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Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians

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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1983 Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians Cynthia J. Manning The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Manning, Cynthia J., "Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians" (1983). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5855. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5855 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in w h ic h c o p y r ig h t su b ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s c o n ten ts must be a ppro ved BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD L ib r a r y Un iv e r s it y of Montana D a te : 1 9 8 3 AN ETHNOHISTORY OF THE KOOTENAI INDIANS By Cynthia J. Manning B.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1978 Presented in partial fu lfillm en t of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1983 Approved by: Chair, Board of Examiners Fan, Graduate Sch __________^ ^ c Z 3 ^ ^ 3 Date UMI Number: EP36656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. IMT UMI EP36656 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................... * ................................................... I l l LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES................................................. 1v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................... 6 I I . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KOOTENAI REGION .................................... 10 I I I . THE KOOTENAI PEOPLE..................................................................................21 IV. SUBSISTENCE, ECONOMY AND MATERIAL CULTURE ..................................... 45 V. SUMMARY.............................. ............................................................ 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .................................................................................................... 72 Manning, Cynthia J ,, M.A., March 1983 Anthropology An Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians (80 pp.) Director: Dr. Katherine M. Weist The purpose of this study was, firs t, to provide an ethnohistori- cal overview of the Kootenai Indians of B ritish Columbia, northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho, and secondly, to discuss the Kootenai s' adaptation to the environmental region. The Kootenai River area is regarded by scholars and the Kootenai Indians themselves as the traditional homeland of the Kootenai Indians. The rugged, mountainous terrain and river valley supported a re la tiv e ly rich cultural lif e . Euroamericans who fir s t entered the area made observations of Kootenai Indian lif e - ways in th eir journals and records. Data was gathered by researching the journals, letters,reports and documents of the early Euroamerican explorers, trappers and traders, missionaries and government o ffic ia ls who travelled through the Kootenai region Data was also supplied through consultation with Kootenai Indian elders. Secondary sources were used to supplement and corroborate data. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have significantly and generously contributed to the development and completion of this thesis, which has been greatly appreciated. Special thanks to the members of my thesis committee: Dr. H. Duane Hampton, Dr. Carling I. Malouf, Dr. Dee C. Taylor, and especially to the chairperson. Dr. Katherine M. Weist. Their comments and suggestions were very helpful, as was their consideration of my very limited time schedule. A very special thanks to the Kootenai Indian Tribe, especially the Kootenai Cultural Committee, located at Elmo, Montana on the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Reservation. The Cultural Committee, chaired by Patricia Hewankorn, contributed funds for my consulting work which, on a student's almost nonexistant income, was greatly appreciated. Thanks to Joe Antiste, Madeline Couture, Alex Lefthand, and Adeline Mathias for hours of interesting and informative talk regarding trib a l traditions. Thanks to Sophie Matt for coordinating much of my visits to the reservation. And a special thanks to Pat and Nada Lefthand for th eir help and numerous hours of conversation over the past four years. Thanks to the U.S. Forest Service, Regional Office, and my ex­ supervisor, Dr. Ernestene Green, for allowing my participation in the Cooperative Education program. Thanks to the Lewis and Clark National Forest for granting me time o ff to complete my graduate education. Thanks to my family, especially my parents, Joseph J. and Phyllis J. Manning, and my aunt, Elizabeth M. Tomes, for th eir encouragement and support throughout my graduate career. Thanks also to my fellow students and friends for th eir support and their understanding of seeing me so infrequently. Thanks to John Barsness for editing and typing the f ir s t draft of this thesis and to Diane L. Waldo for typing the final. Thanks to Laurie Emmart for drafting a fine map. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my grandmothers, Louise S. Manning and Hazel G. Mears. m LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Map of the Kootenai Region ....................................................................... v Table 1. Population Estimates and Counts of the Kootenai.............................. 31 IV * A th o b osko Figure 1 THE KOOTENAI REGION * Rocky Mountain Houso A <5. L ot Morm Kootonay Pass CANADA UNITED STATES L ib b y K uilykpoll House Elmo r ' - ' ,• /SoliSA Houso Chapter I INTRODUCTION The Kootenai River valley region of B ritish Columbia, northwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho Is recognized by both scholars and tribal traditions as the traditional homeland of the Kootenai Indians. I t Is an area characterized by precipitous, densely forested mountains. Intersected by narrow water courses. The Kootenai River valley serves as a major corridor through the rugged mountains, providing a transportation route linking the northern and eastern regions to lands south and west. The Kootenai River originates at Columbia Lakes, British Columbia, and runs basically southward to the mouth of the Fisher River, where i t cuts westward through northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho. From there i t flows northward, emptying into Kootenay Lake in British Columbia (see map, p. v). According to Kootenai trib a l trad itio n , they were the original inhabitants of the Kootenai River region. It is not known who the Kootenai's ancestors were, nor from where they may have migrated. Some sources conjecture the Kootenai moved into the region from the north and settled along the riv e r, probably in the northern to middle stretch where the river flows south (Schaeffer 1940, Turney-High 1941), possibly in the vicinity of Tobacco Plains. More often sources state the Kootenai moved out of the eastern plains and Rocky Mountain 2 fo oth ills due to pressure from hostile Blackfeet (Chamberlain 1907; Johnson 1969). At any rate, white explorers, trappers and traders were informed by other Indian groups that the land west of the northern Rockies was Kootenai te rrito ry . Archaeological investigations have revealed human occupation of the Kootenai region dating to Paleo-Indian times, ca. 12,000 to 10,000 B.P. (Reeves 1975; Choquette and Holstine 1980). Reeves (1982:51) figures this occupation can be attributed to the Kootenai at least 2,000 years ago. At this time sufficient data do not exist to determine whether the occupation was Kootenai prior to 2,000 years ago, nor is i t known who these e a rlie r people might have been. My interest in the Kootenai Indians developed during three years of archaeological work conducted primarily for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, headquartered at Libby, Montana. As we attempted to determine potential locations for sites, numerous questions arose, and our survey strategies became increasingly problematic. What characteristics could have made one landform, or a certain vegetative type, a more propitious location for a campsite? What resources could have been more abundant in an area, promoting its greater u tiliza tio n or habitation? Additional questions arose, particularly after we had hiked up and down steep slopes, crawled on a ll fours through dense underbrush, and balanced precariously on downfall where there was no way to get around. How did the aboriginal people travel through this region? How and why did they liv e in such
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