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Bitiruv Malakaviy Ishi

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Bitiruv Malakaviy Ishi O`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI . OLIY VA O`RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI FARG`ONA DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI TABIIY FANLAR FAKULTETI “TASDIQLAYMAN” Tabiiy fanlar fakulteti dekani _________________ Sh. Mamajonov “____” _______________ 2017 y. 5110300 - kimyo o’qitish metodikasi yo`nalishi 13.28-guruh bitiruvchisi Kamoldinov Akmaljon Adxamjon o’glining “Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlarining nazariy va amaliy ahamiyati” mavzusidagi BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHI Ilmiy rahbar: Kafedra katta o`qituvchisi O.M.Nazarov Farg`ona-2017 MUNDARIJA Kirish. 3 1- bob. Amaryllidaceae oilasi o’simliklarning umumiy tavsifi. 8 1.1. Amaryllidaceae oilasi o’simliklarning ilmiy tasnifi. 8 1.2 Amaryllidaceae oilasi o’simliklarini ahamiyati. 12 2-bob. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlari kimyosi. 14 2.1. Amaryllidaceae oilasi alkaloidlari tasnifi. 14 2.2. Amaryllidaceae oilasi alkaloidlarining boshqa turlari. 16 2.3. Amaryllidaceae oilasi alkaloidlarini kimyoviy tuzilishi. 18 2.3.1. Likorin turi alkaloidlari. 18 2.3.2. Gomoikorin turi alkaloidlari. 22 2.3.3. Krinin turi alkaloidlari . 24 2.3.4. Gamantamin turi alkaloidlari. 25 2.3.5. Narsislazin turi alkaloidlari . 26 2.3.6. Tazettin turi alkaloidlari. 27 2.3.7. Montanin turi alkaloidlari. 28 2.3.8. Galantamin turi alkaloidlari. 28 2.3.9. Norbelladin turi alkaloidlarini tuzilishi. 30 2.4. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlari tuzilishini kimyoviy va fizik 31 tadqiqot usullar bilan o’rganish. 2.4.1. Likorin turi alkaloidlari. 31 2.4.2. Gomolikorin turi alkaloidlari. 34 2.4.3. Krinin va gamantamin turi alkaloidlari. 37 2.4.4. Tazettin turi alkaloidlari. 39 2.4.5. Narsislazin turi alkaloidlari. 40 2.4.6. Montanin turi alkaloidlari. 41 2.4.7. Galantamin turi alkaloidlari. 42 2.5. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlarining biosintezi. 43 3-Bob. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlairning farmakologiyasi va 46 ahamiyati. 3.1. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlairning farmakologiyasi 46 3.2. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlarinig kimyoviy ekologiyasi. 55 3.3. Amaryllidaceae alkaloidlari fiziologiyasi. 57 Xulosalar. 60 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati. 61 2 Kirish. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Oliy ta’lim tizimini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi qarori oliy ta’lim tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish, mamlakatimizni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish borasidagi ustuvor vazifalarga mos holda, kadrlar tayyorlashning ma’no-mazmunini tubdan qayta ko‘rib chiqish, xalqaro standartlar darajasida oliy malakali mutaxassislar tayyorlash uchun zarur sharoitlar yaratish maqsadida qabul qilingan. Mustaqillik yillarida iqtisodiyotning, ijtimoiy hayotning real talablaridan kelib chiqqan holda, yurtimizda oliy ta’lim tizimini modernizatsiya qilish, unga o‘qitishning zamonaviy shakl va texnologiyalarini joriy etish, mutaxassislar tayyorlash bo‘yicha ixtisoslik yo‘nalishlarini takomillashtirish borasida katta ishlar qilindi. Qarorda belgilangan vazifalarning samarali yechimini to‘liq ta’minlash maqsadida oliy ta’lim darajasini sifat jihatidan oshirish va tubdan takomillashtirish, oliy ta’lim muassasalari moddiy-texnika bazasini mustahkamlash va modernizatsiya qilish, ularni zamonaviy o‘quv-ilmiy laboratoriyalari, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bilan jihozlash maqsadida Oliy ta’lim tizimini 2017-2021-yillarga mo‘ljallangan kompleks rivojlantirish dasturi tasdiqlandi. Mazkur dasturda asosan mamlakatimizning har bir oliy ta’lim muassasasi bilan AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Italiya, Niderlandiya, Rossiya, Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya, Xitoy va shu kabi boshqa davlatlarning yetakchi ilmiy-ta’lim muassasalari bilan hamkorlik aloqalarining o‘rnatilgani o‘ta muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Oliy ta’lim tizimini yanada rivojlantirish chora- tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi qarori uzluksiz ta’lim tizimini rivojlantirish, mamlakatimizning izchil rivojlanib borayotgan iqtisodiyotini yuqori malakali kadrlar bilan ta’minlash, barcha hududlar va tarmoqlarni strategik jihatdan kompleks rivojlantirish masalalarini hal qilish borasida oliy ta’lim tizimi ishtirokini kengaytirish yo‘lidagi yana bir muhim amaliy qadamdir. Inson o’simliklardan foydalanishni qadimdan bilgan. U yashash va hayot kechirish uchun o’zining atrofidagi turli tuman o’simliklarning maysalari, novdalari, 3 barglari, mevalari, urug’lari, piyozlari, tugunaklari, ildizlari va ildizpoyalaridan oziq-ovqat uchun foydalangan hamda boshqa maqsadlarda ham ulardan bahramand bo’lgan. Foydali o’simliklarni boshqacha qilib xom-ashyo o’simliklari deb ham yuritish mumkin. Xomashyo o’simliklari bu, tabiiy flora tarkibida uchraydigan bevosita to’g’ridan to’g’ri ishlatiladigan yoki qayta ishlov bergandan keyin ishlatilishi mumkin bo’lgan turlardir. Dorivor o’simliklar – o’zida odam va hayvon organizmlariga ta’sir qiluvchi biologik faol moddalarni saqlovchi, tibbiyot maqsadida foydalaniladigan o’simliklardir. Dunyo bo’yicha 21000 tur o’simlik dorivorlik xususiyatiga ega. Ayniqsa xalq tabobatida ishlatiladigan turlarning soni ko’p (arab, xind, xitoy, tibet tibbiyotida). Tibet tibbiyotida 400 ga yaqin tur o’simlik ishlatiladi. Ishlab chiqarish sanoati miqyosida ishlatiladigan dorivor o’simliklar dorivor vositalar davlat reestriga kiritiladi. Ularda turli biologik faol moddalar (BFM) to’planadi (alkaloidlar, glikozidlar, vitaminlar, achchiq moddalar, oshlovchi moddalar, polisaxaridlar, flavonoidlar, efir moylari va boshqa.). Odatda dorivor o’simliklarni quyidagi guruhlarga bo’linadi: – tinchlantiruvchi; – uyqu keltiruvchi; – og’riq qoldiruvchi; – yaralarni tuzatuvchi; – qon to’xtatuvchi; – safro haydovchi; – yumshatuvchi va boshqalar. Inson va hayvonlar organizmida ro’y beradigan turli kasalliklarni davolashda ishlatiladigan dori-darmonlar ichida shifobaxsh o’simliklardan tayyorlanayotgan dorilar salmoqli o’rin tutadi. Dorivor o‘simliklarning shifobaxshligi — ular tarkibida ma’lum ta’sir qiluvchi kimyoviy moddalar: alkaloidlar, flavonoidlar, glikozinlar, vitaminlar, oshlovchi moddalar va boshqalar borligidadir. Ko‘pgina shifobaxsh o‘simliklar tibbiyotda qo‘llaniladi va hozirgi kunda ham kishilar o‘simliklarning kimyoviy tarkibini mukammal o‘rganishga erishdilar. Bu esa o‘z navbatida yangi-yangi kashfiyotlarga olib keldi. Hozirgi kunda mog‘or zamburug‘i deb ataladigan zamburug‘dan penitsillin dorisi tayyorlanmoqda. Ba’zi dorivor o‘simliklar, masalan, yalpiz plantatsiyalarda ko‘paytirilmoqda. Yalpiz moyining asosiy qismini tashkil etgan modda – mentol 4 tish poroshogini xushbo‘y qiladi. Mentol validol va boshqa yurak kasalligi dorilari, tinchlantiruvchi dorilarga, kosmonavtlarning ovqatlanish ratsio­niga kiradigan yalpizli karamelga ham qo‘shiladi. Mamlakatimiz yovvoyi holda o‘sadigan dorivor o‘simliklarga ham boy. O‘rmonlarda marvaridgul o‘sadi, undan yurak kasalligi bilan og‘riganlarga dori tayyorlanadi, o‘rmon etagi va nam o‘tloq yerlarda o‘sadigan valeriana o‘simligildan tinchlantiruvchi dori ishlanadi. O‘tloq yerlarda har qadamda dalachoy (uni xalq orasida 95 dardga davo bo‘ladi deyishadi), bo‘yimodaron, ko‘ko‘t, gazako‘t, qora andiz va boshqa dorivor o‘simliklar o‘sib yotadi. Dorivor o‘simliklarning organizmga ta’siri ular­ning tarkibidagi kimyoviy birikmalarning miqdoriga bog‘liq. Bu birikmalar o‘simlik­larning qismlarida turli miqdorda to‘planadi. O’zbekistonda yovvoyi holda o’sadigan va o’stiriladigan o’simliklar soni qariyb 4150 taga yetadi, ulardan 577 tasi shifobaxsh o’simliklar. O’simliklar kimyoviy jihatdan juda murakkab xisoblanadi, ularning tarkibida 21 ta element mavjud, bu elementlardan 16 tasi hamma o’simliklarda, qolgan 5 tasi ba’zi birlarida mavjud. O’simliklarda 29 ta organik molekulalar (glyukoza, riboza, moylar, fosfatidlar, 20 ta aminokislota, 5 ta nukleozidlar, son-sanoqsiz har xil murakkab birikmalar bor. O‘zbekiston tibbiyotida qo‘llaniladigan dorivor vosita- larning 38-40% ini o‘simliklardan olinadigan preparatlar tashkil qiladi. Ba’zi og‘ir kasalliklarni davolashda ishlatiladigan muhim ahamiyatli ayrim dorivor preparatlarni (yurak glikozidlar, qator alkaloidlar, terpenlar, saponinlar, steroid va fenolli birikmalar va boshqa biologik faol moddalar) shu vaqtgacha sintez yo‘li bilan olib bo‘lmadi. Ularni olish manbai hozircha faqat o‘simliklar bo‘lib qolmoqda. Farmatsevtika sanoati va dorixonalar ehtiyojini qondirish maqsadida har yili katta miqdorda dorivor o‘simliklar mahsuloti tayyorlanadi. Mahsulotlar asosan yovvoyi holda o‘sadigan dorivor o‘simliklardan yig‘iladi. Yil sayin dorivor o‘simliklar mahsulotiga bo‘lgan talab oshmoqda. Shuning uchun tayyorlanadigan mahsulotning miqdori ham oshmoqda. Yovvoyi holda o‘sadigan dorivor o‘simliklarning zahirasi har qancha ko‘p bo‘lmasin, yildan-yilga ko‘payib borayotgan tayyorlash miqdorini qondirish hamda tabiiy sharoitda o‘sadigan 5 o‘simliklarni saqlab qolish uchun ularni yig‘ishni to‘g‘ri uyushtirilishi kerak hamda mahsulotlarning tayyorlashni ilmiy asoslangan qat’iy rejaga rioya qilingan holda olib borish zarurdir. Ishning dolzarbligi. Hozirgi vaqtda o`simlik dunyosi tabiiy hamda biologik faol moddalarni bitmas tugalmas manbai bo`lib qolmoqda. O`simlik moddalari keng qamrovli fiziologik ta`sir bilan bir qatorda uglerod zanjiri , xalqasi, funksional guruxlari va kimyoviy xossalarini turli tumanligiga ega bo`lib, ularni kimyoviy o`rganish doimo dolzarbdir. Shifobaxsh o’simliklar tibbiyotda o’zlarining davolash xossalari va ko’plab dorivor moddalar borligi uchun qo’llaniladi. Davolash xossalari esa o’simliklarda farmologik yoki biologik aktiv moddalar hisobiga boradi va ularni keng turda o’simlikning ta’sir etuvchi moddalari deb ataladi. Bu moddalar kimyoviy jihatdan turli sinflarga tegishlidir. Bularga alkaloidlar, glikozidlar, terpenoidlar,
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