Ornamental Geophytes From Basic Science to Sustainable Production Edited by Rina Kamenetsky Hiroshi Okubo Ornamental Geophytes From Basic Science to Sustainable Production Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cover photos by William B. Miller (USA) and Sedat Kiran (Turkey). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120716 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4925-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Rina Kamenetsky dedicates this book to her father, Dr. Josef Malyar, who inspired and encouraged her scientic career. Hiroshi Okubo dedicates this book to his mentor, Dr. Shunpei Uemoto, who stimulated and supported his scientic work. Contents Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................ix August A. De Hertogh and Marcel Le Nard Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................xv Rina Kamenetsky and Hiroshi Okubo Contributors ....................................................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 Globalization of the Flower Bulb Industry...................................................................1 August A. De Hertogh, Johan van Scheepen, Marcel Le Nard, Hiroshi Okubo, and Rina Kamenetsky Chapter 2 Taxonomy and Phylogeny........................................................................................... 17 Alan W. Meerow Chapter 3 Biodiversity of Geophytes: Phytogeography, Morphology, and Survival Strategies ....57 Rina Kamenetsky Chapter 4 Botanical and Horticultural Aspects of Major Ornamental Geophytes ....................77 Hiroshi Okubo and Dariusz Sochacki Chapter 5 Introduction and Development of New Ornamental Geophytes .............................. 123 Mark P. Bridgen Chapter 6 Breeding and Genetics of Ornamental Geophytes ................................................... 131 Jaap M. van Tuyl, Paul Arens, and Agnieszka Marasek-Ciołakowska Chapter 7 Biotechnology for the Modication of Horticultural Traits in Geophytes............... 159 Kathryn K. Kamo, Frans A. Krens, and Meira Ziv Chapter 8 Florogenesis .............................................................................................................. 197 Rina Kamenetsky, Michele Zaccai, and Moshe A. Flaishman Chapter 9 Dormancy ................................................................................................................. 233 Hiroshi Okubo vii viii Contents Chapter 10 Propagation of Ornamental Geophytes: Physiology and Management Systems ..... 261 Anna Bach and Dariusz Sochacki Chapter 11 Production Chain, Forcing Physiology, and Flower Production Systems ................287 William B. Miller Chapter 12 Postharvest: Cut Flowers and Potted Plants ............................................................. 333 Michael S. Reid and Cai-Zhong Jiang Chapter 13 Sustainable Production and Integrated Management: Environmental Issues ..........363 Gary A. Chastagner, Gordon R. Hanks, Margery L. Daughtrey, Iris Yedidia, Timothy W. Miller, and Hanu R. Pappu Chapter 14 Geophyte Research and Production in East and Southeast Asia ............................. 421 Seiichi Fukai Chapter 15 Geophyte Research and Production in Brazil .......................................................... 435 Antonio F. C. Tombolato, Roberta P. Uzzo, Antonio H. Junqueira, Márcia da S. Peetz, and Giulio C. Stancato Chapter 16 Geophyte Research and Production in Chile ...........................................................449 Eduardo A. Olate and Flavia Schiappacasse Chapter 17 Geophyte Research and Production in New Zealand .............................................. 471 Keith A. Funnell, Ed R. Morgan, Glenn E. Clark, and Joo Bee Chuah Chapter 18 Geophyte Research and Production in South Africa ...............................................485 Graham D. Duncan Chapter 19 Geophyte Research and Production in Turkey .........................................................505 Ibrahim Baktir Chapter 20 Conclusions and Future Research ............................................................................ 519 Rina Kamenetsky, Gary A. Chastagner, and Hiroshi Okubo Appendix: Botanical Names Mentioned in This Book ............................................................. 525 Foreword This book is a timely and welcome publication in the eld of ower bulb production and research. The rst book on this topic was published in 1972 by Alun R. Rees and was titled The Growth of Bulbs. It was followed up by a second publication, Ornamental Bulbs, Corms, and Tubers, in 1992. Subsequently, our book The Physiology of Flower Bulbs was published in 1993 and the literature search for it concluded in 1992. Since then, there have been many technological advances in areas such as taxonomy, plant breeding, biotechnology, and physiology. In addition, there has been a worldwide “Environmental Awakening” that has required signicant changes in commercial bulb and ower production and their utilization. Concurrently, there has been an increased globalization of ower bulbs. In addition, it is well known that research is essential for any viable industry and it must be continuous. Therefore, researchers and the leaders of the ower bulb industry must address the new challenges that have and will continue to develop. Strategic and long-term planning is essential for everyone. Very importantly, traditional sources of research and educational funds are rapidly declining, not only in The Netherlands but also worldwide. Researchers will have to be cre- ative in obtaining and maintaining funds (see Chapter 1). This is especially true for long-term pro- grams like tulip breeding (see Chapter 6), which, at present, takes about 15–20 years to bring a new cultivar into mainstream production. Thus, this book, which highlights the recent advances in this scientic eld, is very essential. It will benet not only researchers who have been engaged for years but also new researchers who must meet and challenge the existing dogmas. Last, information will be valuable to the industry to bring the value of ower bulbs to the worldwide spectrum of consumers. In the end, these are the most important and last link in the chain of utilization and protability of all ower bulb products. The ower bulb industry and researchers are indebted to Dr. Rina Kamenetsky and Dr. Hiroshi Okubo for encouraging and assembling this needed book on ornamental geophytes. It will be invaluable in meeting the challenges for the twenty-rst century and beyond. August A. De Hertogh North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Marcel Le Nard Institut National de la Recherche Agrononique, France ix Editors Rina Kamenetsky was born in Almaty, Kazakhstan (in the former USSR). She received her BSc and MSc with distinction (1979) from the Kazakh State University and her PhD in plant physiology from the Main Botanical Garden of the Kazakh National Academy of Sciences at Almaty (1984). The early part of her professional career was in Kazakhstan, where she held research positions at the Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants of the Main Botanical Garden, and at the