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Towards a new beginning A Foundational Report for a Strategy to Revitalize First Nation, Inuit and Métis Languages and Cultures T ASK FORCE ON ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES AND CULTURES TOWARDS A NEW BEGINNING A Foundational Report for a Strategy to Revitalize First Nation, Inuit and Métis Languages and Cultures Report to the Minister of Canadian Heritage by The Task Force on Aboriginal Languages and Cultures June 2005 Copies of this report are available electronically: www.aboriginallanguagestaskforce.ca and by mail: Aboriginal Languages Directorate Aboriginal Affairs Branch Department of Canadian Heritage 12 York Street, 3rd Floor East, 12-3-A Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0M5 Cover art by: Heather Nottaway Sonny Thomas Photography by: Cattroll Photo Associates, www.cattroll.com The Task Force graciously acknowledges the contributions of the Elders, community members and the members of the Circle of Experts who participated in consultations, and the individuals and organizations who presented submissions, all of which contributed to the conclusions and recommendations reflected in this foundational report. ISBN 0-662-69121-0 Catalogue No. CH4-96/2005 Comments welcomed via: Web site: www.aboriginallanguagestaskforce.ca Toll-free number: 1-866-353-3178 E-mail: [email protected] To the Honourable Liza Frulla Minister of Canadian Heritage On behalf of the Task Force on Aboriginal Languages and Cultures, we are pleased to provide you with our report entitled, Towards a New Beginning: A Foundational Report for a Strategy to Revitalize First Nation, Inuit and Métis Languages and Cultures. It is our sincere wish that this Report be regarded as a significant step in the journey towards building a new relationship with First Nation, Inuit and Métis people, and towards restoring our pride, our self-esteem and hope for our youth for generations to come. Respectfully submitted, Ron Ignace Mary Jane Jim Chair Co-Chair June 28, 2005 Winnipeg, Canada Members of the Task Force on Aboriginal Languages and Cultures Back row, left to right: Alexina Kublu, Rosemarie McPherson, Helen Klengenberg, Linda Pelly-Landrie, Amos Key Jr. Front row, left to right: Frank Parnell, Ruth Norton, Ron Ignace, Mary Jane Jim, Bruce Flamont Towards a New Beginning: A Foundational Report for a Strategy to Revitalize First Nation, Inuit and Métis Languages and Cultures Executive Summary Our Guiding Principles To advise the Minister, 10 Task Force members — Bruce Flamont, Ron Ignace, Mary Jane Jim, Amos The Task Force’s work was informed by values and Key Jr., Helen Klengenberg, Alexina Kublu, Rosemarie principles taught by the Elders. It was inspired by a McPherson, Ruth Norton, Frank Parnell and Linda vision that sees First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages as Pelly-Landrie — were appointed in December 2003 gifts from the Creator carrying unique and irreplaceable by consensus among the partners: the Assembly of values and spiritual beliefs that allow speakers to relate First Nations, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and the with their ancestors and to take part in sacred Métis National Council, working closely with the ceremonies. This vision sees the present generation Government of Canada. A Circle of Experts, a group recovering and strengthening the ability to speak these of knowledgeable and experienced language and cultural sacred, living languages and passing them on so that the leaders, educators and community workers from across seventh and future generations will be fluent in them. Canada, was also named to assist the Task Force. It sees these renewed languages as expressions of First Nation, Inuit and Métis nationhood in a country that Task Force Mandate and Terms of Reference has made itself whole by recognizing them in law as the original languages of Canada. This vision sees Canada On appointment, the Task Force received a mandate providing enduring institutional support for First Nation, to propose a national strategy to preserve, revitalize and Inuit and Métis languages and Canadians of all origins, promote First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages and recognizing, sharing and supporting these principles cultures. Detailed terms of reference were provided later, and values. calling for advice on the structure and functions of the proposed languages and cultures centre and requiring Part I — Introduction to the Task Force the Task Force to report back to the Minister. Report How Our Elders Guided the Task Force Process The Task Force acknowledges that this report is only a beginning, a foundation for the long-term, Drawn from First Nation, Inuit and Métis communities community-based work still to be done. Language from across Canada, all Task Force members share the and culture are the foundations of the nationhood view that language and culture are maintained and of First Nation, Inuit and Métis people and the Task transmitted at the family and community level, sanctified Force does not intend this report to detract from their by spiritual practices and ceremonies, and symbolized by Aboriginal and treaty rights under section 35 of the the inspiring presence of Elders. Before beginning their Constitution Act, 1982. The term “Aboriginal” is avoided as consultations, the Task Force held a meeting on May 14, it may blur distinctions between First Nation, Inuit and 2004, with Elders, to seek their guidance and blessings. Métis peoples, as well as between their different past and As a result, all Task Force processes were filled with present government-to-government relationships with respect for the serious and sacred nature of the work each other and with Canada. being undertaken. Part II — The Task Force on Aboriginal Task Force Approach and Activities Languages and Cultures For administrative and political reasons beyond the Composition of the Task Force control of the Task Force, including the short timeframe, all elements of the terms of reference could not be fully In December 2002, the Minister of Canadian Heritage addressed. However, the Task Force was able to meet announced that Canada would create a centre with a with the Elders for guidance, conduct a research and budget of $160 million over 10 years to help preserve, literature review, carry out 16 cross-Canada community revitalize and promote Aboriginal languages and cultures. focus group consultations, consult with national First REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES AND CULTURES i Nation, Inuit and Métis organizations, prepare research Our Languages: Our Responsibility, Canada’s Duty guidelines and protocols, assess and analyze the consultation results and other data collected, and deliver While there are worldwide trends compounding this loss this foundational report. of language, Canada’s past assimilative actions, particularly the residential school system, cannot be ignored. Canada’s Part III — Our Languages and Cultures: failure to protect First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages Cornerstones for Our Philosophies and cultures means it must now provide the resources necessary to restore them. All federal departments share Our Languages: Our Social and Spiritual Values this responsibility. However, First Nation, Inuit and Métis peoples must also take their rightful place as the first and A people’s philosophy and culture are embedded in their foremost teachers of their own languages and cultures. language and given expression by it. Language and culture are key to the collective sense of identity and nationhood Part IV — First Nation, Inuit and Métis of the First Nation, Inuit and Métis peoples. Their Languages: Where We Are Now languages arose here and are structured differently than languages born elsewhere, because they are based Our Languages: Our Diversity as Peoples on relationships. A national linguistic and cultural revival strategy must Our Languages: Our Connection to the Land reflect the diversity of First Nation, Inuit and Métis peoples and the different conditions of their languages. The most important relationship embodied by First The exact number of languages and dialects is Nation, Inuit and Métis languages is with the land. unknown, but around 61 are spoken today. First “The land” is more than the physical landscape; Nations speak 59 languages. Inuit speak various dialects it involves the creatures and plants, as well as the people’s of Inuktitut and Métis speak Michif, as well as some historical and spiritual relationship to their territories. First Nation languages. First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages show that the people are not separate from the land. They have The Status of First Nation, Inuit and Métis a responsibility to protect it and to preserve the Languages sacred and traditional knowledge associated with it. Given their preliminary and incomplete nature, existing The Past: Different Cultures, Different Perspectives community-based studies assessing language vitality in terms of numbers of fluent speakers and rates of Of the many differences in cultural perspective between intergenerational transmission were interpreted with First Nation, Inuit and Métis peoples and other caution by the Task Force. What these studies do show Canadians, the oral tradition is most important. It is the is the diversity of First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages preserve of Elders and others whose sacred responsibility vitality, ranging from flourishing to critically endangered. is to pass on the stories that reflect the relationship Even languages with a large number of speakers may between the people and the places and events that define be flourishing in some
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