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Narcissus Manual A grower guide Bulbs & Outdoor Flowers Narcissus Manual Gordon Hanks Independent Consultant Contents Preface 4 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 History and usage 5 1.2 The UK narcissus industry 6 1.3 World trade 9 1.4 Classification and taxonomy 10 1.5 Structure and life-cycle 13 1.6 References 15 2.0 Economics and management 18 2.1 Economics 18 2.2 Predictive crop management 20 2.3 Integrated pest and disease management 22 2.4 Carbon footprints and socio-economic effects 22 2.5 References 25 3.0 Pests, diseases and disorders 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Pest nematodes 29 3.3 Pest insects 30 3.4 Pest mites 32 3.5 Other pests 33 3.6 Fungal bulb diseases 34 3.7 Fungal foliar and other diseases 39 3.8 Viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas 42 3.9 Disorders 44 3.10 References 47 4.0 Cultivar selection and the acquisition of stocks 53 4.1 Cultivar selection 53 4.2 Bulb grade, shape and appearance 65 4.3 Bulb source and quality 67 4.4 References 68 5.0 Site considerations 71 5.1 Location – choice of region and site 71 5.2 Climate 72 5.3 Soil 73 5.4 Crop rotation and site history 74 5.5 References 75 6.0 Pre-planting operations in the field 76 6.1 Cultivation 76 6.2 Applying fertilisers 76 6.3 Soil sterilisation (disinfestation) 82 6.4 References 84 1 7.0 Bulb handling up to hot-water treatment 86 7.1 Handling and hygiene 86 7.2 Bulb storage up to HWT 89 7.3 Treatments to reduce damage due to HWT 90 7.4 References 92 8.0 Hot-water treatment 94 8.1 Overview of HWT and the HWT plant 94 8.2 Hot-water treatment regimes 96 8.3 HWT chemicals 102 8.4 HWT dip management 112 8.5 References 112 9.0 Other pre-planting treatments 117 9.1. Insecticide treatments 117 9.2. Fungicide treatments 117 9.3. Storage treatments to manipulate flowering and growth 117 9.4 References 118 10.0 Bulb planting 120 10.1 Crop duration 120 10.2 Planting in ridges or beds 122 10.3 Planting density 122 10.4 Planting geometry 124 10.5 Planting depth 124 10.6 Planting date 125 10.7 Pesticide application at planting 125 10.8 Crop covers (mulches) and cover crops 126 10.9 Planting in nets 126 10.10 References 127 11.0 Growing season operations – weed, disease and pest management 129 11.1 Weed control 129 11.2 Disease control 143 11.3 Pest control 150 11.4 References 155 12.0 Growing season operations (other than weed, disease and pest management) 158 12.1 Irrigation 158 12.2 Flower cropping and de-heading 158 12.3 Roguing, selection and inspection 160 12.4 Miscellaneous chemical applications 162 12.5 Operations between growing seasons 162 12.6 References 163 13.0 Bulb lifting 165 13.1 Lifting date 165 13.2 Foliage removal 168 13.3 Bulb lifting 169 13.4 Bulb drying in the field (windrowing) 169 2 13.5 Crop destruction 170 13.6 References 170 14.0 Bulb handling for re-planting or sale 172 14.1 Post-lifting sorting, cleaning and pesticide application 172 14.2 Bulb drying 174 14.3 Bulb storage 176 14.4 Bulb washing 177 14.5 Bulb cleaning, inspection and grading 178 14.6 Preparation for transport, transport and after-care 179 14.7 References 180 15.0 Bulb forcing 183 15.1 Bulb forcing concepts 183 15.2 Cultivars for forcing 183 15.3 The stages of bulb forcing 185 15.4 Bulb forcing schedules 187 15.5 Bulb planting 188 15.6 Growing and picking 190 15.7 Re-claiming forced bulbs 192 15.8 Long-term storage for retarded flowering 192 15.9 Some specialised forcing techniques 193 15.10 Energy conservation in bulb forcing 193 15.11 References 194 16.0 Flower handling and marketing 197 16.1 Flower handling, transport and packing 197 16.2 Cut-flowers in the retail and consumer stages 198 16.3 References 200 17.0 Pot-plant production 202 17.1 Cultivation 202 17.2 References 204 18.0 Tazetta narcissus 205 18.1 Flower and bulb production outdoors 205 18.2 Flowers and pot-plants under glass 206 18.3 References 207 19.0 Specialist types of narcissus production 209 19.1 Growing narcissus for galanthamine production 209 19.2 Growing virus-tested (VT) narcissus 210 19.3 Producing small-bulbed cultivars and species (including seed-raised bulbs) 213 19.4 Propagation – chipping and twin-scaling 215 19.5 References 217 Glossary 221 Abbreviations and acronyms 222 Acknowledgements 223 3 Preface The National Agricultural Advisory Service (NAAS), • To present new or alternative techniques for with both advisory and research roles, was formed in consideration. 1946. From then until 1986, when the commercialisation of its successor, the Agricultural Development and • To provide a manual for newcomers to the industry. Advisory Service (ADAS), begun, comprehensive, up- to-date, expert and free experiment-based advice UK narcissus growers have made great strides since was made available for farmers and growers. Much the 1970s in developing an industry that is now more of this information was delivered in the form of the sustainable from both the financial and environmental respected MAFF/ADAS reference books, booklets and viewpoints. The UK is fortunate to have seen, through the leaflets, and was supplemented by detailed annual hard work and vision of key producers, a transformation reports of MAFF-funded R&D at the research institutes, of its narcissus industry into a successful international Experimental Horticulture Stations and Experimental trade. In addition the industry formerly benefited from a Husbandry Farms. This was a major factor in the post-war MAFF/Defra-funded programme of strategic and applied renaissance of UK agriculture and production horticulture. research commensurate with the size of the sector. The funding by MAFF of strategic – but not applied - But this is not a time to stand still - there is potential horticultural research continued for some years, though for developing cultivars with novel attributes (such as now determined by policy rather than the needs of the scent, autumn-flowering, enhanced pharmaceuticals industry. The Horticultural Development Council (HDC, content and resistance to basal rot and virus diseases), now the Horticultural Development Company and part for designing novel methods of plant protection, and of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board) for advancing production techniques (for example was set up in 1986 to fund applied research through a through the development of automated bulb handling compulsory levy on growers. and inspection to reduce labour inputs). As ‘rationalisation’ of strategic and applied horticultural research continued into the 21st Century, it seemed a The term ‘narcissus’ is used throughout to cover all types good time to update and re-focus knowledge from those of narcissus, including the larger-flowered ‘daffodils’, still-consulted ADAS publications. This HDC-sponsored the smaller-flowered ‘narcissi’ and sundry other types manual is an attempt to do that for narcissus (daffodil) such as tazettas and species. The term ‘contemporary growing - perhaps the most successful UK horticultural bulb growing’ is used to refer to practices used from sector in terms of world lead and exports. The aims were: the 1980s, in contrast to the more ‘traditional’ practices used previously. This manual has been a long time in the • To summarise information from the MAFF/ADAS writing and publication, and the author would be grateful books, booklets and leaflets. to receive, through the HDC, any corrections, omissions, updates, additions or suggestions. • To update this information from Defra- and HDC- funded R&D and from worldwide resources. Gordon Hanks • To summarise historic information where this might explain current practices or suggest improvements. Spalding, August 2013 Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this guide is complete and correct at the time of going to press but the HDC and the authors do not accept liability for any error or omission in the content, or for any loss, damage or other accident arising from the use of products listed herein. Omission of a product does not necessarily mean that it is not approved and available for use. No endorsement of named products is intended nor is any criticism implied of other alternative, but unnamed, products. The product information has been selected from official sources and from manufacturers’ labels and product manuals of pesticides approved under the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 and the Plant Protection Regulations 2005. It is essential to follow the instructions on the approved label before handling, storing or using any crop protection product. Off-label and extrapolation uses are made entirely at the risk of the user. The contents of this publication are based on information received up to 1 September 2013. 4 1.0 Introduction 1.1 History and usage Narcissus as native British plants Both use and ornament The wild daffodil, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, is a native The opening section was concerned only with the of the British Isles found, usually rather locally, in woods narcissus’s role as an ornamental plant, though a and grasslands throughout England, Wales and Jersey recent textbook has drawn attention to many other and naturalised in Scotland and Ireland. The ‘Tenby important properties of the genus.9 Narcissus has been Daffodil’, N. obvallaris, is questionably endemic to used in medicines and remedies since antiquity, both Pembrokeshire (and possibly other locations), though it Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC) and Pliny the Elder may be of early garden origin, while a few other species (AD 23-77) recommending the oil in the treatment of and wild hybrids, notably N.
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