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University of Arizona SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CROP ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF POLYNEMA (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA (PARASITOIDS, PARASITE, ALFALFA HOPPERS, LEAFHOPPERS). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors LAKIN, KENNETH RYAN. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 03:08:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188052 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI48106 8526317 Lakin, Kenneth Ryan SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CROP ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF POL YNEMA (HYMENOPTERA:MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA The University of Arizona PH.D. 1985 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark_;l_. 1. Glossy photographs or pages /' 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print __ 3. Photographs with dark background ~ 4. Illustrations are poor copy __ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy __ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page __ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages V 8. Print exceeds margin requirements __ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine __ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print __ 11. 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Curling and wrinkled pages __ 15. ~her__________________________________________ _ University Microfilms International SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CROP ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF POLYNEMA (HYMENOPTERA:MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Kenneth Ryan Lakin A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 985 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ~K~e~n~n~e~t~h~R~y~a~n~L~a~k~i~n~ ____________________ _ entitled SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CROP ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF POLYNEMA (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement Date 7 ~/Z-6ks Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertetion prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made •. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: DEDICATION To Dr. Charles G. Jackson, friend, mentor, and boss, I dedicate this dissertation. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Floyd G. Werner for his guidance during the course of this work and his sugges­ tions on the manuscript. Appreciation is extended to Drs. Harry M. Graham, William Nutting, Charles T. Mason, and Willard VanAsdall for serving on my committee and for reviewing the disser­ tation. Special thanks are due to Dr. Charles G. Jackson, Biological Control of Insects Laboratory, ARS, USDA, who provided laboratory space, equipment and direction for this research. Numerous other USDA employees contributed in various ways including Dr. Harry M. Graham, Eugene Neeman, Raymond Patana, Richard Carranza, and Stephan Roth without whose assistance this research could not have been completed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................ vii ABSTRACT ............................................. ix INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Taxonomic Considerations 2 Mymarid Biology ...... 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................ 12 Field Collection and Sorting Techniques 12 Laboratory Host Plants .•........•.•.•.•. 14 Labora tory Cages ••••••••••••••••••..•••••.•. 15 Rearing Conditions for Polynema boreum •••... 16 Taxonomic Studies •...••..• . •.... 17 Biological Studies .....•.. .•... 21 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................... 26 Systematic Studies .....•.•..•....•.•......•..•... 26 Checklist of Southern Arizona Polynema ••... 26 A key to the Genera of Field-collected Mymarids of Southern Arizona ............ 29 Key to the Species of Polynema Found in Agricultural Areas of Southern Arizona ................ 47 Sympa tric Sibling Species ....••.....•...•.. 48 Biological Studies •..... 51 Host Determination 51 Potential Fecundity 53 Longevity ........ 56 Developmental Time 58 Sex Ratios .•....•. 62 Seasonal Distribution 63 CONCLUSIONS .......................................... 77 REFERENCES ....................... 80 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. ANOVA analysis of the consistency of female Polynema medicae appendage measurements ..•...••••.•..•••..•.••.••••...••... 34 2. ANOVA analysis of the consistency of female Polynema sp. c appendage measurements .•.•...•.•..••..•..••.............•. 35 3. Appendage measurements for females from 4 additional species of Polynema ........... 37 4. Ovarian egg number for Polynema species from southern Arizona, reared at 26 0 C .......... 55 5. Longevity of Polynema species from southern Arizona, reared at 26 0 C ............... 57 6. Developmental time for Polynema species from southern Arizona, and reared at 26 0 C ••..••••.•••.•.•..•••..............••... 59 7. Sex ratios of southern Arizona field­ collected Polynema species in 1983 and 1984, and ratios occurring in laboratory cuI tures ........................................ 60 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Fore-wing of Polynema sp. b .......•.••........... 31 2. Fore-wing patterns of Polynema species collected from southern Arizona which are capable of parasitizing the eggs of the threecornered alfalfa hopper •..•......•.......... 39 3. Fore-wing patterns of additional Polynema species collected from southern Arizona •...•..... 40 4. Antennal types of female Polynema species collected from southern Arizona •................. 41 5. Antennal types of male Polynema species collected from southern Arizona •.•.....•......... 42 6. Dorsal view of the gaster of female Polynema species collected from southern Arizona and which are parasitoids of threecornered alfalfa hopper eggs •.......•..•.... 44 7. Dorsal view of the gaster of female Polynema species collected from southern Arizona .......................
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