1 A three-genome five-gene comprehensive phylogeny of the 2 bulbous genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) challenges current 3 classifications and reveals multiple hybridization events 4 5 Isabel Marques1,2*, Javier Fuertes Aguilar3, Maria Amélia Martins-Louçao4, Farideh 5 3 6 Moharrek , Gonzalo Nieto Feliner 7 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, High Polytechnic School of 8 Huesca, University of Zaragoza, Carretera Cuarte km 1, 22071 Huesca, Spain. 9 2UBC Botanical Garden & Centre for Plant Research and Department of Botany, 10 University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, 11 Canada. 12 3Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, Madrid 28014, Spain. 13 4Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes. Faculdade de Ciências. 14 University of Lisbon. Lisbon, Portugal. 15 5Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares 16 University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran. 17 *Corresponding author: Isabel Marques (
[email protected]) 18 19 Running title: A three-genome phylogeny of Narcissus 20 1 21 Abstract 22 Besides being one of the most popular ornamental bulbs in western horticulture, the 23 Mediterranean genus Narcissus has been the subject of numerous studies focusing on a 24 wide scope of topics, including cytogenetics, hybridization and the evolution of 25 polymorphic sexual systems. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on chloroplast data have 26 provided a backbone for the genus but a detailed phylogenetic framework is still 27 lacking. To fill this gap, we present a phylogenetic study of the genus using five 28 markers from three genomes: ndhF and matK (chloroplast DNA), cob and atpA 29 (mitochondrial DNA), and ITS (nuclear ribosomal DNA).