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Morfología De Los Estados Inmaduros Y Adulto De Pinnaspis Aspidistrae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Con Notas Sobre Su Biología

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Morfología De Los Estados Inmaduros Y Adulto De Pinnaspis Aspidistrae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Con Notas Sobre Su Biología 4-Trab n3•• 21/8/03 6:51 PM Page 35 ISSN 0373-5680 Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 62 (1-2): 35-42, 2003 35 Morfología de los estados inmaduros y adulto de Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), con notas sobre su biología ZAMAR, María Inés* y Lucía E. CLAPS** * Instituto de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Avenida Bolivia 1661, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] ** INSUE Instituto Superior de Entomología “Dr. Abraham Willink”, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Miguel Lillo 205. 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] ■ RESUMEN. Se describen e ilustran los estados inmaduros y el macho adul- to de Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), hasta el presente desconocidos. Las plan- tas huéspedes registradas en este trabajo fueron una especie de Pteridophyta y 12 de Angiospermae. Los enemigos naturales encontrados fueron Aphytis his- panicus (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae). PALABRAS CLAVE. Morfología. Estados inmaduros. Macho. Plantas huéspe- des. Enemigos naturales. ■ ABSTRACT. Morphology of the immature stages and adult of Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with notes on its biology. Immature stages, and the male adult of Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) are described and illustrated for the first time. The host plants recorded in this paper were one species of Pteridophyta, and 12 of the Angiospermae. The natural ene- mies found are Aphytis hispanicus (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). KEY WORDS. Morphology. Immature stages. Male. Host plants. Natural enemies INTRODUCCIÓN ductivo, por lo que es necesario conocer en deta- lle su morfología y biología, a fin de poder encarar La familia Diaspididae, de amplia distribución en el futuro planes de control biológico de esta co- mundial, constituye el grupo más numeroso de chinilla. Hasta el presente, a nivel morfológico, se Coccoidea, con alrededor de 400 géneros y 2650 conocía en detalle únicamente a la hembra adulta especies (Gibson & Read, 2001), de las cuales y prácticamente se desconocen su ciclo de vida y cerca de 200 son consideradas plagas (Miller & aspectos ecológicos para esta área. Davidson, 1990). Para la Argentina se registraron En este trabajo se describen por primera vez 62 especies exóticas de Diaspididae y 15 nativas, los estados preimaginales y macho adulto de P. de las cuales más de 40 se encuentran presentes aspidistrae y se da a conocer datos de sus plantas en el noroeste argentino (Claps et al., 1999 y huéspedes y enemigos naturales. 2001). Entre ellas Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869), comúnmente denominada “cochinilla blanca de la hoja”, es una especie frecuente en MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS plantaciones citrícolas del norte del país. Recien- temente Claps & Terán (2001) la citan como un El material de estudio fue obtenido de hojas representante que se destaca por su peligrosidad de Citrus aurantium L. “naranjo agrio” (Ruta- potencial ya que presenta un alto poder repro- ceae) proveniente de San Miguel de Tucumán y 4-Trab n3•• 21/8/03 6:51 PM Page 36 36 Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 62 (1-2), 2003 El Colmenar (Tucumán, República Argentina). Las Ninfa I. (Figs. 1 y 2). De forma oval, con los observaciones morfológicas de cada una de las fa- extremos romos, más ancha la región torácica, de ses del desarrollo de la hembra (huevo, ninfa I o color rojo claro, con los apéndices blanquecinos. ambulatoria, ninfa II y adulto) y del macho (huevo, Cuerpo dividido en cefalotórax y abdomen, ninfa I, ninfa II, prepupa, pupa y adulto) se realiza- membranoso, excepto la región pigidial que se ron sobre la base de preparaciones microscópicas halla levemente esclerosada. Largo: 0,18 mm permanentes efectuadas según técnicas clásicas de (0,14-0,20); ancho: 0,11 mm (0,09-0,13), a nivel clarificación, tinción, deshidratación y montaje, del mesotórax. En el cefalotórax se observan las las cuales quedaron depositadas en la colección antenas insertas ventralmente, filiformes, consti- Instituto–Fundación Miguel Lillo de Tucumán, Ar- tuídas por cinco artejos, el primero subcuadrado gentina (IMLA). Las mediciones del largo y ancho con dos setas; el segundo, el tercero y el cuarto, total se tomaron en 10 ejemplares de cada una de con una, y el quinto, alargado, con una seta ter- las fases de desarrollo incluyendo el huevo. El lar- minal larga y cinco laterales. Lateralmente, deba- go máximo se midió desde el borde cefálico an- jo de las antenas se encuentran los ocelos como terior hasta el extremo posterior del pigidio en dos protuberancias. Dorsalmente, se ubica un par las hembras, y en los machos hasta el borde pos- de macroconductos alargados en forma de ocho. terior del abdomen; el ancho máximo se midió Aparato bucal fuerte, situado ventralmente entre considerando la zona más ancha del cuerpo. En las patas del primer par. Las setas cefálicas se cada caso se da el promedio y valores máximos y distribuyen en 2 vm; 2 pl, 2 l, 1 dm y 2 sm. Los mínimos colocados entre paréntesis. Las ilustra- espiráculos ventrales se ubican en el pro y me- ciones correspondientes se realizaron con micros- tatórax cerca de la inserción de las patas. Los copio de contraste de fase con cámara clara, los tres pares de patas (Fig. 2) son similares, forma- aumentos usados fueron 40× y 100×. La escala es dos por una coxa subcuadrada con una seta lar- indicada en cada dibujo. Los caracteres de im- ga; trocánter subtriangular con una seta; fémur portancia taxonómica considerados fueron: se- ancho; tibiotarso delgado terminando en una tas, conductos, espinas glandulares, detalles de uña larga (digitilus) o pretarso, con dos pares de espiráculos, tubérculo antenal y margen pigidial setas capitadas. Las setas torácicas son: 2 vm, 4 dm de las hembras. La posición de las estructuras se y 4 l. Los segmentos abdominales I-VI llevan un indicó teniendo en cuenta las áreas definidas por par de espinas glandulares, ubicadas paralela- Claps (1991). Las abreviaturas empleadas son: mente. Margen pigidial con un par de lóbulos dm: dorsomedial; l: lateral; L1: lóbulo pigidial centrales pequeños, con extremo agudo y un medio, L2: segundo lóbulo pigidial, L3: tercer ló- par de lóbulos laterales trilobados, que corres- bulo pigidial, pl: paralateral; sm: submarginal y ponden al VIII y IX segmentos abdominales, res- vm: ventromedial. pectivamente. El VII segmento representado por Los enemigos naturales se recolectaron en San una fuerte espina glandular. Las setas se distri- Miguel de Tucumán, en hojas de Citrus aurantium buyen de la siguiente manera: 2 vm, 13 pl, 13 l, atacadas por P. aspidistrae. Los adultos de Hi- 7 dm, 3 sm y 1 microconducto vm. Ventralmen- menópteros se consiguieron a partir de hembras te, entre el lóbulo medio y el lateral se dispone muertas de P. aspidistrae que contenían la pupa una larga seta caudal. del parasitoide completamente desarrollada, las cuales se separaron en tubos individuales hasta Ninfa II hembra. (Figs. 3 y 4). Escudo: alarga- la emergencia del adulto. Todo este material fue do, redondeado en el extremo posterior; color, al conservado en alcohol 70° e identificado por iniciar el período, blanco transparente y al finali- especialistas. zar, amarillento; exuvia amarilla. Velo ventral de- licado, blanco. Largo: 0,69 mm (0,65-0,75); an- cho: 0,47 mm (0,40-0,59). Cuerpo: oval; largo RESULTADOS 0,61 mm (0,50-0,73); ancho 0,35 mm (0,23- 0,45), a nivel del segundo espiráculo; de color Descripción morfológica amarillo con el pigidio castaño claro. Estructural- Huevo. De forma ovalada, color rosado a rojo. mente parecido a la hembra adulta, aunque los Largo promedio 0,15 mm (0,12-0,16); ancho pro- lóbulos laterales se muestran poco desarrolla- medio 0,08 mm (0,06-0,10). dos. Región pigidial con cuatro macroconductos 4-Trab n3•• 21/8/03 6:52 PM Page 37 ZAMAR, M. I. y L. E. CLAPS. Estados inmaduros y adulto de Pinnaspis aspidistrae 37 9 6 7 2 5 1 4 3 8 Figs. 1- 9. Pinnaspis aspidistrae. 1, cuerpo de ninfa I; 2, pata de ninfa I; 3, detalle del pigidio de ninfa II hembra; 4, escudo de ninfa II hembra; 5, cuerpo hembra adulta; 6, detalle de tubérculo antenal; 7, detalle de espiráculo anterior; 8, detalle de pigidio; 9, escudo hembra adulta. (Escalas: figs. 1; 2; 6; 7; 8 = 50 µ; figs. 3 y 5 = 100 µ) dorsomarginales y cuatro espinas glandulares a bordes más claros; la primera exuvia es amarilla, cada lado del pigidio. Dorsalmente se abre el ano la segunda castaña amarillenta. Velo ventral dé- como un anillo eslerosado. Vulva y poros perivul- bil, blanco, abierto sólo en la región de salida del vares, ausentes. aparato bucal. Cuerpo: alargado, extremo ante- rior redondeado, ensanchado a nivel del metató- Hembra adulta. (Figs. 5-9). Escudo: alargado, rax. Largo 0,97 mm (0,62-1,27); ancho 0,46 mm ensanchándose hacia el extremo posterior, largo (0,35-0,55), a nivel del primer segmento abdo- 1,75 mm (1,20-2,40); ancho 1,07 mm (0,58- minal. De color castaño rojizo con el pigidio 1,40). Rugoso, de color castaño rojizo con los amarillo; a medida que avanza la oviposición la 4-Trab n3•• 21/8/03 6:52 PM Page 38 38 Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 62 (1-2), 2003 15 12 13 14 10 17 16 18 11 Figs. 10-18. Pinnaspis aspidistrae. 10, cuerpo ninfa II macho, 11, detalle pigidio ninfa II macho; 12, detalle de mi- croconducto; 13, detalle de macroconducto; 14, detalle de espinas glandulares: 15, escudo ninfa II; 16, cuerpo pre- pupa; 17, cuerpo pupa; 18, escudo de prepupa, pupa y adulto.
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