mojave Semi- Sonora-Mojave-Baja S114 Peripheral Desert Chaparral Semi-Desert Chaparral

Southern Colorado Southern Colorado Sand Sheet Shrubland n/a Plateau Sand Plateau Sand S136 Peripheral Shrubland Shrubland

Inter-Mountain Basins n/a S045 Peripheral Mat Saltbush Shrubland Intermountain Salt Scrub n/a Chihuahuan Chihuahuan Creosotebush Desert Creosotebush, Mixed S065 Central Scrub Desert and Thorn Scrub

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins S096 Peripheral Greasewood Flat Greasewood Flat

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins Mixed Salt Desert Mixed Salt Desert S066 Central Scrub Scrub

Inter-Mountain Basins Inter-Mountain Basins Mixed Salt Desert Mixed Salt Desert S065 Central Scrub - South Scrub

Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Sonora-Mojave Mixed Sonora-Mojave Mixed n/a S070 Peripheral Desert Scrub Salt Desert Scrub Salt Desert Scrub

Chihuahuan Mixed Salt Chihuahuan Mixed Salt S116 Peripheral Desert Scrub Desert Scrub Chihuahuan Salt Desert n/a Chihuahuan-Sonoran Scrub Desert Bottomland and Chihuahuan Mixed Salt S116 Peripheral Swale Grassland - Desert Scrub Alkali Sacaton

Apacherian- Apacherian- Chihuahuan Mesquite Chihuahuan Mesquite S058 Peripheral Upland Scrub Upland Scrub

Chihuahuan Chihuahuan Grama Creosotebush, Mixed S062 Central Grass-Creosote Steppe Desert and Thorn Scrub

Chihuahuan Chihuahuan Desert Scrub n/a Chihuahuan Mixed Creosotebush, Mixed S063 Central Desert and Thorn Scrub Desert and Thorn Scrub

Chihuahuan Chihuahuan Mixed Creosotebush, Mixed S064 Central Desert Shrubland Desert and Thorn Scrub

Chihuahuan Succulent Chihuahuan Succulent S061 Central Desert Scrub Desert Scrub

Mojave Mid-Elevation Mojave Mid-Elevation S060 Central Mixed Desert Scrub Mixed Desert Scrub

Sonora-Mojave Sonora-Mojave Creosotebush-White Creosotebush-White S069 Central Mojave-Sonoran Desert Bursage Desert Scrub Bursage Desert Scrub n/a Scrub Sonoran Granite Sonoran Mid-Elevation S130 Peripheral Outcrop Desert Scrub Desert Scrub

Sonoran Mid-Elevation Sonoran Mid-Elevation S129 Peripheral Desert Scrub Desert Scrub

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Alignment LANDFIRE -- NatureServe ES Ecological Response Unit ERU Subclass with ERU Biophysical Setting Ecological System Code Concept

Sonoran Paloverde- Sonoran Paloverde- Mixed Cacti Desert Mixed Cacti Desert S063 Central Scrub Scrub

Western Great Plains Western Great Plains Sandsage n/a S048 Central Sandhill Steppe Sandhill Shrubland

Western Great Plains Western Great Plains Shinnery Oak (Black Kettle NG) n/a S049 Central Sandhill Steppe Sandhill Shrubland

Western Great Plains Western Great Plains S089 Peripheral Sand Prairie Sandhill Prairie

Western Great Plains n/a S132 Peripheral Tallgrass Prairie Mixed-Grass Prairie n/a Central Mixedgrass Central Mixedgrass S087 Peripheral Prairie Prairie

Western Great Plains Western Great Plains Foothill and Piedmont Foothill and Piedmont S086 Central Grassland Grassland

Western Great Plains Western Great Plains Mesquite Woodland Mesquite Woodland S138 Peripheral and Shrubland and Shrubland Shortgrass Prairie n/a Western Great Plains Western Great Plains S088 Central Shortgrass Prairie Shortgrass Prairie

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Appendix B – Crosswalk between ERUs and National Vegetation Classification Groups

NVC OPPOSING GROUP ERU R3 ERU GROUP NVC GROUP Subclasses CODE GRASS SHRUB TREE Southern Rocky Ponderosa G310 G229 Mountain Ponderosa G268 Pine/Bunchgrass G312 Ponderosa Pine Pine Savanna Group

Forest Ponderosa G228- G310 Pine/Gambel G268 cold G312 Oak Southern Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine Forest & Woodland G228- Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Group G311 G277 mild

Southern Rocky Mountain White Fir - Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire G226 G268 Douglas-fir Dry Forest Group Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir - White Fir - G225 Blue Spruce Mesic Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen G268 Forest Group G222- Rocky Mountain lower Subalpine & Montane G222- Aspen Forest & higher Woodland Group Spruce-Fir - Rocky Mountain Lower Subalpine Dry-Mesic G219 Spruce-Fir Spruce - Fir Forest & G268 Forest Woodland Group Rocky Mountain Spruce-Fir - Subalpine Mesic-Wet G218 Upper Spruce - Fir Forest & Woodland Group Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Bristlecone Pine G221 G268 Limber Pine - Bristlecone Pine Woodland Group G280 Madrean Encinal Woodland G201 Madrean Encinal Group G490 G281 G282 Madrean Lower Montane G280 Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland G203 Pine - Oak Forest & G490 G281 Woodland Group G282 Juniper Grass- Intermountain Juniper G310 Juniper Grass G246 G311 cold Savanna Group G312 127

Southern Rocky Mountain Juniper G252 G280 Juniper Grass- Woodland & Savanna G490 G281 mild Group G282 Great Basin Pinyon - G247 Juniper Woodland Group G303 PJ Sagebrush G311 G304 Colorado Plateau Pinyon G251 G308 - Juniper Scrub Group G280 Madrean Pinyon - PJ Evergreen Shrub G200 G490 G281 Juniper Woodland Group G282 Colorado Plateau Pinyon PJ Woodland- G310 G250 - Juniper Woodland G311 cold G312 Group PJ Woodland Southern Rocky G280 PJ Woodland- G253 Mountain Pinyon - G490 G281 mild Juniper Woodland Group G282 Southern Rocky Mountain Juniper G310 PJ Grass-cold G252 G311 Woodland & Savanna G312 PJ Grass Group Madrean Juniper G280 PJ Grass-mild G487 Savanna & Woodland G490 G281 Group G282

Chihuahuan Succulent G286 Desert Scrub Group

Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Chihuahuan G288 Creosotebush Mixed Desert Scrub Group

Sonoran Mid-Elevation G291 Desert Scrub Group Sonoran Granite Outcrop G292 Desert Scrub Group Sonoran Paloverde - G293 Mixed Cacti Desert Scrub Group Sonoran Brittlebush - Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub G294 Ironwood Desert Scrub Group Sonoran-Mojave Creosotebush - White G295 Bursage Desert Scrub Group Mojave Mid-Elevation G296 Mixed Desert Scrub Group 128

Apacherian-Chihuahuan Piedmont G490 Semi-Desert Grassland Grassland & Steppe Group Foothill Semi-desert foothill GXXX Grassland grassland group Semi-Desert Lowland Apacherian-Chihuahuan Grassland (AKA G287 G489 Semi-Desert Lowland Semi-Desert Chihuahuan G289 Grassland Group Grassland Semi-Desert Grassland) Chihuahuan Sandy Plains Semi-Desert Sandy Plains G491 Grassland (AKA Grassland & Steppe Chihuahuan Group Sandy Plains Chihuahuan Grassland) G492 Gypsophilous Grassland & Shrubland Group Intermountain Semi- Colorado Plateau / Great Basin G310 G246 G311 Desert Grassland & Grassland G312 G252 Steppe Group Intermountain Dry Tall G303 Sagebrush Shrubland Group Intermountain Mountain Big Sagebrush G304 G247 Sagebrush Shrubland Shrubland & Steppe G311 G251 Group Intermountain Low & Black Sagebrush G308 Shrubland & Steppe Group Madrean Oriental G280 Chaparral Group Arizonan Desert Margin G281 Interior Chaparral Chaparral Group G490 G200 Western North American Montane Sclerophyll G282 Scrub Group [Provisional] Intermountain Basins G311 Curl-leaf Mountain- G249 (sections mahogany Woodland & 313, Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Group G250 331) Shrubland Southern Rocky G253 GXXX Mountain Cercocarpus- G276 (all other Mixed [Dry] Foothill sections) Shrubland Group

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G311 (sections Southern Rocky 313, Gambel Oak Mountain Gambel Oak- G277 331) G228 Shrubland Mixed [Mesic] Montane GXXX Shrubland Group (all other sections)

Southern Rocky Mountain Montane- Montane / Subalpine Grassland G268 G229 Subalpine Grassland Group

Rocky Mountain Alpine G316 Dwarf-Shrubland Group

Alpine and Tundra

Rocky Mountain Alpine G314 Turf & Fell-Field Group

Colorado Plateau Sand Sheet G312 Blackbrush - Mormon-tea Shrubland Shrubland Group Intermountain Dwarf G301 Saltbush - Sagebrush Scrub Group Intermountain Salt Scrub Intermountain Basins G537 Alkaline-Saline Shrub Wetland Group Sonora-Mojave Intermountain Shadscale Mixed Salt G300 - Saltbush Scrub Group Desert Scrub Chihuahuan Chihuahuan Lowland Salt Desert G299 Basin Semi-Desert Scrub Scrub Group

Central Great Plains G133 Mixedgrass Mesic Prairie G191? Mixed-Grass Prairie (Black Kettle Group NG)

Great Plains Sand G068 G069 Grassland Group

Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Great Plains Shortgrass G144 G140? Blanca NGs) Prairie Group

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Great Plains Sand Sandsage G069 G068 Shrubland Group

Southern Plains Oak - Shinnery Oak (Black Kettle NG) G191? Juniper Scrub Woodland G133 & Shrubland Group

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Appendix C – Development of Computed Values for Forest and Woodland ERUs

Assignment of Calculated Values to Seral States – Forests and Woodlands The Southwest Region has incorporated a process of using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) in conjunction with the Vegetation Dynamic Development Tool (VDDT) to help inform State and Transition Models (STM) that were developed in support of forest planning. One objective of this dual modeling system was to test the assumptions made by the STM developer—in some cases, this process lead to modification of some STM model parameters. Another objective of this process was to use existing forest inventory data (USDA Forest Service 2005) as input into the FVS model to provide an empirical basis to more fully understand important vegetation pathways that may not have been adequately represented through expert opinion or pertinent research literature—and perhaps, therein expand the STM framework. Conversely, a development pathway conceived to be important in the STM may be shown through the FVS process to be not as prevalent as originally thought—and therefore, lead to eliminating a particular pathway in a revised STM. Finally, we know of no better way than an FVS analysis to estimate outputs for the many complex transitions that are likely to be modeled in an STM— FVS, especially when used with the Event Monitor, can be used to develop outputs such as standing and harvest volumes, fuel conditions, stand structural attributes, and biomass and carbon stocks that can be linked to vegetation states in VDDT models.

Inventory Data The modeling process began by dividing the southwestern United States into terrestrial ecosystems that range from dry grasslands-shrublands, to semi-arid woodlands, to moist forestlands. Each ecosystem is representative of an Ecological Response Unit (ERU). Each ERU, which is depicted within separate VDDT models, was then further broken into vegetation states. A vegetation state is a composite of cover type (prevailing species composition) and stand structure (dominant tree size, canopy cover density, and vertical canopy layering). During this initial phase, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots were filtered by habitat type (USDA Forest Service 1997) to represent each ERU1.

FVS Adjustments Before projecting the FIA inventory plots with FVS, it was important to adjust default parameters for growth, mortality, and regeneration for each ERU. The purpose of performing these adjustment steps is so that the projections more closely mimic the empirical (i.e. endemic) conditions determined from the actual field measurements. One example of a situation where calibration is essential is for projecting old-forest stands. The sample base upon which the empirical growth and mortality equations in FVS are built are intrinsically not well suited to modeling old-growth forests over long time horizons, and yet typically VDDT simulations are performed for 200 to 300-year intervals. Thus, thoughtful calibration can

1 The terms “habitat type” and “plant association” are synonymous in the southwestern region.

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greatly improve the realism of simulations when projecting stands over long time periods by attenuating height and diameter growth and mortality during stand senescence.

Adjustment procedures include using the FVS self-calibrating feature (for example, altering the baseline estimate of the large-tree diameter growth models), accounting for tree defect for volume estimates (adjusting net merchantable volume from gross tree dimensions), determining tree species size attainment, limiting stand maximum density, and estimating and inputting natural regeneration response (querying existing stands to tabulate their seedling component). A paper (Vandendriesche 2010) has been written that deals with this topic in more detail, and so we will not elaborate further in this document.

Natural Growth Projections In VDDT, the successional classes, pathways, and transition probabilities are defined for each Ecological Restoration Unit. A single ERU may have more than one set of probabilities defined to represent different management regimes or ecological conditions. In general, two types of transitions can occur. One type is movement between states due to natural succession. This process integrates background disturbances that affect regeneration, growth, and self-thinning, but not extrinsic disturbances such as insect or disease outbreaks, wildfire, or silvicultural treatment. Transitions representing natural successional dynamics (or ‘natural growth’) are modeled deterministically in VDDT. What this means is that transitions from one class to the next class occur when the residence time (a surrogate for successional ‘age’) has exceeded the value set for the state. For transitions in VDDT related to disturbances, movement between states is determined stochastically according to probabilities conveyed by modeling or set by the user.

Once the FVS adjustment procedure has been completed, we used FVS commands (keywords) to adjust growth, mortality, and regeneration responses as outlined in the above section. To model natural succession in FVS, we track residence time in a state—the average length of time that vegetation typically remains in that state before transitioning to the next state along the successional pathway. We did this by projecting all the plots in the specific ERU without invoking any disturbances such as pest effects or catastrophic wildfires in FVS. Then 250-year projections are performed for every plot, outputting tree lists and stand summaries each cycle for completing the next two steps in the process.

Classify the Tree Lists, Calculate Residence Times In order to accomplish the integration of FVS within the VDDT-STM approach, a computer program was developed to classify inventory data into vegetation states (i.e. cover type, size class, canopy cover, canopy layers) for initial conditions and for subsequent projection cycles. The Preside program (Vandendriesche 2009) summarizes various vegetation classes into classes and provides average time in a particular vegetation state and the probability of movement to associated states.

Preside classifies the current tree list for each plot at each projection cycle boundary. Estimates of the residence times and resultant pathways are summarized by use of an array of all possible transitions from one state to another, and indexed by vegetation state to which a plot belongs. For each plot at each cycle, its source (that is what state it began the cycle in) and destination (that is what state it ended 133

the cycle in) are recorded. The length of time each plot remains within a state class between cycles is accumulated and the mean and variance of residence times is summarized over all the cycles and transitions in the projection. The pathways (direction of movement between source and destination) between vegetation states are also summarized using the array.

Accumulate and Summarize Outputs At the end of an FVS projection, a set of FVS post-processing steps have been bundled together that produce aggregate summaries for each of the vegetation classes, using the sample of plots populating each vegetation state during the projection. It is then relatively easy to display graphics for communicating the STM results. For example, images from the Stand Visualization System (SVS) can be displayed for each vegetation state that is an aggregate of the plots in that state. The post-processing programs also indexes the aggregate state classes to summary values derived from the tree lists, attributes from standard FVS output reports, and variables computed from the Event Monitor. The calculated values presented in this document for seral states within each forest and woodland ERU are outputs from this process.

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Appendix D – Ecological Response Units across Soutwestern Climate Gradients: The following matrix displays each ERUs relationship to climate gradients delveloped by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Unit Inventory for the southwest. LS = Low Sun (areas where a majority of the precipitation occurs in the winter months); HS = High Sun (areas where a majority of the precipitation occurs in the summer months); C = Cold (frigid soils); M = Mild (mesic soils).

LIFE ZONE -- CLIMATE STEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CLIMATE R3 Forest ERUs ERU SUBCLASS

GRADIENT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

LSC HSC Ponderosa

Pine/Bunchgrass Ponderosa Pine blue fescue Arizona

Forest gramma Ponderosa LSC Pine/Gambel Oak HSC Ponderosa Pine -- LSM

Evergreen Oak HSM Mixed Conifer -

Frequent Fire HSC Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen LSC Bristlecone Pine

Spruce-Fir -

Lower Spruce-Fir Forest Spruce-Fir -

Upper

135

LIFE ZONE -- CLIMATE STEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CLIMATE R3 Woodalnd ERUs ERU SUBCLASS

GRADIENT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Madrean Encinal LSM

Woodland HSM Madrean Pinyon- LSM

Oak Woodland HSM LSC Juniper Grass - Cold HSC LSM Juniper Grass - Mild HSM PJ Sagebrush LSC LSM PJ Evergreen Shrub HSM LSC PJ Woodland - Cold HSC LSM PJ Woodland - Mild HSM LSC PJ Grass - Cold HSC LSM PJ Grass - Mild HSM

136

LIFE ZONE -- CLIMATE STEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CLIMATE R3 Shrubland ERUs ERU SUBCLASS

GRADIENT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Mojave-Sonoran LSM Desert Scrub Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert LSM Scrub Chihuahuan Desert HSM Scrub Chihuahuan Salt HSM Desert Scrub LSC Intermountain Salt Scrub HSC Sand Sheet LSC

Shrubland HSC Sagebrush Shrubland LSC LSM Interior Chaparral HSM Mountain HSC Mahogany Mixed LSC Shrubland HSM Gambel Oak LSC

Shrubland HSC Alpine and Tundra

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LIFE ZONE -- CLIMATE STEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CLIMATE R3 Grassland ERUs ERU SUBCLASS

GRADIENT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Piedmont LSM Grassland HSM LSM Foothill HSM Grassland tobossa black blue, gramma vine hairy, Semi-Desert mesquite sideoats Lowland Semi-Desert LSM Grassland Grassland (AKA Chihuahuan Semi-Desert HSM Grassland) Sandy Plains LSM Grassland (AKA Chihuahuan Sandy Plains HSM Grassland) Colorado Plateau / LSC Great Basin Grassland HSC Montane / Subalpine Grassland

LIFE ZONE -- CLIMATE STEP R3 Great Plains 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CLIMATE ERU SUBCLASS

ERUs GRADIENT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Mixed-Grass Prairie (Black Kettle NG) SHU

Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita SMA

Blanca NGs) Provisional, more info needed Sandsage SMA Fire disclimax, natural fire regime

Shinnery Oak SHU (Black Kettle NG) Zootic disclimax, contemporary landscapes only

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Appendix E - ERU Key The following key was designed to aid the user in identifying ERUs based on vegetation. Caution is urged when using this key on existing vegetation without consideration of site potential.

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY See 1997 USFWS wetland indicator plant list -- Streamside environments, obligate or facultative-wetland riparian or 1 consider all plants codes as OBL or FACW from either all vegetation common (>1% canopy cover) wetland ERUs the 'southwest' or 'national' lists Terrestrial environments, obligate vegetation scarce (<1% 1 2 canopy cover) Forested with >10% tree canopy cover OR characteristically 2 3 forested but currently grass-forb-shrub state Non-forested with <10% tree canopy cover -- characteristically 25 (non-forest 2 all non-forested ERUs)

FOREST ERUS

PIAR reproducing successfully or well represented (>5% of the Bristlecone Pine Where abundance values are lacking, assume cold climate 3 total tree cover) ERU presence/absence criteria at key break gradients PIAR reproducing successfully or poorly represented (<5% of the Where abundance values are lacking, assume 3 4 total tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break ABLA and/or PIEN reproducing successfully or common (>1% of Spruce-Fir Forest Where abundance values are lacking, assume cold and mild climate 4 the total tree cover) ERU presence/absence criteria at key break gradients ABLA and/or PIEN not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% Where abundance values are lacking, assume 4 5 of the total tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break PIPU reproducing successfully or common (>1% of the total tree Where abundance values are lacking, assume 5 6 cover) presence/absence criteria at key break PIPU not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% of the total Where abundance values are lacking, assume 5 7 tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break Mixed Conifer -- cold and mild climate 6 FEAR2 well represented in the understory (>5% canopy cover) Frequent Fire Where abundance values are lacking, assume gradients ERU presence/absence criteria at key break. Where Spruce-Fir Forest cold and mild climate 6 LIBO3 well represented in the understory (>5% canopy cover) understory information is lacking altogether, PIPU ERU associations are grouped with 'Mixed Conifer w/ gradients Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen' ERU cold and mild climate 6 Neither FEAR2 or LIBO3 are well represented in the understory Aspen ERU gradients ABCO reproducing successfully or common (>1% of the total tree Where abundance values are lacking, assume 7 8 cover) presence/absence criteria at key break 139

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY ABCO not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% of the total Where abundance values are lacking, assume 7 9 tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break Spruce-Fir Forest cold and mild climate 8 VAMY2 well-represented in the understory (>5% canopy cover) ERU gradients

POTR5 abundant (>25% canopy cover) OR ACGL or ACGR or Where abundance values are lacking, assume EREX4 or LALAL3 or RONE or PASA12 well-represented in the Mixed Conifer cold and mild climate 8 presence/absence criteria at key break. Where understory (>5% canopy cover individually or collectively) OR w/Aspen ERU understory information is lacking altogether, ABCO gradients total herb cover sparse (<1% canopy cover) associations are grouped with 'Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen' ERU Mixed Conifer -- cold and mild climate 8 All remaining ABCO associations Frequent Fire gradients ERU PSME reproducing successfully or common (>1% of the total tree Where abundance values are lacking, assume 9 10 cover) presence/absence criteria at key break PSME not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% of the total Where abundance values are lacking, assume 9 11 tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break ARUV or POTR5 well-represented (>5% canopy cover Mixed Conifer w/ Where abundance values are lacking, assume cold and mild climate 10 individually) Aspen ERU presence/absence criteria at key break gradients Mixed Conifer -- Where abundance values are lacking, assume cold and mild climate 10 All remaining PSME associations Frequent Fire presence/absence criteria at key break gradients ERU POTR5 abundant (>25% canopy cover) OR PIFL2 reproducing Mixed Conifer w/ Where abundance values are lacking, assume cold and mild climate 11 successfully or common (>1% of the total tree cover) Aspen ERU presence/absence criteria at key break gradients PIPO, PIEN2, or PIAR5 (sometimes in combination with PILE) Where abundance values are lacking, assume 11 12 reproducing successfully or well represented (>5% tree cover) presence/absence criteria at key break PIPO, PIEN2, and PIAR5 scarce and not reproducing 15 (woodland Where abundance values are lacking, assume 11 all successfully (each <5% tree cover) ERUs) presence/absence criteria at key break In Arizona these plant communities can be Mild climate Evergreen oaks or PIEN2 or PILE or ARPU5 or PUST well Ponderosa Pine -- differentiated geographically with a climate gradient gradients in AZ and represented (individually >5% canopy cover). Evergreen oaks 12 Evergreen Oak map, cold vs mild ('Ponderosa Pine Forest' vs. NM. Cold climate include QUAR, QUEM, QUGR3, QUHY, QUPA4, QUUN, and ERU 'Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak', respectively). In gradients in southern QURU4. QUGA minor (<5% canopy cover). southern NM, this ERU can also occur in NM. cold/transitional gradients on lower slopes with Evergreen oaks, PIEN2, PILE, ARPU5, and PUST poorly Ponderosa Pine QUGR3, QUUN, or QUPA4. Where abundance values 12 all represented (individually <5% canopy cover) Forest ERU are lacking, assume presence/absence criteria at key break.

WOODLANDS

15 CUAR (Arizona cypress) present, not accidental 16 15 CUAR absent or accidental 17

140

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY For now the CUAR/QUHY association is included Madrean evergreen oaks common (>1% canopy cover Madrean Pine-0ak here, though is peripheral to the 'Madrean Pinyon-Oak 16 collectively). Madrean evergreen oaks include QUAR, QUEM, all ERU ERU' concept. Where abundance values are lacking, QUGR3, QUOB, QUMU, QUPA4, QUCH2, and QUHY. assume presence/absence criteria at key break.

For now the CUAR/QUTU2 association is included PJ Evergreen here, though is peripheral to the 'PJ Evergreen Shrub 16 QUHY scarce (<1% canopy cover) all Shrub ERU ERU' concept. Where abundance values are lacking, assume presence/absence criteria at key break.

Only in mild climate gradients as either 'Madrean Madrean oak trees well represented in the uppermost stratum Encinal Woodland or Madrean Pinyon-Oak Woodland' (>5% canopy cover collectively). Madrean evergreen oaks 18 (Madrean oak mild climate 17 ERUs. Where abundance values are lacking, assume include QUAR, QUEM, QUGR3, QUOB, QUMU, QUPA4, woodland ERUs) gradients presence/absence criteria at key break (though QUCH2, and QUHY. Occurs ONLY in mild climate gradients. abundance is critical here).

Where abundance values are lacking, assume Evergreen oak tree species poorly represented in the uppermost 17 20 presence/absence criteria at key break (though stratum (<5% canopy cover collectively). abundance is critical here). Pinyon pines reproducing successfully or common (>1% of the Madrean Pinyon- mild climate 18 total tree cover). Pinyon species include PIED, PIFA, PIDI3, and Oak ERU gradients PIDI. Pinyon pines not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% of the Madrean Encinal mild climate 18 total tree cover) Woodland ERU gradients

PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLAND ERUS

Pinyon pines reproducing successfully or common (>1% of the Where abundance values are lacking, assume 20 total tree cover). Pinyon species include PIED, PIFA, PIDI3, and 21 presence/absence criteria at key break PIDI.

The Juniper Grass ERU is often contiguous with the 'Colorado Plateau/Great Basin Grassland' ERU in cold Pinyon pines not reproducing successfully or scarce (<1% of the climate gradients, and contiguous with 'Semi-Desert 20 23 all total tree cover) Grassland' in mild gradients. Where abundance values are lacking, assume presence/absence criteria at key break.

21 Shrubs abundant (>25% canopy collectively) 22 21 Shrubs not abundant (<25% canopy cover collectively). 24 all

141

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY Mild climate Occurs primarily in mild climate gradients, and Shrub layer dominated by evergreen species (CAHO3, QUTU2, gradients in AZ and PJ Evergreen occasionally in cold climate gradients below the 22 ARPU5, RHVIC, CEMO2, QUPA4, QUGR3, QUUN). Occurring NM. Cold climate shrub ERU Mogollon Rim in southern AZ and in southern NM below the Mogollon Rim in southern AZ and in southern NM. gradients in southern where it occurs with QUPA4, QUGR3, or QUUN. NM. These plant communities can be differentiated Shrub layer typically dominated by sage or blackbrush (Artemisia PJ Sagebrush geographically from 'PJ Evergreen Shrub' with a cold climate 22 spp., CORA). Occuring in cold climate gradients, typically above ERU climate gradient map, cold vs mild ('PJ Sagebrush' vs. gradients the Mogollon Rim and in northern AZ and NM. 'PJ - Evergreen Shrub', respectively).

Shrub layer dominated by species other than listed in 22 above (including but not limited to ACSC11, ACLE9, CHDUA, ERNAN5, PJ Woodland 22 FAPA, KOPY, QUTO2, POFE, PUST, PUTR2, QUGA). YUBA all (persistent) ERU and NOMI can also occur. Occurring in either mild or cold climate gradients.

JUPI common (>1% canopy cover) and only juniper species 23 36 present. JUPI absent or sparse (<1% canopy cover) or co-occurring with Juniper Grass 23 other juniper species. ERU Understory typically dominated by grass species (>25% total 24 herb cover), and shrub cover may be common or well- PJ Grass ERU represented. Can occur in either cold or mild climate gradients.

Understory typically dominated by shrub species, or codominated by grass species (<25% total herb cover). With the PJ Woodland 24 exception of the JUOS-JUMO association, shrub cover is well- (persistent) ERU represented, sometimes abundant. Can occur in either cold or mild climate gradients.

NON-FOREST ERUS

Occurs as one of several Great Plains ERUs including Great Plains 'Mixed Grass Prairie', 'Shinnery Oak', 'Shortgrass 45 (Great Plains ecoregions 25 Occurring in Great Plains ecoregions, provinces 315 or 331 Prairie', or 'Sandsage'. This run also includes breaks non-forest ERUs) (provinces 315 or for 'Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland', 'Gambel 331) Oak Shrubland', and 'Intermountain Salt Scrub' ERUs.

Occurring in ecoregions to the west of Great Plains provinces 25 26 listed above

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LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY All alpine plant communities in the region have been mapped with TEUI, and are represented in ERU Alpine setting, one of very few areas in the region. All alpine Alpine and mapping for USFS. This ERU includes both shrub- cold climate 26 plant communities have been mapped by TEUI and Brown and Tundra ERU and herb-dominated subclasses, currently represented gradients Lowe (1980). by two different LANDFIRE models (2411440, 2410700). 26 Non-forest setting below alpine zone 27 Grasses include FETH, FEAR2, MUMO, DAIN, MUFI, or PSSP6. Montane / Grasses, including BOGR2 or POPR, abundant (>25% canopy cold and mild climate 27 Subalpine cover) AND exceeding shrub cover. Montane and subalpine life gradients Grassland ERU zones. 27 FETH, FEAR2, MUMO, DAIN, MUFI, and PSSP6 absent. 28 Occurring in cold or semi-arid climate gradients, typically above 28 29 See R3 climate gradient map the Mogollon Rim in northern AZ and NM Occurring in mild climate gradients, typically below the Mogollon 28 35 See R3 climate gradient map Rim in southern AZ and NM

NON-FOREST ERUS -- COLD CLIMATE GRADIENTS

Gambel Oak 29 QUGA abundant (>25% canopy cover) all Shrubland ERU Sagebrush species or blackbrush (Artemisia spp. or CORA) Sagebrush Often contiguous to or intergrading with 'Colorado cold climate 29 abundant (>25% canopy cover). Shrubland ERU Plateau / Great Basin Grassland' ERU gradients CEMO2, QUPA4, and RHTR abundant (>25% canopy cover Mountain individually or collectively), cold or mild gradients. CEMO2 RHTR more common on the eastern front in New 29 Mahogany Mixed all always present. Does not occur with QUTU2, CAHO3, RHVIC, Mexico, facing Great Plains ecoregions Shrubland ERU or ARPU5.

Occurs on windswept mesas, broad basins, and plains Plurality of shrub component comprised of Mormon tea/jointfir at low to moderate elevations. Substrates are (Ephedra spp.), shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover stabilized sandsheets or shallow to moderately deep collectively). Occuring in cold climate gradients, typically above Sand Sheet cold climate 29 sandy soils that may form small hummocks or small the Mogollon Rim. Artemisia and other species may be present. Shrubland ERU gradients coppice dunes. This semi-arid, open shrubland is In some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will exceed typically dominated by short shrubs with a sparse grass cover. graminoid layer.

Open to moderately dense shrubland composed of Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex Atriplex species and subordinates including Artemisia cold climate spp.), shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively). tridentata, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria Intermountain gradients, Great 30 Artemisia, rabbitbrush, and other species may be present In nauseosa, Ephedra nevadensis, Grayia spinosa, Salt Scrub ERU Plains ecoregions some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will exceed Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium spp., Picrothamnus provinces 315 or 331 grass cover. desertorum, Tetradymia spp., Sarcobatus vermiculatus. 143

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY Shrubs not abundant (<25% canopy cover) OR species not as Colorado Plateau listed with 30 above. Other shrub species occasionally abundant cold climate 30 / Great Basin (>25% canopy cover collectively), but grass cover exceeds shrub gradients Grassland ERU cover.

NON-FOREST ERUS -- MILD CLIMATE GRADIENTS

Gambel oak 35 QUGA abundant (>25% canopy cover) all Shrubland ERU CEMO2 and RHTR abundant (>25% canopy cover individually or Mountain collectively), cold or mild gradients. Can include QUPA4. RHTR more common on the eastern front in New 35 Mahogany Mixed all CEMO2 always present. Does not occur with QUTU2, CAHO3, Mexico, facing Great Plains/shortgrass ecoregions Shrubland ERU RHVIC, or ARPU5.

CAHO3, QUTU2, ARPU5, and RHVIC abundant (>25% canopy cover individually or collectively), usually luxuriant (>50% canopy Interior Chaparral mild climate 35 cover). Can occur with CEMO2 or YUBA. Occurring in mild ERU gradients climate gradients, typically below the Mogollon Rim in southern AZ and NM. 35 Total vegetation canopy cover >25% 36 40 (poorly vegetated desert 35 Total vegetation canopy cover <25% and semi-desert plant communities)

DESERT/SEMI-DESERT ERUs

Occurs in high sun mild climate gradient in desert plant Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex communities of the ecoregion province 321. Stands spp.), shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively) AND often occur on alluvial flats and around playas. restricted to Chihuahuan ecoregion, province 321 (allows clear Chihuahuan Salt Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. differentiation from 'Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub' high sun mild climate 36 Desert Scrub Vegetation is typically composed of one or more ERU). Occurs in saline basins, often around playas. Species of gradient ERU Atriplex species and other halophytic plants. Allenrolfea, Flourensia, Salicornia, or Suaeda may be present. In Graminoid species may include Sporobolus airoides, some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will exceed Pleuraphis mutica, or Distichlis spicata at varying grass cover. densities.

144

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY SUCCULENT SCRUB: Occurs in high sun mild climate Plurality of shrub component comprised of ACNE, ACCO, AGLE, gradient in desert plant communities of the LATRT, EUAN3, FLCE, FOSP2, MOSC, and Ferocactus spp., Chihuahuan ecoregion, province 321. The Chihuahuan shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively), differentiated characterized by the relatively high cover of succulent high sun mild climate 36 Desert Scrub from 'Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub' ERU by absence of CAGI7, species. Perennial grass cover is generally low. gradient ERU PAFL6, PAMI5, AMDE4, and SICH, AND by geography -- THORN SCRUB: Vegetation is characterized by ecoregion province 321. Larrea tridentata alone or mixed with thornscrub and other scrub species.

Occurs in low sun mild climate gradient in desert plant Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex communities of the Sonora-Mojave ecoregion, spp.), shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively) AND province 322. Stands often occur around playas. restricted to Sonora-Mojove ecoregion, province 322 (allows Sonora-Mojave Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. low sun mild climate 36 clear differentiation from 'Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub' ERU). Mixed Salt Desert Vegetation is typically composed of one or more gradient Species of Allenrolfea, Salicornia, or Suaeda may be present. In Scrub Atriplex species, other halophytic plants are often some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will exceed present to codominant. Graminoid species may grass cover. Saline basins, often around playas. include Sporobolus airoides or Distichlis spicata at varying densities.

Plurality of shrub/dwarf tree component comprised of CAGI7, Occurs in low sun mild climate gradient in desert plant PAFL6, PAMI5, LATRT, BASA2, AMDE4, SICH, FOSP2, Mojave-Sonoran communities of the Sonora-Mojave ecoregion, DAWH2, or Prosopsis spp., shrubs/dwarf trees abundant (>25% low sun mild climate 36 Desert Scrub province 322. The vegetation is characterized by a canopy cover collectively), differentiated from 'Chihuahuan gradient ERU diagnostic sparse, emergent tree layer of Carnegia Desert Scrub' ERU by presence of CAGI7, PAFL6, PAMI5, gigantea and/or a sparse to moderately dense shrubs. AMDE4, or SICH, AND by geography -- ecoregion province 322.

Shrubs not abundant (typically range from 5-10% (<25%) canopy cover) OR species not as listed with 36 above. Other shrub Semi-Desert SEMI-DESERT GRASSLAND SUBCLASSES mild climate 36 species occasionally abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively), Grassland ERU CONTINUED AT 37 gradients but grass cover exceeds shrub cover. Occurs in either mild (continue to 37) climate gradient -- high sun mild or low sun mild.

SEMI-DESERT GRASSLAND ERU SUBCLASSES

Occurs in small depressions with deep, fine-textured, PLMU3, PASM, and PAOB abundant (>25% canopy cover neutral-alkaline soils. Sporobolus airoides and collectively). The presence of SPAI or SPWR2 is diagnostic, as Semi-Desert Sporobolus wrightii are more common in alkaline soils, mild climate 37 is the setting -- depressions. PRVE and PRGL2 frequent on Lowland and SPWR2 tends to be directly along drainges. Also gradients degraded sites. Grasses on degraded sites include MUAR and Grassland occurs as part of large playa systems. Can be SCBR. expansive.

145

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY

BOER4, BOHI2, BOGR2, MUPO2, DAPU7, ERIN, and PLMU3 abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively). The setting is On gently sloping bajadas that supported frequent fire, diagnostic -- sloping bajadas, foothills, piedmont slopes. mesas, and steeper piedmont and foothill slopes. Subshrubs, rosettes, succulents abundant 5-25% cover but less Shrubs include succulent species of Agave, Dasylirion, Piedmont mild climate 37 than grasses and inlude EPTR PAIN2, AGLE, YUTO, YUBA, and Yucca, and woody species include Prosopis, Grassland gradients NOMI, OPPO OPHE. PRVE, PRGL2 (in NM) frequent, Quercus grisea, Quercus emoryi, and Quercus sometimes dominating degraded sites with ACNE, ACCO, arizonica. Lovegrass species can dominate local LATR2, MIAC3 (grass cover will be low). Also inludes PAIN2 and settings (Eragrostis). PLJA in northern parts of the region.

BOCU, HENE5, MUSE, and MUEM abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively. BOGR2 may be minor. Shrubs can include Foothill 37 ALWR, ALGR, PAIN2, AGLE, YUBA, DAWH2, DALE2, and VIST. Grassland MIAC3, ACNE4, and ACCO2 are common tall shrubs on degraded sites.

BOER4, SPCR, SPFL2, SPCO4, SPGI, and MUAR2 abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively). The setting is diagnostic -- This is the default subclass of Semi-Desert Grassland. sandy plains. Diagnostic shrubs are EPTO, YUEL, YUTO (more Found on sandy plains and sandstone mesas. abundant in piedmont grasslands). Shrubs and small trees occur Sandy Plains Typically there are scattered desert shrubs and stem mild climate 37 frequently and include PRGL2, PRVE, ARFI2, ATCA2, Grassland succulents such as Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra gradients particularly on degraded sites, and often as copice dunes. This trifurca, Fallugia paradoxa, Prosopis glandulosa,Yucca subclass also inludes gypsophilous grasslands dominated by elata, and Yucca torreyi. SPNE and BORA4.

POORLY VEGETATED DESERT/SEMI-DESERT PLANT COMMUNITIES 41 (desert scrub 40 Plurality of vegetation cover comprised of shrubs ERUs) Semi-Desert SEMI-DESERT GRASSLAND SUBCLASSES 40 Plurality of vegetation cover comprised of grasses and forbs Grassland ERU CONTINUED AT 42 (continue to 42)

Occurs in high sun mild climate gradient in desert plant Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex communities of the ecoregion province 321. Stands spp.) AND restricted to Chihuahuan ecoregion, province 321 often occur on alluvial flats and around playas. (allows clear differentiation from 'Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Chihuahuan Salt Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. high sun mild climate 41 Desert Scrub' ERU). Occurs in saline basins, often around Desert Scrub Vegetation is typically composed of one or more gradient playas. Species of Allenrolfea, Flourensia, Salicornia, or Suaeda ERU Atriplex species and other halophytic plants. may be present. In some instances shrub cover may be Graminoid species may include Sporobolus airoides, marginal, but will exceed grass cover. Pleuraphis mutica, or Distichlis spicata at varying densities.

146

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY SUCCULENT SCRUB: Occurs in high sun mild climate gradient in desert plant communities of the Plurality of shrub component comprised of ACNE, ACCO, AGLE, Chihuahuan ecoregion, province 321. The LATRT, EUAN3, FLCE, FOSP2, MOSC, and Ferocactus spp.. Chihuahuan characterized by the relatively high cover of succulent high sun mild climate 41 Differentiated from 'Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub' ERU by Desert Scrub species. Perennial grass cover is generally low. gradient absence of CAGI7, PAFL6, PAMI5, AMDE4, and SICH, AND by ERU THORN SCRUB: Vegetation is characterized by geography -- ecoregion province 321. Larrea tridentata alone or mixed with thornscrub and other scrub species.

Occurs in low sun mild climate gradient in desert plant communities of the Sonora-Mojave ecoregion, Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex province 322. Stands often occur around playas. spp.) AND restricted to Sonora-Mojove ecoregion, province 322 Sonora-Mojave Substrates are generally fine-textured, saline soils. (allows clear differentiation from 'Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub' low sun mild climate 41 Mixed Salt Desert Vegetation is typically composed of one or more ERU). Species of Allenrolfea, Salicornia, or Suaeda may be gradient Scrub Atriplex species, other halophytic plants are often present. In some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will present to codominant. Graminoid species may exceed grass cover. Saline basins, often around playas. include Sporobolus airoides or Distichlis spicata at varying densities.

Plurality of shrub/dwarf tree component comprised of CAGI7, Occurs in low sun mild climate gradient in desert plant PAFL6, PAMI5, LATRT, BASA2, AMDE4, SICH, FOSP2, Mojave-Sonoran communities of the Sonora-Mojave ecoregion, low sun mild climate 41 DAWH2, or Prosopsis spp.. Differentiated from 'Chihuahuan Desert Scrub province 322. The vegetation is characterized by a gradient Desert Scrub' ERU by presence of CAGI7, PAFL6, PAMI5, ERU diagnostic sparse, emergent tree layer of Carnegia AMDE4, or SICH, AND by geography -- ecoregion province 322. gigantea and/or a sparse to moderately dense shrubs.

Grass cover exceeds shrub cover OR shrubs not as listed with 41 Semi-Desert SEMI-DESERT GRASSLAND SUBCLASSES mild climate 41 above. Occurs in either mild climate gradient -- high sun mild or Grassland ERU CONTINUED AT 42 gradients low sun mild. (continue to 42)

Occurs in small depressions with deep, fine-textured, Plurality of grass component comprised of PLMU3, PASM, neutral-alkaline soils. Sporobolus airoides and PAOB, SPAI, and SPWR2. The presence of SPAI or SPWR2 is Semi-Desert Sporobolus wrightii are more common in alkaline soils, mild climate 42 diagnostic, as is the setting -- depressions. PRVE and PRGL2 Lowland and SPWR2 tends to be directly along drainges. Also gradients frequent on degraded sites. Grasses on degraded sites include Grassland occurs as part of large playa systems. Can be MUAR and SCBR. expansive.

147

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY

Plurality of grass component comprised of BOER4, BOHI2, BOGR2, MUPO2, DAPU7, ERIN, and PLMU3. The setting is On gently sloping bajadas that supported frequent fire, diagnostic -- sloping bajadas, foothills, piedmont slopes. mesas, and steeper piedmont and foothill slopes. Subshrubs, rosettes, succulents well-represented but with less Shrubs include succulent species of Agave, Dasylirion, Piedmont mild climate 42 total cover than grasses and inlude EPTR PAIN2, AGLE, YUTO, and Yucca, and woody species include Prosopis, Grassland gradients YUBA, NOMI, OPPO OPHE. PRVE, PRGL2 (in NM) frequent on Quercus grisea, Quercus emoryi, and Quercus degraded sites with ACNE, ACCO, LATR2, and MIAC3, where arizonica. Lovegrass species can dominate local grass cover will be low. PAIN2 and PLJA occur in northern parts settings (Eragrostis). of the region.

Plurality of grass component comprised of BOCU, HENE5, MUSE, and MUEM. BOGR2 may be minor. Shrubs can include Foothill 42 ALWR, ALGR, PAIN2, AGLE, YUBA, DAWH2, DALE2, and VIST. Grassland MIAC3, ACNE4, and ACCO2 are common tall shrubs on degraded sites.

Plurality of grass component comprised of BOER4, SPCR, SPFL2, SPCO4, SPGI, and MUAR2. The setting is diagnostic -- This is the default subclass of Semi-Desert Grassland. sandy plains. Diagnostic shrubs are EPTO, YUEL, YUTO (more Found on sandy plains and sandstone mesas. abundant in piedmont grasslands). Shrubs and small trees occur Sandy Plains Typically there are scattered desert shrubs and stem mild climate 42 frequently and include PRGL2, PRVE, ARFI2, ATCA2, Grassland succulents such as Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra gradients particularly on degraded sites, and often as copice dunes. This trifurca, Fallugia paradoxa, Prosopis glandulosa,Yucca subclass also inludes gypsophilous grasslands dominated by elata, and Yucca torreyi. SPNE and BORA4.

GREAT PLAINS NON-FOREST ERUS

Gambel oak This ERU occurs in both cold and mild climate 45 QUGA abundant (>25% canopy cover) all shrubland ERU gradients CEMO2 and RHTR abundant (>25% canopy cover individually or Mountain collectively), cold or mild gradients. CEMO2 always present, RHTR more common on the eastern front in New 45 Mahogany Mixed all often co-occurring with QUPA4. Does not occur with QUTU2, Mexico, facing Great Plains ecoregions Shrubland ERU CAHO3, RHVIC, or ARPU5.

Usually integrading with 'Mixed-Grass Prairie' ERU. Includes disclimax and adventive communities -- Shinnery Oak ARFI2-SCSC, SCSC-SONU -- that can be difficult to mixed/tallgrass 45 QUHA3 abundant (>25% canopy cover) ERU discern from the 'sandsage' ERU detect, except that prairie ecoregions they do not occur with 'Shortgrass Prairie' (only Mixed- Grass Prairie).

Sandsage Often contiguous to or intergrading with 'Shortgrass shortgrass prairie 45 ARFI2 abundant (>25% canopy cover) Shrubland ERU Prairie' ERU ecoregions

148

LEAD ARGUMENT RESULT NOTES GEOGRAPHY

Open to moderately dense shrubland composed of Plurality of shrub component comprised of saltbush (Atriplex Atriplex species and subordinates including Artemisia cold climate spp.), shrubs abundant (>25% canopy cover collectively). spp., Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria Intermountain gradients, Great 45 Artemisia, rabbitbrush, and other species may be present In nauseosa, Ephedra nevadensis, Grayia spinosa, Salt Scrub ERU Plains ecoregions, some instances shrub cover may be marginal, but will exceed Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium spp., Picrothamnus province 315 or 331 grass cover. desertorum, Tetradymia spp., Sarcobatus vermiculatus.

Plurality of grass component comprised of BOGR2, BOHI2, BODA2, or HENE5, grasses abundant (>25% canopy cover Shortgrass shortgrass prairie 45 collectively). Shrubs not abundant (<25% canopy cover, usually Prairie ERU ecoregions much less).

Plurality of grass component comprised of ANHA, CALO, ANGE, Subordinate herb species include Hesperostipa SCSC, PASM, or SONU2, and to a lesser extent ANGE, BOCU, comata, Carex inops, Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum HECO26, or Sporobolus spp.. Grasses luxuriant (>50% canopy Mixed-Grass mixed/tallgrass 45 nutans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Pascopyrum cover individually or collectively). Shrubs may be abundant Prairie ERU prairie ecoregions smithii, Hesperostipa spartea, and Sporobolus (>25% cover) and include species other than those listed in 45 heterolepis. above. Grass cover will exceed shrub cover.

149

Appendix F—TEUI to ERU Crosswalk TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Apache - Sitgreaves 00586 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Apache - Sitgreaves 00576 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Apache - Sitgreaves 00583 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Apache - Sitgreaves 00584 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Apache - Sitgreaves 00585 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Apache - Sitgreaves 00690 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00201 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00203 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00207 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00565 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00574 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00577 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Apache - Sitgreaves 00667 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00189 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00202 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00206 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00561 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00567 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00572 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Pipu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00672 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Pipu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Apache - Sitgreaves 00673 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipu Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00178 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00186 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00187 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00505 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00523 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00570 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00592 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Apache - Sitgreaves 00628 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Jumo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00140 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga 150

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00141 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00179 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00181 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00182 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00183 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00191 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00192 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00193 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00196 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00197 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00199 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00532 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00534 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00535 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00536 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00537 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00538 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00543 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00591 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Apache - Sitgreaves 00650 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Apache - Sitgreaves 00131 HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quhy Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Apache - Sitgreaves 00560 HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quhy Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Apache - Sitgreaves 00601 HSM HS 5 0 Pipos Quhy Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Apache - Sitgreaves 00624 HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quhy Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Apache - Sitgreaves 00638 HSM HS 5 0 Pipos Quhy Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00130 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00224 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00236 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00412 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00432 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00512 HSM HS 4 0 Jude2 Nomi

151

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00514 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00573 HSM HS 4 0 Jude2 Nomi Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00575 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00612 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00620 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00630 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00632 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00634 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Apache - Sitgreaves 00691 HSM HS 4 0 Pidi Jude2 Qugr3 PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00051 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00052 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00055 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00061 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00516 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Apache - Sitgreaves 00540 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00016 LSC LS 5 0 Popr CAREX Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00515 HSC HS 5 -1 Agsm Bogr2 Pipos Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00550 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00551 LSC LS 6 +1 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00556 LSC LS 6 +1 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00557 LSC LS 6 +1 Fear2 Bran Mumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00041 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Stne2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00043 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Stne2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00044 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Stne2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00053 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00054 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00058 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Chna2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00501 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00502 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2 Pied Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00503 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00504 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo

152

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00506 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00518 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00531 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2 Jude2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Apache - Sitgreaves 00580 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2 Pied Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00220 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qugr3 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00469 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Prglt Hibe Hean3 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00479 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Prgl Hibe Hean3 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00481 HSM HS 3 +1 Bohi2 Lyph Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00482 HSM HS 3 +1 Bohi2 Lyph Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Apache - Sitgreaves 00484 HSM HS 3 +1 Bohi2 Lyph Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00312 HSM HS 3 0 Prglt Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00379 HSM HS 3 0 Prglt Hean3 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00470 HSM HS 3 0 Prglt Hean3 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00480 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Nomi Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00483 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Nomi Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00582 HSM HS 4 0 Jude2 Nomi Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00587 HSM HS 4 0 Jude2 Nomi Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Apache - Sitgreaves 00589 HSM HS 4 0 Jude2 Hean3 Desert Grassland) Gambel Oak Shrubland Apache - Sitgreaves 00618 HSC HS 5 -1 Quga Pipos Pied Interior Chaparral Apache - Sitgreaves 00714 HSM HS 5 -1 Cuar Pidi Quhy Interior Chaparral Apache - Sitgreaves 00720 HSM HS 5 -1 Cuar Pidi Quhy Interior Chaparral Apache - Sitgreaves 00732 HSM HS 5 -1 Quhy Cemo2 Bristlecone Pine Carson 00302 LSC LS 6 0 Piar Pipo Bristlecone Pine Carson 00303 LSC LS 7 -1 Piar Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00126 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00127 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00308 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa

153

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00309 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00315 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00475 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00603 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00906 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00907 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00911 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Carson 00999 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00128 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00177 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00178 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00179 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00305 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00306 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00312 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00313 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00316 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00317 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00320 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00321 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00454 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00456 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00460 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00461 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00471 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00632 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00634 LSC LS 7 0 Potr5 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00900 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00901 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00902 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00903 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5

154

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00904 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00905 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Carson 00910 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00271 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00273 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00300 LSC LS 6 +1 Pifl Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00353 LSC LS 6 0 Potr5 Abco Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00633 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00819 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00820 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00823 LSC LS 6 0 Pifl Abco Psmeg Pipo Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00921 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Carson 00922 LSC LS 6 +1 Pifl Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00186 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00187 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00188 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00269 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00270 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00272 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00350 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00351 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00390 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00391 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00803 LSC LS 6 0 Quga Abco Psmeg Pipo Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00816 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00817 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Carson 00822 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Carson 00450 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00080 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00155 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00156 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga

155

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00162 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00174 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00175 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00176 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00190 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00191 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00192 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00202 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipo Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00211 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00264 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00265 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00290 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00291 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00311 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00452 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00462 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00531 LSC LS 5 0 Pipo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00626 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipo Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00631 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Pipo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00721 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00731 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Carson 00800 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipo Pied Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Carson 00268 LSC LS 4 0 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Carson 00278 LSC LS 4 0 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Carson 00769 LSC LS 4 0 Jumo PJ Sagebrush Carson 00118 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00119 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00140 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00157 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2/Stco PJ Sagebrush Carson 00465 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00765 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2

156

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Sagebrush Carson 00142 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00143 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00144 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 Mupu2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00145 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00149 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00151 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00153 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00159 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00167 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00194 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00195 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00015 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 Chna2 Stne2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00023 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Fapa Artr2 Chna2 PJ Sagebrush Carson 00168 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 Stne2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00012 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00064 LSC LS 5 -1 Popr Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00066 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00074 LSC LS 5 -1 Popr Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00084 LSC LS 6 +1 Popr Pipu Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00094 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00131 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00132 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00133 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00135 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00136 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00141 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00148 LSC LS 5 -1 Chna2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00172 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00173 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00181 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00182 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2

157

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00183 LSC LS 7 +1 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00196 LSC LS 5 0 Fear2 Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00197 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00198 LSC LS 6 0 Popr Fear2 Bran Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00267 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00512 LSC LS 5 -1 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00545 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00550 LSC LS 5 -1 Ararn Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00560 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00561 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00562 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00563 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00564 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00565 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00566 LSC LS 7 -1 Fear2 Feov Dapa2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00567 LSC LS 7 -1 Fear2 Feov Dapa2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00635 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00650 LSC LS 5 -1 Chna2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Carson 00948 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Alpine and Tundra Carson 00340 LSC LS 8 0 Kobe Getu Arob3 Alpine and Tundra Carson 00341 LSC LS 8 0 Kobe Getu Arob3 Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00003 LSC LS 4 0 Artr2 Bogr2 Pied Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00034 LSC LS 4 -1 Artr2 Chna2 Jumo Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00070 LSC LS 5 -1 Artr2 Bogr2 Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00071 LSC LS 4 0 Artr2 Chna2 Pied Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00138 LSC LS 3 +1 Artr2 Agcr Stne2 Sagebrush Shrubland Carson 00139 LSC LS 3 +1 Artr2 Agcr Stne2 Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Cibola 00666 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00012 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Psmeg Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00163 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Psmeg Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00289 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5

158

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00663 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Psmeg Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00664 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Abbi Psmeg Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00665 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Cibola 00668 LSC LS 7 -1 Potr5 Dain Feth Fear2 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00285 LSC LS 6 0 Potr5 Quga Ronen Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00286 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00287 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00288 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00327 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00421 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00680 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Cibola 00681 LSC LS 6 +1 Potr5 Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00024 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00060 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00188 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00191 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00192 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00196 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00197 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00255 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00282 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00284 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00290 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Acgr Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00291 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Acgr Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00302 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00303 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00323 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00324 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Abco Pied Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00416 HSC HS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00513 LSC LS 6 -1 Pipos Potr5 Fear2 Dain Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00539 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga

159

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00605 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00669 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Potr5 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00675 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00676 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00678 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00689 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Fear2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Cibola 00697 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Cibola 00007 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied2 Chna2 Bogr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Cibola 00016 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Cibola 00102 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Chna2 Bogr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Cibola 00156 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Cibola 00859 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jusc2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00009 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00015 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00019 HSC HS 5 0 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00033 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00042 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00043 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00064 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00065 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00087 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Quga Bogr2 Pasm Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00153 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00154 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00155 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00157 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00158 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00159 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00180 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00181 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00182 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00189 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga

160

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00190 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00193 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00194 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00253 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00273 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00274 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00275 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00277 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00295 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00301 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00305 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00311 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00312 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00314 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00315 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00506 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00507 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00508 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00512 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00609 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00610 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00623 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00624 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00626 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00654 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00655 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00674 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00684 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00685 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00693 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00694 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga

161

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00695 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00696 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Cibola 00698 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Fear2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Cibola 00304 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Cibola 00319 HSM HS 4 0 Qugr3 Qutu2 Cemo2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Cibola 00542 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Cibola 00618 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00063 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo4 Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00104 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00105 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00165 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00166 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00170 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00173 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00175 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00176 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00184 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga2 Putr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00185 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00198 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00266 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 Tear4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00267 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 Tear4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00268 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 Tear4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00270 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Tear4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00271 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Tear4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00313 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00321 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00413 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00500 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00503 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00690 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00691 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4

162

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00692 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 HSC PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00858 4 0 Pied Jumo Jusc2 Qupa4 (SMA) PJ Woodland (Cold) Cibola 00864 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 --- PJ Woodland (Mild) Cibola 00242 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Bogr2 Stne2 Mupa2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Cibola 00320 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qugr3 PJ Woodland (Mild) Cibola 00617 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Cibola 00058 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Cibola 00651 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Qupa4 (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Cibola 00653 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qupa4 (HSM) PJ Evergreen Shrub Cibola 00671 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00034 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Krla2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00038 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00062 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo Bogr2 Pasm PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00076 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00088 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo2 Qupa4 Bogr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00107 HSC HS 4 0 Pied2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00164 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00243 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Krla2 STIPA PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00250 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Stco4 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00257 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Qupa4 Stle PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00269 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00502 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00538 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied2 Jumo4 Fear2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00602 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Cibola 00627 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00014 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Fapa PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00018 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Fapa PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00055 HSM HS 4 0 Jumo Bogr2 Hija PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00066 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2

163

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00072 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00073 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00080 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00101 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Arfi2 Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00115 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00177 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bocu PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00178 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bocu PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00616 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00621 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00622 HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 HSC PJ Grass (Mild) Cibola 00865 4 0 Jumo Scsc Ange --- (SMA) Juniper Grass (Cold) Cibola 00037 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Cold) Cibola 00256 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Krla2 Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Cibola 00318 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00044 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Nomi Boer4 Stne2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00048 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00081 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Bocu Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00083 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Boer4 STIPA Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00116 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00140 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Krla2 Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00144 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bocu Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00145 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bocu Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00172 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qutu Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00240 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00537 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00541 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Qugr3 Ladi2 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00619 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 HSC Juniper Grass (Mild) Cibola 00857 4 -1 Jumo Qupa4 ------(SMA) Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00001 LSC LS 5 0 Chna2 Pasm Juba Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00003 HSC HS 5 -1 Pasm

164

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00010 HSC HS 5 -1 Chna2 Pasm Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00031 HSC HS 5 -1 Chna2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00041 HSC HS 5 0 Chna2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00067 HSC HS 5 -1 Teca2 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00296 LSC LS 6 -1 Acgr Quga Ronen Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00505 HSC HS 5 -1 Teca2 Fear2 Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00660 LSC LS 7 -1 Dain Feth Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00661 LSC LS 7 -1 Dain Feth Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Cibola 00662 LSC LS 7 -1 Dain Feth Fear2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00040 HSC HS 4 0 Chna2 Bogr2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00057 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pasm Popr Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00061 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Pasm Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00079 HSC HS 4 0 Krla2 Bogr2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00086 HSC HS 4 0 Krla2 Bogr2 Pasm Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00200 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Stco4 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Cibola 00501 HSC HS 4 0 Teca2 Chna2 Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00008 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00022 HSM HS 4 -1 Fapa Chna2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00039 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00052 HSM HS 3 +1 Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00053 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00056 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00068 HSM HS 4 -1 Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00069 HSM HS 4 -1 Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00070 HSM HS 4 0 Bogr2 Lyph Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00071 HSM HS 4 0 Bogr2 Lyph Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00075 HSM HS 4 0 Bogr2 Lyph Stne2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00078 HSM HS 3 +1 Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00082 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00085 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Stne4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00099 HSM HS 3 +1 Bogr2 Boer4

165

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00276 HSM HS 3 0 Ladi Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00614 HSM HS 3 +1 Boer4 Bocu Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Cibola 00615 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Cibola 00036 HSM HS 3 0 Prglg Boer4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Cibola 00077 HSM HS 3 -1 Prglg Boer4 Hija Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Cibola 00613 HSM HS 3 0 Prglg Bogr2 Boer4 Desert Grassland) Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00803 SMA Ange Scsc Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00804 SMA Scsc Bohi2 Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00850 SMA Bocu Scsc Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00851 SMA Arbi3 Bogr2 Hene5 Scsc Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00912 SHU Scsc Ange Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00914 SHU Juas Scsc Ange Bocu Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00922 SHU Arfi2 Scsc Ange Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00923 SHU Arfi2 Scsc Ange Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00950 SHU Rhtr Mibo2 Bocu Bohi2 Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00951 SHU Scsc Ange Mixed-Grass Prairie Cibola 00952 SHU Qumo Bocu Bohi2 Shinnery Oak (Black Kettle NG) Cibola 00920 SHU Quha3 Scsc Ange Sonu Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00800 SMA ------Bogr2 Pasm Spai Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00802 SMA Bogr2 Pasm Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00805 SMA Bogr2 Plja Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00806 SMA Bogr2 Plja Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00807 SMA Bogr2 Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00808 SMA Bogr2 Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00812 SMA Bogr2 Plja Buda HSC Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00814 HS 4 0 Bogr2 Plja Buda (SMA) HSC Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00816 HS 4 0 Bogr2 Plja Buda (SMA) HSC Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00818 HS 4 0 Bogr2 Hene5 (SMA)

166

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00821 SMA 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Plja Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00852 SMA Bogr2 Plja Pasm Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00853 SMA Bogr2 Plja Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00855 SMA Bogr2 Hene5 HSC Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00861 HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Plja (SMA) Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00880 SMA Bogr2 Plja Buda Shortgrass Prairie (Kiowa-Rita Blanca NGs) Cibola 00881 SMA Bogr2 Bocu Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00272 HSC HS 4 +1 Quga Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00279 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Rone Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00280 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Ronen Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00281 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Ronen Cemo2 Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00306 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Ronen Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00325 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Ronen Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00606 HSC HS 5 -1 Quga Fear2 Bogr2 Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00607 HSC HS 5 -1 Quga Fear2 Bogr2 Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00667 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Feth Fear2 Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00672 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Cemo2 Gambel Oak Shrubland Cibola 00699 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Fear2 Mumo Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Cibola 00410 HSM HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Boer4 Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Cibola 00670 HSM HS 4 0 Qugr3 Cemo2 Gawr3 HSC Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Cibola 00856 4 0 Qupa4 Cemo2 (SMA) Sagebrush Shrubland Cibola 00011 LSC LS 5 -1 Artr2 Bogr2 Sandsage Cibola 00103 HSC HS 4 0 Arfi2 Stco4 Sandsage Cibola 00106 HSC HS 4 0 Arfi2 Mupu Sandsage Cibola 00809 HSC HS 4 0 Arfi2 Bogr2 SMA Sandsage Cibola 00811 Arfi2 Bogr2 Heco26 (HSC) Sandsage Cibola 00813 HSC HS 4 0 Arfi2 Bogr2 Ange Scsc Intermountain Salt Scrub Cibola 00013 HSC HS 4 0 Atca2 Chna2 Pasm Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Cibola 00035 HSM HS 2 0 Prglg Flce Ladi2 Boer4 Chihuahuan Salt Desert Scrub Cibola 00006 HSM HS 4 -1 Chna2 Bogr2 167

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Bristlecone Pine Coconino 00790 LSC LS 7 +1 Piar Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Coconino 00700 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Coconino 00770 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Coconino 00785 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Coconino 00710 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Coconino 00715 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Coconino 00740 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Coconino 00750 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00562 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00610 LSC LS 6 -1 Potr5 Psmeg Pipos Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00611 LSC LS 6 -1 Potr5 Psmeg Pipos Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00612 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00613 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00614 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00620 LSM LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Jude2 Qutu2 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00650 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00651 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00652 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00653 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Coconino 00654 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Coconino 00555 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00011 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00014 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00015 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00510 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00511 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00512 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00513 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00527 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Comes Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00536 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00537 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2

168

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00551 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00553 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00558 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00559 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00560 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fear2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00561 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00575 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Coconino 00596 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00500 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00505 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00506 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00517 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00523 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00524 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jumo Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00546 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Muvi2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00549 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Muvi2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00550 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00557 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00565 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00567 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00570 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00578 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00579 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00582 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00584 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00585 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Coconino 00586 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Coconino 00520 LSM LS 5 -1 Pipos Pifa Jude2 Qutu2 Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Coconino 00530 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Qutu2 Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Coconino 00572 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quar Arpu5 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00426 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Fapa

169

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00427 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Fapa PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00433 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00434 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00435 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00436 HSC HS 4 0 Agcr Bogr2 Comes Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00437 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00438 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00439 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00440 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00441 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Fapa PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00443 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00444 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00445 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00449 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00450 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00454 HSC HS 4 0 Agcr Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00455 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Comes Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00460 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Stco4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00465 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00473 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00490 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Coconino 00491 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Juos Quga PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00045 LSM LS 4 +1 Pifa Jude2 Quem Chli2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00430 LSM LS 4 0 Juos PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00447 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Caho3 Stco4 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00448 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Caho3 Stco4 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00457 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 Arpu5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00458 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 Arpu5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00462 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00463 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00466 LSM LS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2

170

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00474 LSM LS 4 0 Cuarg Pifa Qutu2 Arpu5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00475 LSM LS 4 0 Cuarg Pifa Qutu2 Arpu5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00492 LSM LS 4 +1 Agsm Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00493 LSM LS 4 +1 Pifa Jude2 Qutu2 Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Coconino 00495 LSM LS 4 +1 Pifa Jude2 Qutu2 Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Coconino 00410 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Boer4 Juniper Grass (Cold) Coconino 00411 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Boer4 Stco4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Coconino 00404 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Erwr Juniper Grass (Mild) Coconino 00416 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Qutu2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00053 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00055 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00515 HSC HS 5 -1 Agsm Chna2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00566 HSC HS 5 -1 Sihy Arlo Bogr2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00594 LSC LS 5 0 Fear2 Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00595 LSC LS 5 0 Fear2 Mumo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Coconino 00640 LSC LS 6 0 Fear2 Bran Mumo Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Coconino 00041 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Muwr Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Coconino 00391 HSC HS 3 +1 Boer4 Hija Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Coconino 00453 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00350 LSM LS 3 +1 Caho3 Juer Boer4 Stco4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00381 LSM LS 3 0 Prve Stco4 Boer4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00385 LSM LS 3 +1 Caho3 Juer Boer4 Stco4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00401 LSM LS 4 -1 Juer Prve Boer4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00403 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Boer4 Stco4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00417 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Bogr2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00418 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Mibi3 Stco4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00420 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Qutu2 Desert Grassland)

171

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00382 LSM LS 3 +1 Prve Himu2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00383 LSM LS 3 +1 Prve Himu2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00402 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Himu2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Coconino 00414 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Himu2 Desert Grassland) Alpine and Tundra Coconino 00850 LSC LS 8 0 Getu2 Arob3 Interior Chaparral Coconino 00470 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Coconino 00471 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Arpu5 Cemo2 Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Coconino 00034 LSM LS 3 0 Chli2 Prve Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Coconino 00280 LSM LS 2 +1 Prve Ladi2 Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Kaibab 00303 LSC LS 7 0 PIEN Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Kaibab 00626 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLA ABCO PSMEG Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Kaibab 00627 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLA ABCO PSMEG Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Kaibab 00628 LSC LS 7 -1 #N/A Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Kaibab 00629 LSC LS 7 -1 #N/A Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Kaibab 00641 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLA ABCO PSMEG Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00302 LSC LS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS QUGA Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00312 LSC LS 6 0 PSMEG Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00322 LSC LS 6 0 PSMEG PSMEG PIPOS JUDE2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00540 LSM LS 6 -1 QUTU2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00603 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00604 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00605 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00606 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00612 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00613 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00614 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00615 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00618 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00619 LSC LS 172

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00622 LSC LS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00623 LSC LS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS QUGA Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00624 LSC LS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS QUGA Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00625 LSC LS 6 0 PSMEG Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00658 LSC LS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS QUGA Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Kaibab 00659 LSC LS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Kaibab 00507 LSC LS 5 -1 CHNA2 FEAR2 BOGR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00010 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00265 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00266 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00271 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00275 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00276 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00282 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00283 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00284 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00290 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00291 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00293 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00294 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00297 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00298 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00299 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA ARTR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00300 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00304 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00305 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00310 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00311 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00320 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00324 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00325 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA

173

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00326 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00401 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00402 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00405 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00406 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00407 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00431 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00519 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00525 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00537 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00539 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00563 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00564 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00565 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00620 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00621 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00631 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00648 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00649 LSC LS 5 -1 PIPOS PIED QUGA Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Kaibab 00681 LSC LS 5 0 PIPOS PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00032 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00162 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00165 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00166 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00167 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00172 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00250 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00251 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00252 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00257 LSC LS 4 -1 PIED JUOS QUGA ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00260 LSC LS 4 +1 PIED QUGA ARTR2 STCO4

174

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00261 LSC LS 4 +1 PIED QUGA ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00263 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00264 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00272 LSC LS 4 +1 PIED JUOS QUGA ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00273 LSC LS 4 +1 PIED JUOS QUGA ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00274 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00277 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00281 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00287 HSC HS 4 +1 PIED JUMO QUGA STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00288 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00295 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00296 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00476 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00495 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00496 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00543 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00586 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00587 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00589 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00592 HSC HS 4 0 PIED JUMO STCO4 PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00599 HSC HS 4 0 BOGR2 PIED PJ Woodland (Cold) Kaibab 00644 LSC LS 4 0 PIED JUOS ARTR2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Kaibab 00523 LSM LS 4 +1 PIED JUDE2 QUTU2 ARPU5 PJ Woodland (Mild) Kaibab 00541 LSM LS 4 +1 PIED JUDE2 QUTU2 ARPU5 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00005 LSC LS 6 0 POPR FEOV BRAN Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00006 LSC LS 5 0 POPR FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00009 LSC LS 5 0 POPR AGSM PIPOS Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00011 LSC LS 5 0 POPR MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00037 LSC LS 5 0 POPR CAREX FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00440 LSC LS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00513 LSC LS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO

175

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00518 LSC LS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00630 LSC LS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00642 LSC LS 6 0 FEOV BRAN MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00643 LSC LS Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00645 LSC LS Montane / Subalpine Grassland Kaibab 00655 LSC LS 7 -1 FEOV DAIN MUMO Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00003 HSC HS 4 0 ATCA2 AGSM PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00007 HSC HS 4 0 AGSM PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00036 HSC HS 4 0 CHNA2 AGSM PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00041 HSC HS 4 0 AGSM PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00255 HSC HS 4 0 ATCA2 STCO4 BOGR2 PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00514 HSC HS 4 0 CHNA2 HIJA PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00542 HSC HS 4 0 CHNA2 BOGR2 PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00591 HSC HS 4 0 ATCA2 STCO4 BOGR2 PIED Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Kaibab 00677 HSC HS 4 0 ATCA2 STCO4 AGCR PIED Gambel Oak Shrubland Kaibab 00156 LSC LS 6 0 QUGA RONE Gambel Oak Shrubland Kaibab 00660 LSC LS 5 0 QUGA RONE Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00004 LSC LS #N/A Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00017 LSC LS 4 0 Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00023 LSC LS 4 0 ARTR2 BOGR2 PIED Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00154 LSC LS 3 +1 ARTR2 BOGR2 Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00217 LSC LS #N/A Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00279 LSC LS #N/A Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00632 LSC LS 3 +1 ARTR2 BOGR2 STCO4 Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00634 LSC LS 4 0 ARTR2 AGCR STCO4 PIED Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00672 LSC LS 4 +1 ARTR2 AGCR QUGA Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00673 LSC LS #N/A Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00682 LSC LS 4 +1 ARTR2 AGCR QUGA Sagebrush Shrubland Kaibab 00683 LSC LS 4 +1 ARTR2 STCO4 AGCR QUGA Intermountain Salt Scrub Kaibab 00633 LSC LS 3 +1 ATCA2 BOGR2 EULA5 Intermountain Salt Scrub Kaibab 00636 LSC LS 3 +1 ATCA2 BOGR2 EULA5

176

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Intermountain Salt Scrub Kaibab 00637 LSC LS 3 +1 ATCA2 BOGR2 EULA5 Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Kaibab 00150 LSC LS 2 +1 CORA HIJA Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Kaibab 00151 LSC LS 2 +1 CORA HIJA Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Kaibab 00153 LSC LS 2 +1 CORA HIJA Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Lincoln 03544 HSC HS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Lincoln 03104 HSC HS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Lincoln 03124 HSC HS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Lincoln 03144 HSC HS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Lincoln 00270 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Lincoln 00271 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Lincoln 00290 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Lincoln 00303 LSC LS 6 0 Potr5 Quga Hodu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00289 LSC LS 6 0 Abcos Psmeg Popos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00291 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00292 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00297 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00299 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00309 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pist Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00310 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pist Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00321 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pist Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00326 HSC HS 6 0 Psmeg Pipo Jude2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00349 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00407 HSC HS 6 0 Psmeg Pipo Jude2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00789 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00791 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 00792 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 02574 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 03044 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 03054 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 03074 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 03194 HSC HS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipo Pist

177

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 03244 HSC HS 6 0 Psmeg Pipo Jude2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 0193E LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Qumu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 0193F LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Qumu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Lincoln 0296B LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 00008 LSC LS 5 0 Bogr2 Arlu Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 00009 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 00286 HSC HS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 00287 HSC HS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 00296 HSC HS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 03274 HSC HS 5 0 Pipo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Lincoln 03344 HSC HS 5 0 Pipo Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00013 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00175 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipos Pied Jude2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00176 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipos Pied Jude2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00183 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00185 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00259 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00281 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00283 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00285 LSC LS 5 0 Psmeg Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00302 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00311 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00315 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00319 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00320 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00321 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00404 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00405 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00718 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00720 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00783 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Psmeg Pied Qupa4

178

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 00785 LSC LS 5 +1 Pipos Psmeg Pied Qupa4 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 02604 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 03034 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Lincoln 03064 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipo Pied Jude2 Quun Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Lincoln 0001E HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Qumo Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Lincoln 0002F HSM HS 5 0 Pipos Jumi Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Lincoln 0194F HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Qumo Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Lincoln 0254F HSM HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0001F HSM HS 4 0 Pied Qugr3 Stne2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0003E HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0196F HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0198F HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0198G HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0253F HSM HS 4 0 Pied jude2 Qugr3 Stne2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0259G HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Lincoln 0261G HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qugr3 PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00007 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00008 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00011 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00250 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00251 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00252 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00253 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00262 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00263 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00264 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00265 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00267 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00335 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00336 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00347 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga

179

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00350 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00351 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00401 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 00402 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 03014 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Lincoln 03404 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0103H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0150H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0151H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0260H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0274H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Lincoln 0278H HSM HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00167 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00168 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00169 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00170 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00171 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00181 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00182 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00276 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00277 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00279 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00288 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00293 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00294 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) 180

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00295 HS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00300 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00302 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00304 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Quun (HSM) PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00306 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Quun HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00308 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00312 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Quun (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00703 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qupa4 (HSM) HSC PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 00704 HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Qupa4 (HSM) PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 0252F HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jupi Qupu Cemo2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Lincoln 0252G HSM HS 4 0 Pied Qupu Dale PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00002 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00003 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00004 HSC HS 4 0 Agsm Bogr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00005 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00010 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00010 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00018 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00178 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00701 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Bogr4 PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00702 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Bogr4 PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00711 HSC HS 4 0 Pasm Bogr2 Sago PJ Grass (Cold) Lincoln 0007B HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Arlu Pied PJ Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0006E HSM HS 4 0 Jupi Note PJ Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0053H HSM HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Pied Jude2 PJ Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0197F HSM HS 4 0 Pied Jude2 Jumo Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Lincoln 00014 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo

181

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Juniper Grass (Cold) Lincoln 02664 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Juniper Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0250G HSM HS 4 -1 Jupi Qupu Dale Juniper Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0251F HSM HS 4 -1 Jupi Qupu Cegr Juniper Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0257G HSM HS 4 -1 Jupi Qupu Dale Juniper Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0258G HSM HS 4 -1 Jupi Qupu Dale Juniper Grass (Mild) Lincoln 0262G HSM HS 4 -1 Jupi Mibi Dale Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 00005 HSC HS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Pipo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 00006 HSC HS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Pipo Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 00006 LSC LS 6 0 Popr Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 00007 LSC LS 6 +1 Popr Feth Dain Fear Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 00710 LSC LS 6 0 Pasm Popr Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 03094 HSC HS 6 0 Fear2 Feth Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 03164 HSC HS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 03174 HSC HS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Lincoln 0006B LSC LS 6 0 Popr Arlu Psmeg Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Lincoln 0250F HSM HS 3 0 Jupi Qupu Agle Fosp2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Lincoln 00158 HSM HS 3 -1 Prglgl Bogr2 Boer4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Lincoln 03554 HSM HS 3 0 Prglgl Bogr2 Boer4 Desert Grassland) Gambel Oak Shrubland Lincoln 00298 LSC LS 6 -1 Quga Hodu Gambel Oak Shrubland Lincoln 00316 LSC LS 5 -1 Quga Pipos Gambel Oak Shrubland Lincoln 00318 LSC LS 5 -1 Quga Pipos Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00012 HSM HS 4 0 Cemo2 Qugr3 Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00186 LSC LS 5 0 Cemo Quga Rone Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00301 HSC HS 4 -1 Cemo Nomi Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00307 HSM HS 3 +1 Cemo Note Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00314 HSC HS 4 0 Quun Pied Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 00317 HSC HS 4 0 Quun Pied Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 03484 HSM HS 4 0 Cemo2 Qugr3 Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0002E HSM HS 4 0 Qumo Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0004E HSM HS 4 0 Qumo

182

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0251G HSM HS 4 0 Qupu Jupi Cegr Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0255F HSM HS 4 0 Cemo2 Qupu Nomi Stne2 Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0256F HSM HS 5 0 Qumo Cemo2 Dale Mountain Mahogany Mixed Shrubland Lincoln 0260G HSM HS 4 0 Qupu Jupi Cegr Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 00013 HSM HS 2 0 Prglgl Flce Boer4 Ladi2 Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 00602 HSM HS 2 +1 Boer4 Ladi2 Fosp2 Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 603 HSM HS 2 +1 Boer4 Ladi2 Fosp2 Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 0054H HSM HS 2 0 Ladi2 Flca Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 0105H HSM HS 2 0 Dawh2 Agle4 Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 0261H HSM HS 2 0 Dawh2 Agle Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 0263H HSM HS 2 0 Dawh2 Agle Chihuahuan Desert Scrub Lincoln 0266H HSM HS 2 0 Dawh2 Agle Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Prescott 00605 LSC LS 6 -1 Potr5 Psmeg Pipos Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Prescott 00610 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Prescott 00625 LSC LS 6 -1 Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Prescott 00640 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Prescott 00650 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Prescott 00660 LSC LS 6 0 Psmeg Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Prescott 00550 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00055 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Juma Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00500 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00501 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00502 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00560 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00565 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00570 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00580 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Prescott 00581 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00505 LSM LS 5 -1 Pipos Pifa Jude2 Qutu2 Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00530 LSM LS 5 -1 Pipos Pifa Jude2 Quar Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00535 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quem

183

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00540 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quar Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00542 LSM LS 5 -1 Pipos Pifa Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00544 LSM LS 5 -1 Pipos Pifa Jude2 Quem Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00546 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quem Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00547 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quem Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00552 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quem Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00553 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quem Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00554 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Quar Ponderosa Pine -- Evergreen Oak Prescott 00563 LSM LS 5 0 Pipos Jude2 Quem Madrean Encinal Woodland Prescott 00047 LSM LS 4 0 Quem Bogr2 Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland Prescott 00499 LSM LS 4 +1 Pifa Quem Mulo PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00418 HSC HS 4 0 Pust Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00419 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00420 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Jumo Hene5 PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00421 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00422 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Pifa Juos PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00423 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Bogr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Prescott 00426 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Woodland (Mild) Prescott 00440 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Woodland (Mild) Prescott 00441 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00043 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Fapa PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00406 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Qutu2 Pust PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00407 LSM LS 4 -1 Juer Qutu2 Boer4 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00429 LSM LS 4 -1 Juer Qutu2 Caho3 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00430 LSM LS 4 0 Juos PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00432 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00434 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00444 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00445 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00446 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00447 LSM LS 4 0 Pust Hene5 Bogr2

184

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00452 LSM LS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Qutu2 Cemo2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00454 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00455 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00458 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00459 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00460 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 Hene5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00461 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00462 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00464 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00465 LSM LS 4 0 Juos PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00466 LSM LS 4 0 Juos PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00473 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00474 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Pust Hene5 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00477 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Jude2 Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00479 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Jude2 Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00480 LSM LS 4 +1 Pied Jude2 Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00481 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00482 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00485 LSM LS 4 0 Pifa Jude2 Juos Qutu2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00486 LSM LS 4 +1 Pifa Jude2 Quem Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00491 LSM LS 4 +1 Jude2 Quar Cemo2 Bogr2 PJ Evergreen Shrub Prescott 00510 LSM LS 4 0 Pied Pifa Jude2 Qutu2 PJ Grass (Cold) Prescott 00413 HSC HS 4 0 Himu2 PJ Grass (Mild) Prescott 00439 LSM LS 4 0 Himu2 Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Prescott 00470 LSM LS 4 0 Hene5 Bogr2 PJ Grass (Mild) Prescott 00471 LSM LS 4 0 Himu2 Hene5 PJ Grass (Mild) Prescott 00472 LSM LS 4 0 Himu2 Agsm PJ Grass (Mild) Prescott 00490 LSM LS 4 +1 Jude2 Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00042 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Hene5 Boer4 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00402 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Caho3 Hene5 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00414 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Qutu2 Hene5 Boer4

185

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00427 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Himu2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00428 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Himu2 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00431 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Prve Hibe Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00456 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Hene5 Juniper Grass (Mild) Prescott 00463 LSM LS 4 -1 Juos Himu2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Prescott 00408 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Hene5 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Prescott 00409 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Prescott 00412 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Hene2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Prescott 00417 HSC HS 4 0 Bogr2 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00320 LSM LS 3 -1 Prve Erle Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00349 LSM LS 3 0 Atca2 Hene5 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00356 LSM LS 3 0 Hene5 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00360 LSM LS 3 0 Acgr Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00370 LSM LS 3 0 Acgr Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00371 LSM LS 3 0 Acgr Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Piedmont Grassland) Prescott 00375 LSM LS 3 +1 Atca2 Hene5 Boer4 Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00350 LSM LS 3 +1 Caho3 Juer Boer4 Hene5 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00363 LSM LS 3 +1 Prve Qutu2 Miacb Hibe Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00380 LSM LS 3 +1 Acgr Miacb Qutu2 Boer4 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00382 LSM LS 3 +1 Prve Caho3 Boer4 Hene5 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00383 LSM LS 3 +1 Caho3 Juer Boer4 Hene5 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00045 LSM LS 4 0 Bogr2 ARIST Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00368 LSM LS 3 +1 Prve Atca2 Boer4 Himu2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00372 LSM LS 3 +1 Himu2 Paob Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00373 LSM LS 3 +1 Acgr Himu2 Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00410 LSM LS 4 -1 Hecoc Boer4 Trmu Spcr Desert Grassland)

186

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00415 LSM LS 4 -1 Bogr2 Hibe Desert Grassland) Semi-Desert Grassland (Semi-Desert Lowland Grassland AKA Chihuahuan Semi- Prescott 00433 LSM LS 4 0 Bogr2 Desert Grassland) Interior Chaparral Prescott 00351 LSM LS 4 -1 Qutu2 Hene5 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00365 LSM LS 3 +1 Acgr Qutu2 Boer4 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00424 LSM LS 4 -1 Qutu2 Miacb Interior Chaparral Prescott 00425 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Arpu5 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00436 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00438 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00442 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Bogr2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00443 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00448 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00450 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Arpu5 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00453 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00457 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00467 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00468 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Arpu5 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00469 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Arpu5 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00475 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00476 LSM LS 4 +1 Quem Qutu2 Arpu5 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00478 LSM LS 4 0 Arpu5 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00483 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00488 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Bogr2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00545 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00548 LSM LS 4 +1 Quar Arpr Interior Chaparral Prescott 00551 LSM LS 4 0 Qutu2 Cemo2 Interior Chaparral Prescott 00555 LSM LS 5 0 Quar Arpr Interior Chaparral Prescott 00556 LSM LS 5 0 Quar Cemo2 Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Prescott 00250 LSM LS 2 +1 Cagi7 Mojave-Sonoran Desert Scrub Prescott 00275 LSM LS 2 +1 Pami5 Prve Bristlecone Pine Santa Fe 00252 LSC LS 7 0 Piar Pien

187

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00091 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00234 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00260 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00261 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00262 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00331 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00332 LSC LS 7 +1 Pien Ablaa Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Santa Fe 00334 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00224 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00229 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00230 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00236 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00237 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00325 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00328 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00329 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00335 LSC LS 7 0 Potr5 Pien Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00336 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00337 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00375 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Dain Feov Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00376 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00617 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00619 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00666 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00667 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00668 LSC LS 7 -1 Pien Ablaa Abco Psmeg Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00721 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00722 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Santa Fe 00723 LSC LS 7 0 Pien Ablaa Potr5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Santa Fe 00660 LSC LS 6 +1 Abco Psmeg Pipu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00136 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga

188

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00137 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00138 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00139 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00142 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00165 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00212 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00213 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00228 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00271 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00298 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Pipu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00300 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Pipu Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00351 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00352 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00353 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00355 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00604 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00615 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00620 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00621 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00623 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00652 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00657 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00658 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00659 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00714 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00715 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Santa Fe 00716 LSC LS 6 0 Abco Psmeg Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Santa Fe 00065 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Poin3 Mupu2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Santa Fe 00101 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Santa Fe 00149 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Santa Fe 00344 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos

189

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Santa Fe 00649 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00053 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Fapa Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00054 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00102 LSC 5 0 Pipos Psmeg Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00123 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Psmeg Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00134 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00135 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00150 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00151 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00155 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00156 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00158 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00161 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00162 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00169 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Psmeg Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00170 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00177 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00192 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00199 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00200 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00221 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00275 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00287 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00288 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Pipu Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00343 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00345 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00359 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Psmeg Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00361 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00398 LSC LS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Quga Artr2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00580 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00581 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga

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TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00607 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00608 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00614 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00626 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00630 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00631 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00641 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00642 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00644 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00645 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00655 LSC LS 5 0 Pipos Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00693 HSC HS 5 -1 Pipos Pied Jude2 Quga Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00718 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Pipos Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Gambel Oak) Santa Fe 00719 LSC LS 5 0 Quga Pipos PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00035 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Mupu2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00050 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00061 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Poin3 Mupu2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00064 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00073 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00074 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00107 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00127 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00174 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00175 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00185 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00203 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00206 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00207 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00208 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Juos Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00278 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00280 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Stne2

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TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00283 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Stne2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00284 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Stne2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00295 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Stne2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00296 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Stne2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00297 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Stne2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00358 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00363 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00501 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00503 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00506 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00514 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00515 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00516 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00555 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00612 LSC LS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga Artr2 PJ Woodland (Cold) Santa Fe 00650 HSC HS 4 +1 Pied Jumo Quga PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00079 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00111 LSC LS 4 -1 Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00112 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00113 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00500 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Sagebrush Santa Fe 00505 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Artr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00045 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00046 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00051 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00066 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00100 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00105 LSC LS 4 0 Juos PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00108 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Stne2 PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00115 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00116 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo

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TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00117 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00128 LSC LS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00129 HSC HS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00159 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00184 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00187 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00215 LSC LS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Artr2 PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00216 LSC LS 4 0 Jumo PJ Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00259 HSC HS 4 0 Pied Jumo Quun Stne2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00063 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Mupu2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00281 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Stne2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00509 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Juniper Grass (Cold) Santa Fe 00560 HSC HS 4 -1 Jumo Bogr2 Stne2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00005 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00009 LSC LS 6 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00012 LSC LS 7 -1 Popr Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00037 LSC LS 5 0 Popr Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00251 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00255 LSC LS 7 0 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00333 LSC LS 7 +1 Feth Dain Feov Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00678 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00679 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Santa Fe 00680 LSC LS 7 -1 Feth Dain Fear2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00002 HSC HS 4 0 Chna2 Bogr2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00020 HSC HS 3 +1 Bogr2 Hija Boer4 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00023 LSC LS 4 +1 Ararn Agcr Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00027 HSC HS 4 -1 Chna2 Bogr2 Stne2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00173 HSC HS 4 +1 Bogr2 Agin Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00258 HSC HS 4 -1 Bogr2 Hija Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00507 HSC HS 4 -1 Bogr2 Hija Stne2 Colorado Plateau / Great Basin Grassland Santa Fe 00508 HSC HS 4 -1 Bogr2 Hija Stne2

193

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Gambel Oak Shrubland Santa Fe 00114 LSC LS 6 0 Quga Rone Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00013 LSC LS 5 -1 Artr2 Chna2 Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00014 LSC LS 5 -1 Artr2 Agcr Agsm Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00017 LSC LS 4 +1 Artr2 Arca13 Agcr Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00030 LSC LS 5 -1 Artr2 Agcr Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00032 LSC LS 4 0 Artr2 Agcr Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00214 LSC LS 4 0 Artr2 Bogr2 Sagebrush Shrubland Santa Fe 00520 HSC HS 4 +1 Artr2 Bogr2 Stne2 Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Valles Caldera 853 LSC LS 7 0 PIEN Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Valles Caldera 859 LSC LS 7 +1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Upper) Valles Caldera 898 LSC LS 7 0 PIEN ABLAA Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 854 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLAA ABCO PSMEG Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 858 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLAA ABCO PSMEG Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 883 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABLAA ABCO PSMEG Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 884 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 885 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 886 LSC LS 7 0 PIEN ABLAA POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 894 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 896 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Spruce-Fir Forest (Lower) Valles Caldera 897 LSC LS 7 -1 PIEN ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 871 HSC HS 6 1 POTR5 FETH DAPA2 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 881 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 882 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 890 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 891 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer w/ Aspen Valles Caldera 892 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG POTR5 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 844 HSC HS 6 0 PIPOS PIPU FETH DAPA2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 846 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 847 HSC HS 6 1 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS PIPU Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 861 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 862 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS

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TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 863 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 864 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 866 HSC HS 6 0 PIPOS PIPU DAPA2 FEAR2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 867 HSC HS 6 0 PIPU DAPA2 FEAR2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 875 HSC HS 6 0 PIPOS FETH DAPA2 FEAR2 Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 877 HSC HS 6 -1 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS PIEN Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 878 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 879 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 888 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Mixed Conifer - Frequent Fire Valles Caldera 889 HSC HS 6 0 ABCO PSMEG PIPOS Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Valles Caldera 848 HSC HS 5 0 PIPOS FEAR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Valles Caldera 865 HSC HS 5 0 PIPOS Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Valles Caldera 868 HSC HS 6 0 PIPOS FETH DAPA2 FEAR2 Ponderosa Pine Forest (Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass) Valles Caldera 869 HSC HS 5 0 PIPOS FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 831 HSC HS 5 0 FEID MUWR BLTR POPR FEAR2 MUMO BLTR Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 834 HSC HS 5 0 BOGR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 835 HSC HS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 836 HSC HS 6 0 DAPA2 FEAR2 FEAR2 MUMO BLTR Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 837 HSC HS 5 0 BOGR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 839 HSC HS 6 0 DAPA2 FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 840 HSC HS 6 0 DAPA2 FEAR2 FEAR2 MUMO BLTR Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 841 HSC HS 5 0 BOGR2 FEAR2 MUMO BLTR Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 842 HSC HS 5 0 BOGR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 843 LSC LS 7 -1 FETH DAPA2 FEID POPR FEAR2 MUMO BLTR Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 849 HSC HS 5 0 BOGR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 851 LSC LS 7 -1 FETH DAPA2 FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 852 LSC LS 7 -1 FETH DAPA2 FEAR2 Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 870 HSC HS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO Montane / Subalpine Grassland Valles Caldera 873 HSC HS 5 0 FEAR2 MUMO 195

TEUI Climate Precipitation Life Climate Ecological Response Unit Forest Name Map Plant Subseries Gradient Regime Zone Step Unit Gambel Oak Shrubland Valles Caldera 899 HSC HS 6 0 QUGA RONEN

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