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Population Dynamics, Taxonomy, and Control of Euonymus Scale, Unaspis Euonymi (Comstock)

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Population Dynamics, Taxonomy, and Control of Euonymus Scale, Unaspis Euonymi (Comstock) Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1983 Population Dynamics, Taxonomy, and Control of Euonymus Scale, Unaspis Euonymi (Comstock). Beverly Sparks Brewer Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Brewer, Beverly Sparks, "Population Dynamics, Taxonomy, and Control of Euonymus Scale, Unaspis Euonymi (Comstock)." (1983). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3834. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3834 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Microrilnns International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8317997 Brewer, Beverly Sparks POPULATION DYNAMICS, TAXONOMY, AND CONTROL OF EUONYMUS SCALE, UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK) The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical PH.D. Col.1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 POPULATION DYNAMICS, TAXONOMY, AND CONTROL OF EUONYMUS SCALE, UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Beverly Sparks Brewer A.S., Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, 1976 B.S., University of Georgia, 1978 M.S., University of Georgia, 1980 May, 1983 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author extends her gratitude to Dr. A. D. Oliver, Professor of Entomology, for the time, advice, encouragement, and valuable suggestions he contributed to this investigation and to the preparation of this manuscript. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the helpful suggestions offered by Drs. David Boethel and Seth Johnson, Department of Entomology, Dr. Jerry Graves, Head, Department of Entomology, and Dr. Wray Birchfield, Nematologist, United States Department of Agriculture, during the progress of this research. The author is grateful to Ms. Jane Thompson, Ms. Debbie Babcock, and Dr. K. L. Koonce, Department of Experimental Statistics, for their assistance in experimental designs and statistical analysis of data, Alton N. Sparks, Jr., for his assistance with photographs, and Ms. Carol Buchanan for her assistance in collecting field data. Indebtedness is expressed to the following for their cooperation without which this study would not have been possible: Dr. Bryant Bateman, Dr. and Mrs. R. P. Yadav, Mr. and Mrs. John Taylor, Dr. Dan Clower, Windmill Nursery, Casadaban's Nursery, Dr. Jeff LaFage, and Dr. K. C. Corkum. Further indebtedness is expressed to her husband, James E. Brewer, Jr., and her parents, Alton N. and Dannie M. Sparks, for their support, understanding, and constant encouragement through the years of her graduate study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES............................................................ vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................ix INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1 SECTION I: POPULATION DYNAMICS OF UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK)........8 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................... 8 A. Distribution and Host Ra n g e ........................................8 B. Predators and Parasites......................... 9 C. Life Cycle of Unaspis euonymi............................ 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................22 A. Survey of Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) in Baton Rouge, Loui si an a........................................................... 22 B. Identification of Parasites of Unaspis euonymi in L o uis ia na........................................................... 25 C. Evaluation of Parasites as Aids in Control of Unaspis euonymi.................................................... 27 D. Life Cycle of Unaspis euonymi in Louisiana..................... 27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............. 29 A. Survey of Damage to Euonymus spp. by Unaspis euonymi in Baton Rouge, Louisiana............................................ 29 B. Parasites of Unaspis euonymi, Baton Rouge, Louisiana........... 39 C. Life Cycle of Unaspis euonymi in Louisiana..................... 40 D. Fecundity of Unaspis euonymi..................................... 54 SECTION II. A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK).........58 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................... 58 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................ 62 A. Mounting Technique................................................ 62 B. Description, Measurements, and Illustrations................. 63 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................... 65 A. Description of 1®^ Stage Females and Males ..................... 65 B. Description of 2 , Stage Females.................................70 C. Description of 3T Stage Females-Adults........................ 74 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) D. Description of 2 ^ Stage Males .................................. 78 E. Description of 3 . Stage Males-Prepupae........................ 83 F. Description of 4 , Stage Mal es -Pupae........................... 86 G. Description of 5 Stage Males-Adults.......................... 88 H. Key to the Life Stages of Unaspis euonymi......................93 SECTION III: CHEMICAL CONTROL OF UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK)......... 94 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 94 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................99 A. Experiment I: Evaluation of systemic granular insecticides........................................................99 B. Experiment II: Evaluation of foliar spray insecticides.... 100 C. Experiment III: Evaluation of carbaryl and permethrin..... 101 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................108 A. Experiment I: Evaluation of systemic granular insecticides...................................................... 108 B. Experiment II: Evaluation of foliar spray insecticides.... 115 C. Experiment III: Evaluation of carbaryl and permethrin..... 125 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................... 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................ 137 APPENDIX.....................................................................144 VITA ......................................................................... 154 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Insect pests known to attack Euonymus spp. and Insecticides recommended for their control...................................... 7 2. Host plant families and genera of Unaspis euonymi.............. 18 3. Euonymus species and varieties attacked by UnaBpis euonymi...19 4. Euonymus species and varieties resistant to Unaspis euonymi..20 5. Insect parasites and predators plus acarlna associated with Unaspis euonymi..................................................... 21 6. Mean rates of infestation of Unaspis euonymi on 5 varieties/cultivars of Euonymus japonica in Baton Rouge, Loui si an a...........................................................
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