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Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae), Relacionados Con Insectos Plaga En El Maíz De Navarra

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Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae), Relacionados Con Insectos Plaga En El Maíz De Navarra UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA Departamento de Zoología y Ecología Tesis Doctoral Enrique Baquero Martín Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra ISBN 978-84-8081-306-8 Para Esther, sin cuya comprensión y paciencia este proyecto no hubiera llegado nunca a su fin. Himenópteros parásitos de la serie Parasitica (Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae), relacionados con insectos plaga en el maíz de Navarra. Memoria presentada para la obtención Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el del grado de Doctor por el Licenciado Departamento de Zoología y Ecología de la D. Enrique Baquero Martín* Universidad de Navarra bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. D. Rafael Jordana Butticaz y Pamplona a trece de enero de 1997. aceptado para su presentación Fdo.: Enrique Baquero Martín Fdo.: Dr. D. Rafael Jordana Butticaz * Becado por la Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra en los cursos académicos 91/92 y 95/96 y por el Gobierno de Navarra los cursos 92/93, 93/94 y 94/95. AGRADECIMIENTOS. Es enorme la cantidad de personas que intervienen de manera directa o indirecta en el trabajo que supone la realización de un proyecto de investigación como este. Unos aportan ideas, otros colaboraron en la ejecución de trabajos prácticos y los más con su apoyo, cariño o simple presencia. Así, Arturo A., Iñaki, Carlos, Enrique, Ricardo, Dr. Campos, Juani, Carmen, Dra. Escala, Lucía, Cristina, Arturo G., Miriam, Jose, Arantxa, Victor, Alfonso, Mariano, Jesus Mª, Inma, Ana, Rafa, Mariló, Pinky, Javi, Merchi, Franki, Soco, recibid mi agradecimiento general. En particular merece mi agradecimiento el Prof. Dr. D. Rafael Jordana Butticaz, de quien partió la idea de comenzar con el estudio de esta familia de microhimenópteros, y porque sus consejos y su experiencia han permitido esta ampliación del conocimiento de la Fauna de Navarra. Agradezco a la Dra. Chiappini y al Dr. Alma su ayuda en la identificación de algunos ejemplares, como expertos en mimáridos y cicadélidos respectivamente. Tampoco puedo olvidar a la Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra y al Gobierno de Navarra que, con sus becas de formación del personal investigador, han hecho posible esta investigación. Por último, y no por eso con menos énfasis, agradezco a mis padres, a mi hermana, a mi tia, a Vicente y a Carmen su permanente apoyo y su comprensión hacia un trabajo que, supongo, es dificil de comprender. A todos, Gracias RESUMEN En esta Memoria de Tesis doctoral se presenta un estudio de los mimáridos (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) relacionados con el maíz en Navarra. Se han recogido 72 muestras en 60 puntos diferentes utilizando dos métodos de muestreo completamente diferentes: trampa ‘Malasia’ y captura directa con manga entomológica. La extracción ha sido directa bajo lupa binocular y se han separado 7.268 mimáridos de un total de 94.038 insectos y otros artrópodos. Representan el 7.72% del total. Estos mimáridos han sido clasificados y separados en 37 especies y 11 géneros diferentes. Los géneros Anagrus HALIDAY, 1833 y Gonatocerus NEES, 1834 han aparecido como los más relacionados con el cultivo del maíz en Navarra y dos de sus especies las más distribuidas por todo el territorio, en concreto Anagrus (Anagrus) atomus (LINNAEUS), 1767 y Gonatocerus litoralis HALIDAY, 1833. Se ha comprobado asimismo la presencia de la especie de cicadélido Zyginidia scutellaris (HERRICH-SCHÄFFER), 1838 (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) en todos los campos de maíz de Navarra. Dieciocho de las especies capturadas han aparecido escasamente representadas (ocho de ellas con un sólo individuo). Se ha comprobado la elevada presencia de insectos y de otros artrópodos en los campos de maíz debido a la ausencia de tratamientos químicos contra los insectos perjudiciales. ABSTRACT In this Ph.D. dissertation a research of the mimarids in the corn crops in Navarra (Spain) is presented. 72 samples from 60 sites were taken using two sampling methods: a ‘Malaise’ trap and a sweep-net over the plants of maize. The extraction was made under binocular stereomicroscope. 7,268 mimarids from a total of 94,038 insects and other anthropods were separated. These mimarids have been classified into 37 species and 11 different genera. Anagrus HALIDAY, 1833 and Gonatocerus NEES, 1834 appear as the genera most related genera with the corn crops, especially Anagrus (Anagrus) atomus (LINNAEUS), 1767 and Gonatocerus litoralis HALIDAY, 1833. Zyginidia scutellaris (HERRICH-SCHÄFFER), 1838 (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) is present in all the maize fields of Navarra. Eighteen of the species captured are poorly represented (eight only by one specimen). Due to the absence of chemical treatments against injurious insects, there are a large quantity of insects and other arthropods on the plants of maize. INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Página 1.1. Antecedentes ..........................................................................................3 1.1.1. Conocimiento de la familia Mymaridae en España .....................7 1.2. Objeto del trabajo..................................................................................10 1.3. Familia Mymaridae. ..................................................................................11 1.3.1. Biología.. .................................................................................11 1.3.2. Morfología y anatomía............................................................13 1.3.3. Clave de los géneros paleárticos de la familia Mymaridae .......23 2. ZONA DE ESTUDIO 2.1. Descripción de Navarra. .......................................................................29 2.1.1. Cultivos ...................................................................................30 2.2. El maíz ..................................................................................................32 2.2.1. El maíz en Navarra. ................................................................34 2.2.2. Plagas y enfermedades del maíz. ..........................................35 3. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS 3.1. Muestreo ...............................................................................................43 3.2. Métodos de captura ..............................................................................49 3.2.1. Captura mediante trampa.......................................................49 3.2.1.1. Periodo de muestreo..............................................51 3.2.2. Captura directa .......................................................................52 3.3. Extracción..............................................................................................54 3.4. Preparación del material .......................................................................55 3.5. Identificación .........................................................................................57 3.6. Iconografía ............................................................................................58 4. RESULTADOS 4.1. Taxones encontrados en las muestras.................................................65 Página 4.2. Lista de especies ..................................................................................68 4.1. Descripciones........................................................................................71 Abreviaturas utilizadas en el texto ......................................................72 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Alaptus WESTWOOD, 1839 .....................................................74 Anagrus WALIDAY, 1833........................................................91 Anaphes HALIDAY, 1833......................................................135 Camptoptera FÖRSTER, 1856 .............................................179 Erythmelus ENOCK, 1909 ...................................................188 Gonatocerus NEES, 1834 ...................................................208 Mymar CURTIS, 1832 ...........................................................252 Ooctonus HALIDAY, 1833 ....................................................263 Polynema HALIDAY, 1833....................................................274 Stephanodes ENOCK, 1909 ................................................287 Stethynium ENOCK, 1909 ...................................................297 (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Zyginidia scutellaris (HERRICH-SCHÄFFER), 1838..............308 Macrosteles (M.) sexnotatus (FALLÉN), 1806 ...................309 Psammotettix alienus (DAHLBOM), 1951 ...........................310 4.4. Análisis de los taxones encontrados ..................................................315 4.4.1. Trampa ‘Malaise’.....................................................................315 4.4.2. Muestreo directo .....................................................................321 5. CONCLUSIONES.............................................................................................333 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .....................................................................................................339 INDICE DE MAPAS, GRÁFICOS, FIGURAS Y FOTOGRAFÍAS MAPAS Página 1. Zonas de regadío en Navarra....................................................................31 2. Punto de muestreo mediante trampa ‘Malaise’.........................................44 3. Zonas donde se cultivaba maíz en Navarra en 1962 ...............................45 4. Puntos de muestreo mediante captura directa .........................................48 5. Localización de las capturas de Alaptus fusculus WALKER ......................79 6. idem. Anagrus (Anagrus) atomus (LINNAEUS) ........................................101 7. idem. Anagrus (Anagrus) similis
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