Dedicated to

My Grandparents & Dr. Mohammad Hayat

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ...... i

1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Review of Literature ...... 4 3. Material and Methods ...... 8 4. Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... 11 5. Terms and Measurements ...... 13 6. Explanation of terms ...... 14 7. Classification of the Mymaridae ...... 17 8. Key to the Genera ...... 19 Chapter 1 Revision of Indian species Alaptus-group of genera ...... 21 I. Alaptus Westwood ...... 22 1. A. magnanimous Annandale...... 25 2. A. jowainus Rehmat & Anis ...... 25 3. A. indicus Anwar & Zeya ...... 28 4. A. spicatus sp. nov...... 29 5. A. wandoorus sp. nov...... 31 6. A. deccanensis Anwar & Zeya ...... 33 7. A. deodus sp. nov...... 34 8. A. mashhoodi sp. nov...... 36 9. A. ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya ...... 38 10. A. delhiensis Mani ...... 39 11. A. ramakrishnai Mani ...... 40 12. A. pyronus Anwar & Zeya ...... 40 Figures ...... 43 II. Genus Ogloblin ...... 54 13. D. albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam ...... 56 14. D. heratyi sp. nov...... 58 15. D. indica (Subba Rao) ...... 60 16. D. mirzai sp. nov...... 62 17. D. minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam ...... 64 18. D. longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam ...... 65 19. D. logus sp. nov...... 66 20. D. funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam ...... 68 21. D. dente sp. nov...... 69 Figures ...... 72 III. Genus Enock ...... 84 22. D. obesus sp. nov...... 85 23. D. longipes (Subba Rao) ...... 87 24. D. noyesi Manickavasagam ...... 89 25. D. kamrani sp. nov...... 91 26. D. polaszaki sp. nov...... 93 Figures ...... 95 IV. Genus Huber & Beardsley ...... 102 27. K. huna Huber & Beardsley ...... 102 Figures ...... 105 V. Genus Litus Haliday ...... 106 28. L. assamensis Rehmat & Anis ...... 107 29. L. sutil Haliday ...... 109 30. L. huberi Rehmat & Anis ...... 110 31. L. triapitsyni Rehmat and Hayat ...... 112 32. L. usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy ...... 113 33. L. cynepsius Haliday ...... 114 Figures ...... 117 Anagroidea-group of genera ...... 124 VI. Genus Anagroidea Girault ...... 125 34. A. himalayana (Mani & Saraswat) ...... 125 Figures ...... 129 VII. Genus Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin ...... 132 35. E. scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel ...... 133 36. E. indicus Hayat & Khan ...... 135 37. E. vertexus Jin & Li ...... 136 Figures ...... 138 -group of genera ...... 141 VIII. Genus Omyomymar Schauff ...... 142 38. O. glabrum Lin & Chiappini ...... 144 39. O. yousufi Anwar & Zeya ...... 145 40. O. supremus sp. nov...... 146 41. O. sudhiri sp. nov...... 148 42. O. insulanum Zeya & Anwar ...... 150 43. O. huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash ...... 152 44. O. noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash ...... 153 Figures ...... 154 Camptoptera –group of genera ...... 160 IX. Genus Camptoptera Foerster ...... 161 45. C. scythe sp. nov...... 167 46. C. matcheta Subba Rao ...... 169 47. C. ambrae Viggiani ...... 172 48. C. sabre sp. nov...... 173 49. C. lance sp. nov...... 175 50. C. aveolobato sp. nov...... 177 51. C. kannada Subba Rao ...... 178 52. C. ogloblini sp. nov...... 180 53. C. anneckei sp. nov...... 183 54. C. muiri (Perkins) ...... 186 55. C. naseemi sp. nov...... 188 56. C. fransciscae (Debauche) ...... 190 57. C. arya sp. nov...... 193 58. C. dravida Subba Rao ...... 196 59. C. bengalurensis sp. nov...... 199 60. C. okadomei Taguchi ...... 201 61. C. assamensis Rehmat & Anis ...... 203 62. C. magna Soyka ...... 205 63. C. squama sp. nov...... 209 64. C. longifuniculata Viggiani ...... 211 65. C. salianus sp. nov...... 212 66. C. brevifuniculata Subba Rao ...... 214 67. C. alii sp. nov...... 216 68. C. usmanii sp. nov...... 218 Figures ...... 220 X. Genus Eofoersteria Mathot ...... 254 69. E. sp...... 255 70. E. secunda Viggiani ...... 256 71. E. manipurensis Rehmat & Anis ...... 257 Figures ...... 260 XI. Genus Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt ...... 262 72. P. heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel ...... 263 73. P. dictyon Hayat & Anis ...... 264 74. P. dianaensis Jin & Li ...... 265 75. P. trebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel ...... 266 Figures ...... 268 XII. Genus Stephanocampta Mathot ...... 269 76. S. andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel ...... 270 77. S. huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel ...... 271 78. S. indica Anwar & Zeya ...... 272 Figures ...... 275 Chapter 2 Phylogeny ...... 277 9. References ...... 289 10. Publications ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Shahid Bin Zeya, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.), Aligarh, under whose guidance this work was carried out. I am thankful to Professor Wasim Ahmad, Chairman, Department of Zoology, A.M.U., for his fruitful suggestions and providing all the necessary research facilities. I feel privileged in expressing my profound gratitude to Dr. Mohammad Hayat, Professor (retired), Department of Zoology, A.M.U., for his invaluable suggestions and providing access to the mymarid collections, including types, housed in the ‘ Collections’ in the Department of Zoology (ZDAMU). I am delighted to thank Dr. J.S. Noyes for his encouragement, suggestions and providing numerous literatures. I am especially thankful to the following teachers for their criticism and encouragement in my research work: Dr. Irfan Ahmad and Dr. Kamil Usmani (Professors), Dr. Mrs. Ayesha Qamar, Dr. Mrs. Shoeba Binte Anis, Dr. Syed Irfan, Dr. Mohd. Amir and Dr. Khowaja Jamal (Associate Professors) and Dr. G.G.H.A. Shadab and Dr. Hifzur Rahman Siddique (Assistant Professors), Dept. of Zoology. I also thank Dr. Aasim Zafar (Associate Professor), Dept. of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, for his support and encouragements. I thank Dr. K. Veenakumari (Principal Scientist, NBAIR) for providing Mymarid specimens. Thanks are due to Dr. S.M.A. Badruddin (Research Associate in the Network Project on Insect Biosystematics, Department of Zoology Center of the A.M.U.), Dr. F.R. Khan (former Research Associate in the NPIB; presently working as Assistant Professor, Al Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), and Dr. S. Kamran Ahmad (former Senior Research Fellow, NPIB, AMU Centre, Aligarh), presently working as Assistant Professor (Research) at Center for Environment Research and Studies, University of Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their help and cooperation in various ways. I am grateful to Dr. Mohd. Yousuf, Scientist ‘G’ and Dr. Sudhir Singh, Scientist ‘F’ and Head, Forest Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute, (F.R.I.) Dehra Dun and Dr. Mohd. Faisal, Former Young Scientist, F.R.I., Dehra Dun for their help guidance during my field trips to various places in Uttarakhand; to Mr. Shabbir Raza Khan, SRF, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for his support during my field trips in eastern Uttar Pradesh; to Mr. Imran Ahmad, Mr. Sharique Hafiz, Mr, Faraz Khan, Mr. Suhail Alam and Mr. Malik Fakhruddin of Central University of Himachal Pradesh for their help and support during my field trips to some districts of Himachal Pradesh. I am indebted to Dr. J.T. Huber Canadian National Collection (CNC) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada for his valuable suggestions in the improvement of phylogeny part of the thesis; to Prof. Gennaro Viggiani, Laboratorio di Lotta biologica, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Portici; to Dr. S.V. Triapitsyn, Principal Scientist, University of , Riverside, California, for their help in various ways; to Dr. Daniel A. Aquino, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina, for sending images of various specimens and extending his support in identification of Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. and Camptoptera scholli Ogloblin & Annecke; to Mrs. Natalie Dale-Skey Pallipoud, Curator, section, BMNH, for sending me images of various

i  types; to Neal Evenhuis, Senior Entomologist and James H. Boone, Collection Manager Entomology, Honolulu. for sending me the images of the lectotype of C. muiri (Perkins). Special thanks to my colleague, Miss. Syeda Uzma Usman in the Department of Zoology, for her constant support during the entire tenure of my research. I thank my lab mates Mrs. Farha Fatima, Mr. F.S.K. Amer and Mr. Majid Jamali for their support and healthy discussion. I would also like to thank Ms. Syeda Iqra Usman and Mr. Syed Nawaz Shah and my class mates Ms. Malka Mustaquim, Ms. Sharba Kausar and Mr. Ab. Lateef Wani for their encouragement and well wishes. No words could adequately express all that my grandfather Janab Ali Hussain, and my parents, Janab. Md. Taiyab and Mrs. Shahjabeen, have done for me. Their prayers, affection and love played a great role in completion of this work. My heartiest gratitude also to my uncles & Aunts, Mr. Md. Tasleem Ahmad-Mrs Mehrun Nissa, Mr. Md. Mokhtar-Mrs Nikhat Perveen, Mr.Akhtar Hussain-Lt. Mrs Rukhsana Bano, Mr. Akhlaque Ansari-Mrs. Riffat Ara, Mr. Azad Rashid-Mrs. Shabana Azmi for their boundless affection and constant encouragement during my research work. I would also like to thank my sisters Zeenat Nisha, Nikhat Yasmeen, Zoya Tabbassum, Nazia Mokhtar, my brothers In law Mr. Qayum Ansari, Mr. Saba Karim, my Nephew Zaid Quayum, Niece Shifa Qayum, Saaria Saba Karim and my Brothers Tanweer Alam, Nawaz Faisal and Munaf Mokhtar, Zafar Akhtar, Raghib Nadeem, Aman Rashid and my elder brother Md. Mazhar Akhtar who stood by my side in all the times. This Thesis would be incomplete if I fail to acknowledge the cooperation and love which I got from my friends Mr. Vishal Gupta, Mr. Naseem Alam, Mr. Mohammad Mahboob, Mr. Shakeel Ahmad, my seniors Mr. Asif Qazi, Mr. Yasir A. Khan, Mr. Dr. Devanshu Gupta (Scientist ‘C’ ZSI) and Mr. Talib Khan I will always remember and cherish the time spent with them. I gratefully acknowledge the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for the award of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Senior Research Fellowship to me under the ‘Maulana Azad National Fellowship’ scheme.

Prince Tarique Anwar

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Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION

The members of the family Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are cosmopolitan in distribution and occur in almost every habitat throughout the year. They are generally referred to as fairy and include some of the smallest known. They usually measure less than 0.5 mm in length with the smallest being only 0.11 mm (Male. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford), although specimens in some genera may reach a length of 1.5–2 mm. However, some species inhabiting the may reach a length of over 4 mm, and thus can be considered veritable giants of the mymarid world (Noyes & Valentine, 1989).

The mymarids, where their biology is known, are exclusively oophagous, parasitizing the first developmental stage () in the ontogeny of the host insects, except for the two species, Stethynium ophelimi Huber and S. breviovipositor Huber which was reared from (Ashmead) () a gall-inducing pest of camaldulensis Dehnh in Australia (Huber et al., 2006). The hosts attacked by mymarids belong to several orders, such as , Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and , of agricultural and horticultural crops (Huber, 1986). However, only one-quarter of the genera of Mymaridae have hosts reported for them (Lin et al., 2007).

Together with some genera (eg. Trichogramma Westwood) of the family , mymarids may be considered as potentially important in keeping the pest population under control in natural conditions. Despite their importance, their biology and remains poorly known and their identification is difficult. Although there are very few records of the use of mymarid species in Biological Control programme in the world, nevertheless their importance as potential biological control agents is not diminished. The best example of the use of mymarid species for successful control of a pest species is that of nitens (Girault) (formerly Patasson nitens) for the control of Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of Eucalyptus in South Africa (De Bach & Rosen, 1991).

In recent years several species of Nees sensu lato (Huber, 2015) and Anagrus Haliday have been found to be associated with the

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(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Homalodisca liturata Ball and Arboridia kakogowana (Matsumura) respectively. These have been reared in laboratory conditions and their field applications are still awaited (Triapitsyn & Bernal, 2009; Hu & Triapitsyn, 2016).

In spite of their importance in the control of economically important pest species, mymarids, compared to other chalcidoids, received far less attention taxonomically. The one obvious reason for this neglect is probably the small size of these parasitoids, which need special techniques for collecting. However, in the last 40 years, with the development of newer collecting techniques, such as especially made sweeping nets, pit fall traps, yellow pan traps, and malaise traps, helped us in getting large number of these tiny insects. This has resulted in greater understanding of these insects leading to valuable revisional studies on the taxonomy of Mymaridae. (See under Review of literature).

The mymarid fauna is represented by 116 genera and more than 1600 species across the world (Noyes, 2017). The Indian fauna of mymarids consists of 39 genera and about 170 species (Noyes, 2017). This forms approximately 33% and 11% respectively of the total number of world genera and species of the family. Thus compared to the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions, very little work on the taxonomy of Indian Mymaridae was done.

Therefore, the present study is undertaken to revise taxonomically some taxa of the family Mymaridae from India. As such, a total of twelve genera are considered here for taxonomic studies. These are: Alaptus Westwood, Anagroidea Girault, Camptoptera Foerster, Dicopomorpha Ogloblin, Dicopus Enock, Eofoersteria Mathot, Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, Kikiki Huber, Litus Haliday, Omyomymar Schauff, Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt and Stephanocampta Mathot. However, the presently reported 39 Indian genera are placed in eleven informal genera groups of the family Mymaridae (Noyes & Valentine, 1989; Lin et al., 2007).

The present thesis contains a key to the included genera and keys to species of each genus. Each genus is briefly diagnosed, and the number of species from the world and India is also given. The redescriptions for the known species are given

2 except diagnoses are given for those taxa where the types and determined material was not available. Detailed descriptions are provided for the new taxa. The distribution in Indian states of all included species and distribution in other parts of the world (country-wise) are provided. The thesis contains a total of seventy-eight species including twenty-six new species, and four species are recorded for the first time from India. Four males are described each for the Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, Camptomptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis, C. dravida Subba Rao and C. franciscae (Debauche) and other male is described under the genus Eofoersteria Mathot as Eofoersteria sp. The already described male for C. dravida is transferred as male for C. arya sp. nov. All the studied taxa are fully illustrated with 486 figures.

A preliminary phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis based on the twelve genera studied in the thesis, is given, although it does not form a part of the approved title of the Ph.D. thesis.

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Review of Literature 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of world literature

Girault (1912) revised Australian Mymaridae. Later on Girault (1913b, 1915) provided supplementary revisions of Australian Mymaridae. Debauche (1948) and Kryger (1950) gave historical reviews of the family. Schauff (1984) and Gibson (1986) discussed the relationships of mymarids and provided evidence that mymarids are among the most primitive of chalcidoids and apparently the sister group to the rest of Chalcidoidea. Ogloblin (1960), Brown (1962) and Viggiani (1988, 2005) provided notes on morphology of Mymaridae. Huber (1986) reviewed the history, systematics, biology and hosts of Mymaridae. Huber (2009a) reviewed the family from Fiji. Guzman-Larralde et al. (1997) reviewed the mymarid genera from Mexico. De Santis (1998) provided a detailed review of Mymarid fauna from Argentina. Huber & Greenwalt (2011) reviewed the Mymaridae recorded from Tertiary .

Generic keys of the Mymaridae have been provided for different geographical regions. Girault (1912) on Australian genera; Annecke & Doutt (1961) on world genera; Subba Rao & Hayat (1983) on Oriental genera; Schauff (1984) on Holartic genera; Noyes & Valentine (1989) on New Zealand genera; Yoshimoto (1990) on New world genera; Huber (1997) on Nearctic genera and Triapitsyn & Huber (2000) on Palaearctic genera. Albarracin et al. (2009) and Guzmán-Larralde et al. (2001) provided annotated key to the genera of Mymaridae from Argentina and Central Mexico respectively.

Huber (1988) studied the species groups of Gonatocerus Nees in North America with a revision of the sulphuripes- and ater- groups. Zeya & Hayat (1995) revised the Indian species of Gonatocerus and recognized 39 species from India. Lin et al., (2007) provided a generic review of the Australian Mymaridae and recognized 45 genera and listed the Australian species in each genus. Review of Schizophragma Ogloblin and the non-Australian species of Stethynium Enock have been provided by Huber (1987). Huber & Lin (1999) provided world review of the Camptoptera group of genera. Huber (2003) provided review on Chaetomymar Ogloblin (=Palaeoneura Waterhouse). Recently, Triapitsyn made several important

4 contributions to the taxonomy of world Mymaridae, the following publications of him deserve mention: Triapitsyn & Beardsley (2000) on Hawaiian species of Anagrus Haliday; Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2007) on Oriental and Australian Acmopolynema Ogloblin and Palaeoneura; Triapitsyn et al. (2006) on Nearctic species of Neomymar Crawford; Triapitsyn (2010) on Palaearctic and Oriental Ooctonus Haliday; and Triapitsyn et al. (2010) on Neotropical Gonatocerus. Triapitsyn (2014) revised the genus Camptoptera Foerster in the Palaearctic region and provided taxonomic notes on some extralimital species.

Huber (2005) summarized 19 family group names and derivation and gender of 181 genus group names in Mymaridae. Huber (2009b) provided key to females of five genera of the Alaptus group. Huber (2015) gave a comprehensive historical review of the classification of species of Gonatocerus Nees in which he reclassified the 400+ nominal species of the genus Gonatocerus (sensu lato) in 14 genera.

Review of Indian literature

Annandale (1909) described the first ever Mymaridae from India under the genus Alaptus Westwood. Kieffer (1913a) described the first Indian species of Gonatocerus Nees. Subba Rao (1966) recorded known and described new species of mymarid parasites of Empoasca devastans Distant from India. Subba Rao (1984) described some new species of Oriental Mymaridae. Studies on Indian Mymaridae were made by Subba Rao & Kaur (1959) and Narayanan et al. (1960).

Key to Oriental genera of the family Mymaridae were provided by Subba Rao & Hayat (1983) which includes 27 genera and 90 species. Further, Subba Rao & Hayat (1986) catalogued 20 genera and 60 species in Mymaridae mostly from India and adjacent countries of Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Mani (1989) redescribed 20 out of 24 genera known at that time. Later on, Subba Rao (1989) studied Indian Mymaridae and described several new species. Zeya & Hayat (1995) revised the Indian species of Gonatocerus Nees and recognized 39 species in four species groups ater-, sulphuripes-, litoralis-, and asulcifrons-groups.

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Recently, several species were added to this genus by Zeya & Khan (2011, 2012), Zeya et al. (2013, 2014), Zeya & Anwar (2013), Amer & Zeya, (2015), Zeya (2014) and Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2013a).

Hayat (1992) recorded some genera and species from India, and Hayat & Anis (1999b) recorded the genera Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt and Himopolynema Taguchi, from India. These authors have also published, on Indian species of Acmopolynema and Haliday (Hayat & Anis, 1999a, c). Later on, Hayat et al. (2003) added three new species of Himopolynema. Rehmat et al. (2009) recorded the genus Litus Haliday from India, and described two species in the genus; Rehmat & Anis (2016b) added one more species to the genus. Rehmat & Anis (2011) recorded Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine based on the material collected from north-eastern India. Hayat & Khan (2009) recorded the genus Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin for the first time from the country. The genera Dicopus Enock and Omyomymar Schauff were added to the Indian fauna by Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2011) based on material collected from Tamil Nadu. Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) added four new species to the genus Dicopomorpha Ogloblin. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2013b) and Anis & Rehmat (2013) published checklist which also includes distribution and hosts for the several species. Recently, Rehmat & Anis (2016a) reviewed the genus Polynema and provided key to the Indian species. A synopsis of Indian Mymaridae was provided by Zeya et al. (2013). Anwar & Zeya (2014) reviewed the Indian species of the genus Alaptus and provided a key to the six species (including 3 new species) of the genus. In another publication Anwar et al. (2015) described another species of Alaptus and provided a key to the Indian species Eubronchus from India. Two species were described in the genus Omyomymar for the first time from India and the genus Stephanocampta Mathot was recorded for the first time from the country and added one new species to the genus (Anwar et al., 2015a, b). Palanivel et al. (2015) added two more species to Stephanocampta. In 2016, Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam added two more species to the genus Omyomymar.

Rameshkumar et al. (2015); Palanivel & Manickavasagam (2013, 2015, 2016a & b); Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2013); Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2012) recorded several genera for the first time from India and they described many new species from the country. Recently, Triapitsyn (2017) provided taxonomic notes on the

6  four little known species of the genus Camptoptera from India based on the types of Subba Rao housed in BMNH, he provided relevant illustrations and made various corrections by commenting on the placement of their correct male and females, he also synonymized his own species C. kloptera Triapitsyn (2014) under C. matcheta Subba Rao (1989).

Schauff (1984) made the first attempt in phylogenetic analysis of 25 genera of Mymaridae for which he has taken 67 characters and gave a phylogenetic tree using Wagner analyses. Gibson et al. (1999) gave a review of current concepts of phylogenetics and classification of Chalcidoidea and and commented on the phylogenetic relationships of Mymaridae. Huber (2002) gave the basal lineages of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) and established phylogenetic relationships between genera of Mymaridae with 5-segmented tarsi he also described a new genus Borneomymar Huber. Krogman & Abraham (2004) gave molecular study concerning the systematic position of within Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera, ). In which they analyzed species of five Pteromalid subfamilies (Asaphinae, Miscogasterinae, Panstenoninae, Pteromalinae and Spalangiinae) and to the chalcidoid families , and Mymaridae. Desjardins et al. (2007) gave the phylogeny of pteromalid parasitic (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and provided initial evidence from four protein-coding nuclear genes and analyzed that sequence data from three genes supports the hypothesis that Mymaridae is basal to the Chalcidoidea and forms a sister group to the remaining families.

Munro et al. (2011) provided first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily Chalcidoidea based on 18s and 28s RNA. Heraty et al. (2013) presented the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily Chalcidoidea based on both morphological and molecular data, they recognized 233 morphological characters for 300 included taxa. Their matrix covered 22 chalcidoid families and included 268 genera.

Schauff (1984) hypothesized that the family Mymaridae may be the sister group of the rest of the Chalcidoidea. Gibson (1986) originally proposed that the superfamily Chalcidoidea including family Mymaridae is monophyletic and that Mymaridae is a sister group of Chalcidoidea. Later, it was supported by molecular evidence by Munro et al. (2011) and Heraty et al. (2013).

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Material & Methods 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

The present work is based on the study of a large number of specimens collected during 2007–2016 from several Indian States. Types and determined materials of some species housed in the ZDAMU and the EDAU was also studied. The photographs of some types housed in the BMNH, London, were provided by Mrs. Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud, Curator (Chalcidoidea, , Megalyroidea, Mymarommatoidea, Stephanoidea, Trigonalyoidea) on my request.

Methodology

Techniques for collection and preservation summarized below are largely adapted from Noyes (1982).

1. Collection and preservation The specimens were mainly collected by a sweep net with very fine mesh, which were then killed in ethyl acetate fumes. The other collecting techniques like Yellow Pan Traps, Malaise Traps and Pit Fall Traps were also employed. The collected specimens were initially then transferred to 80% alcohol, and finally card-mounted. a) Card mounting This procedure mainly consists of attaching the specimen with its thorax on rectangular card (14 × 5 mm) using water soluble glue. The cards were then arranged in a series with using micro-pins in rectangular card-board boxes. The card mounted specimens were used for the description of body colour and for measuring the total length of the body. b) Preparation of slide mounts The method of making permanent slides given by Noyes (1982) is followed as under:

i. Remove the wings from a card mounted specimen with the help of a fine needle and place these in a small drop of Canada balsam on the slide. Both the right wings were placed on top of the left hand side and vice versa, fore wings being placed on the top of the hind wing.

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ii. Transfer the specimen to 10% KOH in a cavity block and leave it for several hours (24–48 hours). The highly sclerotized specimens were put for the maximum duration.

iii. Remove the KOH and add glacial acetic acid for 10 minutes.

iv. Remove the glacial acetic acid and add distilled water for 10 minutes.

v. Then dehydrate the specimen in ascending grades of ethanol. Starting with an equal mixture of distilled water and 80% ethanol and then to 80%, 90%, 96% and absolute. Each step required 10 minutes.

vi. Prior to removal of specimen from absolute alcohol, a few drops of clove oil were added in the cavity block for 10 minutes.

d) Slide mounting Finally specimen was put on the slide with small drop of Canada balsam. And, dissected body parts were placed on slide as shown in the fig. I.

e) Drying and placing coverslips The slides were put in incubator for about two weeks at 40°C ± 2°C and then coverslips were placed and the slides once again were put in the incubator for 6–8 weeks for further drying.

2. Measurements The slide mounted specimens were used for the detailed study of setation, sculpture and internal structures like the mesophragma and . They were also used for measuring the dimensions of various sclerites. Depending on the number of specimens available, one to several slides were prepared for each species. However, when only a single specimen of a species was available this was partly dissected and mounted on a slide after the body colour and other details had been recorded.

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Gaster with Genitalia

Wings

Collection Determination label label

Mesosoma + Head

Fig. I

3. Photography For habitus view, insects as a whole were photographed under the stereo zoom binocular Nikon SMZ25. For slide mounted specimens the various parts were photographed under Leica DM2500 microscope attached with camera model Leica DFG295. The photographs were taken either at 100× or 400× depending upon the size of body parts. These photographs were further retouched with Adobe Photoshop® CS3 and the photographic plates were made using Adobe Photoshop® 7.

4. Drawing The drawing of basal part of the fore wing of Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat) was made from slide with the help of drawing tube attached to a compound binocular research microscope (Nikon Eclipse E200).

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Abbreviations & Acronyms

4. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations are used in the thesis.

F1, F2, etc. = funicle segments 1, 2, etc. T1/Gt1, T2/Gt2, etc. = gasteral tergites 1, 2, etc. ANI = Andaman & Nicobar Islands ATREE = Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment ICAR = Indian Council of Agricultural Research MT = Malaise Trap PFT = Pit Fall Trap SN = Sweep Net YPT = Yellow Pan Trap

The Acronyms used for the Museums in which types and determined materials are deposited are listed below.

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, UK. BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honululu, Hawaii, U.S.A CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. EDAU Entomology Department, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India ELNJ Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya. FACC Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. ICZN International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. ISNB Royal Institute for Natural Sciences of Belgium Museum, Belgium. LCXU Life Science and Technology College, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China MCSG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy. MHNG Muséum ć Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. MLPA Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

11 MRAC Musée Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervueren, Belgium. NBAIR National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India. NEFU Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China NHMV Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria NHMW Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria. NMID National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. NPC National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. QMBA Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia. UCRC Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside, California, USA. USNM United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA. ZDAMU Insect Collections, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. ZIN Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. ZLMU Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan ZMUN Insect Collection, National Center for Insect , Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ZSI Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata (=Calcutta), India.

12

Terms & Measurements 5. TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS

Terminology

The terminology used in the thesis is explained in figures 1–8. This is largely in agreement with that used by Huber (1988), Zeya & Hayat (1995) and Huber (2015). The ‘’ includes thorax and propodeum (morphologically the first segment of abdomen), and ‘metasoma’ includes petiole (morphologically the second segment of abdomen) and gaster. Thus the first tergum of gaster (Gt1/T1) is the third tergum of abdomen. Further, ovipositor refers to the second valvifer and the third valvula combined. The male genitalia are not described in detail.

Measurements

The total body length is given in millimetres. All other measurements were taken directly from slide mounted parts with the help of an ocular micrometer (linear scale, 100 divisions) placed in the eye piece of a compound microscope. The measurements were taken at 100× and 400× magnification, however, this has been mentioned in the text accordingly. These measurements can be used for calculating only the relative dimensions of various structures. However, one division of the occular micrometer at 100× (10× objective and 10× eye piece) equals 0.010 mm; and at 400× (40× objective and 10× eye piece) equals 0.0025 mm.

13

Explanation Of Terms head width posterior ocelli

anterior ocellus vertex supraorbital trabecula transverse trabecula preorbital trabecula torulus head height eye subantennal sulcus malar space

mandible 1 mouth

flagellum pedicel funicle clava F1 F2 F8 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7

scape longitudinal radicle 2 sensilla

flagellum pedicel F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F6 F7 F8 scape radicle

3 longitudinal sensilla

Figures 1–3. Explanation of terms: 1, head frontal view, Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov.; 2, antenna female, Zeyanus bialbifuniculatus (Subba Rao); 3, antenna male, Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis. 14 pronotum

mesoscutum axilla anterior scutellum posterior

mesosoma scutellum metanotum propodeum petiole spur

hind coxa mesophragma mid tibia hind femur metasoma

gaster mid basitarsus

cercal plate ovipositor

cercal setae

exserted part of ovipositor

4 tarsi

propleuron

claw prosternum

fore coxa 5

Figures 4 and 5. Explanation of terms: 4, mesosoma and metasoma female, Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis; 5, fore coxae, with prosternum and propleuron, Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. 15 submarginal vein marginal vein stigmal vein

6

length width hamuli width marginal setae

7

length

marginal setae

petiole lamella metasoma gaster

genitalia

8

Figures 6–8. Explanation of terms: 6, fore wing, Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis; 7, hind wing, sp.; 8, metasoma male, Camptoptera sp.

16

Classification 7. CLASSIFICATION

Curtis (1829) proposed the genus and described the first ever Mymarid as Mymar pulchellum under the family . The family Mymaridae was first proposed by an Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833. Haliday originally described as the tribe "Mymares" of the family "Chalcides".

Haliday (1839) elevated "Mymares", (as Mymaridae) as well as other "tribes", to the family rank.

However, it was Ashmead (1904) who classified the superfamily Chalcidoidea and the family Mymaridae into subfamilies and tribes on the basis of tarsal segments (4- or 5-segmented) and also considered the presence or absence of petiole.

Viggiani (1970, 1973, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1994 and 2005) pointed out the taxonomic importance of variations found in the male genitalia and proposed several tribes on the basis of structure of phallobase. Viggiani (1971) and Viggiani & Battaglia (1984) proposed suprageneric classification of the family based on these structures. But, the subfamilial and tribal classification of Mymaridae is still debatable. Annecke & Doutt (1961) gave formal classification of Mymaridae and placed the genera into the proposed tribes and subfamilies, based on some characters: body truncated and sessile; length of mesophragma, presence or absence of petiole and 4- or 5-segmented tarsi.

Schauff (1984) provided an analysis of 26 genera from the Holarctic region, indicating relationships but not proposing formal groups. Noyes and Valentine (1989) placed 42 New Zealand genera (including three not formally named) into informal groups and subgroups. Huber (2002) discussed the primitive genera of Mymaridae and proposed an intuitive cladogram of relationships for some groups. Lin et al. (2007) informally placed the Australian genera into 12 groups and further they stated that placement of some genera were uncertain. These are Eofoersteria and Ptilomymar [which have 4-segmented tarsi (as the 4 tarsal segment appears to be fused with 5)], therefore these two genera may well placed in Camptoptera group, and the genus Kikiki Huber placed tentatively in the Alaptus group, although, it has 3-segmented tarsi.

17 Following Noyes & Valentine (1989) and Lin et al. (2007), the 39 Indian genera of Mymaridae are placed in 11 groups as under:

1. Alaptus group Included Indian genera: Alaptus, Dicopomorpha, Dicopus, Kikiki, Litus.

2. Anagroidea group Included Indian genera: Anagroidea, Eubroncus.

3. Anagrus group Included Indian genera: Anagrus, Allanagrus, Omyomymar, Schizophragma, Stethynium.

4. Anaphes group Included Indian genera: Anaphes, Dorya, Erythmelus, Pseudanaphes.

5. Arescon group Included Indian genus: Arescon.

6. Australomymar group Included Indian genus: Australomymar.

7. Camptoptera group Included Indian genera: Camptoptera, Camptopteroides, Eofoersteria, Callodicopus, Ptilomymar, Stephanocampta.

8. Cleruchus group Included Indian genera: Cleruchus, Platystethynium.

9. Gonatocerus group Included Indian genera: Cosmocomoidea, Gonatocerus, , Tanyxiphium, Zeyanus.

10. Ooctonus group Included Indian genus: Ooctonus.

11. Polynema group Included Indian genera: Acmopolynema, Himopolynema, Mymar, Narayanella, Palaeoneura, Polynema, Stephanodes.

18

Key to the Genera 8. KEY TO SOME INDIAN GENERA OF MYMARIDAE (FEMALES)

1. Tarsi 3- (Fig. 174) or 4-segmented (Fig. 466) ...... 2 -. Tarsi 5-segmented (Fig. 4) ...... 3

2. Tarsi 3-segmented; fore wing (Fig. 172) very narrow, medially parallel; disc apically broader, not curved at apex; mandible with 4 teeth; funicle 4-segmented; clava 2-segmented (Fig. 171) ...... Kikiki Huber & Beardsley -. Tarsi 4-segmented; fore wing relatively broader, disc may or may not curved at apex; funicle more than 6-segmented, clava entire or 2-segmented ...... 8

3. Funicle 5-segmented (Fig. 11); hind margin of fore wing excised beneath venation (Fig. 24) ...... Alaptus Westwood -. Funicle more than 5-segmented; hind margin of fore wing convexly rounded, not excised (Fig. 178) ...... 4

4. Funicle 6-segmented (Fig. 185); mesoscutum, posterior scutellum and propodeum strongly sculptured (Fig. 194) ...... Litus Haliday -. Funicle more than 6-segmented (Fig. 143); mesoscutum, posterior scutellum and propodeum not strongly sculptured ...... 5

5. Mesophragma largely projecting into gaster (Fig. 146); gaster broadly subsessile ...... 6 -. Mesophragma not projecting into gaster, gaster petiolate (Fig. 283) ...... 7

6. Funicle 7-segmented; fore wing extremely narrow medially (Fig. 144); gaster subsessile; mandible with 2 teeth, ventral tooth longer than dorsal tooth (Fig. 142) ...... Dicopus Enock -. Funicle 6 or 7-segmented (Figs 76, 96), fore wing not medially narrow (Fig. 77); mandible with one or two subequal teeth (Fig. 87) ...... Dicopomorpha Ogloblin

7. Funicle 7-segmented with F2 ring-like segment (Fig. 307); axillae advanced into side lobe of mesoscutum (Fig. 310); mesosoma or metasoma without leaf-like lamellae (Fig. 311) ...... Camptoptera Foerster

19

-. Funicle 7-segmented, F2 with or without ring-like segment; axillae not advanced into side lobe of scutum; mesosoma and metasoma with mesh-like lamellae (Fig. 486) ...... Stephanocampta Mathot

8. Funicle 7- or 8-segmented (Fig. 469); mesosoma and metasoma with leaf-like lamellae (Figs 472, 473) [fore wing always broader, uniformly setose] ...... Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt -. Funicle 6-segmented (Fig. 462); mesosoma and metasoma without leaf-like lamellae (Fig. 465) ...... 9

9. Body minute (less than 0.4 mm); fore wing very narrow, slightly but distinctly curved at apex (Fig. 463) ...... Eofoersteria Mathot -. Body large (more than 0.5 mm); fore wing broad, not curved at apex (Fig. 227) ...... 10

10. Head in lateral view strongly and sharply triangular (Fig. 224); head dorsally with subrectangular projection on frontal sclerite below transverse and in between toruli (Fig. 215); mandible invariably long, flattened with one tooth, pointed at apex and curved, ventral margin of mandible with small denticles (Fig. 216); funicle segments all broader than long with curved sensilla (Fig. 217) ...... Eubronchus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin -. Head in lateral view not triangular (Fig. 202); head dorsally without subrectangular projection; mandible reduced (Fig. 246); funicle segments usually longer than broad without curved sensilla (Fig. 245) ...... 11

11. Head without small projection between toruli (Fig. 204); antennae double geniculate and first funicle segment invariably larger than any other segments, F1 as long as pedicel (Fig. 205) ...... Anagroidea Girault -. Antennal clava 2-segmented, with or without finger-like projection at apex (Figs 240, 255); fore wing cruiser oar shaped, and pointed at apex (Fig. 256); mesophragma notched at apex (Fig. 252); petiole not distinct (Fig. 259) ...... Omyomymar Schauff

20

Chapter 1

Revision of Indian Species I. ALAPTUS GROUP OF GENERA

The Alaptus-group of genera can be recognised by their very small size (0.2–0.3 mm) and bullet-shaped bodies. Antenna with 4–7 funicle segments, and if with 6- or 7-segments, then F2 may be minute, ring-like; clava entire or 2-segmented. Mandible usually with two teeth, rarely with one tooth, but 4-dentate in Kikiki. Wings very narrow. Mesophragma projecting into metasoma. Tarsi 5-segmented, but Kikiki with a 3-segmented tarsi.

Included Indian genera: Alaptus Westwood, Dicopus Enock, Dicopomorpha Ogloblin, Kikiki Huber, Litus Haliday.

21 1. GENUS ALAPTUS Westwood (Figures 9–73)

Alaptus Westwood, 1839: 79. Type species Alaptus minimus Westwood, by monotypy. Parvulinus Mercet, 1912: 332. Type species Parvulinus auranti Mercet, by monotypy. Synonymy by Girault, 1913a: 221. Metalaptus Malenotti, 1917: 339. Type species Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti, by monotypy. Synonymy by Girault, 1917: 1.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.21–0.42 mm. Antennal formula, 1151 (Fig. 11), but sometimes a minute, ring-like additional segment may be present (Fig. 23). Mandible with two teeth (Fig. 48). Mesophragma strongly projecting into gaster (Fig. 14). Fore wing with posterior margin deeply excised behind venation (Fig. 12) but, exceptionally the deep excised part is covered by a transparent membrane (Fig. 32) giving it less excised appearance, and its hind margin usually straight so that the fore wing beyond basal excision widens evenly and continuously towards wing apex (Fig. 33). Tarsi 5-segmented (Fig. 14). Gaster sessile or subsessile (Fig. 18).

Male. Flagellum 8-segmented (Fig. 16).

Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from Psocoptera and Coccoidea. The records from Coccoidea need confirmation (Lin et al., 2007). Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 59; India, 12 (including 4 new species).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Alaptus deccanensis Anwar & Zeya 2. Alaptus delhiensis Mani 3. Alaptus deodus sp. nov. 4. Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya 5. Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis 6. Alaptus magnanimus Annandale 7. Alaptus mashhoodi sp. nov.

22

8. Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya 9. Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani 10. Alaptus ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya 11. Alaptus spicatus sp. nov. 12. Alaptus wandoorensis sp. nov.

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF ALAPTUS WESTWOOD, MALES, FEMALES 1. Flagellum 8-segmented (Fig. 16) (Males) ...... 2 -. Flagellum 6- or 7-segmented, if 7-segmented, F2 minute, ring-like (Fig. 30) or broader than long (Fig. 23) (Females) ...... 3

2. F4 quadrate ...... 1. A. magnanimous Annandale -. F4 longer than broad, not ring-like (Fig. 16) ...... 2. A. jowainus Rehmat & Anis

3. Funicle 6-segmented (Fig. 22) ...... 4 -. Funicle 5-segmented (Fig. 68) ...... 9

4. F2 small, broader than long (Fig. 23); ovipositor very long, strongly exserted, longer than body length [1.5× as long as body length; total length of ovipositor 3.4× as long as mid tibia, exserted part 1.9× metasoma length, second valvifer inserted anteriorly at posterior margin of metanotum (Fig. 28)] ...... 3. A. indicus Anwar & Zeya -. F2 minute ring-like (Fig. 55); ovipositor not very long, shorter than body length ...... 5

5. Vertex, mesoscutum with a pair of long and thick setae (Figs 29, 34); fore wing with proximal and distal macrochaetae relatively thick and stout setae (Fig. 32); axillar setae invariably long and stout (Fig. 34) ...... 4. A. spicatus sp. nov. -. Vertex, mesoscutum without a pair of long and thick setae (Figs 42, 46); fore wing with proximal and distal macrochaetae relatively thin (Fig. 50); axillar setae thin (Fig. 52) ...... 6

6. Ventral margin of F4 and F5 excised (Fig. 36); mesosoma with rugose sculpture (Fig. 39) ...... 5. A. wandoorensis sp. nov.

23 -. Ventral margin of F4 and F5 not excised (Fig. 43); mesoscutum with rugose or reticulate sculpture; scutellum with longitudinal reticulations ...... 7

7. Antennal clava as long as preceding 3 funicular segments combined (Fig. 43); mesoscutum with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 46); ovipositor 1.58× as long as gaster, strongly exserted to about one-third length of gaster (Fig. 47) ...... 6. A. deccanensis Anwar & Zeya -. Antennal clava as long as preceding 4 funicular segments combined; mesoscutum with rugose sculpture; ovipositor less than the length of gaster, slightly exserted beyong the apex of gaster; (Fig. 53) ...... 8

8. Head, in frontal view, subtriangular in shape (Fig. 48); mandibles thick (Fig. 48); clava longer than 4 preceding funicular segments combined (Fig. 49); anterior scutellum 1.33× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum 0.4× scutellum length (Fig. 52) ...... 7. A. deodus sp. nov. -. Head, in frontal view, rounded in shape (Fig. 54); mandibles thin and pointed (Fig. 54); clava shorter than 4 preceding funicular segments (Fig. 55); anterior scutellum 0.6× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum subequal to scutellum length (Fig. 58) ...... 8. A. mashhoodi sp. nov.

9. Mesosoma with polygonal sculpture (Fig. 65); clava pointed at apex, slightly shorter than F1–F5 combined (Fig. 62) ...... 9. A. ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya -. Mesosoma with rugose sculpture (Fig. 46); clava rounded at apex, at least the length of preceding 4 funicular segments combined ...... 10

10. Antenna with all funicular segments subquadrate; clava slightly longer than F1–F5 combined ...... 10. A. delhiensis Mani -. Antenna with all funicular segments not subquadrate; clava subequal F1–F5 combined ...... 11

11. F1 and F2 subquadrate, each shorter than F3 ...... 11. A. ramakrishnai Mani -. F1 and F2 distinctly longer than broad, F2 longer than F3 ...... 12

12. Mesophragma occupying 0.39× length of gaster; base of ovipositor extending anteriorly beyond apex of mesophragma (Fig. 73); ovipositor 0.81× gaster length ...... 12. A. pyronus Anwar & Zeya

24

-. Mesophragma occupying 0.2–0.36× length of gaster; base of ovipositor not touching the apex of mesophragma (Fig. 14); ovipositor 0.84–1.11× gaster length ...... 2. A. jowainus Rehmat & Anis

1. Alaptus magnanimus Anandale Alaptus magnanimus Anandale, 1909: 299, male. Holotype, male, India, Calcutta (ZSI), not examined. Alaptus magnanimus Anandale: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 180, catalogue. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 562, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 2, checklist. Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 33, review.

Diagnosis Male. Length, 0.21 mm. Head, in dorsal view, broader than long. Antenna hairy; scape sub-cylindrical; F3, F5 and F6 distinctly longer than broad, F4 quadrate. Pronotum about 4× as broad as long, slightly longer then anterior scutellum. Fore wing with a row of setae along anterior margin and one along posterior margin, the disc with 2 setae. Metasoma stout and rounded at apex; first tergite with a single bristle on either side near the posterior margin; last tergite with a pair of unequal bristles on either side.

Female. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: West Bengal. Comments. The diagnosis of the holotype A. magnanimous is based on the original description and illustrations given by Annandale (1909: plate XXIII). As this species was described from a male, it is not possible to compare it with the other species based on females.

2. Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis (Figures 9–18) Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 53, female. Holotype, female, India, Meghalaya (ZDAMU), examined.

25 Redescription Female. Holotype. Length, 0.38 mm (paratypes, 0.38–0.42 mm). Body brown to dark brown. Mandible dark brown. Antenna brown except pedicel and scape light brown. Fore wing hyaline, slightly infuscate at base below venation. Hind wing subhyaline; veins brown. Legs brown; tarsal segments light brown. Ovipositor light brown. Head (Fig. 10). Head, in frontal view 1.55× (paratypes, 1.3–1.66×) as broad as high; torulus touching preorbital trabecula and inner eye margin. Antenna (Fig. 11) with scape 2.85× (paratypes, 2.22–3.75×) as long as broad, longitudinally striated; pedicel 2× (paratypes, 1.87–3.2×) as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; F1–F5 distinctly longer than broad, F5 about 2× as long as broad; clava 4.33× (paratypes, 3.9–5.37×) as long as broad, longer than F2–F5 combined with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 14). Mesosoma 0.9× (paratypes, 0.74–1.15×) metasoma length; mesoscutum with faint polygonal sculpture; anterior scutellum smooth 0.8× (paratypes, 0.66–0.9×) posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum medially almost smooth, sides with faint longitudinal sculpture. Propodeum subequal to anterior scutellum (paratypes, 0.87–1.22×), 0.8× (paratypes, 0.75–1×) posterior scutellum; mesophragma extending into 0.27× (paratypes, 0.2–0.36×) length of metasoma. Fore wing (Fig. 12) 11.8× (paratypes, 9.66–14×) as long as broad; disc with 5 setae (paratypes, 5–8) in the middle; longest marginal seta 5.9× (paratypes, 4.66–6.25×) maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 13) 17× (paratypes, 16–19.62×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.2× (paratypes, 6.66–7.87×) maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 14). Ovipositor (Fig. 14) slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.84× (paratypes, 0.85–1.11×) as long as metasoma, 1.27× (paratypes, 1.27– 2.03×) as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.2× (paratypes, 0.1–0.18×) metasoma length. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:hight, 62:40; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 20:7; pedicel, 15:7.5; F1, 9:3; F2, 11:4; F3, 9:4.5); F4, 9:5; F5, 9:5; clava, 39:9; mesosoma, 59; mesoscutum, 22; anterior scutellum, 8; posterior anterior, 10; metanotum, 10; propodeum, 8; fore wing length:width, 142:12; longest marginal seta, 71; hind wing length:width, 137:8; longest marginal seta, 58; fore tibia, 32; mid tibia, 43; mid tarsi, 52; mid

26 basitarsus, 11; hind tibia, 456; mesophragma, 18; metasoma, 65; ovipositor, 55; exserted part of ovipositor, 13.

Male. Length, 0.39 mm. Body colour similar to that of female. Head with transverse striations. Antenna (Fig. 16) with flagellum 8-segmented; scape 2.7× as long as broad; funicular segments longer than broad, F1 subequal to F3; F4–F7 equal in lengths, F8 the longest and oblong. Fore wing (Fig. 17) 12.6× as long as broad with 8 discal setae in the middle. Metasoma (Fig. 18). Genitalia 0.36× metasoma length. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 75:60; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:3; scape, 21:8.5; pedicel, 16:9; F1, 10:6.5; F2, 13:4; F3, 12:5; F4, 15:6; F5, 15:6; F6, 15:6; F7, 16:6; F8, 16:6; mesosoma, 70; fore wing length:width, 160:15; longest marginal seta length, 70; hind wing length:width, 155:10; longest marginal seta, 65; fore tibia, 37; mid tibia, 50; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 52; metasoma, 69; genitalia, 25.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 3 coverslips), INDIA: MEGHALAYA: Jowai, Thaldskin, 22.x.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.676). Paratypes, 5 females, 1 male: 4 females, 1 male, (on slide under 2,3,3,4,3 coverslips each), INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Ranikhet, Chaubatia, 27.x.2009, Coll. F.R. Khan; 1 female (on slide under 3 coverslips), Dehradun, Udaibagh, 03.xi.2009, Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.676).

Hosts. Unknown Distribution. India: Meghalaya, Uttarakhand. Comments. Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis (2014) is a distinct species. It is apparently similar to Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya (2014) in having similar body colour and antennal proportions. However, it differs from the latter by the following characters: mesophragma occupying 0.2–0.36× length of gaster; base of ovipositor do not touches mesophragma 0.84–1.11× as long as gaster. In A. pyronus: mesophragma occupying 0.39× length of gaster; ovipositor touches mesophragma 0.81× as long as gaster.

27 3. Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya (Figures 19–28) Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya, in Anwar et al., 2015: 25, female. Holotype, female, India, Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam, Araku Valley (ZDAMU), examined.

Redescription Female. Holotype (Fig. 16). Body length, 0.28 mm (excluding exserted part of ovipositor, 0.27 mm). Body dark brown. Eye brown. Antenna brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs brown. Head (Fig. 21). Head, in frontal view, 0.84× as broad as high; torulus touching preorbital trabecula and inner eye margin. Antenna (Fig. 22) with scape 2.75× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad, except the F2 broader than long (Fig. 23); F1 and F5 subequal; F3 the longest; F5 and F6 widening apically; longitudinal sensilla on funicular segments as follows: F1, 1; F3, 1; F4, 2; F5, 2 and F6, 2; clava about 3× as long as broad, longer than F4–F6 combined with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 27). Mesosoma subequal in length to metasoma; mesoscutum with transversely curved faint striated sculpture; scutellum with faint longitudinal criss-crossed sculpture; propodeum nearly 1.3× as long as anterior and posterior scutellum individually; mesophragma extending into 0.59× length of metasoma. Fore wing 8.9× as long as broad (Fig. 24); disc almost bare with 3–4 setae in middle of blade and a row of five setae behind venation (Fig. 25); longest marginal seta 4× maximum wing width. Hind wing 17.2× as long as broad (Fig. 26); longest marginal seta 7× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 28). Ovipositor (Fig. 28) projecting into posterior part of mesosoma, nearly 1.5× as long as body length and about 3× as long as metasoma; total length of ovipositor 5.7× as long as mid tibia, exserted part 1.9× metasoma. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head frontal width:height, 51:43; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 3:4; scape, 22:8; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 10:3.5; F2, 1.5:2; F3, 11:3; F4, 12:4; F5, 10:6; F6, 9:7; clava, 35:13; mesosoma, 56; mesophragma, 33; fore wing length:width, 160:18; longest marginal seta, 72; hind wing length:width, 155:9; longest marginal seta, 63; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia,

28

50; mid basitarsus, 46; hind tibia, 50; metasoma, 56; ovipositor, 170; length of exserted part of ovipositor, 115.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.643), INDIA: ANDHRA PRADESH: Vishakhapatnam, Araku Valley, 3.ii.2014, Coll. M.T. Khan. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM/CH/727).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh. Comments. Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya is a distinctive species, and appears to be similar to the Chinese species, A. longicaudatus Lou, Cao & Lou (1999) in having a strongly exserted ovipositor and more or less similar wings. However, it differs from the latter mainly by following characters: body length 0.32 mm; antenna with a 6-segmented funicle, including a ring-like F2; clava, 2.7× as long as broad, slightly longer than preceding three funicular segments combined; mesosoma subequal to metasoma; mesophragma extending into 0.59× length of metasoma; ovipositor inserted in posterior part of mesosoma, nearly 1.5× body length; exserted part of ovipositor 1.9× as long as metasoma. In A. longicaudatus: (features taken from Lou et al., 1999): body length 0.56–0.63 mm; antenna with 5-segmented funicle; clava comparatively longer, 6.25× as long as broad, subequal to preceding four funicular segments combined; mesosoma about 0.73× length of metasoma; mesophragma extending into 0.43× length of metasoma; ovipositor inserted at T3 of gaster, 1.2× body length; exserted part of ovipositor 1.75× metasoma.

4. Alaptus spicatus sp. nov. (Figures 29–35)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.26 mm (paratypes, 0.27 mm). Body dark brown. Antenna yellow with margins brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs pale yellow. Head (Fig. 29). Head, in frontal view, 1.42× (paratypes, 1.26–1.57×) as broad as high; a pair of well developed setae with sharp end on vertex; torulus touching preorbital trabecula and inner eye margin. Antenna (Fig. 30) with scape 3×

29 (paratypes, 3–3.42×) as long as broad; pedicel 0.5× (paratypes, 0.54×) as long as scape, 1.56× (paratypes, 1.85–2×) as long as broad; F1, F3–F5 longer than broad, except F2 minute and, F5 subquadrate; F3 the longest 2.75× (paratypes, 3–3.33×) as long as broad; F4–F6 widening apically; clava about 2.9× (paratypes, 2.7–3×) as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined, with 2 (paratypes, 2–3) longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 34). Mesosoma 0.75× (paratypes, 0.84–0.95×) metasoma length; mesoscutum subequal to anterior and posterior scutellum combined, transversely curved faint striated sculpture; anterior part of mesoscutum with a pair of thick setae touching posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 34); each axillae with a long spine-like seta reaching beyond the basal fourth or so of gaster (Fig. 34); anterior scutellum smooth, posterior scutellum with faint longitudinal striations; propodeum 1.5× (paratypes, 1.77–2.5×) anterior scutellum, 1.14× (paratypes, 1.6– 1.66×) posterior scutellum; mesophragma extended upto 0.2× (paratypes, 0.19–0.2×) length of metasoma. Fore wing 10.8× (paratypes, 10.84–11.66×) as long as broad (Fig. 31); marginal vein with a pair of long and thick macrochaetae, distal macrochaeta more than 2× as long as proximal macrochaeta (Fig. 32); disc with a line of eight setae running almost medially in distal half or so; longest marginal seta 4.2× (paratypes, 3.66–4.23×) maximum wing width; posterior margin with a translucent membrane-like covering, hence not deeply curved. Hind wing 20.3× (paratypes, 17.3–17.57×) as long as broad (Fig. 33); longest marginal seta 7.14× (paratypes, 5–6.4×) maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 35). Ovipositor (Fig. 35) not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.73× (paratypes, 0.57–0.61×) metasoma length and 1.15× (paratypes, 1.05×) as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 47:33; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:4; scape, 25:8; pedicel, 12.5:8; F1, 6:4; F2, 1:1; F3, 11:4; F4, 11:6; F5, 7:5; F6, 7:6; clava, 26:9; mesosoma, 50; mesoscutum, 18; anterior scutellum, 8: posterior scutellum, 10.5; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 12; mesophragma, 33; fore wing length:width, 141:13; longest marginal seta, 55; hind wing length:width, 142:7; longest marginal seta, 50; fore tibia, 35; mid tibia, 40; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 50; metasoma, 66; ovipositor, 46.

30

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.129), INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Kengeri, 11.ix.2012 (YPT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Paratypes, 2 females. 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.114) data same as holotype; 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, MYM.115): INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Kengeri, 4.ix.2012 (YPT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is derived from well developed spine-like setae present on its head and mesosoma. Comments. Alaptus spicatus sp. nov. is a distinctive species and can be separated from all the other Indian species by the following characters: head with vertex and mesoscutum with a pair of spine-like thick setae; each axilla with one long spine- like seta; axillary seta more than 2× as long as seta present on vertex and mesoscutum; fore wing with a pair dorsal macrochaetae long and thick; posterior margin with a translucent membrane-like covering, hence not deeply curved. In other Indian species: head with vertex and mesoscutum with a pair of relatively thin setae and not spine- like; each axilla with relatively thin seta; fore wing with a pair of dorsal macrochaetae relatively not thick, posterior margin without membrane-like covering, hence deeply excised.

5. Alaptus wandoorensis sp. nov. (Figures 36–40)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.32 mm. Head dark brown; antenna pale yellow except clava brown. Mesosoma dark brown; wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma dark brown. Head, in frontal view, 1.34× as broad as high; frontovertex with rugose sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 36) with scape 3× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; F1–F4 longer than broad, F1 & F2 slender, F2 the longest; F3–F5 widening

31 apically; F5 subquadrate; clava 3.4× as long as broad, slightly shorter than funicle, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 39). Mesosoma 0.73× metasoma length, with rugose reticulate sculpture; mesoscutum almost subequal to scutellum; anterior scutellum longer than posterior scutellum; propodeum 1.63× as long as posterior scutellum; mesophragma extending upto 0.15× length of metasoma. Fore wing 11.5× as long as broad (Fig. 37); disc almost bare, except four setae in the middle, and one seta proximal to venation; longest marginal seta 4.7× maximum wing width. Hind wing 17.4× as long as broad (Fig. 38); longest marginal seta 5.6× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 40). Ovipositor (Fig. 40) arises from base of gaster, strongly exerted beyond apex of gaster, 2.04× as long as mid tibia, 1.23× as long as metasoma. Exserted part of ovipositor 0.23× metasoma length. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 58:43; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 30:10; pedicel, 12:8; F1, 12:3; F2, 15.5:3; F3, 11:7; F4, 9:7; F5, 7.5:8; clava, 51:15; mesosoma, 58; mesophragma, 12; fore wing length:width, 138:12; longest marginal seta, 56; hind wing length:width, 139:8; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 48; mid basitarsus, 14; hind tibia, 52; metasoma, 80; ovipositor, 98; exserted part of ovipositor, 18.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.103), INDIA: ANI: South Andaman, Wandoor, 30.i.2013 (SN), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Etymology. The species name is derived from the locality Wandoor of Andaman & Nicobar Islands from where the holotype was collected. Comments. Alaptus wandoorensis sp. nov. is a distinct species, apparently close to the Indian species A. ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya (2014) by F2 the longest funicular segment; clava a little shorter than all the funicular segments combined and ovipositor occupying entire length of the gaster, strongly exserted beyond the apex

32 of gaster. However, it differs from the latter in the following characters: frontovertex with rugose sculpture; antenna with scape 3× as long as broad; pedicel longer than all funicular segments individually except F2; clava 3.4× as long as broad; mesosoma with rugose reticulate sculpture; mesophragma extending upto 0.15× length of metasoma. In A. ramamurthyi: frontovertex with transverse striations; antenna with scape about 2× as long as broad; pedicel distinctly longer than all funicular segments individually; clava 4.5× as long as broad; mesosoma polygonal reticulation; mesophragma extending upto basal half of the metasoma.

6. Alaptus deccanensis Anwar & Zeya (Figures 41–47) Alaptus deccanensis Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 32, female. Holotype, female, India, Karnataka (ZDAMU), examined.

Redescription Female. Holotype. Length, 0.32 mm. Head dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape, pedicel, F1 and F2 pale yellow; F3–F5 and clava yellowish brown. Mesosoma pale yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma and ovipositor sheaths dark brown. Head (Fig. 42). Head, in frontal view, 1.29× as broad as high; transverse and supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin laterally. Antenna (Fig. 43) with scape 3× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, subequal in length to F1, F3 and F4 individually; funicle segments all longer than broad, but F2 longest and F5 shortest; clava 3× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F3–F5 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma (Fig. 46). Mesosoma 0.76× metasoma length; mesoscutum with transverse polygonal reticulation, mid lobe with two setae; side lobe of mesoscutum and axilla each with one seta; anterior scutellum smooth, posterior scutellum with longitudinal curved reticulation (Fig. 46). Fore wing (Fig. 44) 12× as long as broad, with a line of setae running slightly below the anterior wing margin, rest of the disc bare; longest marginal seta 3.82× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 45) 20× as long as broad, with a line of setae extending from slightly distal to venation and ending before apex of wing; longest marginal seta 6.6× maximum wing width.

33 Metasoma (Fig. 47). Ovipositor (Fig. 47) originates from base of gaster and exserted to about one-third length of gaster; ovipositor about 1.58× as long as gaster and, 2.14× as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 70:54; antennal segments length:width—scape, 30:10; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 17:4; F2, 19:5; F3, 14:6; F4, 15:5; F5, 9:8; clava, 42:14; mesosoma length, 65; fore wing length:width, 205:17; longest marginal seta, 65; hind wing length:width, 201:10; longest marginal seta, 66; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 63; mid basitarsus, 15; hind tibia, 69; metasoma, 85; ovipositor, 135.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.69), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.669).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Comments. Alaptus deccanensis is apparently similar to A. extremus Soyka (1939) in most of the characters but, differs mainly as follows: antennal scape 3× as along as broad; F3 and F4 subequal and slightly longer than F5; fore wing with a line of setae adjacent to inner margin of anterior side of the disc, with marginal fringe comprising 53 setae; mesophragma reaching at most half length of the gaster; ovipositor relatively long and relatively more exserted. In A. extremus: antennal scape 2.5× as along as broad; F3 and F4 subequal and slightly shorter than F5; fore wing without a line of setae adjacent to inner margin of interior side of disc, with marginal fringe comprising 64 setae; mesophragma reaching at most two-third length of the gaster and ovipositor relatively less exserted (characters of A. extremus noted from Pricop, 2010).

7. Alaptus deodus sp. nov. (Figures 48–53)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.39 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape

34 and pedicel brown, funicle pale yellow, clava brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 53). Head, in frontal view, 1.24× as broad as high; frontovertex with shallow rugose sculpture; torulus touching preorbital trabecula and inner eye margin. Antenna (Fig. 49) with scape 2.33× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 and F4 subequal; F2 the longest; F5 widening apically; clava 3.36× as long as broad, subequal to F2–F5 combined with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 52). Mesosoma 0.72× metasoma length; mesoscutum with rugose reticulation; anterior scutellum smooth, 1.33× as long as posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum medially with faint longitudinal sculpture, sides with prominent longitudinal sculpture touching the anterior and posterior margin of scutellum; propodeum 0.4× anterior scutellum and 0.55× posterior scutellum length; mesophragma extending upto 0.5× length of metasoma, and extending beyond the basal third of ovipositor. Fore wing 8.5× as long as broad (Fig. 50); disc with a row setae running parallel to anterior margin; longest marginal seta 3.6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 16.27× as long as broad (Fig. 51); longest marginal seta 5.5× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 53). Ovipositor (Fig. 53) distinctly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.95× length of metasoma, and 1.3 × as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.16× metasoma. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 50:62; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 4:4; scape, 21:9; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 10:4; F2, 14:5; F3, 11:6; F4, 10:6; F5, 9:7; clava, 47:14; mesosoma length, 58; mesophragma, 40; fore wing length:width, 179:21; longest marginal seta, 76; hind wing length:width, 179:11; longest marginal seta, 60; fore tibia, 34; mid tibia, 59; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 52; metasoma, 81; ovipositor, 77; length of exserted part of ovipositor, 13.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.649), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Hesaraghatta, 22.viii.2013, Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

35 Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Alaptus deodus sp. nov. appears similar to Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya (2014) in having a slightly exserted ovipositor, frontovertex sculpture and more or less similar antennal configuration, sculpture of posterior scutellum and ovipositor characters. It differs from the latter mainly by having the following characters: clava rounded at apex; mesoscutum with rugose reticulation, and fore wing 8.5× as long as broad with a row of setae running parallel to anterior margin. In A. pyronus: clava pointed at apex; mesoscutum with polygonal sculpture and fore wing 11× as long as broad with wing disc almost bare except two setae in the middle.

8. Alaptus mashhoodi sp. nov. (Figures 54–59)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs brown with outer margins dark brown. Head (Fig. 54). Head, in frontal view, 1.36× as broad as high; frontovertex with shallow rugose sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 55) with scape 2.2× as long as broad; pedicel 1.6× as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad; F1 and F3 subequal; F2 the longest; F4 and F5 each slightly shorter than F1 and F3 individually, widening apically; clava 2.56× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F2–F5 combined with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 58). Mesosoma 0.77× metasoma length; mesoscutum with rugose reticulation; anterior scutellum smooth, 0.6× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum medially with faint longitudinal sculpture, sides with prominent longitudinal sculpture touching the anterior and posterior margin of scutellum; propodeum subequal to anterior scutellum, 0.6× posterior scutellum; mesophragma extending upto 0.35× length of metasoma, touching the base of ovipositor. Fore wing 8.76× as long as broad (Fig. 56), disc with a row setae running parallel to anterior margin; longest marginal seta 4.2× as long as maximum wing width. Hind

36 wing 15× as long as broad (Fig. 57); longest marginal seta 6.1× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 59). Ovipositor (Fig. 59) slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.77× as long as metasoma, 1.22× as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.1× metasoma. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 75:55; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 4:4; scape, 22:10; pedicel, 15:9; F1, 9:4; F2, 10:4; F3, 9:4.5; F4, 9:6; F5, 10:8; clava, 41:16; mesosoma, 59; mesophragma, 27; fore wing length:width, 149:17; longest marginal seta, 71; hind wing length:width, 150:10; longest marginal seta, 61; fore tibia, 32; mid tibia, 49; mid basitarsus, 15; hind tibia, 51; 55; metasoma, 77; ovipositor, 60; exserted part of ovipositor, 6.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.112), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Attur, 8.x.2012, Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species is named in honour of late Prof. Shah Mashhood Alam, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for his excellent contributions to and Indian chalcid taxonomy. Comments. Alaptus mashhoodi sp. nov. appears similar to Alaptus deodus sp. nov. described in this thesis in having slightly exserted ovipositor, body sculpture and more or less similar antennal configuration. It differs from the latter mainly by having the following characters: head rounded; mandible thin and pointed; clava 2.56× as long as broad with pointed apex; anterior scutellum 0.6× posterior scutellum; propodeum subequal to anterior scutellum, and 0.6× posterior scutellum; mesophragma extending upto 0.35× length of metasoma; ovipositor slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.77× metasoma. In A.deodus: head triangular; clava 3.36× as long as broad with apex rounded; mandible thick and pointed; anterior scutellum 1.33× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum 0.4× anterior scutellum, and 0.55×

37 as long as posterior scutellum; mesophragma extending upto 0.5× length of metasoma; ovipositor slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.95× metasoma.

9. Alaptus ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya (Figures 61–66) Alaptus ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 35, female. Holotype, female, India, Dehra Dun (ZDAMU), examined.

Redescription Female. Holotype. Length, 0.25 mm. Head dark brown; area around mouth margin pale brown. Antenna pale yellow with clava brown. Mesosoma with pronotum dark brown; mesoscutum and scutellum yellow except anterior third of mesoscutum brown; mesoscutum weakly reticulated; propodeum yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma brown, basal three intersegmental areas yellow; ovipositor brown. Head (Fig. 61). Head, in frontal view, 1.57× as broad as high; transverse and supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin laterally. Mandible bidentate. Antenna (Fig. 62) with scape about 2× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, distinctly longer than all funicular segments individually; all funicular segments longer than broad, F2 the longest; clava pointed at apex, about 4.5× as long as broad and slightly shorter than F1–F5 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 65). Mesosoma 0.71× metasoma length; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulation, anterior mid lobe with a pair of setae; side lobe and axilla each with one seta; anterior scutellum smooth, posterior scutellum medially smooth, with sides with longitudinal reticulation (Fig. 65); mesophragma extending upto basal half of the metasoma. Fore wing (Fig. 63) 10.33× as long as broad; disc bare with a line of five setae; longest marginal seta 5× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 64) 18.75× as long as broad, longest marginal seta about 8× maximum wing width; disc with a line of setae extending to apex. Metasoma (Fig. 66). Metasoma rounded at apex; ovipositor originates from base of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 66) strongly exserted, the exserted part about one- third length of gaster; ovipositor about 1.4× as long as gaster and 2.27× as long as mid tibia.

38

Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 71:45; antennal segments length:width—scape, 20:10; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 8:4; F2, 10:4; F3, 8:5; F4, 9:5; F5, 9:6; clava, 45:10; mesosoma, 50; fore wing length:width, 155:15; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 150:8; longest marginal seta, 65; mid tibia, 43; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia, 41; metasoma, 70; ovipositor, 98.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM. 30), INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Harbatpur, 14.xi. 2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.671).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Comments. Alaptus ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya (2014) is close to A. deccanensis Anwar & Zeya (2014), but differs in smaller body size (0.25 mm); in the relative dimensions of funicular segments; scape 2.25× as long as broad; pedicel robust, and clava slightly shorter than funicle. In A. deccanensis: body larger in size (0.32 mm); funicle segments relatively longer, especially the long F2; scape about 2.5× as long as broad; pedicel normal, not robust, and clava slightly shorter than F3–F5 combined.

10. Alaptus delhiensis Mani Alaptus delhiensis Mani, 1942: 160, female. Holotype, female, India, New Delhi (NPC), not examined. Alaptus delhiensis Mani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 180, catalogue. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 562, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 2, checklist. Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 33, review.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.25 mm. Head (dorsum) 2× as broad as long. Antennal scape distinctly shorter than clava; pedicel equal to F1 & F2 combined; all funicular segments almost quadrate, F4 and F5 longer than F3; clava slightly longer than F1– F5 combined (Figure. Mani, 1942: fig. 22).

39 Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution: India: New Delhi. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and the illustration given by Mani (1942: fig. 22). Alaptus delhiensis Mani differs from A. ramakrishnai Mani in having quadrate funicular segments, and clava slightly longer than F1–F5 combined. In A. ramakrishnai: funicular segments are all longer than broad and clava about as long as F2–F5 combined (Anwar & Zeya, 2014).

11. Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani, 1942: 159, female. Holotype, male = female, India, Coimbatore (NPC), not examined. Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 180, catalogue. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 562, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 2, checklist. Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 35.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.25 mm. Head broader than long. Antennal scape distinctly shorter than clava; pedicel as long as F1 and F2 combined; F1and F2 quadrate, shorter than F3; F3–F5 subequal, and each slightly longer than broad; clava about as long as F2–F5 combined.

Male. Unknown.

Host. [?] on coconut. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and illustration given by Mani (1942: fig.21). This species differs from the other Indian species by the characters given in the key.

12. Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya (Figures 67–73) Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya, 2014: 34, female. Holotype, female, India, Uttarakhand, Dehra Dun (ZDAMU), examined.

40

Redescription Female. Holotype. Length, 0.27 mm. Head pale yellow, area around mouth margin yellow; eyes black. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel pale yellow, flagellum brown. Mesosoma pale brown with longitudinal striations. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma with gaster pale brown in basal half, brown in distal half; ovipositor brown. Head, in frontal view, 1.52× as broad as high; transverse and supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin. Mandible bidentate. Antenna (Fig. 68) with scape 2.75× as long as broad, almost as long as pedicel and F1 combined; pedicel 1.87× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; all funicular segments longer than broad, F2 slightly longer than F1 and F3 individually; clava (Fig. 69) 3.81× as long as broad, subequal to preceding 4 funicular segments combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla and a row of peg-like sensilla in inner margin (Fig. 69). Mesosoma (Fig. 72). Mesosoma 0.85× metasoma length; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulations; anterior scutellum smooth, posterior scutellum medially with faint longitudinally reticulation. Fore wing (Fig. 70) 11× as long as broad; disc almost bare except two setae in the middle; longest marginal seta 4.78× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 71) 18.12× as long as broad; disc with a row of setae along anterior margin beginning slightly distal to venation and ending slightly before apex of wing; longest marginal seta 7.5× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 73). Ovipositor (Fig. 73) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.89× as long as gaster and 1.25× as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 70:46; antennal segments length:width—scape, 22:8; pedicel, 15:8; F1, 8:4; F2, 9:4; F3, 9:4; F4, 9:5; F5, 8:6; clava, 42:11; mesosoma, 57; fore wing length:width, 155:14; longest marginal seta length, 67; hind wing length:width, 145:8; longest marginal seta, 60; fore tibia, 29; mid tibia, 48; mid basitarsus, 16; hind tibia, 47; metasoma, 67; ovipositor, 60.

Male. Unknown.

41 Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM. 29), INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Sahaspur, 11.xi. 2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar (ZDAMU, Registration No. HYM.CH.670).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Comments. Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya comes close to A. ramakrishnai Mani, but differs in having the pedicel shorter than F1 and F2 combined; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1–F5 slightly decreasing in length distally. In A. ramakrishnai: F1 and F2 quadrate, F3–F5 slightly longer than broad, and F1–F5 increasing in length distally. However, it differs from A. jowainus Rehmat & Anis by the characters given in the key.

42

9

10

11

12

13

Figures 9–13. Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis. Holotype, female: 9, slide; 10, head, frontal view; 11, antenna; 12, fore wing; 13, hind wing.

43 15

16

17

14 18

Figures 14–18. Alaptus jowainus Rehmat & Anis. (14) holotype, female, mesosoma and metasoma. (15–18) paratype, male: 15, slide; 16, antenna; 17, fore wing; 18, metasoma.

44 19

20

21 23

22

Figures 19–23. Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya. Holotype, female: 19, habitus; 20, slide; 21, head, frontal view; 22, antenna; 23, antenna, showing ring-like F2.

45 24

25

26

28

27

Figures 24–28. Alaptus indicus Anwar & Zeya. Holotype, female: 24, fore wing, 25, fore wing, basal part; 26, hind wing; 27, mesosoma; 28, mesosoma and metasoma, showing the long ovipositor.

46 30

32

29

31

33

34 35

Figures 29–35. Alaptus spicatus sp. nov. (29–34) holotype, female: 29, head, frontal view; 30, antenna; 31, fore wing; 32, fore wing, basal part; 33, hind wing; 34, mesosoma and metasoma. (35) paratype, female, metasoma, showing ovipositor.

47 36

37

38

39

40

Figures 36–40. Alaptus wandoorensis sp. nov. Holotype, female: 36, antenna; 37, fore wing; 38, hind wing; 39, mesosoma; 40, mesosoma and metasoma.

48 41

42

43

44

45

47

46

Figures 41–47. Alaptus deccanensis Anwar & Zeya. Holotype, female: 41, slide; 42, head, frontal view; 43, antenna; 44, fore wing; 45, hind wing, 46, mesosoma; 47, mesosoma and metasoma with ovipositor.

49 49

48

50

51

53

52

Figures 48–53. Alaptus deodus sp. nov. Holotype, female: 48, head, frontal view; 49, antenna; 50, fore wing; 51, hind wing; 52, mesosoma; 53, mesosoma and metasoma.

50 55

54

56

57

58

59

Figures 54–59. Alaptus mashhoodi sp. nov. Holotype, female: 54, head, frontal view; 55, antenna; 56, fore wing; 57, hind wing; 58, mesosoma; 59, mesosoma and metasoma.

51 60

61

63 62

64

66

65

Figures 60–66. Alaptus ramamurthyi Anwar & Zeya. Holotype, female: 60, slide; 61, head, frontal view; 62, antenna; 63, fore wing; 64, hind wing; 65, mesosoma; 66, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

52 67

68

69

70

71

73

72

Figures 67–73. Alaptus pyronus Anwar & Zeya. Holotype, female: 67, slide; 68, antenna; 69, clava, enlarged; 70, fore wing; 71, hind wing; 72, mesosoma; 73, mesosoma and metasoma.

53 2. GENUS DICOPOMORPHA Ogloblin (Figures 74–131)

Dicopomorpha Ogloblin, 1955: 387. Type species Dicopomorpha macrocephala Ogloblin, by original designation. Chromodicopus Ogloblin, 1955: 390. Type species Chromodicopus pulchricornis Ogloblin, by original designation. Synonymy by Yoshimoto, 1990: 27. Dicopulus Ogloblin, 1955: 377. Type species Dicopulus stramineus Ogloblin, by original designation. Synonymy by Yoshimoto, 1990: 27.

Diagnosis The Indian species of the genus Dicopomorpha vary greatly in their characters. Females, with funicle 6- or 7-segmented (Figs 76, 121); if 7-segmented, then F2 often ring-like (Fig. 96). Mandibles crossing each other medially, with 1 or 2 teeth; in case of bidentate mandible, lower tooth may be truncate. Mesoscutum with notauli complete (Fig. 91). Fore wing (Figs 77, 115) relatively narrow or extremely narrow, broadened and curved towards apex, with posterior margin either wavy or straight medially.

Male. Flagellum 9- or 10-segmented (Figs 81, 127); if 10-segmented then F2 ring- like.

Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from Psocoptera (Lin et al., 2007). Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 16. India, 9 (including 4 new species).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam 2. Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. 3. Dicopomorpha funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam 4. Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. 5. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao) 6. Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov. 7. Dicopomorpha longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam

54

8. Dicopomorpha minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam 9. Dicopomorpha mirzai sp. nov.

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF DICOPOMORPHA OGLOBLIN, FEMALES 1. Antenna with funicle 6-segmented (Fig. 76) ...... 2 -. Antenna with funicle 7-segmented (Fig. 96) ...... 3

2. Mesosoma pale yellow (Fig. 80); mesoscutum with rugose sculptures (Fig. 79) ...... 1. D. albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam -. Mesosoma yellow medially, sides dark brown; mesoscutum with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 91) ...... 2. D. heratyi sp. nov.

3. F2 reduced, ring-like (Fig. 96) ...... 4 -. F2 normal, not ring-like (Fig. 121) ...... 8

4. Body dark brown; mesosoma with reticulate sculptures ...... 5 -. Mesosoma pale yellow with rugose sulptures (Fig. 99) .. 3. D. indica Subba Rao

5. Mesosoma faintly reticulate; ovipositor at least half the length of gaster ...... 6 -. Mesosoma strongly reticulate (Fig. 130); ovipositor as long as gaster (Fig. 106) ...... 4. D. mirzai sp. nov.

6. Ovipositor shorter than the length of mid tibia ...... 7 -. Ovipositor longer than mid tibia (scape 7.9× as long as broad; hind wing 21× as long as broad) ...... 5. D. minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam

7. Scape 8.9× as long as broad; hind wing 24× as long as broad ...... 6. D. longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam -. Scape 4.9–5.8× as long as broad (Fig. 112); hind wing 18–20× as long as broad ...... 7. D. logus sp. nov.

8. Ovipositor 0.7× as long as metasoma; (mandible unidentate ?) ...... 8. D. funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam -. Ovipositor 1.6–1.8× as long as metasoma (Fig. 125); (mandible unidentate, Fig. 120) ...... 9. D. dente sp. nov.

55 1. Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (Figures 74–85) Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, 2016: 8384, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (EDAU), not examined.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.26–0.30 mm. Head brown to dark brown, trabeculae dark brown; mid lobe of mesoscutum with anterior margin or so dark brown, rest, and side lobe of mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum pale yellow. Wings subhyaline. Antenna yellowish brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 75). Head, appears round on slide; in frontal view, 1.09–1.4× as broad as high; vertex 2–3× as broad as long, with shallow rugose sculpture; antennal torulus at the level of lower eye margin, touching eye margin laterally, 1.42–1.87× of its own length from transverse trabecula. Mandible sharp, bidentate. Antennal scape 6–7.1× as long as broad; pedicel 2–2.33× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 6-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, F3–F6 almost subequal in length; clava 2.58–2.62× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F3–F6 combined, with 2–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 76). Mesosoma (Fig. 79). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster; prosternum with six sides, divided completely mediolongitudinally; mesoscutum with rugose sculpture (Fig. 79); anterior scutellum longer than posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum with polygonal sculpture, and posterior scutellum with longitudinally polygonal sculpture; propodeum subequal in length to anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 77) 10–11.2× as long as broad; posterior margin wavy and slightly curved towards apex; disc bare except one seta in middle and a line of prominent setae behind marginal vein; longest marginal seta 2.76–4× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 78) 20.93–22.71× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 5.6–6.71× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 80). Cercal setae at gastral apex short and curved; ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 80), about 0.61–0.82× gaster and, 0.7– 0.86× mid tibia.

56

Relative measurements (n=3; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 56–77:51– 55 (64.33:52.66; ±11.11:2.08); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 7–9:4 (8.33:4; ±1.15:0); scape, 42–44:6–8 (43:7; ±1:1); pedicel, 17–21:8–9 (18.66:8.66; ±2.08:0.57); F1, 9–10:3.5–4 (9.33:3.66; ±0.57:0.28); F2, 8–10:3–3.5 (9.33:3.16; ±1.15:0.28); F3, 12:4–5 (12:4.5; ±0:0.5); F4, 12–13:6 (12.66:6; ±0.57:0); F5, 12– 13:6 (12.66:6; ±0.57:0); F6, 12:7–8 (12:7.5; ±0:0.5); clava, 42–44:16–17 (43.33:16.66; ±1.1:0.57); mesosoma, 55–62 (59.66; ±4.04); mesoscutum, 21–26 (22.66; ±2.88); anterior scutellum, 11–12 (11.33; ±0.57); posterior anterior, 9–11 (10.33; ±1.15); metanotum, 2–3 (2.33; ±0.57); propodeum, 8–20 (12.66; ±6.42); fore wing length:width, 160–177:15–17 (168:16; ±8.5:1); longest marginal seta, 47–60 (54; ±6.55); hind wing length:width, 153–159:7–7.5 (156.33:7.16; ±3.05:0.28); longest marginal seta, 42–47 (43.66; ±2.88); fore tibia, 33–36 (35; ±1.73); mid tibia, 43–54 (49; ±5.56); mid tarsi, 36–43 (40; ±3.6); mid basitarsus, 7–9 (7.66; ±1.15); hind tibia, 50–52 (50.66; ±1.15); mesophragma, 17–24 (19.66; ±3.78); metasoma, 45–62 (54; ±8.54); ovipositor, 37–38 (37.33; ±0.57); exserted part of ovipositor, 7– 10 (8.66; ±1.52).

Male. Length 0.27 mm. Head dark brown. Mesosoma pale yellow. Antenna pale brown. Legs pale yellow. Metasoma dark brown Head, in frontal view, 1.16× as broad as long, with rugose sculpture. Antennal scape 2.22× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; flagellum 9- segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments (Fig. 81). Mesosoma (Fig. 84). Mesosoma 1.22× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 82) 7.95× as long as broad, disc bare except a few setae in the middle; longest marginal seta 2.95× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 83) 22× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.42× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 85). Genitalia 0.65× gaster and 0.6× mid tibia. Relative measurements (male slide, at 400×): head width:height, 70:60; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:5; scape, 20:9; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 18:6; F2, 21:6; F3, 23:5; F4, 23:5; F5, 23:5; F6, 22:5; F7, 23:5; F8, 24:5; F9, 24:4; mesosoma, 60; mesoscutum, 20; scutellum anterior: posterior, 12:11; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 13; mesophragma, 10; fore wing length:width, 175:22; longest marginal

57 seta, 65; hind wing length:width, 155:7; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 50; mid tibia, 53; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 38; metasoma, 49; genitalia, 32.

Material examined. 3 females, 1 male. INDIA: ANI, Little Andaman Forest Nursery, 2 females (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.106, MYM.205). KARNATAKA, Bengaluru, Cori, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.204), 26.i.2013 (YPT); Jarakabande Kaval, 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.107), 14.xi.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka (new record), Tamil Nadu. Comments. Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) is very similar to D. indica (Subba Rao, 1989), but differs in having a 6-segmented funicle, scape 6× as long as broad (in D. indica: funicle 7-segmented, F2 ring-like; scape less than 5× as long as broad). It also comes close to D. koreana S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2003) from South Korea, in having similar body colour and a 6- segmented funicle. However, it differs from the latter in the following characters: fore wing blade almost bare except for a few setae; ovipositor more than half length of metasoma. In D. koreana: fore wing with numerous setae scattered on blade; ovipositor occupying about one-third length of metasoma.

2. Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. (Figures 86–92)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.42 mm. Body dark brown, except anterior scutellum yellowish brown. Antenna brown with numerous setae. Wings subhyaline and uniformly brownish tinge. Legs, including coxae, brown. Head (Fig. 87). Head, triangular; in frontal view, 1.88× as broad as high; vertex 2.58× as broad as long, with polygonal reticulation; antennal torulus at the level of lower eye margin, not touching the eye margin laterally, 1.28× of its own length from transverse trabecula. Mandible sharp, bidentate. Antenna (Fig. 88) with scape, 5.71× as long as broad; pedicel 2× as long as broad, longer than all funicular

58 segments individually; funicle 6-segmented, all longer than broad; F1 smallest and F6 the longest; clava 2.7× as long as broad, longer than F4–F6 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 91). Mesosoma 0.82× gaster length; prosternum with six sides, completely divided mediolongitudinally; mesoscutum, scutellum with polygonal sculpture; anterior scutellum shorter than posterior scutellum; propodeum smooth, subequal to anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 89) 8.75× as long as broad, curved towards apex; disc with a few setae as in Fig. 89; longest marginal seta 3.12× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 90) 22.22× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.66× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 92). Cercal setae at gastral apex long and curved; ovipositor (Fig. 92) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.51× gaster length and, 0.67× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 64:34; vertex width:length, 17:44; torulus, 7; trabecula-torulus distance, 9; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 6:5; scape, 40:7; pedicel,18:9; F1, 9:4; F2, 9.5:4; F3, 11:5; F4, 12:5.5; F5, 13:7; F6, 14:8; clava, 46:17; mesosoma, 68; mesoscutum, 19; anterior scutellum, 10; posterior scutellum, 20; metanotum, 5; propodeum, 11; mesophragma, 15; fore wing length:width, 210:24; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 200:9; longest marginal seta, 60; fore tibia, 38; mid tibia, 62; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 61; metasoma, 82; ovipositor, 42.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.220): INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH, Shimla, 2.viii.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. John Heraty, Professor in Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA for his contributions to Insect Systematics and Molecular Phylogeny of the Superfamily Chalcidoidea.

59 Comments. The new species Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. differs from all other Indian species in having larger body size (0.42 mm). It comes close to D. albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) in having funicle 6-segmented and ovipositor shorter than mid tibia. However, it differs from the latter in following characters: mesosoma dark brown except yellowish brown anterior scutellum; head triangular; vertex relatively broad with polygonal sculpture; fore wing with apex relatively more curved. In D. albithorax: mesosoma largely pale yellow; head rounded; vertex relatively narrow with shallow rugose sculpture; fore wing with apex relatively less curved.

3. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao) (Figures 93–100) Dicopulus indicus Subba Rao, 1989: 168, female. Holotype, female, India, Karnataka (BMNH), not examined. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao): Hayat, 1992: 89. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.24–0.25 mm. Head brown to dark brown; Antenna, with scape and pedicel pale yellow; funicle and clava yellowish brown to dark brown. Mesosoma largely pale yellow to brown, anterior third of mid lobe of mesoscutum dark brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Wings subhyaline; fore wing blade basally, medially and apically with brown suffusion. Head (Fig. 95). Head appears sub-triangular on slide; in frontal view, 1.17– 1.27× as broad as high; vertex 2–3× as broad as long, with shallow rugose sculpture and face medially with polygonal sculpture; antennal torulus at the level of lower eye margin, not touching eye margin laterally, 1.66–2.33× of its own length from transverse trabecula. Antenna (Fig. 96) with scape, 4.11–4.37× as long as broad; pedicel 1.75–2.12× as long as broad; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad except F1 subquadrate and, F2 minute, ring-like; F4, F5 and F7 almost subequal in length; F7 widening apically; clava 2.85–3.23× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 2–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 99). Mesosoma subequal in length to gaster; prosternum with six sides, divided completely mediolongitudinally; mesoscutum with faint

60 rugose sculpture; anterior scutellum shorter than posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum with longitudinal polygonal sculpture; posterior scutellum with longitudinal sculpture; metanotum strap-like; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum individually. Fore wing (Fig. 97) 10.27–11.78× as long as broad; disc largely bare with irregularly arranged few setae; longest marginal seta 3.55– 4.28× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 98) 21–22× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 100). Cercal setae at gastral apex long and curved; ovipositor (Fig. 100) originates from base of gaster and hardly to slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.84–1.27× gaster and, 1.14–1.55× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=2; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 61–70:52– 55 (65.5:53.5; ±6.36:2.12); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 7:4–5 (7:4.5; ±0:0.7); scape, 35–37:8–9 (36:8.5; ±1.41:0.7); pedicel, 14–17:8 (15.5:8; ±2.12:0); F1, 5–7:4 (6:4; ±1.41:0); F2, 3:3 (3:3; ±0:0); F3, 7–10:4 (8.5:4; ±2.12:0); F4, 10– 12:4–5 (11:4.5; ±1.41:0.7); F5, 10–14:5.5 (12.5:5.5; ±2.12:0); F6, 11–13:5–6 (12:5.5; ±1.41:0.7); F7, 12:7–9 (12:8; ±0:1.41);clava, 40–42:13–14 (41:13.5; ±1.41:0.7); mesosoma, 50–52 (51; ±1.41); mesoscutum, 18 (18; ±0); anterior scutellum, 11–12 (11.5; ±0.7); posterior anterior, 12 (12; ±0); metanotum, 2–3 (2.5; ±0.7); propodeum, 5 (5; ±0); fore wing length:width, 165–185:14–18 (175:16; ±14.14:2.82); longest marginal seta, 60–64 (62; ±2.82); hind wing length:width, 155–168:7–8 (161.5:7.5; ±9.19:0.7); longest marginal seta, 42–48 (45; ±4.24); fore tibia, 30–40 (35; ±7.07); mid tibia, 45–55 (50; ±7.07); mid basitarsus, 12 (12; ±0); hind tibia, 50–56 (53; ±4.24); mesophragma, 20 (20; ±0); metasoma, 55–75 (65; ±14.14); ovipositor, 63–70 (66.5; ±4.94); exserted part of ovipositor, 12–20 (16; ±5.65).

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. 2 females. INDIA: ANI, Little Andaman Forest Nursery, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.105), 30.i.2013 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari. KERALA: Kannur, Mankuzhy, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.211), 10.i.2012 (SN), Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU).

61 Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (new record), Karnataka, Kerala (new record). Comments. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao, 1989) was the first Indian species described in this genus. It can readily be confused with D. albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) in having almost similar body colour. However, it differs from D. albithorax in following characters: head appears subtriangular on slide, 1.17–1.27× as broad as high in frontal view; funicle 7-segmented, F2 ring-like; fore wing apically relatively narrow and less curved towards apex and its posterior margin wavy. In D. albithorax head appears rounded on slide, 1.46× as broad as high in frontal view; funicle 6-segmented, F2 normal; fore wing relatively broad apically and more curved towards apex with posterior margin less wavy. I received various images of holotype from Mrs. Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud, Curator (Chalcidoidea, Evanioidea, Megalyroidea, Mymarommatoidea, Stephanoidea, Trigonalyoidea), Department of Life Sciences, Hymenoptera section, Natural History Museum, London) (per. comm., 1 October, 2014). The holotype is on card. The specimens collected from ANI and Kerala are almost identical in all respects with the holotype. Therefore, I consider them to be conspecific to D. indica.

4. Dicopomorpha mirzai sp. nov. (Figures 101–107)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.26 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with scape, pedicel and funicle yellowish brown; clava dark brown. Legs, including coxae, pale- yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline with brown suffusion. Head (Fig. 101). Head, appears rounded on slide; in frontal view, 1.41× as broad as high; vertex 3.9× as broad as long, with polygonal sculpture, area below transverse trabecula and facial region with faint polygonal sculpture; antennal torulus slightly above the level of lower eye margin, not touching eye margin laterally, 1.85× of its own length from transverse trabecula. Antenna (Fig. 102) with scape 4.37× as long as broad; pedicel 1.66× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented, all longer than broad except

62

F2, ring-like; F4–F7 subequal in length; F7 widening apically; clava 3.15× as long as broad, longer than F5–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 106). Mesosoma 1.14× gaster length; prosternum with six sides, divided incompletely from posterior side, reaching one-fourth of its total length; mesoscutum with longitudinal polygonal sculpture; scutellum with polygonal reticulation; anterior scutellum almost subequal in length to posterior scutellum; propodeum less than 0.5× length of scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 103) more or less straight, slightly curved towards apex, with posterior margin slightly wavy; 12.13× as long as broad, a few setae scattered irregularly behind venation (Fig. 104) and on blade; longest marginal seta 4.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 105) 21.25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.25× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 07). Cercal setae at gastral apex long and curved; ovipositor (Fig. 107) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor 1.05× gaster length and, 1.18× as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.21× metasoma length. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 68:48; vertex width:length, 11:43; torulus, 7; trabecula-torulus distance, 13; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 6:3; scape, 35:8; pedicel,15:9; F1, 6:4; F2, 3:3; F3, 9:3.5; F4, 11:5; F5, 12:4; F6, 11:5.5; F7, 14:7; clava, 41:13; mesosoma length, 63; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 10; posterior scutellum, 13; metanotum, 5; propodeum, 11; mesophragma, 19; fore wing length:width, 182:15; longest marginal seta, 70; hind wing length:width, 170:8; longest marginal seta, 50; fore tibia, 35; mid tibia, 49; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 48; metasoma, 55; ovipositor, 58; ovipositor exserted, 12.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.101): INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Hamirpur, Barsar, 1.x.2013 (SN), Coll. P.T. Anwar & F.S.K. Amer. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh.

63 Etymology. The species is named in honour of Professor (Late) Babar Mirza, founder of the Department of Zoology, AMU, Aligarh. Comments. Dicopomorpha mirzai sp. nov. is a distinctive species, and appears close to D. indica (Subba Rao, 1989) in having similar antennal configuration and shape of fore wing. However, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: body dark brown; mesoscutum with longitudinal polygonal sculpture; scutellum with polygonal sculpture medially and sides with longitudinal polygonal sculpture. In D. indica: body not completely dark brown; especially mesosoma largely pale yellow to brown with dark brown patch in anterior third of mesoscutum.

5. Dicopomorpha minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam Dicopomorpha minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, 2016: 8386, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Holotype, length, 0.25 mm. Body yellowish brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellowish brown. Head, in frontal view, slightly broader than high. Mandible bidentate. Antenna with scape 7.9× as long as broad; pedicel 1.92× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.95× as long as broad, longer than F4–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma longer than metasoma with lineolate reticulate sculpture. Fore wing 10.75× as long as broad, curved towards apex; longest marginal seta 3.75× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 21× as long as broad, marginal seta 5.75× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 1.07× gaster length, 1.2× mid tibia.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of the Dicopomorpha minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) is based on the original description and illustrations given

64 by Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016: figs 14–19) as the holotype was not available to me for study. However, it is a distinctive species in the genus and comes close to D. longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016). The differences between these two species are given in the key.

6. Dicopomorpha longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam Dicopomorpha longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, 2016: 8387, female. Holotype, female, India, Kerala (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Holotype, length, 0.35 mm. Body brown. Antenna pale brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head, in frontal view, slightly broader than high. Mandible bidentate. Antenna with scape 8.9× as long as broad; pedicel 2.2× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad except F2 ring-like segment; clava 3.5× as long as broad, longer than F4–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma shorter than metasoma with shallow reticulate sculpture. Fore wing 10× as long as broad, curved towards apex; longest marginal seta 3.2× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 24.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.6× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 0.81× gaster length, 0.71× mid tibia.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Kerala. Comments. The diagnosis of the Dicopomorpha longiscapa Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) is based on the original description and illustrations given by Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016: figs 20–25) as the holotype was not available to me for study. It is a distinctive species in the genus and comes close to D. minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016). However, both the species are differentiated in the following characters: in D. longiscapa antennal scape 8.9× as

65 long as broad and ovipositor 0.71× mid tibia (in D. minuta antenna with scape 7.9× as long as broad and ovipositor 1.2× mid tibia).

7. Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov. (Figures 108–117)

Description Female. Holotype, length, 0.35 mm (paratypes, 0.24–0.30 mm). Body largely yellowish brown; vertex polished brown. Antenna brown. Mesoscutum polished brown. Fore wing (Fig. 115) with brown suffusion except apex hyaline. Hind wing (Fig. 116) with uniform brown suffusion. Legs, including coxae, yellowish brown. Gaster with apical half polished brown. Head (Fig. 109). Head, triangular in frontal view, 1.33× (paratypes, 1.44×) as broad as high; vertex 2.94× (paratypes, 2.35–2.85×) as broad as long, sides with longitudinal, and medially with polygonal sculpture (Fig. 111); antennal torulus close to transverse trabecula, touching eye margin laterally, 0.71× (paratypes, 0.57– 0.62×) of its own length from transverse trabecula. Mandible sharp, bidentate with lower tooth truncate (Fig. 110). Antenna (Fig. 112) with scape 5.2× (paratypes, 4.9– 5.8×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.8× (paratypes, 1.8–2.11×) as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad except F2, ring-like; F3 the longest; F4–F7 subequal in length; clava 2.79× (paratypes, 2.55–2.78×) as long as broad, longer than F4–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 113). Mesosoma 1.07× (paratypes, 0.85–1.07×) as long as metasoma length; mesoscutum with faint polygonal sculpture (Fig. 114); anterior scutellum smooth, longer than posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with faint longitudinal striations; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum individually. Fore wing (Fig. 115) 9.5× (paratypes, 9–9.04×) as long as broad, with posterior margin curved, disc bare except 1–2 setae in middle and, a few setae behind veination; longest marginal seta 3.25× (paratypes, 3.33–3.5×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 116) 18.3× (paratypes, 18–20×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 5.4× (paratypes, 5–5.77×) as long as maximum wing width. Fore tibia with three consecutive spine-like setae arranged in three rows.

66

Metasoma (Fig. 117). Metasoma, with cercal setae at gastral apex long and curved; ovipositor (Fig. 117) originates from distal half of gaster and slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.72× (paratypes, 0.56–0.61×) gaster length and, 0.78× (paratypes, 0.81–1.12×) mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype female slide, at 400×): head width:height, 80:60; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 17:5; scape, 52:10; pedicel, 18:10; F1, 12:5; F2, 3:5; F3, 14:5; F4, 11:5; F5, 11:6; F6, 11:6; F7, 11:7; clava, 51:20; mesosoma, 70; mesoscutum, 33; anterior scutellum, 12; posterior scutellum, 14; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 7; mesophragma, 12; fore wing length:width, 190:20; longest marginal seta, 65; hind wing length:width, 183:10; longest marginal seta, 54; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 60; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 60; metasoma, 65; ovipositor, 47; exserted part of ovipositor, 7.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. 607), INDIA: KARNATAKA, Bengaluru, Jarakabande Kaval, 14.ix.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (NBAIR). Paratypes, 3 females (1 females on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.603; 1 female on slide under 3 coverslips, slide No. MYM.608; 1 female on card No. MYM 609), data same as for holotype. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Comments. Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov. is a distinctive species, and appears close to D. minuta Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) in having similar antennal configuration and shape of fore wing. However, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: scape 5.2–5.8× as long as broad; clava 2.55–2.79× as long as broad; fore wing 9–9.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 3.25–3.5× as long as maximum wing width; ovipositor 0.56–0.72× gaster length. In D. minuta: scape 7.9× as long as broad; clava 2.95× as long as broad; fore wing 10.75× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 3.75× as long as maximum wing width; ovipositor 0.56–1.76× gaster length (Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, 2016).

67 8. Dicopomorpha funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam Dicopomorpha funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam, 2016: 8385, female. Holotype, female, India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Holotype, length, 0.42 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna dark brown; Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, brown. Head rectangular in frontal view, broader than high. Mandible (not shown in original description) probably unidentate with pointed massive tooth. Antenna with scape 4.44× as long as broad; pedicel 2× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad; clava 2.3× as long as broad, shorter than F5–F7 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma shorter than metasoma with reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum longer than posterior scutellum; propodeum shorter than anterior scutellum. Fore wing narrow 15× as long as broad, curved towards apex; longest marginal seta 5.38× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 28× as long as broad, marginal seta 7.5× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Ovipositor exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 0.9× gaster length, 1.42× mid tibia.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Comments. The diagnosis of the species is based on the original description and illustrations given by Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016: figs 7–13). It is a very distinctive species in the genus and differs from all the other Indian species in having a unidentate mandible. However, the authors have not described or illustrated the mandibles and the holotype was not available to me for study. But on the basis of my study to a similar species, described in this thesis as Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov., it is presumed that the mandible is unidentate in D. funiculata, the differences

68 between these two species are given in the key and under the comments of D. dente sp. nov.

9. Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. (Figures 118–131)

Description Female. Holotype, length 0.30 (paratypes, 0.30–0.32 mm). Body dark brown to black. Antennal segments with margins dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, brown. Head (Fig. 119). Head, rectangular on slide; in frontal view, 1.68× (paratypes, 1.32–1.33×) as broad as high; vertex, (paratypes, 3.22–3.86×) as broad as long, with polygonal sculpture; antennal torulus close to transverse trabecula, touching eye margin laterally, (paratypes, 0.42–0.57× of its own length from transverse trabecula. Mandible unidentate with pointed tooth (Fig. 120). Antenna (Fig. 121) with scape 3.2× (paratypes, 3–3.5×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.66× (paratypes, 1.38–1.63×) as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad; clava 3.16× (paratypes, 2.76–3.9×) as long as broad, longer than F6 and F7 combined, with 4 (paratypes, 4–5) longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 124). Mesosoma 0.71× (paratypes, 0.79–0.89×) gaster length; prosternum with seven sides, mediolongitudinally divided from posterior side reaching one-third of its total length; mesoscutum with faint polygonal sculpture; anterior scutellum longer than posterior scutellum, with faint polygonal sculpture; posterior scutellum with faint longitudinal striations; propodeum shorter than anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 122) narrow, 14.58× (paratypes, 12.75– 14.68×) as long as broad, curved towards apex; longest marginal seta 4.52× (paratypes, 3.5–4.68×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 123) 28.12× (paratypes, 22–27.5×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.62× (paratypes, 6.2–7.75×) as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 125). Cercal setae at gastral apex small and curved; ovipositor (Fig. 125) very long; second valvifer inserted anteriorly at posterior margin of metanotum, highly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor 2.05×

69 (paratypes, 1.77–2.05×) gaster length, 2.66× (paratypes, 2.5–2.66×) mid tibia, and exserted part of ovipositor 0.76× (paratypes, 0.66–0.82×) gaster length. Relative measurements (holotype female slide, at 400×): head width: height, 76:45; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 8:5; scape, 32:10; pedicel, 20:12; F1, 17:4; F2, 15:4; F3, 18:3; F4, 16:5; F5, 15:6; F6, 13:7; F7, 12:9; clava, 38:12; mesosoma length, 70; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 17; posterior scutellum, 10; metanotum, 8; propodeum, 15; mesophragma, 24; fore wing length:width, 248:17; longest marginal seta, 77; hind wing length:width, 225:8; longest marginal seta, 62; fore tibia length, 45; mid tibia length, 60; mid basitarsus length, 21; hind tibia length, 60; hind basitarsus length, 21; metasoma, 78; ovipositor length, 160; exserted part of ovipositor, 60.

Male. Length 0.37 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Legs pale brown. Head (Fig. 126). Head, in frontal view, 1.43× as broad as long, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antennal (Fig. 127) scape 3.5× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 ring-like segment. Mesosoma (Fig. 130). Mesosoma 0.81× metasoma; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 128) 13.22× as long as broad, disc almost bare; longest marginal seta 5.55× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 129) 20.45× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.63× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 130). Genitalia (Fig. 131) 0.5× gaster and 0.61× mid tibia Relative measurements (paratype male slide, at 400×): head width:height, 76:53; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 5:5; scape, 35:10; pedicel, 18:12; F1, 20:6; F2, 3:4; F3, 24:6; F4, 22:7; F5, 22:8; F6, 22:8; F7, 23:8; F8, 23:6; F9, 24:6; F10, 27:5; mesosoma, 66; mesoscutum, 18; anterior scutellum, 15; posterior scutellum, 14; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 18; mesophragma, 28; fore wing length:width, 238:18; longest marginal seta, 100; hind wing length:width, 225:11; longest marginal seta, 73; fore tibia, 47; mid tibia, 67; mid basitarsus, 22; hind tibia, 66; metasoma, 81; genitalia, 41.

70

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.202): INDIA: KARNATAKA, Bengaluru, Mandya, 1.ii.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. Paratypes, 3 females, 1 male. 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.157), Bengaluru, Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. 2 females (1 on slides under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.206; 1 on card No. MYM.210), data same as for holotype. 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips slide No. MYM.242), Bengaluru, NBAIR, 26.04.2012 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is derived from its one dentate mandible. In Latin dente = one tooth. Comments. The genus Dicopomorpha is characterised by having mandible with two equal teeth. However, the new species D. dente sp. nov. and the other already described species D. funiculata Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam (2016) is a distinct in the genus by having mandible with one tooth. Both the species are quite close to each other but differs from each other in having the following characters: second valvifer of ovipositor inserted anteriorly at posterior margin of metanotum; ovipositor markedly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 1.77–2.05× as long as gaster and 2.5–2.66× as long as mid tibia. In D. funiculata: ovipositor originates from about distal two-third of gaster; ovipositor fairly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.9× gaster length and 1.42× as long as mid tibia.

71 74

76

75

77

78

Figures 74–78. Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam. Female: 74, habitus; 75, head, frontal view; 76, antenna; 77, fore wing; 78, hind wing. 72

79 80

82 81

83

85 84 Figures 79–85. Dicopomorpha albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam. (79, 80) female: 79, mesosoma; 80; mesosoma and metasoma. (81–85) male: 81, antenna; 82, fore wing; 83, hind wing; 84, mesosoma; 85, metasoma.

73

86

87

88

Figures 86–88. Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. Holotype female: 86, habitus; 87, head, frontal view; 88, antenna.

74

89

90

91

92

Figures 89–92. Dicopomorpha heratyi sp. nov. Holotype female: 89, fore wing; 90, hind wing; 91, mesosoma; 92, metasoma.

75

93

94

95

96

Figures 93–96. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao). Female: (93, 94) holotype, photo courtesy of N. Dale-Skey, NHM: 93, habitus; 94, labels. (95, 96): 95, head, frontal view; 96, antenna. 76

97

98

100

99

Figures 97–100. Dicopomorpha indica (Subba Rao). Female: 97, fore wing; 98, hind wing; 99, mesosoma and metasoma; 100, metasoma.

77

102

104

101

103

105

107 106

Figures 101–107. Dicopomorpha mirzai sp. nov. Holotype female: 101, head, frontal view; 102, antenna; 103, fore wing; 104, fore wing, basal; 105, hind wing; 106, mesosoma; 107, metasoma.

78

108

109 111

110

112

Figures 108–112. Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov. Female: (108, 109) paratype: 108, habitus; 109, head, frontal view. (110) holotype, mandible. (111, 112) paratype: 111, head, dorsal; 112, antenna. 79

114

113

115

116

117

Figures 113–117. Dicopomorpha logus sp. nov. Female. (113) holotype, mesosoma. (114–116) paratype: 114, mesosoma, lateral; 115, fore wing; 116, hind wing. (117) holotype, mesosoma and metasoma.

80

118

81

119

120

121

Figures 118–121. Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. Paratype female: 118, habitus; 119, head, frontal view; 120, mandible; 121, antenna.

81

122

123

124

125

Figures 122–125. Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. Female: (122, 123) paratype: 122, fore wing; 123, hind wing. (124, 125) holotype: 124, mesosoma; 125, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

82

127

126

128

129

131

130

Figures 126–131. Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. Paratype male: 126, head, frontal view; 127, antenna; 128, fore wing; 129, hind wing; 130, mesosoma and metasoma; 131, metasoma, with genitalia. 83

3. GENUS DICOPUS Enock (Figures 132–168)

Dicopus Enock, 1909: 455. Type species Dicopus minutissima Enock, by monotypy. Kubja Subba Rao, 1984: 251. Type species Kubja longipes Subba Rao, by monotypy. Synonymy by Huber, 2009b: 235.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.17–0.35 mm. Head peanut-shaped; vertex with a transverse dark band behind occipital margin, not touching the margin laterally, interrupted medially by anterior ocellus (Fig. 132); mandible bidentate with unequal teeth, projecting ventrally. Antennal formula, 1171 (Fig. 133), but rarely 1151 (Lin et al., 2007); radicle almost indistinct, clava with beak-like projection. Mesosoma with metanotum prominent, either thread-like or strap-shaped (Figs 136, 167). Mesophragma strongly projecting into metasoma (Fig. 135). Fore wing oar-shaped, with posterior margin curved giving it extremely narrow shape in the middle. Tarsi 5-segmented. Gaster sessile (Fig. 136).

Male. Flagellum 10-segmented (Fig. 138).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 12. India, 5 (including 3 new species and one species with doubtful record).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Dicopus kamrani sp. nov. 2. Dicopus longipes (Subba Rao), (doubtful record) 3. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam 4. Dicopus obesus sp. nov. 5. Dicopus polaszeki sp. nov.

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF DICOPUS, FEMALES 1. Metanotum thread-like (Fig. 136) ...... 2

84

-. Metanotum ribbon-like (Fig. 156) ...... 3

2. F3 distinctly longer than F2 (Fig. 133); mesophragma occupying less than half length of metasoma [fore wing 8.8× as long as broad (Fig. 134); longest marginal seta 5.66× maximum wing width. Hind wing 26× as long as broad (Fig. 135); longest marginal seta 9.2× maximum wing width] .... 1. D. obesus sp. nov. -. F3 subequal to F2; mesophragma occupying more than two-third length of metasoma (longest marginal seta of fore wing about 6× as long as maximum width; longest marginal seta of hind wing about 9× as long as maximum width) ...... 2. D. longipes Subba Rao

3. Scape constricted medially (Fig. 143); metasoma with four and two spine-like setae in the consecutive last tergites respectively (Fig. 145) [scape 8.14× as long as broad; mesophragma occupying less than half length of metasoma] ...... 3. D. noyesi Manickavasagam -. Scape cylindrical (Fig. 153); metasoma without any spine-like setae in ...... 4

4. Scape 8× as long as broad (Fig. 153); mesophragma occupying less than one- fifth length of metasoma (Fig. 157) ...... 4. D. kamrani sp. nov. -. Scape 5.8× as long as broad (Fig. 164); mesophragma occupying more than two- third length of metasoma (Fig. 167) ...... 5. D. polaszeki sp. nov.

1. Dicopus obesus sp. nov. (Figures 132–141)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.27 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 132). Head, in frontal view, 1.09× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal rugose sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 133) with scape 5.16× as long as broad; pedicel 1.44× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, F1 shortest and F3 longest; clava 5.25× as long as broad, slightly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma (Fig. 136). Mesosoma 0.53× metasoma length; mesoscutum 1.22× as long as anterior and posterior scutellum combined, with transversely

85 curved striations; anterior scutellum 2× as long as posterior scutellum, with faint transverse striations; posterior scutellum with prominent transverse striations; propodeum longer than anterior scutellum and posterior scutellum combined; mesophragma extending upto 0.26× length of metasoma. Fore wing 8.8× as long as broad (Fig. 134); disc with a few setae as in Fig. 155; longest marginal seta 5.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 26× as long as broad (Fig. 135); longest marginal seta 9.2× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 136). Ovipositor (Fig. 136) slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.31× metasoma, 0.39× mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.06× metasoma length. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 45:41; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 15:3; scape, 31:6; pedicel, 13:9; F1, 8:3; F2, 18:3; F3, 19:3; F4, 16:3; F5, 12:3; F6, 11:4; F7, 10:4; clava, 42:8; mesosoma, 36; mesoscutum, 11; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 3; metanotum, 2.5; mesophragma, 18; fore wing length:width, 132:15; longest marginal seta, 85; hind wing length:width, 130:5; longest marginal seta, 46; fore tibia, 44; mid tibia, 53; mid basitarsus, 6; hind tibia, 7; metasoma, 68; ovipositor, 21; length of exserted part of ovipositor, 4.

Male. Length 0.25 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Legs pale yellow. Head (Fig. 137). Head in frontal view, subquadrate, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antennal (Fig. 138) scape 8.25× as long as broad; pedicel 1.62× as long as broad; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments. Mesosoma (Fig. 141). Mesosoma 0.92× as long as metasoma; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 139) 10.83× as long as broad, disc bare except a few setae in apical third; longest marginal seta 6.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 140) 25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 141). Genitalia 0.42× metasoma and 0.32× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 42:40; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 6:2; scape, 33:4; pedicel, 13:8; F1, 7:3; F2, 18:2; F3, 18:2; F4, 19:2.5; F5, 15:5; F6, 15:4; F7, 15:5; F8, 18:5; F9, 17:5; F10, 18:4; mesosoma, 37; mesoscutum, 11; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 3;

86 metanotum, 2; mesophragma, 20; fore wing length:width, 130:12; longest marginal seta, 80; hind wing length:width, 125:5; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 42; mid tibia, 53; mid basitarsus, 6; hind tibia, 57; metasoma, 40; genitalia, 17.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.124) INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH, Aligarh, AMU, Medical Colony, 4.xi.2013 (SN), Coll. SK Ahmad. Paratype male (on slide under 1 coverslip, slide No. MYM.633) data same as for holotype. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttar Pradesh. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Dicopus obesus sp. nov. appears similar to D. noyesi Manickavasagam, 2011 (in Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2011) in having more or less similar body colour, and antennal configuration sculpture on vertex and mesosoma. But, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: head, in frontal view, 1.09× as broad as high; antenna with scape slender‚ 5.16× as long as broad; clava 5.25× as long as broad; mesosoma 0.53× metasoma length; anterior scutellum 2× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum longer than anterior and posterior scutellum combined; fore wing 8.8× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 5.66× as long as maximum wing width; metasoma with Gt7 and Gt8 without any spine-like setae; ovipositor slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.39× mid tibia. In D. noyesi head, in frontal view, 1.25× as broad as high; antenna with scape constricted medially, 8.14× as long as broad; clava 4.36× as long as broad; mesosoma 0.48× metasoma length; anterior scutellum 1.75× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum not longer than anterior and posterior scutellum combined; fore wing 11.35× as long as broad with longest marginal seta 6.78× as long as maximum wing width; metasoma with Gt7 and Gt8 with four and two spine-like setae respectively; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.54× mid tibia.

2. Dicopus longipes (Subba Rao) Kubja longipes Subba Rao, 1984: 251, female, male. Holotype, female, Malaysia, Tawau, Sabah (BMNH), not examined.

87

Dicopus longipes (Subba Rao): Huber, 2009b; 241, holotype, illustrations. Dicopus longipes (Subba Rao): Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 6, India, Kerala, record. Pricop & Andriescu, 2011: 198, India. Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 19, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, record. [Possibly misidentified.]

Diagnosis Female. Length 0.15 mm. Body dark brown. Wings hyaline. Legs pale yellow except coxae dark brown. Head broader than high; Antenna with funicle, F1 shortest; F2 subequal to F3 longest, clava longer than F4–F6 combined Mesosoma 2× as long as broad; mesoscutum with faint transverse striations; scutellum narrow ribbon-like, slightly more than 4× as broad as long; metanotum thread-like. Mesophragma reaching the tergite, Gt5 of gaster. Longest marginal seta of fore wing about 6× as long as maximum wing width. Longest marginal seta of hind wing about 9× as long as maximum width. Metasoma. Ovipositor very small, slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster.

Male. Similar to female except for the antenna and sexual characters. Antenna with scape without any protruberance; flagellum 10-segmented; F4–F10 with longitudinal sensilla.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Kerala, Manipur, Tamil Nadu (doubtful record). (Malaysia). Comments. Dicopus longipes Subba Rao (1984) is well illustrated by Huber (2009b). I record and describe a similar species as D. kamrani sp. nov. and its differences is given under comments of D. kamrani sp. nov. However, Rameshkumar et al. (2015) and Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015b) recorded the species from different Indian states but I consider it to be a misidentification and hence a doubtful record. However, a similar species is recorded and described here as D. polaszeki sp. nov. The differences in both the species is given under the comments of D. polaszeki sp. nov.

88

3. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam (Figures 142–151) Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam, in Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2011: 65, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (NPC), not examined. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam: Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 7, Kerala, record.

Redescription Female. Paratype. Length, 0.33 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape, pedicel and F1 pale brown, rest brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 142). Head, in frontal view, 1.25× as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 143) with scape constricted medially, 8.14× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; funicle 7-segmented, all longer than broad; F1, F6 and F7 almost subequal in length; F2 and F3 subequal and the longest funicular segments; clava 4.36× as long as broad, longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 145). Mesosoma 0.48× metasoma length; mesoscutum and scutellum with transverse striations; anterior scutellum 1.75× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum almost smooth, longer than anterior and posterior scutellum individually. Fore wing (Fig. 144) 11.35× as long as broad; disc with a few setae as in Fig. 134; longest marginal seta 6.78× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (both the hind wings were missing from one paratype) 43.33× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 16.66× as long as maximum wing width [(measurement of hind wing taken from the original description (Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2011: Fig. 7)]. Metasoma (Fig. 146). Metasoma with four and two spine-like setae in the consecutive last tergites respectively. Ovipositor (Fig. 146) not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.39× metasoma length and, 0.54× mid tibia. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 54:43; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 5:4; scape, 57:7; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 14:3; F2, 26:3; F3, 26:3; F4, 23:3; F5, 17:4; F6, 14:5; F7, 13:6; clava, 48:11; mesosoma, 40; mesoscutum, 10; anterior scutellum, 7; posterior scutellum, 4;

89 metanotum, 6; propodeum, 9; mesophragma, 34; fore wing length:width, 159:14; longest marginal seta, 95; fore tibia, 53; mid tibia, 61; mid basitarsus, 11; hind tibia, 60; hind basitarsus, 10; metasoma, 83; ovipositor, 33.

Male. Length 0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Legs pale yellow. Head (Fig. 147). Head in frontal view, 1.27× as broad as long, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antennal scape 7.75× as long as broad; pedicel 1.7× as long as broad; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments. Mesosoma (Fig. 151). Mesosoma 0.6× as long as metasoma; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 149) 11.4× as long as broad, disc bare except a few setae in the middle; longest marginal seta 6.46× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 150) 52× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 18.66× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 151). Genitalia 0.5× metasoma and 0.46× mid tibia. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 51:40; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 5:4; scape, 62:8; pedicel,17:10; F1, 22:6; F2, 25:3; F3, 31:5; F4, 33:5; F5, 24:6; F6, 26:7; F7, 22:5; F8, 26:5; F9, 25:5; F10, 23:5; mesosoma, 40; mesoscutum, 11; anterior scutellum, 7; posterior scutellum, 4; metanotum, 5; propodeum, 8; mesophragma, 35; fore wing length:width, 172:15; longest marginal seta, 97; hind wing length:width, 156:3; longest marginal seta, 56; fore tibia, 59; mid tibia, 71; mid basitarsus, 13; hind tibia, 67; metasoma, 66; genitalia, 33.

Type material examined. Paratypes, 2 females and 2 males. 1 female (both hind wings missing), 1 male (on card); 1 female, 1 male (on slides under 4 coverslips, slide Nos. MYM.635, MYM.636; HYM.CH.634) INDIA: ANDHRA PRADESH [now in Telangana State], Hyderabad, viii.2011 (YPT), Coll. S. Manickavasagam. (ZDAMU, HYM.CH.634).

Additional material examined. KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Kengeri, 2 females, 1 male (on card) 4.x.2012 (YPT), 4 females (on card), 11.xi.2012 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari.

Hosts. Unknown.

90

Distribution. India: Karnataka (new record), Telangana, Tamil Nadu. Comments. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam is a distinct species and differs from all the known species by having medially constricted scape. The author described the species based on 30 females and 17 males collected from Andhra Pradesh (Telangana) and Tamil Nadu. Four paratypes (2 males and 2 females; all on cards) were housed in ZDAMU. I had studied the paratypes deposited in ZDAMU. The specimens were too small to describe them correctly on card. Dr. Mohammad Hayat (collection incharge, ZDAMU Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea section) allowed me to mount the two paratypes, one female and one male on slides. The above redescription is based on these slides mounted paratypes.

4. Dicopus kamrani sp. nov. (Figures 152–162)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.27 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 152). Head, in frontal view, 1.13× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal rugose sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 153) with scape 8× as long as broad; pedicel 1.37× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, F3 and F4 subequal and longest; F1 shortest; clava 4.33× as long as broad, distinctly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 156). Mesosoma 0.8× metasoma length; mesoscutum with transversely curved striations; anterior scutellum almost faint transverse striations, 2× as long as posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with prominent transverse striations; propodeum 2.22× as long as anterior and posterior scutellum combined; mesophragma extending upto 0.17× length of metasoma, not touching base of ovipositor. Fore wing 8.21× as long as broad (Fig. 154); disc with a few setae as in Fig. 144; longest marginal seta 3.92× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 27.5× as long as broad (Fig. 155); longest marginal seta 10.25× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 157). Ovipositor (Fig. 157) barely exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.53× metasoma.

91

Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 41:36; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 3:3; scape, 40:5; pedicel, 11:8; F1, 7:3; F2, 14:2; F3, 16:2; F4, 16:2; F5, 12:3; F6, 10:4; F7, 9:4; clava, 39:9; mesosoma, 41; mesoscutum, 13; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 3; metanotum, 0.5; propodeum, 20; mesophragma, 9; fore wing length:width, 115:14; longest marginal seta, 55; hind wing length:width, 110:4; longest marginal seta, 41; fore tibia, 40; metasoma, 51; ovipositor, 27.

Male. Length 0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale yellow. Legs pale yellow. Head (Fig. 158). Head in frontal view, 1.12× as broad as long, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antennal (Fig. 159) scape 7.6× as long as broad; pedicel 1.4× as long as broad; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments. Mesosoma (Fig. 162). Mesosoma subequal to metasoma; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 160) 8.66× as long as broad, disc bare except a few setae in the middle; longest marginal seta 5.53× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 161) 24.6× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 8.8× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 162). Genitalia 0.31× metasoma and 0.28× mid tibia. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 55:49; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 5:3; scape, 38:5; pedicel, 14:10; F1, 14:4; F2, 18:2; F3, 20:3; F4, 20:3; F5, 16:5; F6, 15:5; F7, 14:5; F8, 16:5; F9, 18:5; F10, 19:4; mesosoma, 47; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 7; posterior scutellum, 3; metanotum, 0.5; propodeum, 19.5; mesophragma, 19; fore wing length:width, 130:15; longest marginal seta, 83; hind wing length:width, 123:5; longest marginal seta, 44; fore tibia, 51; mid tibia, 53; mid basitarsus, 6; hind tibia, 52; metasoma, 48; genitalia, 15.

Material examined. Holotype female (on slide, slide No. MYM.632) INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH, Aligarh, AMU, Medical Colony, 4.xi.2013 (SN), Coll. S.K. Ahmad. (NBAIR). Paratype, male (on slide under 1 coverslips, slide No. MYM.146) data same as holotype. (ZDAMU).

92

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttar Pradesh. Etymology. The species name is derived from its collector Dr. Syed Kamran Ahmad (former SRF, NPIB, AMU Centre, Aligarh), presently working as Assistant Professor (Research) at Center for Environment Research and Studies, University of Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Comments. Dicopus kamrani sp. nov. comes close to D. obesus sp. nov. in more or less similar body colour, sculptures on vertex and mesosoma; mesophragma extending less than half length of metasoma. But, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: Antenna with scape 8× as long as broad; clava 4.33× as long as broad; mesosoma 0.8× metasoma length; ovipositor 0.53× metasoma. In D. obesus sp. nov.: antenna with scape 5.16× as long as broad; clava 5.25× as long as broad; mesosoma 0.53× metasoma length; ovipositor 0.31× metasoma.

5. Dicopus polaszeki sp. nov. (Figures 163–168)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.19 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna yellow with margins, brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 163). Head, in frontal view, 1.18× as broad as high; frontovertex with polygonal rugose sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 164) with scape 5.8× as long as broad; pedicel 1.33× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, F2 and F3 subequal and longest; F1 shortest; F6 and F7 subequal; clava 5.25× as long as broad, longer than F5–F7 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 167). Mesosoma 0.65× metasoma length; mesoscutum with transversely curved striations; anterior scutellum with almost indistinct and faint transverse striations, 2× as long as posterior scutellum, posterior scutellum with transverse striations; propodeum longer than anterior and posterior scutellum individually; mesophragma extending upto 0.7× length of metasoma, not touching the base of ovipositor. Fore wing 9.2× as long as broad (Fig. 165); disc with a few setae as in Fig. 165; longest marginal seta 6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 25.6× as long as broad (Fig. 166); longest marginal seta 8× as long as maximum wing width.

93

Metasoma (Fig. 168). Ovipositor (Fig. 168) barely exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.44× metasoma, 0.36× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 45:38; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 16:3; scape, 29:5; pedicel, 12:9; F1, 7:3; F2, 17:2; F3, 17:2.5; F4, 15:2.5; F5, 12:3; F6, 10:4; F7, 10:5; clava, 42:8; mesosoma, 27; mesoscutum, 7; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 3; metanotum, 3; propodeum, 7; mesophragma, 25; fore wing length:width, 129:14; longest marginal seta, 84; hind wing length:width, 128:5; longest marginal seta, 40; fore tibia, 44; mid tibia, 50; mid basitarsus, 5; hind tibia, 49; hind basitarsus, 6; metasoma, 41; ovipositor, 18.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.123) INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH, Aligarh, AMU, Medical Colony, 4.xi.2013 (SN), Coll. SK Ahmad. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttar Pradesh. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Andrew Polaszek, Head Entomology Section, Department of Life Sciences, BMNH, London. Comments. Dicopus polaszeki sp. nov. appears similar to D. longipes (Subba Rao, 1984) in having similar sculpture on vertex and mesosoma; antennal configuration and relative measurements of wings. However, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: mesoscutum relatively narrow 3.87× as broad as long; metanotum strap-shaped, subequal to posterior scutellum; propodeum subequal in length to mesoscutum. In D. longipes: mesoscutum relatively broad, nearly 2× as broad as long; metanotum thread-like, nearly 0.4× posterior scutellum; propodeum nearly 0.25× mesoscutum length.

94

133

132

134

135

136

Figures 132–136. Dicopus obesus sp. nov. Holotype female: 132, head, frontal view; 133, antenna; 134, fore wing; 135, hind wing; 136, mesosoma and metasoma.

95 138

137

139

140

141

Figures 137–141. Dicopus obesus sp. nov. Paratype male: 137, head, frontal view; 138, antenna; 139, fore wing; 140, hind wing; 141, mesosoma and metasoma.

96 143

142

144

145

146

Figures 142–146. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar. Paratype female: 142, head, frontal view; 143, antenna; 144, fore wing; 145, mesosoma and metasoma; 146, metasoma, with ovipositor.

97 148

147

149

150

151

Figures 147–151. Dicopus noyesi Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar. Paratype male: 147, head, frontal view; 148, antenna; 149, fore wing; 150, hind wing; 151, mesosoma and metasoma.

98 153

152

154

155

157 156 Figures 152–157. Dicopus kamrani sp. nov. Holotype female: 152, head, frontal view; 153, antenna; 154, fore wing; 155, hind wing; 156, mesosoma and metasoma; 157, metasoma, with genitalia.

99 159

158

160

161

162

Figures 158–162. Dicopus kamrani sp. nov. Paratype male: 158, head, frontal view; 159, antenna; 160, fore wing; 161, hind wing; 162, mesosoma and metasoma.

100 164

163

165

166

168

167

Figures 163–168. Dicopus polaszeki sp. nov. Holotype female: 163, head, frontal view; 164, antenna; 165, fore wing; 166, hind wing; 167, mesosoma and metasoma; 168, metasoma, with ovipositor.

101 4. GENUS KIKIKI Huber & Beardsley (Figures 169–174)

Kikiki Huber & Beardsley, 2000: 66. Type species Kikiki huna Huber & Beardsley, by original designation. Kikiki Huber & Beardsley: Lin et al., 2007: 16, 37, key, diagnosis. Huber, 2009: 235, key. Luft Albarracin et al., 2009: 12, key. Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2013: 81, record. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 566, checklist.

Diagnosis. Antenna with funicle 4-segmented; clava 2-segmented (Fig. 171). Mandibles, with 4 sharp teeth. Head with occiput separated from vertex by slightly curved groove extending between posterior apex of each supraorbital trabecula; back of head with semicircular sulcus separating lower from upper occiput (Fig. 170). Mesoscutum with notauli incomplete. Fore wing narrow becoming narrow towards apex, posterior margin medially straight, veination reaching more than half of the wing length. Tarsi 3-segmented (Fig. 174).

Male. Flagellum 9-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Argentina, Costa Rica, Hawaii, India, Trinidad & Tobago. Species. World, 1. India, 1.

1. Kikiki huna Huber & Beardsley (Figures 169–174) Kikiki huna Huber & Beardsley, 2000: 66, female. Holotype, female, Hawaiian Island (BPBM), not examined. Kikiki huna Huber & Beardsley: Huber & Noyes, 2013: 30. Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 10, record.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.18 mm. Head brown, eyes red. Mesosoma with mesoscutum, scutellum brown, propodeum yellowish brown; metasoma brown. Wings

102 subhyaline. Antenna pale yellow except clava pale brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 169, 170). Head, appears round on slide; in frontal view, 1.07× as broad as high (Fig. 169); vertex and face with faint reticulate sculpture; torulus 0.4× its own length from transverse trabecula, touching eye margin laterally. Antennal scape 3.25× as long as broad, with widely spaced obliquely curved striations; pedicel 1.8× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 4-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, F1 shortest; F2 and F3 subequal in length and longest; clava 2.6× as long as broad, slightly shorter than funicle, with 2 longitudinal sensilla in apical segment (Fig. 171). Mesosoma (Fig. 174). Mesosoma subequal to gaster; prosternum with five sides, divided completely mediolongitudinally; mesoscutum with reticulate sculpture on mid lobe and fine longitudinal striations on lateral lobes; anterior scutellum smooth, shorter than posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with faint longitudinal striations; propodeum longer than anterior and posterior scutellum combined. Fore wing (Fig. 172) 12.4× as long as broad; disc entirely bare; venation 0.66× wing length; longest marginal seta 7× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 173) 35× as long as broad; marginal seta 18× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 174). Ovipositor (Fig. 174) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 0.76× gaster length and, 1.2× as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 29:27; vertex width:length, 13:7; torulus, 2.5; trabecula-torulus distance, 1; antennal segments length: width—radicle, 5:2; scape, 13:4; pedicel, 9:5; F1, 4:2; F2, 7:3; F3, 7:2; F4, 5.5:3; clava, 21:8; mesosoma, 32; mesophragma, 6; fore wing length:width, 87:7; longest marginal seta, 49; hind wing length:width, 70:2; longest marginal seta, 36; fore tibia, 10; mid tibia, 19; mid basitarsus, 4; hind tibia, 27; gaster, 30; ovipositor, 23; ovipositor exserted, 4.

Male. Flagellum 9-segmented.

Material examined. INDIA: SIKKIM, Pakyong, NRC Orchid, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.248), 2.xi.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

103 Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu, Sikkim (new record). (Argentina, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Trinidad & Tobago) Comments. Kikiki Huber & Beardsley (2000) is a distinct genus with mandible 4- teeth, funicle 4-segmented, clava 2-segmented and tarsi 3-segmented. The genus is represented by a single species, K. huna Huber & Beardsley across the world. The genus is tentatively placed under Alaptus-group of genera because of its minute size (Lin et al., 2007 and Huber, 2009). However, Huber and Noyes (2013) stated that its placement in Alaptus group of genera is wrong and indicated that they are best placed in the Anagrus-group of genera because they share at least seven features with some or all of those genera. But the placement of the genus in the particular group is still debated. I hereby record the species from Sikkim for the first time. The collected specimen from Sikkim agrees fairly well with the original description and illustrations given by Huber and Beardsley (2000).

104 171

169 170

172

173

174

Figures 169–174. Kikiki huna Huber. Female: 169, head, frontal view; 170, head, dorsal; 171, antenna; 172, fore wing; 173, hind wing; 174, mesosoma and metasoma.

105 5. GENUS LITUS Haliday (Figures 175–201)

Litus Haliday, 1833: 269, 345. Type species Litus cynipseus Haliday, by monotypy. Malfattia Meunier, 1901: 6. Type species Malfattia molitorae Meunier, by monotypy. Synonymy by Schmiedeknecht, 1909: 492. Neolitus Ogloblin, 1935b: 60. Type species Neolitus argentinus Ogloblin, by original designation. Synonymy by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 3.

Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.35–0.45 mm. Body robust highly sclerotized. Head (Fig. 176) and mesosoma strongly reticulated. Mandible bidentate. Funicle 6-segmented without longitudinal sensilla; clava unsegmented with 3–5 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 177). Mesoscutum (Fig. 194) usually with distinct notauli; scutellum with distinct anterior and posterior parts, fovea well developed along anterior margin of posterior scutellum. Mesophragma projecting into gaster (Fig. 188). Fore wing (Fig. 178) and hind wing (Fig. 179) long and narrow, with very long marginal seta. Metasoma (Fig. 181) with petiole transverse. Gaster with first tergite long. Legs with coxae strongly reticulate; fore tibial spur well developed with curved projection; tarsi 5- segmented (Fig. 195).

Male. Flagellum 11-segmented.

Host. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) (Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004). Distribution: Worldwide. Species: World, 16. India, 06 (including 1 new record).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Litus assamensis Rehmat & Anis 2. Litus cynepsius Haliday 3. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis 4. Litus sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy 5. Litus triapitsyni Rehmat and Hayat 6. Litus usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, (new record)

106

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF LITUS HALIDAY, FEMALES 1. Mesoscutum with notauli indistinct, not well developed (Fig. 180); frons without denticles (Fig. 176) ...... 2 -. Mesoscutum with notauli distinct, well developed (Fig. 194); frons with or without denticles ...... 3

2. F2 subequal to F1; clava 2.5× as long as broad (Fig. 177); fore wing 23.33× as long as broad (Fig. 178) ...... 1. L. assamensis Rehmat & Anis -. F2 notably longer than F1; clava 3.5× as long as broad; fore wing 21× as long as broad ...... 2. L. sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy

3. Head with denticles (Fig. 184); funicles relatively less longer than broad ...... 4 -. Head without denticles (Fig. 190); funicles relatively longer than broad ...... 5

4. Ovipositor 0.77–1.08× as long as gaster and 1.5–1.72× as long as mid tibia (Fig. 188) ...... 3. L. huberi Rehmat & Anis -. Ovipositor 1.28× as long as gaster and 1.98× as long as mid tibia ...... 4. L. triapitsyni Rehmat & Hayat

5. F2 notably longer than pedicel (Fig. 191); fore wing curved at apex (Fig. 192) ...... 5. L. usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy -. F2 at most as long as pedicel (Fig. 198); fore wing almost straight at apex (Fig. 199) ...... 6. L. cynepsius Haliday

1. Litus assamensis Rehmat & Anis (Figures 175–181) Litus assamensis Rehmat & Anis, 2016b: 8615, female. Holotype, female, India: Assam (ZDAMU), examined

Redescription Female. Body length (excluding head), 0.35 mm (taken from holotype). Body dark brown. Antennae dark brown. Fore wing subhyaline. Legs with coxae brown. Head (Fig. 176). Head, in frontal view, 1.14× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal reticulate sculpture; face with mesh-like reticulation with several

107 tubercles; area in between toruli smooth. Antenna (Fig. 177) with scape 6× (excluding radicle) as long as broad; pedicel 1.6× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, F1 longest; F3 and F4 subequal, shorter than rest of the funicular segments; clava 2.5× as long as broad, shorter than F2–F6 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 180). Mesosoma 0.72× metasoma length, with polygonal reticulate sculpture; mesoscutum with indistinct notaular lines, not complete; anterior scutellum 0.65× posterior scutellum; propodeum distinctly smaller than scutellum, 0.38× anterior scutellum and 0.2× posterior scutellum; mesophragma occupying 0.4× length of metasoma. Fore wing very long and almost straight, 23.33× as long as broad (Fig. 178); disc almost bare except 2–3 setae in the middle; longest marginal seta 7.77× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 26.85× as long as broad (Fig. 179); longest marginal seta 9.28× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 181). Petiole 0.33× as broad as long; ovipositor 0.72× gaster length; ovipositor 0.83× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 56:49; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 6:4; scape, 48:8; pedicel,16:10; F1, 13:4; F2, 11:4; F3, 10:5; F4, 10:5; F5, 11:6; F6, 12:7; clava, 45:18; mesosoma, 50; mesoscutum, 12; anterior scutellum, 13; posterior scutellum, 20; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 5; mesophragma, 20; fore wing length:width, 210:9; longest marginal seta, 70; hind wing length:width, 188:7; longest marginal seta, 65; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 60; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 70; hind basitarsus, 20; petiole length:width, 10:30; gaster, 69; ovipositor, 50.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips): INDIA: ASSAM, Guwahati, Kontola, 28.x.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM/CH.719).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Assam.

108

Comments. Litus assamensis Rehmat & Anis (2016b) was described from a single specimen collected in Assam. It can be readily separated from other Indian species by its peculiar sculpture on head frontal and shape of the fore wing which is very narrow and straight, almost bare except 2–3 setae in the middle without setae on its disc. However, it comes close to L. sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004) in having notauli indistinct and incomplete but differs in having the following characters: antenna with clava 2.5× as long as broad, shorter than F2–F6 combined; fore wing 23.33× as long as broad; gaster longer than mesosoma; ovipositor 0.72× gaster length. In L. sutil clava 3.5× as long as broad, subequal to F3–F6 combined; fore wing 21× as long as broad; gaster shorter than mesosoma; ovipositor 0.33× gaster length.

2. Litus sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy Litus sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 9, female. Holotype, female, Thailand: Suphan Buri, (UCRC), not examined. Litus sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy: Rameshkumar et al. 2015:11, female, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, record.

Diagnosis Female. Body brown to dark brown, with legs, light brown to brown. Mesosoma with mesoscutum very short much shorter than scutellum, without distinct notauli, with polygonal reticulate sculpture,; propodeum without a medial longitudinal carina and with different sculptural patterns. Fore wing 21× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 27× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Gaster a little shorter than mesosoma. Ovipositor 0.33× gaster length, slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu. Comments. This brief diagnosis of Litus sutil S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy was based on the original description given by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004).

109 However it differs from L. assamensis Rehmat & Anis by the characters given under comments of L. assamensis.

3. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis (Figures 182–188) Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis, in Rehmat et al., 2009: 370, female. Holotype, female, India, Assam (NPC), not examined.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.35–0.4 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs dark brown. Head (Fig. 184). Head, in frontal view, 1.22–1.62× as broad as high, with polygonal reticulate sculpture; frons with a curved row of denticles and the area in between trouli and denticles with a patch of setae. Antenna (Fig. 185) with scape 5.71–6× (excluding radicle) as long as broad; pedicel 1.66–1.87× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, but sometimes F5 and F6 may be subquadrate; F6 the longest; clava 2.05–2.17× as long as broad, either shorter than F2–F6 or F1–F6 combined, with 3–5 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 188). Mesosoma 0.53–0.68× metasoma length (card mounted specimens 0.8–1.1×), with polygonal reticulate sculpture (the cells are larger in posterior scutellum); anterior scutellum 0.5–0.73× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum distinctly smaller than scutellum, 0.33–0.45× anterior scutellum and 0.16–0.33× posterior scutellum; mesophragma occupying 0.22–0.24× length of metasoma. Fore wing 22.22–22.85× as long as broad (Figs 186); disc bare, anterior and posterior margins subparallel; longest marginal seta 8.55–10× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 25–26.71× as long as broad (Fig. 187); longest marginal seta as long as 11–11.5× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 188). Petiole 1.73–1.92× as broad as long; ovipositor (Fig. 188) slightly exserted beyond the apex of gaster, 0.2–0.22× gaster length; ovipositor 0.77–1.08× gaster and 1.5–1.72× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 49–57:35–40 (53:37.5; ±5.65:3.53); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 5:5 (5:5; ±0:0); scape, 40–48:7–8 (44:7.5; ±5.65:0.7); pedicel, 15:8–9 (15:8.5; ±0:0.7);

110

F1, 5–8:3.5–4 (6.5:3.75; ±2.12:0.35); F2, 6–9:4 (7.5:4; ±2.12:0); F3, 6–8:4.5–5 (7:4.75; ±1.41:0.35); F4, 6–8:5 (7:5; ±1.41:0); F5, 6–8:6 (7:6; ±1.41:0); F6, 7–10:7 (8.5:7; ±2.12:0); clava, 35–37:17 (36:17; ±1.41:0); mesosoma, 47–53 (50; ±4.24); mesoscutum, 11–13 (12; ±1.41); anterior scutellum, 11–12 (11.5; ±0.7); posterior anterior, 15–24 (19.5; ±6.36); metanotum, 2–3 (2.5; ±0.7); propodeum, 4–5 (4.5; ±0.7); fore wing length:width, 160–200:7–9 (180:8; ±28.28:1.41); longest marginal seta, 70–77 (73.5; ±4.94); hind wing length:width, 150–187:6–7 (168.5:6.5; ±26.16:0.7); longest marginal seta, 69–77 (73; ±5.65); fore tibia, 30–40 (35; ±7.07); mid tibia, 40–51 (45.5; ±7.77); mid tarsi, 40 (40; ±0); mid basitarsus, 7–7 (7; ±0); hind tibia, 45–67 (56; ±15.55); petiole length:width, 14–15:26–27 (14.5:26.5; ±0.7:0.7); mesophragma, 18–22 (20; ±2.82); gaster, 75–100 (87.5; ±17.67); ovipositor, 69–77 (73; ±5.65); exserted part of ovipositor, 17–20 (18.5; ±2.12).

Male. Unknown.

Type Material examined. Paratype, female (on slide under 3 coverslips), INDIA, ASSAM, Guwahati, Borkusi, 28.x.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.577).

Additional material examined. INDIA: ODISHA: Jharsuguda, Sarbahal, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.226), 15.xii.2007 (SN), Coll. F.R. Khan. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS: S[=South]. Andaman, Sippighat, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.227), 22.ii.2012 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (new record), Assam, Odisha (new record). Comments. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis was described with L. triapitsyni Rehmat & Hayat in Rehmat et al. (2009). Both the species are very close to each other but differs by the following characters: anterior margin of frons slightly convex, with a row of large denticles; ovipositor originates from basal fourth of gaster and slightly exserted, the exserted part about 0.17× gaster; ovipositor 1.65× mid tibia and 1.3×

111 hind tibia. In L. triapitsyni: anterior margin of frons with two convex lobes provided with denticles; ovipositor originates from near base of gaster and strongly exserted at apex, the exserted part about 0.39× gaster; ovipositor 1.98× mid tibia and 1.48× hind tibia.

4. Litus triapitsyni Rehmat and Hayat Litus triapitsyni Rehmat & Hayat, in Rehmat et al., 2009: 373, female. Holotype, female, India: Assam (NPC), not examined. Litus triapitsyni Rehmat & Anis: Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 12, female, Tamil Nadu, record.

Diagnosis Female. Length 0.44 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna dark brown. Wings slightly infuscated in proximal two-third. Legs brown. Head with frons biconvex and a row of large denticles anteriorly. Antenna with scape about 5× as long as broad and pedicel 2× as long as broad; clava 2.3× as long as broad, shorter than F2–F6 combined. Mesosoma reticulately sculptured. Fore wing 18.4× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 30× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 11.66× maximum wing widh. Gaster 1.29× mesosoma length. Ovipositor 1.28× as long as gaster; strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, the exerted part 0.39× gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Assam, Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and figures given by Rehmat & Hayat in Rehmat et al. (2009). This species appears to be very distinctive and differs from the other species in having a row of denticles on the frons and strongly exserted ovipositor beyond apex of gaster. However it differs from L. huberi Rehmat & Anis by the characters given under comments of L. huberi.

112

5. Litus usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (Figures 189–195) Litus usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 13, female. Holotype, female, Nepal, Goropani Pass (CNC), not examined.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.37–0.4 mm. Body dark brown to shiny black. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs dark brown. Head (Fig. 190). Head, in frontal view, 1.38× as broad as high, with polygonal reticulate sculpture; area below toruli with 15–18 setae. Antenna (Fig. 191) with scape 6–6.42× (excluding radicle) as long as broad; pedicel 1.77–1.88× as long as broad; funicle segments all longer than broad, F2 longest; F1 shortest; clava 2.66–3× as long as broad, shorter than F3–F6 combined, with 3–5 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 194). Mesosoma 0.64–0.68× metasoma length (card mounted specimens 0.81–1.11×), with polygonal reticulate sculpture (the cells are larger in posterior scutellum); anterior scutellum 0.54–0.61× posterior scutellum; propodeum distinctly smaller than scutellum, 0.53–0.46× anterior scutellum and 0.28–0.29× posterior scutellum; mesophragma occupying 0.18–0.21× length of metasoma. Fore wing 14.41–16.13× as long as broad (Fig. 192); disc setose in distal half, broad and curved at apex; longest marginal seta 5.29–5.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 24.5–28.75× as long as broad (Fig. 193); longest marginal seta 8–9.37× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 195). Petiole 4–6.6× as broad as long; ovipositor (Fig. 195) slightly exserted beyond the apex of gaster, 0.07–0.1× gaster length; ovipositor 0.45–0.51× gaster and 0.62–0.7× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=2; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 58:42 (58:42; ±0:0); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 5–6:4–5 (5.5:4.5; ±0.7:0.7); scape, 45–48:7–8 (46.5:7.5; ±2.12:0.7); pedicel, 16–17:9 (16.5:9; ±0.7:0); F1, 10– 12:3–4 (11.5:3.5; ±1.41:0.7); F2, 20–21:3–4 (20.5:3.5; ±0.7:0.7); F3, 16:4–5 (16:4.5; ±0:0.7); F4, 14–15:4.5–5 (14.5:4.75; ±0.7:0.35); F5, 13:5 (13:5; ±0:0); F6, 11–12:7 (11.5:7; ±0.7:0); clava, 48:16–18 (48:17; ±0:1.41); mesosoma, 61–66 (63.5; ±3.53); mesoscutum, 18–20 (19; ±1.41); anterior scutellum, 13 (13; ±0); posterior anterior,

113 21–24 (22.5; ±2.12); metanotum, 2 (2; ±0); propodeum, 6–7 (6.5; ±0.7); fore wing length:width, 242–245:15–17 (243.5:16; ±2.12:1.41); longest marginal seta, 85–90 (87.5; ±3.53); hind wing length:width, 230–245:7–10 (237.5:9; ±10.66:1.41); longest marginal seta, 75–80 (77.5; ±3.53); fore tibia, 45 (45; ±0); mid tibia, 68–70 (69; ±1.41); mid tarsi, 50–60 (55; ±7.07); mid basitarsus, 12–13 (12.5; ±0.7); hind tibia, 79–85 (82; ±4.24); petiole length:width, 5–8:32–33 (6.5:32.5; ±2.12:0.7); mesophragma, 17–21 (19; ±2.82); gaster, 94–97 (95.5; ±2.12); ovipositor, 44–48 (46; ±2.82); exserted part of ovipositor, 7–10 (8.5; ±2.12).

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH, Shimla, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.221), 2.viii.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. UTTARAKHAND: Sahaspur, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.228), 19.iii.2016 (SN), Coll. P.T. Anwar & M.M. Jamali. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India (new record): Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Comments. Litus usach S. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004) remained unknown till date from other parts of the world. I record here two specimens of L. usach from two Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The redescription of the species agreeing fairly well with the original description provided by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004). However, it shows slight variations in some characters.

6. Litus cynepsius Haliday (Figures 196–201) Litus cynepsius Haliday, 1833: 345, female. Lectotype, female, likely in England (UK) or Ireland (NMID), not examined. Litus krygeri Kieffer, 1913b: 378, females. Syntypes, females Dyrehaven, Denmark. Synonymy by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 5. Litus cynepsius Haliday: Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 5, diagnosis. Huber et al., 2009: 275, 282, 287, illustrations. Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 4, India: Meghalaya, record.

114

Redescription Female. Length 0.37–0.45 mm. Body completely dark brown. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline, anterior and posterior wing margins yellowish brown. Fore wing below venation with yellowish brown infuscation. Legs, with coxae, brown except tarsi yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 197). Head, in frontal view, 1.01–1.38× as broad as high, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 198) with scape 4.77–5.55× as long as broad; pedicel 1.57–1.78× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle segments all longer than broad, F2 subequal to F3 and sometimes F2–F4 subequal; F6 shortest; clava 2.19–2.4× as long as broad, shorter than F3–F6 combined, with 3–5 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 201). Mesosoma 0.62–1.04× metasoma length (card mounted specimens 0.91–0.92×), with polygonal reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum 0.85–1.5× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum distinctly smaller than scutellum, 0.3–0.47× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.35–0.5× posterior scutellum; mesophragma occupying 0.21–0.36× length of metasoma. Fore wing 13.05–17.25× as long as broad (Figs 199); disc setose in distal half, narrow in middle and slightly broader at apex; longest marginal seta 6.06–7.41× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 26.75–27.77× as long as broad (Fig. 200); longest marginal seta 12.77–13.12× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 201). Petiole 3.2–3.5× as broad as long; ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, exserted part 0.16–0.2× gaster length; ovipositor (Fig. 201) 0.57–0.63× length of gaster and 0.78–0.93× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 55–68:42–56 (60.33:50.66; ±6.8:7.57); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4–5:5 (4.5:5; ±0.7:0); scape, 43–50:9 (45.66:9; ±3.78:0); pedicel, 15–17:9.5–10 (9.66:8.66; ±0.28:0.57); F1, 8–9:4 (8.66:4; ±0.57:0); F2, 11–13:4 (11.66:4; ±1.15:0); F3, 11– 13:5 (11.66:5; ±1.15:0); F4, 11–12:5–6 (11.33:5.33; ±0.57:0.57); F5, 10–11:6–7 (10.33:6.33; ±0.57:0.57); F6, 10–12:8–8.5 (10.66:8.16; ±1.15:0.28); clava, 46– 52:20–22 (48.66:21; ±3.05:1); mesosoma, 60–68 (64.33; ±4.04); mesoscutum, 16– 20 (18.66; ±2.3); anterior scutellum, 17–21 (19.33; ±2.08); posterior anterior, 14–20 (17; ±3); metanotum, 1–1.5 (1.16; ±0.28); propodeum, 6–8 (7; ±1); fore wing length:width, 207–248:12–19 (225:15; ±20.95:3.6); longest marginal seta, 89–115

115 (98; ±14.73); hind wing length:width, 214–250:8–9 (232:8.5; ±25.45:0.7); longest marginal seta, 105–115 (110; ±7.07); fore tibia, 44–48 (46; ±2.82); mid tibia, 62–71 (65.66; ±4.72); mid tarsi, 49–56 (51.33; ±4.04); mid basitarsus, 13–14 (13.66; ±0.57); hind tibia, 78–83 (80.33; ±2.51); petiole length:width, 10:32–35 (10:33; ±0:1.73); mesophragma, 21–24 (22.33; ±1.52); gaster, 65–104 (86.33; ±19.75); ovipositor, 56–60 (57.66; ±15); exserted part of ovipositor, 17–20 (18.5; ±2.12).

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Garhwal, Khirsu, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.26), 17.xi.2011 (SN), Coll. P.T. Anwar. HIMACHAL PRADESH: Shimla, 2 females (1 on card and 1 on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.223), 30.vii.2014 (SN); 16 females (15 on card and 1 on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.222), 30.vii.2014 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh (new record), Meghalaya, Uttarakhand (new record). Comments. Litus cynipseus Haliday (1833) is a cosmopolitan species largely distributed in almost all parts of the world. The redescription is based on the specimens collected from Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand agrees fairly well with the diagnosis and illustrations of the species provided by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004). However, this species is highly variable with regards to gaster-mesosoma and gaster-ovipositor ratios.

116

177

175 176

178

179

181 180 Figures 175–181. Litus assamensis Rehmat & Anis. Holotype female: 175, slide; 176, head, frontal view; 177, antenna; 178, fore wing; 179, hind wing; 180, mesosoma; 181, mesosoma and metasoma.

117 182

183

184

185

Figures 182–185. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis. Female: (182) paratype slide; (183– 185): 183, habitus; 184, head, frontal view; 185, antenna.

118 186

187

188

Figures 186–188. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis. Female: 186, fore wing; 187, hind wing; 188, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

119 189

191

190

Figures 189–191. Litus usach S Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy. Female: 189, habitus; 190, head, frontal view; 191, antenna.

120 192

193

195

194

Figures 192–195. Litus usach S Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy. Female: 192, fore wing; 193, hind wing; 194, mesosoma; 195, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

121 196

197

198

Figures 196–198. Litus cynepsius Haliday. Female: 196, habitus; 197, head, frontal view; 198, antenna.

122 199

200

201

Figures 199–201. Litus cynepsius Haliday. Female: 199, fore wing; 200, hind wing; 201, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

123 II. ANAGROIDEA GROUP OF GENERA

Female. Body highly sclerotized. Head subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 202); mandibles pointing ventrally (Fig. 224). Antenna with funicle 6-segmented, funicle either longer than broad or transverse; clava large and massive. Tarsi 4-segmented; fore tibial spur pectinate along inner margin (Fig. 220); hind wing relatively broad with blunt and round apex (Fig. 214).

Male. Flagellum 11-segmented.

Included Indian genera: Anagroidea Girault, Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin.

124

6. GENUS ANAGROIDEA Girault (Figures 202–214)

Anagroidea Girault, 1915: 164. Type species Eustochus dubius Girault, by original designation. Dahmsia Doutt, 1975: 254. Type species Dahmsia australiensis Doutt, by original designation. Synonymy by Noyes & Valentine, 1989: 25.

Diagnosis Females. Head (Fig. 202) relatively small, slightly triangular in lateral view with small projection between toruli. Mandible reduced and small, unidentate. Antenna double genticulate (Fig. 205); funicle 6-segmented; F1 longer than any other segment and about as long as pedicel; clava entire. Fore wing broad and not curved at apex; disc setose. Hind wing relatively broad with apex round and blunt. Gaster petiolate (Fig. 204). Fore leg, with fore tibial spur curved and comb-like. Tarsi 4- segmented.

Male. Antenna with flagellum 11-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Worldwide, except Europe and Africa (Lin et al., 2007). Species. World, 5. India, 1. Important references. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2002b). Lin et al. (2007).

1. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat) (Figures 202–213) Anaphes himalayana Mani & Saraswat, in Mani et al., 1973: 101, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Kalatop, Dalhousie (USNM), not examined. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat): Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 180, catalogue. Subba Rao, 1989: 169, West Bengal, Darjiling, record. Hayat, 1992: 88, Himachal Pradesh, Manali, record. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 562, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 2, checklist.

125

Redescription Female. Body length, 0.72–0.88 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel yellowish brown; funicle and clava dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs pale brown. Head (Fig. 204). Head, in frontal view, 1.16× as broad as high; antenna (Fig. 205) with scape 7.18× as long as broad; pedicel 2.09× as long as broad; F1 the longest, slightly longer than pedicel; F1–F5 decreasing in length distad; F5 subequal to F6; clava 4.47× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F1–F6 combined. Mesosoma (Fig. 204). Mesosoma shorter than gaster; mesoscutum almost smooth, mid lobe of mesoscutum with one pair of setae; each side lobe with one seta (Fig. 204); notaular lines complete; each axilla with one thick seta; anterior scutellum 0.6× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with faint elongate reticulate sculpture, foveae complete meeting medially along anterior margin; metanotum strap-shaped, with scrobiculate sculpture; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum, 2.41× as long as anterior and 1.46× as long as posterior scutellum, and with scrobiculate sculpture. Fore wing (Fig. 206) 3.92× as long as broad, disc largely setose, area behind venation largely bare except setae arranged in two rows as in Fig. 207; longest marginal seta 0.17× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 208) 7.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 0.9× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 204). Petiole 0.66× as long as broad, ventral part more reticulate than dorsal part. Ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.41× gaster, 0.64× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 91:78 (?); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 25:5; scape, 79:7; pedicel, 33:11; F1, 26:7; F2, 15:10; F3, 15:11; F4, 14:12; F5, 13:13; F6, 13:13; clava, 94:21; mesosoma, 153; mesoscutum, 55; anterior scutellum, 17; posterior scutellum, 28; metanotum, 12; propodeum, 41; fore wing length:width, 400:102; longest marginal seta, 18; hind wing length:width, 375:50; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 70; mid tibia, 105; mid basitarsus, 34; hind tibia, 105; petiole length:width, 20:30; gaster, 164; ovipositor, 68.

126

Male. Length, 0.72 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna dark brown, except radicle yellowish brown. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 211). Antenna (Fig. 212) with flagellum 11-segmented, with longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments. Mesosoma (Fig. 211). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 213) 3.78× as long as broad, setation similar to females; longest marginal seta 0.44× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 214) 10.41× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 0.91× maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 211). Genitalia occupying less than half the length of gaster, 0.48× gaster and 0.43× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): antennal segments length:width— radicle, 18:5; scape, 71:10; pedicel, 23:13; F1, 30:9; F2, 29:10; F3, 29:11; F4, 29:11; F5, 29:11; F6, 29:11; F7, 30:11; F8, 30:10; F9, 30:10; F10, 30:11; F11, 33:8; mesosoma, 148; mesoscutum, 48; anterior scutellum, 21; posterior scutellum, 31; metanotum, 12; propodeum, 36; fore wing length:width, 405:107; longest marginal seta, 48; hind wing length:width, 375:36; longest marginal seta, 33; fore tibia, 75; mid tibia, 113; mid basitarsus, 30; hind tibia, 120; petiole length:width, 28:20; gaster, 126; genitalia, 49.

Material examined. 2 females, 1 male. INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Chamba, Dalhousie, 1 female, 1 male (on card), Coll. P.T. Anwar & F.S.K. Amer. SIKKIM: Tadong, ICAR Comp, 1 female (on card), 3.xi.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Additional Material examined (ZDAMU Collections). 1 female, 1 male. INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Katrain, 1 female (on slide under 2 coverslips), 10.x.1979; Manali, 1 male (on slide under 2 coverslips), 9.x.1979, Coll. M. Hayat (Determined by M. Hayat, 1990).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim (new record), West Bengal. Comments. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat) is the only species recorded in the genus from India. It is most closely related to A. marina S.

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Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2002) and they differentiated it from A. himalayana by the following characters: body relatively larger 0.92–1.02 mm; clava 4–4.3× as long as broad, slightly longer than scape (including radicle); base of fore wing with a few scattered setae on blade between submarginal vein and the long, median row of setae. In A. himalayana body relatively smaller; clava 3.1× as long as broad, slightly shorter than scape (including radicle); base of fore wing with a well-defined row of 6–7 setae along submarginal vein.

128

202

203

204

Figures 202–204. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat). Female: 202, habitus; 203, slide; 204, lateral view.

129 205

207

206

208

209

Figures 205–209. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat). (205–207) female: 205, antenna; 206, fore wing; 207, fore wing, basal; 208, hind wing. (209) male, habitus.

130 210

211

212

213

214

Figures 210–214. Anagroidea himalayana (Mani & Saraswat). Male: 210, slide; 211, lateral view; 212, antenna; 213, fore wing; 214, hind wing.

131 7. GENUS EUBRONCUS Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin (Figures 215–237)

Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, 1972: 879. Type species Eubroncus orientalis Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, by original designation. Stomarotrum Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, 1972: 881. Type species Stomarotrum prodigiosum Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, by original designation. Synonymy by Triapitsyn & Huber, 2000: 613.

Diagnosis The diagnosis of the genus is based on the material from India. Body dark brown to black, completely and strongly sclerotized. Antenna with radicle and scape yellowish brown to brown, flagellum brown to dark brown. Wing more or less completely infuscate, sometimes fore wing with prominent infuscation behind venation. Legs usually brown to dark brown. Head, in profile, subtriangular (Fig. 224), dorsally with subrectangular projection of frontal sclerite below transverse trabecula, and in between toruli; mandible (Fig. 216) invariably long, narrow with apical tooth curved, pointed and ventral margin with small denticles. Antenna with funicle 6-segmented (Fig. 217), segments mostly broader than long; F1 without longitudinal sensilla, F2–F6 with sensilla; clava with many sensilla, with many depressions on the surface. Fore wing with hypochaeta extremely close to proximal macrochaeta (Fig. 227); hind wing broad with rounded apex (Fig. 228). Fore tibial spur comb like.

Male. Flagellum 11-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian, and Afrotropical regions (Lin et al., 2007). Species. World, 7. India, 3.

LIST OF INDIAN SPECIES 1. E. indicus Hayat & Khan 2. E. scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel 3. E. vertexus Jin & Li (new record, Anwar et al., 2015)

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KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF EUBRONCUS YOSHIMOTO, KOZLOV & TRJAPITZIN, FEMALES 1. Pronotum without a longitudinal carina medially (Fig. 221); fore wing uniformly infuscate (Fig. 218); clava subequal to funicle (Fig. 217) ...... 1. E. scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel -. Pronotum with a longitudinal carina medially (Fig. 235); fore wing with prominent infuscation behind venation (Fig. 232); clava longer than funicle (Fig. 231) ...... 2

2. Fore wing 4.07× as long as broad (Fig. 227); hind wing with a group of long setae on disc behind distal part of marginal vein (Fig. 229); T1 nearly smooth and without carina ...... 2. E. indicus Hayat & FR Khan -. Fore wing with 3.46× as long as broad (Fig. 232); hind wing without a group of long setae on disc behind distal part of marginal vein (Fig. 233); TI with reticulate sculpture medially just behind petiole and with carinae ...... 3. E. vertexus Jin & Li

1. Eubroncus scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel (Figures 215–223) Eubroncus scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel, in Palanivel & Manickavasagam, 2015: 7153, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Bengaluru (EDAU), examined. Eubroncus scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel: Anwar et al., 2015: 26, 27, 33, key, diagnosis, illustrations.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.80 mm. Head dark brown. Antenna brown to dark brown except radicle pale brown. Mesosoma dark brown; Wings uniformly infuscate; fore wing with hyaline spots behind venation. Legs brown, with dark brown coxae. Metasoma dark brown. Head with vertex smooth (Fig. 215). Antennal scape faintly reticulate, 4× as long as broad (12:3); F2–F6 each with 2 sensilla; clava 2.66× as long as broad (12:4.5), subequal to funicle with 6 sensilla (Fig. 217).

133 Mesosoma (Fig. 220). Pronotum (Fig. 221) without a longitudinal carina medially, densely setose with thick and long setae; mesoscutum sculptured; posterior scutellum with strong foveae along entire anterior margin; propodeum 0.8× mesoscutum (6:7.5), 0.68× scutellum (6:8.75), medially with distinct reticulate sculpture, converging posteriorly, laterally with distinct reticulation (Fig. 222). Fore wing (Fig. 218) 3.75× as long as broad (61:16) with longest marginal seta 0.25× maximum wing width (17:4). Hind wing (Fig. 219) 8.3× long as broad (50:6) with longest marginal seta 1.12× maximum wing width (6:6.75). Metasoma (Fig. 220). Petiole 1.2× as long as broad (21:17); TI medially reticulate except sides; ovipositor 1.07× length of mid tibia (60:56), slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype (EDAU/Mym10/2014), female (on slide under 5 coverslips), India, KA [Karnataka], BLR [Bengaluru], YPT[Yellow Pan Trap], Forest IWST, 25.X.[20]13” and “Eubroncus scutatus Holotype EDAU/Mym10/2014, Coll. Manickavasagam & Palanivel”.

Additional material examined. KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Attur, 1 female, 1.iv.2013 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above listed specimen agrees fairly well in almost all the characters with the holotype and the description of Eubroncus scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel given, in Palanivel & Manickavasagam (2015). It is to be noted here that the pronotum is entire, without a faint longitudinal carina and ventrally also without reticulate sculpture. Probably the authors might have confused the ridge of the prosternum for the pronotal carina, and the sculpture on the fore coxae for the sculpture on the pronotum. Therefore, in view of the above characters, we consider the species was placed in the wrong key couplet by Palanivel & Manickavasagam (2015).

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2. Eubroncus indicus Hayat & F. R. Khan (Figures 224–229) Eubroncus indicus Hayat & FR Khan, 2009: 439, female. Holotype, female, India, West Bengal, Darjeeling (ZDAMU), examined. Eubroncus indicus Hayat & FR Khan: Anwar et al., 2015: 26, 27, 32, key, diagnosis, illustrations.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 1.14 mm. Body completely dark brown to metallic black. Eyes oval and dark brown. Antenna dark brown except radicle yellow. Wings infuscate; fore wing with prominent infuscation behind venation. Legs pale yellowish brown to dark brown. Head (Fig. 224). Antennal scape (Fig. 226) sculptured, 5.5× as long as broad (19:3.5); F2–F6, with 2 sensilla; clava 2.5× as long as broad (16.5:6.5), slightly longer than funicle, and with 6 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 224). Pronotum with prominent longitudinal carina medially. Fore wing (Fig. 227) 4.07× as long as broad (90:22) with longest marginal seta 0.3× wing width (7:22). Hind wing (Fig. 228) 8× as long as broad (84:10.5); a group of long setae present on disc behind distal part of marginal vein (Fig. 229); longest marginal seta 0.85× maximum wing width (9:10.5). Metasoma (Fig. 224). Gt1 nearly smooth, without ridges or carinae. Ovipositor short, not exserted beyond the apex of gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on card, with right wings and antenna on slide under 2 coverslips), labelled in black ink in Hayat’s handwriting: INDIA: West Bengal, Darjeeling, Gorabari, 15.vi.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan (519). (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.568).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: West Bengal. Comments. This species does not resemble E. prodigiosus (Yoshimoto et. al., 1972) as noted by Hayat & Khan (2009), but appears similar to E. vertexus Jin & Li, in having a median carina on the pronotum; fore wing with prominent infuscation

135 behind venation; and clava longer than funicle. But, it differs from the latter mainly by following characters: fore wing 4.07× as long as broad; hind wing with a group of long setae on disc behind distal part of marginal vein; T1, nearly smooth and without ridges or carinae. In E. vertexus: fore wing with 3.46× as long as broad; hind wing without a group of long setae on disc behind distal part of marginal vein; T1 with reticulate sculpture medially just behind petiole and with prominent carinae. Further, it may be noted that in the keys to the world species given by Jin & Li (2014) and Palanivel & Manickavasagam (2015) this species was erroneously included along with species lacking a median carina on the pronotum.

3. Eubroncus vertexus Jin & Li (Figures 230–237) Eubroncus vertexus Jin & Li, 2014: 36, female. Holotype, female, China (NEFU), not examined. Eubroncus vertexus Jin & Li: Anwar et al., 2015: 28, record, India.

Redescription Female. Body length, 0.97 mm. Body dark brown. Head dark brown, with eyes oval and silvery white. Antenna brown to dark brown. Wings infuscate; fore wing with dark brown infuscation behind venation and with two hyaline spots, one behind the apical part of submarginal vein and the other behind the proximal part of marginal vein. Legs with coxae dark brown; tibiae and femora brown; trochanters and tarsal segments pale brown. Head (Fig. 230), in frontal view, almost subquadrate, as broad as high; vertex subquadrate, entirely covered with conspicuous scale-like sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 231) with scape sculptured, 7.4× radicle length, 5.5× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad; F2–F6 broader than long, and each with two sensilla; F1 subquadrate to quadrate and without sensilla; clava 2.6× as long as broad, distinctly longer than funicle, with 9 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 234) distinctly longer than gaster; pronotum (Fig. 235) 2.75× as broad as long, with a faint longitudinal carina medially and sparsely setose with thick and long setae; mesoscutum and scutellum (Fig. 236) almost smooth, without sculpture; posterior scutellum medially with foveae on anterior margin; propodeum (Fig. 237) medially with reticulate sculpture, diverging posteriorly, less

136 conspicuous laterally in anterior two-thirds, 0.85× length of mesoscutum, and 0.78× total scutellum length. Fore wing 3.46× as long as broad (Fig. 232); submarginal vein× 1.80× as long as marginal vein; longest marginal seta 0.25× maximum wing width. Hind wing 7.2× as long as broad (Fig. 233); longest marginal seta 0.76× maximum wing width. Legs with coxae reticulate sculptured except mid coxae. Metasoma (Fig. 234). Petiole 1.2× as long as broad, reticulate with relatively short spine-like projections anterolaterally; T1 with submedial carinae, basally just behind petiole with reticulate sculpture; ovipositor 0.53× gaster length and 0.8× length of mid tibia, barely exserted beyond apex of gaster. Relative measurements. head frontal width, 24; head height, 24; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:2; scape, 22:14; pedicel, 6.5:4.5; F1, 3:3; F2, 3:4; F3, 2.5:4; F4, 2:4; F5, 2:4.5; F6, 2:5; clava, 21:8; mesosoma, 36; pronotum length:width, 8:22; mesoscutum, 10.5; scutellum, 11.5; propodeum, 9; forewing length:width, 97:28; submarginal vein, 29; marginal vein, 16; stigmal vein, 5; longest marginal fringe, 7; hind wing length:width, 93:13; longest marginal fringe, 10; fore tibia, 15; mid tibia, 24; mid basitarsus, 18; hind tibia, 29; petiole length:width, 6:5; gaster, 36; ovipositor, 19.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. INDIA: MEGHALAYA: Ri Bhoi, Umiam, NEH, 21.xii.2013 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India (new record; Anwar et al., 2015): Meghalaya. (China). Comments. The redescription of the species given from the specimen from Meghalaya agrees fairly well with the original description and illustrations of Eubroncus vertexus given by Jin & Li (2014). This species differs from E. indicus Hayat & FR Khan in the characters given in the key and the ‘Comments’ given under E. indicus.

137 217

218

215

219

216

221

220 222

223

Figures 215–223. Eubroncus scutatus Manickavasagam & Palanivel. Females: (215 –222), head, frontal view; 216, mandible; 217, antenna; 218, fore wing; 219, hind wing; 220, metasoma and mesosoma; 221, pronotum and mesoscutum; 222, scutellum and propodeum. (223) holotype slide.

138

224

225

226 227

229

228

Figures 224–229. Eubroncus indicus Hayat & F.R. Khan. Holotype female: 224, habitus; 225, slide; 226, antenna; 227, fore wing; 228, hind wing; 229, hind wing, basal. 139

231

230 232

233

235

236

234

237

Figures 230–237. Eubroncus vertexus Jin & Li. Female: 230, head; 231, antenna; 232, fore wing; 233, hind wing; 234, mesosoma and metasoma; 235, pronotum, 236, mesoscutum and scutellum; 237, propodeum.

140

III. ANAGRUS GROUP OF GENERA

Female. Body usually light coloured and poorly sclerotized. Face often with subantennal grooves; antenna with clava either entire or at most 3-segmented, claval tip often with nipple-like projection. Posterior scutellum divided medially longitudinally (Fig. 265) sometimes incompletely, and apparently not at all (Fig. 251). Wing variably shaped broad to narrow. Tarsi 4-segmented.

Male. Flagellum 11 segmented, apical segment may be divided.

Included Indian genus: Omyomymar Schauff.

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8. GENUS OMYOMYMAR Schauff (Figures 238–266)

Omyomymar Schauff, 1983: 544. Type species Paranaphoidea silvana Ogloblin, by original designation. Caenomymar Yoshimoto, 1990: 49. Type species Caenomymar howdeni Yoshimoto, by monotypy. Synonymy by Aquino et al., 2016: 588.

Diagnosis Females. Head small. Mandible reduced and small, unidentate. Antenna (Fig. 239) with funicle 6-segmented; clava 2-segmented with placoid as well as linear sensilla, apical segment with or without finger-like projection. Fore wing (Fig. 241) cruiser oar shaped, pointed at apex; apical part of the disc often setose; two parallel lines of setae extending from distal two-third or so and, mixing with apical setae of the disc. Mesophragma notched at apex, deeply (Fig. 252), projecting behind hind coxae. Ovipositor enlarge, with 2nd valvifer looped and distinctly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor sheaths each with one sub apical setae (Fig. 249). Tarsi 4- segmented.

Male. Antenna with flagellum 11-segmented; scape with inner surface spiny with numerous enlarged sensilla basiconic (Schauff, 1984 & Linn et al., 2007).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Worldwide, except western Palaearctic region (Linn e al., 2007). Species. World, 15. India, 7 (including 2 new species). Important references. Ogloblin, 1935; Schauff (1984); Yoshomoto (1990); Lin & Chiappini (1996); Lin et al. (2007); Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2011; Pricop, 2014; Anwar & Zeya, 2015; Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam (2016); Aquino et al. (2016).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Omyomymar glabrum Lin & Chiappini 2. Omyomymar huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash 3. Omyomymar insulanum Zeya & Anwar 4. Omyomymar noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash

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5. Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. 6. Omyomymar supremus sp. nov. 7. Omyomymar yousufi Anwar & Zeya

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF OMYOMYMAR SCHAUFF, FEMALES 1. Antennal clava without apical projection (Fig. 240)...... 2 -. Antennal clava with apical projection (Fig. 255)...... 4

2. Clava 3.5× as long as broad, shorter than F4–F6 combined ...... 1. O. glabrum Lin & Chiappini -. Clava less than 3× as long as broad, a little longer than F4–6 combined ...... 3

3. Clava 2.5× as long as broad; apical fourth of fore wing less densely setose (Fig. 241); marginal fringe of both wings relatively thick and fewer in number; ovipositor 3.47× as long as hind tibia ...... 2. O. yousufi Anwar & Zeya -. Clava 2.16× as long as broad; apical fourth of fore wing densely setose (Fig. 247); marginal fringe of both wings relatively thin and more in number; ovipositor 2.28× as long as hind tibia [body size 0.96 mm] ...... 3. O. supremus sp. nov.

4. Apical projection of clava finger-like, about 2× as long as broad (Fig. 255); ovipositor at most 2.5× as long as mid tibia ...... 4. O. sudhiri sp. nov. -. Apical projection of clava nipple-like, less than 1× as long as broad (Fig. 262); ovipositor at least 2.9× as long as mid tibia ...... 5

5. Clava longer than F3–F6 combined (Fig. 261) ...... 5. O. insulanum Zeya & Anwar -. Clava shorter than F3–F6 combined ...... 6

6. F1 the longest; ovipositor 2.9× as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.6× length of gaster ...... 6. O. huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash -. F2 the longest; ovipositor 5.3× as long as mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.9× length of gaster ...... 7. O. noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash

143

1. Omyomymar glabrum Lin & Chiappini Omyomymar glabrum Lin & Chiappini, 1996: 302, female. Holotype, female, China, Xishan Nature Reserve, Fujian (FACC), not examined. Omyomymar glabrum Lin & Chiappini: Anwar et al., 2015a: 140, List. Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 5, India, Meghalaya, record. Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam, 2016: 2, key.

Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.75 mm. Body yellow to brown. Head. Antenna with all funicular segments distinctly longer, decreasing in length distad; F1 the longest subequal to scape, 2× as long as pedicel, slightly shorter than clava; clava 3.46× as long as broad, shorter than F4–F6 combined. Mesosoma shorter than metasoma. Fore wing 9× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 1.9× as long as maximum wing width; disc with setae scattered on apex. Hind wing as long as fore wing. Metasoma. Ovipositor 1.11× as long as body; highly exserted beyond the gasteral apex, exserted part 1.4–1.6× as long as metasoma.

Male. Similar to female except for antenna and sexual characters. Length 0.64 mm. Body colour yellowish brown to brown. Antenna with flagellum 11-segmented with several longitudinal sensilla. Fore wing 7.6–8.6× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 2× as long as maximum wing width.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Meghalaya. (China). Comments. The diagnosis of Omyomymar glabrum Lin & Chiappini (1996) is based on the original description and illustrations given by Lin & Chiappini (1996: figs 1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12). It is a distinct species and comes close to the Indian species O. yousufi Anwar & Zeya (2015) in having clava without apical projection and more or less similar fore wings. However, it differs from the latter by the characters as given in comments under O. yousufi.

144

2. Omyomymar yousufi Anwar & Zeya (Figures 238–243) Omyomymar yousufi Anwar & Zeya, 2015a: 140, female. Holotype, female, India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (NBAIR), examined.

Redescription Female. Holotype. Length, 0.48 mm (excluding exserted ovipositor). Head dark brown to black. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel brown, funicle and clava dark brown. Mesoscutum brown; scutellum yellow; propodeum dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Metasoma in basal two-third yellow, rest dark brown; ovipositor brown. Head, in frontal view, almost quadrate, 0.98× as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 239) with scape 2.8× as long as broad; pedicel 1.6× as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad, decreasing in length in distad; F1 the longest, F2 and F3 subequal; clava 2-segmented, 2.5× as long as broad, a little longer than F4–6 combined; basal segment of clava with one placoid sensilla, apical segment with four placoid sensilla and three longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 240). Mesosoma (Fig. 243). Metasoma 0.66× gaster length, alutaceously reticulated but very faint; mesoscutum with notaular lines incomplete; mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae, each lateral lobe with one seta at lateral angle; anterior scutellum with two setae in middle; propodeum almost subequal to anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 241) 8.5× as long as broad, with two lines of setae, each running parallel to its wing margin, one fourth disc apically less densely setose and a few setae behind venation; longest marginal seta about 1.7× as long as maximum wing width. Hindwing (Fig. 242) 27× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5.5× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 243). Ovipositor (Fig. 243) proximally large with second valvifer looped, and extends from T1; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond the apex of gaster, exserted part subequal in length to gaster; ovipositor about 1.9× as long as gaster, 2.85× as long as mid tibia and 2.28× as long as hind tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 100×): head width:height, 17:16; antennal segments including radicle length:width — radicle, 1:1.5; scape, 7:2.5; pedicel, 4:2.5; F1, 6:1; F2, 5:1.5; F3, 5:1.5; F4, 4:2; F5, 3:1.5; F6, 2.5:2; clava, 10:4;

145 mesosoma, 20; fore wing length:width, 60:7; longest marginal seta, 12; hind wing length:width, 56:2; longest marginal seta, 11; fore tibia, 12; mid tibia, 20; mid basitarsus, 15; hind tibia, 25; gaster, 30; ovipositor, 57; exserted part of ovipositor, 30.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.108), INDIA: ANI: Lower Andaman, Forest Nursery, 30.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (NBAIR, registration No. ICAR/NBAII/MYM.103).

Additional material examined. INDIA: ANI: South Andaman Forest, Garacharma, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.144), 31.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Comments. Omyomymar yousufi Anwar & Zeya is apparently similar to O. glabrum Lin & Chiappini in having more or less similar fore wing, F1 distinctly longer than pedicel and clava without apical digit. It differs from O. glabrum in the following characters: F1–3 slender, F5 and F6 almost subequal and subquadrate; clava a little longer than F4–6 combined with five placoid sensilla; and exserted part of ovipositor subequal in length to gaster. In O. glabrum: funicle slender; F5 longer than F6; clava shorter than F4–F6 combined without placoid sensilla; and exserted part of ovipositor at least 1.3× as long as gaster.

3. Omyomymar supremus sp. nov. (Figures 244–252)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.97 mm (excluding exserted part of ovipositor). Head and eyes dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape, pedicel and F1 pale brown, F2– F6 and clava brown, apical segment of clava without projection. Mesosoma dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Metasoma in basal half yellow, rest dark brown; ovipositor pale brown.

146

Head (Fig. 246). Head, in frontal view, 1.2× as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 245) with scape 2.37× as long as broad; pedicel 1.8× as long as broad; funicular segments markedly decreasing in length distad, F1–F5 longer than broad; F1 the longest with proximal and distal ends slightly dilated, F6 shortest, 1.27× as broad as long; clava 2.16× as long as broad, longer than F4–F6 combined, slightly truncated at apex; basal segment of clava with one placoid sensillum and one longitudinal sensillum, apical segment, with three placoid sensilla and four longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 249). Mesosoma 0.56× metasoma length. Mesoscutum with notaular lines complete (Fig. 250); polygonally reticulated; mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae; each lateral lobe of mesoscutum with one seta at lateral angle; anterior scutellum 0.63× posterior scutellum (Fig. 251) with, faint polygonal sculpture and, with one seta laterally just above each axilla; posterior scutellum with longitudinal polygonal sculpture; propodeum (Fig. 252) 1.35× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.85× posterior scutellum, medially smooth, sides with longitudinal polygonal sculpture. Fore wing (Fig. 247) 8.42× as long as broad, with two lines of setae, each running parallel to its wing margin, disc one-fourth or so apically densely setose and a few setae behind venation; longest marginal seta about 1.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 248) 23.8× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 4.53× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 249). Ovipositor (Fig. 249) proximally large with second valvifer looped, and extends from Gt1; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, exserted part 1.05× as long as gaster length; ovipositor about 1.88× as long as gaster, 3× as long as mid tibia and 3.47× as long as hind tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 100×): head width:height, 80:66; antennal segments including radicle length:width — radicle, 6:8; scape, 38:16; pedicel, 20:11; F1, 40:5; F2, 30:6; F3, 26:6; F4, 15:8; F5, 12:10; F6, 11:14; clava, 52:24; mesosoma, 135; fore wing length:width, 379:45; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 357:15; longest marginal seta, 68; fore tibia, 74; mid tibia, 151; mid basitarsus, 35; hind tibia, 130; gaster, 240; ovipositor, 452; exserted part of ovipositor, 252.

Male. Unknown.

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Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.698), INDIA: SIKKIM: Tadong (ICAR Comp.) (YPT), 3.xi.2014, Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Sikkim. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Omyomymar supremus sp. nov. is a distinctive species can be separated from all the described Indian species in having larger body size 0.96 mm (while all described species: at most 0.57 mm). However, it comes close to O. yousufi in having antennal clava without finger-like projection but differs from the latter mainly in the following characters: clava relatively broader 2.16× as long as broad; fore wing apically one-fourth or so densely setose; ovipositor 3× as long as mid tibia and 3.47× as long as hind tibia. In O. yousufi: clava relatively longer, 2.5× as long as broad; fore wing apically one-fourth less densely setose; ovipositor 2.85× as long as mid tibia and 2.28× as long as hind tibia.

4. Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. (Figures 253–259)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.57 mm (excluding exserted ovipositor). Body dark brown except metasoma in basal two-third pale brown. Antenna brown, clava with apical projection. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Ovipositor brown. Head, in frontal view, 1.39× as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 254) with scape 2.8× as long as broad; pedicel 1.6× as long as broad; funicular segments decreasing in length distad; F1–F5 distinctly longer than broad, F6 subquadrate, widening apically; F2 the longest; clava 2-segmented, 3× as long as broad, longer than F3–6 combined; basal segment of clava with one placoid sensillum and, one longitudinal sensillum; apical segment with projection, 1.2× as long as basal segment with two placoid sensilla and four longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 255), projected part of clava 2× as long as broad.

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Mesosoma (Fig. 258). Mesosoma 0.6× metasoma length. Mesoscutum with notaular lines complete (Fig. 258), polygonally reticulated; mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae; each lateral lobe of mesoscutum with one seta at lateral angle; anterior scutellum 0.6× posterior scutellum with faint polygonal reticulation, a pair of setae in the middle and one seta near each axilla; posterior scutellum with longitudinal polygonal reticulation; propodeum 1.3× as long as anterior scutellum, medially smooth, sides with longitudinal polygonal sculpture (Fig. 258). Fore wing (Fig. 256) 9× as long as broad, with two lines of setae, each running parallel to its wing margin, disc one-fourth apically densely setose and a few setae behind venation; longest marginal seta 1.6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 257) 26× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 4× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 259). Ovipositor (Fig. 259) proximally large with second valvifer looped, and extends from T1; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, exserted part 0.66× gaster length; ovipositor about 1.75× as long as gaster, 3× as long as mid tibia and 2.5× as long as hind tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 86:62; antennal segments including radicle length:width — radicle, 6:5; scape, 31:11; pedicel, 16:10; F1, 22:4; F2, 23:5; F3, 20:5; F4, 14:6; F5, 11:7; F6, 9:10; clava, 55:18; claval process, 6; mesosoma, 100; fore wing length:width, 290:32; longest marginal seta, 50; hind wing length:width, 285:11; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 57; mid tibia, 95; mid basitarsus, 17; hind tibia, 117; gaster, 166; ovipositor, 290; exserted part of ovipositor, 111.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.697): INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Gandawal, Una, (SN), 30.ix.2013, Coll. PT Anwar. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh. Etymology. The species is named for Dr. Sudhir Singh, Head of Entomology Section, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India, for his contributions to taxonomy of the Indian .

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Comments. The above described species Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. appears to be similar to O. silvanum (Ogloblin). Hence, I sent some photographs and brief notes on some characters of the specimen collected from Himachal Pradesh to Dr. D.A. Aquino, MLPA, Argentina for comparison with Holotype of O. silvanum which is housed in MLPA. He kindly confirmed its identity to be an undescribed species (pers. comm., 09 May 2016). However, it differs O. silvanum in the following characters: antenna with funicle segments relatively shorter, F6 slightly broader than long; clava with finger- like projection, projected part 2× as long as broad; fore wing 9× as long as broad, with, one-fourth disc apically densely setose. In O. silvanum: antenna with funicle segments relatively longer, F6 distinctly longer than broad; clava with nipple-like process, projected part less than 1× as long as broad; fore wing 7.3× as long as broad, with one-fourth disc apically less densely setose.

5. Omyomymar insulanum Zeya & Anwar (Figures 260–266) Omyomymar insulanum Zeya & Anwar, 2015a: 141, female. Holotype, female, India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (NBAIR), examined.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.53 mm (excluding exserted part of ovipositor). Head dark brown, area near mouth parts brown; eyes black, large covering almost entire head. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel brown, F1 and F2 brown; F3–6 and clava dark brown to black. Mesosoma with mesoscutum and propodeum yellow washed with brown; scutellum yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow to yellow. Metasoma in basal one-fourth yellowish brown, rest brown; ovipositor brown. Head, in frontal view, almost quadrate, 0.55× as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 261) with scape, 3.2× as long as broad; pedicel 2× as long as broad; F1 shorter than pedicel; F1–3 longer than broad, F5 and F6 subquadrate to quadrate; F4–F6 subequal in length, each widening apically; clava 2-segmented, 2.5× as long as broad, a little longer than F3–6 combined; basal segment of clava with one placoid sensilla and two longitudinal sensilla, distal segment with four placoid sensilla and five longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 262).

150

Mesosoma (Fig. 265). Mesosoma 0.76× gaster length, alutaceously reticulated; mesoscutum with notaular lines incomplete not reaching to anterior margin of scutellum (Fig. 265); mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae, each lateral lobe with one seta at lateral angle; anterior scutellum with 2 setae; propodeum nearly equal to anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 263) 7.3× as long as broad, with two lines of setae, each running parallel to its wing margin, disc apically one-fourth more densely setose with a few setae behind venation, longest marginal seta about 1.4× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 264) 25× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 266). Ovipositor (Fig. 266) proximally not with broad loop, but extends from near base of gaster and strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 1.6× gaster length, 3.3× as long as mid tibia and 2.5× hind tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 0.6× gaster length. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 100×): head width:height, 18:10; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 1:1; scape, 8:2.5; pedicel, 4:2; F1, 3:1; F2, 3:1.5; F3, 2.5:1.5; F4, 2:1.5; F5, 2:2.5; F6, 2:2; clava, 10:4; mesosoma, 23; forewing length:width, 51:7; longest marginal seta, 10; hindwing length:width, 50:2; longest marginal seta, 10; fore tibia, 10; mid tibia, 15; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 20; gaster, 30; ovipositor, 50; exserted part ofovipositor, 20.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.145), INDIA: ANI: Lower Andaman, Forest Nursery, 30.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (NBAIR, registration No. ICAR/NBAII/MYM.104).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Comments. Omyomymar insulanum Zeya & Anwar is apparently similar to O breve Lin & Chiappini in having more or less similar fore wing and F1 shorter than pedicel, although it does not run in the key to species provided by Lin & Chiappini (1996). It differs from O. breve in the following characters: funicular segments F1–3 thickened; clava with four placoid sensella; and exserted part of ovipositor about

151

0.66× gaster length. In O. breve: funicular segments F1–3 subcylindrical; clava without placoid sensilla; and exserted part of ovipositor about 0.4× gaster length.

6. Omyomymar huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash Omyomymar huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash, in Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam, 2016: 3, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore, Chidambaram (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Length 0.53 mm (excluding exserted part of ovipositor). Body colour pale yellow to pale brown. Antenna pale yellow to pale brown. Wings hyaline. Legs pale yellow. Head broader than high. Antenna with scape 4.5× as long as broad; F1 the longest; clava 4× as long as broad, longer than F4–F6 combined. Mesosoma. Mesosoma half the length of gaster. Fore wing 8.9× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 2× as long as maximum width. Hind wing 29.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 5.5× as long as maximum width. Metasoma. Ovipositor 1.5× as long as gaster; exserted part of ovipositor 0.6× gaster length, 2.9× as long as mid tibia and 3.1× as long as hind tibia.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Omyomymar huberi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash (2016) is based on the original description and illustrations given by Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam (2016: figs 1–5). It is a distinct species and comes close to O. insulanum Zeya & Anwar (2015) in having clava with apical projection. However, it differs from the latter by the following characters: head, in frontal view, 1.25× as broad as high; antenna with scape 4.5× as long as broad; funicle segments relatively long; mesosoma 0.5× gaster length; fore wing 8.9× as long as broad; hind wing 29.5× as long as broad. In O. insulanum: head, in frontal view, almost quadrate, 0.55× as broad as high; antenna with scape 3.2× as long as broad; funicle segments relatively short; mesosoma 0.76× gaster length; fore wing 7.3× as long as broad; hind wing 25× as long as broad.

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7. Omyomymar noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash Omyomymar noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash, in Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam, 2016: 5, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore, Chidambaram (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Length 0.57–66 mm (excluding exserted part of ovipositor). Body colour pale yellow to pale brown. Antenna pale yellow to pale brown. Wings hyaline. Legs pale yellow. Head subquadrate; Antenna with scape 3× as long as broad; F2 the longest, clava 3.6× as long as broad, longer than F4–F6 combined. Mesosoma slightly more than half the length of gaster, faintly variably sculptured. Fore wing 8.3× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 1.8× as long as maximum width. Hind wing 29× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6× as long as maximum width. Metasoma. Ovipositor 1.7× as long as gaster, exserted part 0.7× gaster length, 5.3× as long as mid tibia and 2.6× as long as hind tibia.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Omyomymar noyesi Manickavasagam & Gowriprakash is based on the original description and illustrations given by Gowriprakash & Manickavasagam (2016: figs 6–10). It is to be noted that the authors described one more species O. huberi in the same paper based on minor characters. Further, the description and illustrations of both the species are very similar. Hence, I consider that both the species would prove to be conspecific in future subject to studying the holotypes.

153

238

239 240

241

242

243

Figures 238–243. Omyomymar yousufi Anwar & Zeya. Holotype female: 238, slide; 239, antenna; 240, clava; 241, fore wing; 242, hind wing; 243, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor. 154

244

245

246

247

248

Figures 244–248. Omyomymar supremus sp. nov. Holotype female: 244, habitus; 245, head; 246, antenna; 247, fore wing; 248, hind wing.

155

249

250 251

252

Figures 249–252. Omyomymar supremus sp. nov. Holotype female: 249, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor; 250, mesoscutum; 251, scutellum; 252, propodeum.

156

253

254

255

256

257

Figures 253–257. Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. Holotype female: 253, habitus; 254, antenna, 255, clava, with finger-like projection; 256, fore wing; 257, hind wing.

157

258

259

Figures 258–259. Omyomymar sudhiri sp. nov. Holotype female: 258, mesosoma; 259, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

158

260

261 262

263

264

266

265

Figures 260–266. Omyomymar insulanum Anwar & Zeya. Holotype female: 260, slide; 261, antenna; 262, clava; 263, fore wing; 264, hind wing; 265, mesosoma and metasoma; 266, metasoma with ovipositor.

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IV. CAMPTOPTERA GROUP OF GENERA

Female. Body size minute to moderate. Head variable in shape from rounded to triangular. Antenna usually 7-segmented; but rarely with 6- or 8-segments, if 7- segmented then F2 often minute, ring-like. Mandibles with one or 2-teeth. Fore wing often narrow and curved apically but may be straight as in Camptopteroides, and slightly broad as in Ptilomymar. Head and mesosoma variably sculptured. Gaster sessile. Petiole with or without lamellae. Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented.

Male. Flagellum 7–10 segmented; F2 either normal or minute, ring-like, sometimes F4 minute, ring-like.

Included Indian genera: Camptoptera Foerster, Eofoersteria Mathot, Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt, Stephanocampta Mathot.

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9. GENUS CAMPTOPTERA Foerster (Figures 267–455)

Camptoptera Foerster, 1856: 119. Type species Camptoptera papaveris Foerster, by monotypy. Stichothrix Foerster, 1856: 117. Type species Stichothrix cardui Foerster, by monotypy. Synonymy by Annecke & Doutt, 1961: 15. Pteroclisis Foerster, 1856: 144. Unnecessary replacement name for Camptoptera, thought to have been preoccupied by Camptopteris in Botany. Eomymar Perkins, 1912: 26. Type species E. muiri Perkins, by monotypy. Synonymy by Huber & Lin, 1999: 18. Congolia Ghesquière, 1942: 320. Type species Congolia sycophila Ghesquière, by original designation. Synonymy by Debauche, 1949: 18. Sphegilla Debauche, 1948: 62. Type species Sphegilla franciscae Debauche, by original designation. Synonymy by Yoshimoto, 1990: 32. Wertanekiella Soyka, 1961:87. Type species Wertanekiella brevicornis Soyka. Synonymy under Sphegilla by Mathot, 1969: 2. Zemicamptoptera Ogloblin & Annecke, 1961: 24. Type species Camptoptera (Zemicamptoptera) semialbata Ogloblin & Annecke, by original designation. (As of Camptoptera) Staneria Mathot, 1966:214. Type species Staneri diademata Mathot by original designation. Synonymy by Huber & Lin, 1999: 27.

Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.22–0.44 mm. Mandible with one pointed tooth (Fig. 276). Antennal formula, 116–71; F2 usually ring-like (Fig. 277). Mesosoma with axillae advanced into side lobes of mesoscutum (Fig. 280); notaular lines either well developed (Fig. 310) or present in anterior one-third (Fig. 271); scutellum clearly divided in anterior and posterior parts; mesophragma not extending into gaster (Fig. 359). Fore wing with posterior margin almost always concave giving the wing a distinctly curved apex (Fig. 269); proximal macrochaeta absent and distal macrochaeta often relatively short and fine. Hind wing very narrow. Tarsi 5-

161 segmented. Metasoma with a well developed petiole (Fig. 283). Petiole with or without a pair of invariable shapes lateral projection or lamellae.

Male. Flagellum 10-segmented, rarely 7-segmented with F2 and often F4 ring like.

Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from eggs of Scolytidae and Buprestidae Chrysomelidae, Ciidae, Curculionidae (Scolytinae), and Derodontidae (Coleoptera), and possibly Cicadellidae, Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), and Thripidae (Thysanoptera). See Lin et al. (2007); Huber (1986, 2011) and Huber & Lin (1999) and Triapitsyn (2014). Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 69. India, 24 (including 13 new species).

LIST OF INDIAN SPECIES 1. Camptoptera alii sp. nov. 2. Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani 3. Camptoptera anneckei sp. nov. 4. Camptoptera arya sp. nov. 5. Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis 6. Camptoptera aveolobato sp. nov. 7. Camptoptera bengalurensis sp. nov. 8. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao 9. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao 10. Camptoptera fransciscae (Debauche) (new record) 11. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao 12. Camptoptera lance sp. nov. 13. Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani 14. Camptoptera magna Soyka (new record) 15. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao 16. Camptoptera muiri (Perkins) 17. Camptoptera naseemi sp. nov. 18. Camptoptera ogloblini sp. nov. 19. Camptoptera okadomei Taguchi (new record)

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20. Camptoptera sabre sp. nov. 21. Camptoptera salianus sp. nov. 22. Camptoptera scythe sp. nov. 23. Camptoptera squama sp. nov. 24. Camptoptera usmanii sp. nov.

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF CAMPTOPTERA FOERSTER, FEMALES

1. Petiole without lateral lamellae (Fig. 282) ...... 2 -. Petiole with lateral lamellae (Fig. 448) ...... 15

2. Petiole either strongly ridged (Fig. 294) or with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 302); F2 always ring-like (Fig. 291) ...... 3 -. Petiole smooth (Fig. 372); F2 normal (Fig. 330) or ring-like ...... 11

3. Petiole strongly ridged ...... 4 -. Petiole with reticulate sculpture ...... 8

4. Fore wing disc with two incomplete rows of setae in middle (Fig. 269); cercal plates in middle of gaster (Fig. 272); ovipositor strongly exserted (Fig.272), exserted part of ovipositor 0.16× gaster length ...... 1. C. scythe sp. nov. -. Fore wing disc with two or more complete row of setae (Fig. 278); cercal plates at apex of gaster (Fig. 283); ovipositor not exserted ...... 5

5. Fore wing at most 10.37× as long as broad, disc with 3–4 rows of setae; clava 2.75–2.81× as long as broad; scutellum medially smooth (Fig. 280) ...... 2. C. matcheta Subba Rao -. Fore wing more than 11× as long as broad, disc with at most two row of setae; scutellum medially faintly reticulated ...... 6

6. Antenna with pedicel subequal to F1; F1 as long as F3; fore wing 14× as long as broad ...... 3. C. ambre Viggiani -. Antenna with pedicel longer than F1 (Fig. 285); F3 either subequal to F1 (Fig. 291) or longer (Fig. 285); fore wing less than 14× as long as broad ...... 7

163 7. F2 0.33× as long as broad (Fig. 285); F3 distinctly longer than all funicular segments; fore wing relatively broad, 9.43× as long as broad; mesosoma 0.91× length of gaster ...... 4. C. sabre sp. nov. -. F2 0.66× as long as broad (Fig. 291); F3 subequal to F1; fore wing relatively narrow, 11.69× as long as broad; mesosoma 1.73× length of gaster ...... 5. C. lance sp. nov.

8. Ovipositor markedly exserted beyond the apex of gaster (Fig. 303), exserted part 0.53× gaster length; fore wing relatively more curved at apex (Fig. 298) ...... 6. C. aveolobato sp. nov. -. Ovipositor hardly or not exserted beyond the apex of gaster (Fig. 311); fore wing more or less straight, with slightly curved apex ...... 9

9. Fore wing (Fig. 308) very narrow, 22.5× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 9.33× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing (Fig. 309) thin, 39.6× as long as broad; propodeum without submedian carinae ...... 7. C. kannada Subba Rao -. Fore wing broad (Fig. 314), 12.5–16× as long as broad, longest marginal seta at most 6× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing not thin (Fig. 315), 22.4– 28.5× as long as broad; propodeum with submedian carinae ...... 10

10. Mesosoma with faint reticulate sculpture; notaular lines in anterior third; posterior scutellum without foveae (Fig. 316); fore wing with setae in two rows (Fig. 314), begin from middle of the disc scattered irregularly reaching upto apex ...... 8. C. ogloblini sp. nov. -. Mesosoma with strong reticulate sculpture; notaular reaching more than half the length of mesoscutum; posterior scutellum with foveae along anterior margin (Fig. 322); fore wing disc with few scattered setae in middle (Fig. 320) ...... 9. C. anneckei sp. nov.

11. F2 normal, not ring-like (Fig. 330), 5.6× as long as broad ...... 10. C. muiri (Perkins) -. F2 ring-like, at most 1.2× as long as broad ...... 12

12. F2 slightly longer than broad 1.2× as long as broad (Fig. 336); mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 339) ...... 11. C. naseemi sp. nov.

164

-. F2 ring-like, broader than long; mesoscutum with transverse striations ...... 13

13. F1 relatively smaller, 1.66× as long as broad (Fig. 342), 0.41× pedicel; clava 8× as long as broad; posterior scutellum (Fig. 346) with longitudinal striations ...... 12. C. fransciscae (Debauche) -. F1 relatively longer, at least 3× as long as broad (Fig. 355), at least 0.9× pedicel; clava less than 5× as long as broad; posterior scutellum with transverse striations (Fig. 358) ...... 14

14. Head with transverse trabecula not divided medially into pieces (Fig. 354); funicular segments relatively flattened and smaller (Fig. 355); mesosoma with posterior scutellum medially with transverse and curved striations enclosed in two cells (Fig. 358); fore wing beyond venation relatively broad, 14× as long as broad (Fig. 356); hind wing 21.57× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.71× gaster ...... 13. C. arya sp. nov. -. Head with transverse trabecula divided medially into three pieces (Fig. 367); funicular segments relatively slender and long (Fig. 368); mesosoma with posterior scutellum striations enclosed in single cell (Fig. 371); fore wing beyond venation relatively narrow, 15.11× as long as broad Fig. 369); hind wing 32.5× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.9× gaster ...... 14. C. dravida Subba Rao

15. Propodeum without submedian carinae (Fig. 382); posterior margin of propodeum notched in middle (Fig. 382) [posterior scutellum with subparallel reticulations] ...... 15. C. bengalurensis sp. nov. -. Propodeum with submedian carinae (Fig. 417); posterior margin of propodeum not notched in middle ...... 16

16. Propodeum with submedian carinae not widely separated (Fig. 388) ...... 17 -. Propodeum with submedian carinae widely separated (Fig. 403) ...... 18

17. Vertex and mesoscutum with transverse striations; posterior scutellum with subparallel reticulations converging in middle (Fig. 388); propodeum with submedian carinae not touching posterior margin of metanotum; petiole with long thread-like lamellae (Fig. 389) ...... 16. C. okadomei Taguchi

165 -. Vertex and mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 394); posterior scutellum with subparallel reticulations not converging in middle (Fig. 394); propodeum with submedian carinae touching posterior margin of metanotum; petiole with projection-like lamellae (Fig. 394) ...... 17. C. assamansis Rehmat & Anis

18. Submedian carinae complete reaching upto the posterior margin of metanotum (Fig. 403); fore wing subhyaline (Fig. 401) ...... 19 -. Submedian carinae incomplete not reaching upto the posterior margin of metanotum (Fig. 440); fore wing with infuscation behind venation and at apex (Fig. 435) ...... 21

19. Posterior scutellum with elongate reticulate sculpture (Fig. 403); submedian carinae diverging basally and apically; petiole with triangular projection-like lamellae (Fig. 404) ...... 18. C. magna Soyka -. Posterior scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; submedian carinae apparently straight or converging basally and apically; petiole with thread-like lamellae ...... 20

20. Posterior scutellum with raised scale-like reticulate sculpture (Fig. 415); propodeum almost vertical to scutellum and overhanging not visible in dorsal view (Fig. 416); hypopygium distinct, reaching nearly half length of gaster (Fig. 418) ...... 19. C. squama sp. nov. -. Posterior scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; propodeum not vertical to scutellum and not overhanging clearly visible in dorsal view; hypopygium not distinct ...... 20. C. longifuniculata Viggiani

21. Fore wing disc with 2 rows of setae (Fig. 426) ...... 22 -. Fore wing disc with one row of setae (Fig. 443) ...... 23

22. Posterior scutellum relatively broad, 1.87× as broad as long with longitudinal striations (Figs 429, 430); fore wing 18.11× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 7.22× as long as maximum wing width; metasoma with ovipositor 0.46× gaster ...... 21. C. salianus sp. nov.

166

-. Posterior scutellum relatively less broad 1.5× as broad as long, with zig-zag sculpture (Figs 437, 439); fore wing at most 16.4× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5.63–6.3× as long as maximum wing width; metasoma with ovipositor 0.5–0.6× gaster ...... 22. C. brevifuniculata Subba Rao

23. Antennal scape 1.87× as long as broad; clava 3.3× as long as broad (Fig. 442); mesosoma (Fig. 445) 1.12× as long as gaster; posterior scutellum with finely strigate striations (Fig. 447); ovipositor, 0.6× mid tibia ...... 23. C. alii sp. nov. -. Antennal scape 2.85× as long as broad; clava 4.09× as long as broad (Fig. 450); mesosoma (Fig. 453) 1.5× as long as gaster; posterior scutellum with longitudinal striations (Fig. 453); gaster with ovipositor, 0.43× mid tibia ...... 24. C. usmanii sp. nov.

1. Camptoptera scythe sp. nov. (Figures 267–272)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.34 mm. Body dark brown, eyes dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Antenna dark brown except radicle, scape and pedicel pale brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 267). Head, in frontal view, 1.48× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal reticulate sculpture; area below toruli setose with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Mandible curved and pointed, meeting in the middle. Antennal (Fig. 268) scape 3.83× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.9× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 271). Mesosoma subequal to length of gaster; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture, with a pair of small setae; notaular lines almost indistinct; anterior scutellum 0.45× posterior scutellum; each axilla with 1 moderate seta, with polygonal reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum medially with faint polygonal reticulation; posterior scutellum (Fig. 271) with longitudinally polygonal reticulation, foveae along anterior margin strong but not meeting in middle; propodeum 1.6× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.75× posterior scutellum,

167 submedian carinae well developed, parallel, touching both anterior and posterior margins, appearing rectangular in shape and with a few peg-like sensilla between them, with 1 moderate seta behind each spiracle. Fore wing (Fig. 269) 11.11× as long as broad, disc bare behind venation and apically except a line of setae in middle reaching apical margin, otherwise two rows of setae running in middle; longest marginal seta 4.58× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 270) 26.14× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.85× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 272). Petiole 2.16× as long as broad, strongly ridged and without lateral lamellae, ridges transverse converging medially. Cercal plate (Fig. 272) slightly distal to middle of gaster. Ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.45× gaster, 0.5× mid tibia; exserted part of ovipositor 1.66× as long as gaster. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 61:41; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 23:6; pedicel, 14:9; F1, 11:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 15:4; F4, 10:4; F5, 11:4; F6, 9:5; F7, 9:6; clava, 35:12; mesosoma, 65; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 9; posterior scutellum, 20; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 15; fore wing length:width, 189:17; longest marginal seta, 73; hind wing length:width, 183:7; longest marginal seta, 55; fore tibia, 34; mid tibia, 54; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 61; petiole length:width, 13:6; gaster, 60; ovipositor, 27; exserted part of ovipositor, 10.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.170), INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Attur, 9.xii.2010 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Camptoptera scythe sp. nov. is a distinctive species collected from Karnataka. It can be easily differentiated from other species by the following characters: fore wing disc with setae in two rows running in the middle; scutellum

168 polygonal reticulate sculpture; petiole strongly ridged; cercal plate slightly distal to middle of gaster; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster. However, it comes close to another Indian species, C. matcheta Subba Rao (1989) in having relatively broad fore wing, similar sculpture on mesosoma and shape of propodeum and petiole, but differs from the latter by the following characters: antennal with scape 3.83× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad; clava 2.9× as long as broad; fore wing 11.11× as long as broad, disc bare behind venation and apically except a line of setae in middle reaching apical margin, otherwise two rows of setae in middle; longest marginal seta 4.58× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 26.14× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.85× as long as maximum wing width; petiole 2.16× as long as broad, ridges transverse converging medially; cercal plates slightly distal to middle of gaster; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.45× gaster, 0.5× mid tibia. In C. matcheta: antenna with scape 4.33–4.55× as long as broad; pedicel 1.7–1.9× as long as broad; clava 2.75–2.81× as long as broad; fore wing 9.6–10.37× as long as broad, disc densely setose, with 4–5 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 3–3.58× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 21.72–24.44× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.18–7.44× as long as maximum wing width; petiole 1.41–1.47× as long as broad, ridges transverse making complete whorl; cercal plates at gastral apex; ovipositor barely exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.58–0.59× gaster, 0.83–0.95× mid tibia.

2. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao (Figures 273–283) Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao, 1989: 161, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Karnataka (BMNH), not examined. Camptoptera kloptera Triapitsyn, 2014: 36, female, male. Holotype, female, Russia, Primorskii Krai (ZIN). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2017: 16. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao: Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 395, key. Anwar & Zeya, 2012: 52, Uttarakhand, record. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 56, female, Uttar Pradesh, record; 2014:55, key. Rameshkumar et al., 2015: 5, females, Tamil Nadu, record. Triapitsyn, 2017: 15, 16, illustrations, diagnosis.

169 Redescription Female. Length, 0.36–0.4 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel brown, funicle and clava dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, brown. Head (Fig. 275). Head, in frontal view, 1.38–1.45× as broad as high, with polygonal reticulate sculpture except area below transverse trabecula and near toruli smooth; face with few setae distinct below toruli. Antennal scape 4.33–4.55× as long as broad; pedicel 1.7–1.9× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.75–2.81× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 277). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster length; mesoscutum (Fig. 280) with polygonal reticulate sculpture and a pair of long setae; notaular lines very short in anterior third of mesoscutum; each axilla with one seta; anterior scutellum 0.32– 0.41× posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum medially smooth; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum with strong foveae along anterior margin, not meeting in middle, sides with longitudinally polygonal reticulation and medially smooth; propodeum (Fig. 281) longer than anterior and posterior scutellum individually, 3.33–3.4× as long as anterior scutellum and 1.09–1.37× as long as posterior scutellum, submedian carinae well developed, far apart, touching both the margins, giving a rectangular shape and with a few peg like sensilla between them, one strong seta behind each spiracle. Fore wing (Fig. 278) 9.6–10.37× as long as broad, disc densely setose, with 4–5 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 3–3.58× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 279) 21.72–24.44× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.18–7.44× as long as maximum wing width. Coxae of fore and mid legs reticulate, hind coxae transversely, ridgely reticulate. Metasoma (Fig. 283). Petiole (Fig. 282) 1.41–1.47× as long as broad, strongly ridged and without lateral lamellae, ridges transverse making complete whorl; cercal plate at gastral apex; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.58–0.59× gaster, 0.83–0.95× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=3; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 98–105:55– 60 (101.5:57.5; ±4.94:3.53); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 5–6:4–5

170

(5.5:4.5; ±0.7:0.7); scape, 39–41:9 (40:9; ±1.41:0); pedicel, 18–19:10–10.5 (18.5:10.25; ±0.7:0.35); F1, 11–14:3–5 (12.5:4; ±2.12:1.41); F2, 2:4 (2:4; ±0:0); F3, 14:4–5 (14:4.5; ±0:0.7); F4, 11–12:4–5 (11.5:4.5; ±0.7:0.7); F5, 11–12:6 (11.5:6; ±0.7:0); F6, 12:7 (12:7; ±0:0); F7, 12:8 (12:8; ±0:0); clava, 44–45:16 (44.5:16; ±0.7:0); mesosoma, 105–113 (109; ±5.65); mesoscutum, 26–28 (27; ±1.41); anterior scutellum, 10–12 (11; ±1.41); posterior anterior, 29–31 (30; ±1.41); metanotum, 3–5 (4; ±1.41); propodeum, 34–40 (37; ±4.24); fore wing length:width, 240–249:24–25 (244.5:24.5; ±6.36:0.7); longest marginal seta, 75–86 (80.5; ±7.77); hind wing length:width, 220–239:9–11 (229.5:10; ±13.43:1.41); longest marginal seta, 67–68 (67.5; ±0.7); fore tibia, 49 (49; ±0); mid tibia, 64–72 (68; ±5.65); mid basitarsus, 16–17 (16.5; ±0.7); hind tibia, 81 (81; ±0); petiole length:width, 24–25:17 (24.5:17; ± 0.7:0); gaster, 102–103 (102.5; ±0.7); ovipositor, 60–61 (60.5; ±0.7).

Male. Similar to female except for antenna and genitalia. Longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments as described by Subba Rao (1989).

Material examined. INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Attur, 2 females (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.34, MYM.35), 9.xii.2010 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. Bengaluru, CSB Complex, 1 female (on card), 22.i.2011 (SN), Coll. S.B. Zeya. TAMIL NADU: Udhagamandalam, Botanical Garden, 1 female (on card), 25.i.2011, Coll. S.B. Zeya. (ZDAMU).

Additional materials examined (ZDAMU Collections). UTTAR PRADESH: Lakhimpur, Lakhkhi Purwa, 26.ix.2006, Coll. S.M.A. Badruddin & F.R. Khan. (det. by Rehmat & Anis).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. (Russia: Primorskii krai). Comments. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao (1989) was described from J.S. Noyes collection from Mudigere, Karnataka, India. The above redescription of the species agrees fairly well with the original description and illustrations provided by Subba Rao (1989) and also from the photographs of holotype which I received from

171 Mrs. Natalie Dale-Skey, Curator Hymenoptera section, BMNH, London (pers. comm., 01 February 2016).

3. Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani, 1978a: 152, female. Holotype female, India, Madras [=Tamil Nadu], Kodaikanal (MSNG), not examined. Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 133, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 183, catalogue. Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 394, key. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, key.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.47 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown. Head. Antenna with scape cylindrical and curved; pedicel as long as F1; all funicular segments longer than broad except ring-like segment, F2; clava about 2.5× as long as broad, slightly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma. Mesosoma as long as gaster; mesoscutum and scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; propodeum smooth with submedian carinae, and with one long seta on either side behind spiracles. Fore wing 14× as long as broad with longest marginal seta 5× as long as wing width. Metasoma. Petiole strongly ridged without lateral lamellae, slightly longer than broad. Ovipositor originates from middle of gaster and not exserted beyond apex of gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani is based on the original description and illustrations given by Viggiani (1978a). However, it comes close to C. matcheta Subba Rao (1989) by having similar antennal configuration, more or less similar petiole, ovipositor and gaster ratio. It differs from the latter by the following characters: fore wing relatively narrow, 14× as long as broad with at most two rows of setae; scutellum medially faintly reticulated. In C. matcheta: fore wing

172 relatively broad 10.37× as long as broad, with 3–4 rows of setae; scutellum medially smooth.

4. Camptoptera sabre sp. nov. (Figures 284–289)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.35 mm. Body dark brown, eyes dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel pale yellow, funicle brown, clava yellowish brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 284). Head, in frontal view, 1.37× as broad as high; occiput with transverse striations; vertex with polygonal reticulate sculpture; face below toruli with polygonal reticulate sculpture and with few setae. Mandibles slightly curved and pointed, meeting in the middle. Antennal (Fig. 285) scape 4× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, longer than F1, F4–F7 individually; funicle 7- segmented, funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment (0.33× as long as broad); clava 2.58× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 288). Mesosoma 0.91× length of gaster; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture, with a pair of setae; notaular lines very short, indistinct; scutellum with strong polygonal reticulate sculpture but faintly reticulated in middle; anterior scutellum 0.43× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with strong foveae along anterior margin, but not meeting medially; propodeum longer than anterior and posterior scutellum individually, 2.85× as long as anterior scutellum and 1.25× as long as posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 286) 9.43× as long as broad, disc with two incomplete rows of setae running beyond venation and reaching upto apex; longest marginal seta 3.75× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 287) 23.83× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.16× as long as maximum wing width. Coxae of fore and mid legs with reticulate sculpture, hind coxae with transverse ridges. Metasoma (Fig. 289). Petiole 1.09× as long as broad, strongly ridged, subtransverse converging submedially and without lateral lamellae. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor 0.53× gaster, 0.71× mid tibia.

173 Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 51:37; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:3; scape, 24:6; pedicel, 12:8; F1, 9:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 11:3; F4, 8:3; F5, 8:3; F6, 8:4.5; F7, 9:5; clava, 31:12; mesosoma, 55; mesoscutum, 6; anterior scutellum, 7; posterior scutellum, 16; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 20; fore wing length:width, 151:16; longest marginal seta, 60; hind wing length:width, 143:6; longest marginal seta, 43; fore tibia, 32; mid tibia, 45; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia, 50; petiole length:width, 15:13; gaster, 60; ovipositor, 32.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.72), INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (NBAIR).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Camptoptera sabre sp. nov. is similar to C. lance sp. nov. in having similar body colour, sculpture and shape of fore wing. However, it differs from C. lance sp. nov. by the following characters: antenna with F2 0.33× as long as broad; funicular segments relatively more longer than broad; mesosoma 0.91× gaster; anterior scutellum 0.43× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with strong polygonal reticulate sculpture on sides; propodeum 2.85× as long as anterior scutellum and 1.25× as long as posterior scutellum; fore wing 9.43× as long as broad; metasoma with ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor 0.53× gaster. In C. lance sp. nov.: antenna with F2 0.66× as long as broad; funicular segments relatively less longer than broad; mesosoma 1.73× as long as gaster; anterior scutellum 0.25× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with longitudinally polygonal reticulate sculpture on sides; propodeum 3.5× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.87× posterior scutellum; fore wing 11.69× as long as broad; metasoma with ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor 0.75× gaster.

174

5. Camptoptera lance sp. nov. (Figures 290–295)

Description Female. Holotype. Length (mesosoma and metasoma), 0.36 mm (paratype, 0.31 mm, mesosoma and metasoma) (slide mounted specimens). Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 290). Head, in frontal view, 1.26× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal reticulate sculpture, area below the transverse trabecula smooth. Mandibles curved and pointed, meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 291) scape 5× as long as broad; pedicel 1.71× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.56× as long as broad, shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 294). Mesosoma 1.73× as long as gaster; mesoscutum medially with polygonal reticulate sculpture and sides with longitudinally polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 294); notaular lines very short, almost indistinct; anterior scutellum 0.25× posterior scutellum; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum medially smooth; posterior scutellum with strong foveae along anterior margin, not meeting in middle, and with longitudinally polygonal reticulate sculpture, more prominent on sides; propodeum 3.5× as long as anterior and 0.87× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 292) 11.69× as long as broad, disc with two rows of setae running slightly distal to venation and reaching the apex; longest marginal seta 4.92× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 293) 20.14× as long as broad; marginal seta 7.14× as long as maximum wing width. Coxae of fore and mid legs reticulate, hind coxae transversely ridged. Metasoma (Fig. 295). Petiole strongly ridged without lateral lamellae, ridges subtransverse, all converging in middle, 1.08× as long as broad. Cercal plates at gasteral apex. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; 0.75× gaster, 0.75× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 53:42; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:3; scape, 35:7; pedicel, 12:7; F1, 8:3;

175 F2, 2:3; F3, 8:4; F4, 7:4; F5, 8:4; F6, 8:5; F7, 8:6; clava, 32:12.5; mesosoma, 71; mesoscutum, 19; scutellum anterior:posterior, 6:24; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 21; fore wing length:width, 152:13; longest marginal seta, 64; hind wing length:width, 141:7; longest marginal seta, 50; fore tibia, 25; mid tibia, 41; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 48; petiole length:width, 13:12; gaster, 41; ovipositor, 31.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 2 coverslips), INDIA: Karnt., Sringeri Reserve Forest. vi.2002. Recd. From P.A. Since Ƃ ATREE. (Ƃ Camptoptera matcheta S. Rao det. Hayat, 2003). (ZDAMU). [=INDIA: KARANATAKA: Sringeri Reserve Forest, ATREE, vi.2002]. (ZDAMU). Paratype, female (on slide under 2 coverslips), data same as for holotype. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. The material was received from Dr. Hayat from ZDAMU collections which was labelled as C. matcheta S. Rao det. by Hayat (2003). Further study of the specimen confirmed that it is an undescribed species similar to C. matcheta and described here as Camptoptera lance sp. nov. It apparently looks similar to C. matcheta Subba Rao (1989). However, it differs from the latter in following characters: antenna with F2 0.66× as long as broad; clava 2.56× as long as broad; mesosoma 1.73× as long as gaster; anterior scutellum 0.25× posterior scutellum; propodeum 3.5× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.87× posterior scutellum; fore wing 11.69× as long as broad, disc less densly setose with two rows of setae; ovipositor 0.75×mid tibia. In C. matcheta: antenna with F2 0.33× as long as broad; clava 2.75–2.81× as long as broad; mesosoma subequal in length to gaster; anterior scutellum 0.32–0.41× posterior scutellum; propodeum longer than anterior and posterior scutellum individually, 3.33–3.4× as long as anterior and 1.09–1.37× as long as posterior scutellum; fore wing 9.6–10.37× as long as broad; disc densly setose with four rows of setae; ovipositor 0.83–0.95× mid tibia.

176

6. Camptoptera aveolobato sp. nov. (Figures 296–303)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.32 mm. Body brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, yellow except coxae and femora yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 296). Head, in frontal view, 1.27× as broad as high, with imbricate sculpture. Mandibles (Fig. 297) small stub-like, not meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 297) scape with longitudinal striations, 4.28× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad, slightly longer than all funicular segments individually except F3; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 5.44× as long as broad, subequal to F4–F7 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 300). Mesosoma 0.86× length of gaster; mesoscutum with reticulate sculpture, notaular lines incomplete, in anterior third; each axilla with one long seta; anterior scutellum 0.31× posterior scutellum, medially faintly reticulate; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum reticulate with large transverse polygonal cells (Fig. 301), propodeum medially with spine-like sensilla, sides with reticulate sculpture, shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum, 2× as long as anterior and 0.63× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 298) 16.2× as long as broad, disc almost bare except a few setae in a row in middle and two setae near the apex; longest marginal seta 5.4× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 299) 28.4× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 8.8× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 303). Petiole (Fig. 302) 1.25× as long as broad, with reticulate sculpture and without lamellae. Cercal plate (Fig. 303) distal to middle of gaster. Ovipositor (Fig. 303) strongly exserted, 0.69× gaster, 0.88× mid tibia, exserted part of ovipositor 0.53× gaster. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 51:40; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:4; scape, 30:7; pedicel, 14:9; F1, 12:3; F2, 1.5:3; F3, 16:3; F4, 14:3; F5, 12:3.5; F6, 12:4; F7, 11:5; clava, 49:9; mesosoma, 56; mesoscutum, 14; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 19; metanotum, 3;

177 propodeum, 12; fore wing length:width, 162:10; longest marginal seta, 54; hind wing length:width, 142:5; longest marginal seta, 44; fore tibia, 36; mid tibia, 51; mid basitarsus, 8; hind tibia, 59; petiole length:width, 10:8; gaster, 65; ovipositor, 45; exserted part of ovipositor, 35.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.174), INDIA: ANI: South Andaman Forest, Garacharma, 31.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Camptoptera aveolobato sp. nov. is a distinct species. It differs from all described species in having a long ovipositor originating near cercal plates. However, it comes close to a Chinese species C. concava Taguchi (1972) in having a long clava, similar sculpture on mesosoma and having more or less similar shape of propodeum and petiole but differs from the latter by the following characters: antenna with clava 5.44× as long as broad; mesosoma with prosternum elongated- triangular dome shaped and pointed anteriorly; fore wing 16.2× as long as broad; hind wing 28.4× as long as broad; petiole long 1.25× as long as broad; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster. In C. concava: antenna with clava 7.8× (Taguchi, 1972: Fig. 14) as long as broad; mesosoma with prosternum elongated- trapezoid shaped and blunt anteriorly (Taguchi, 1972: Fig. 16); fore wing 18.5× as long as broad; hind wing 34.94× as long as broad; petiole short 0.96× as long as broad; ovipositor barely exserted beyond apex of gaster (Taguchi, 1972).

7. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao (Figures 304–311) Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao, 1989: 163, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore [not Karnataka, Mudigere, see Triapitsyn, 2017] (BMNH), not examined. Paratype from Karnataka.

178

Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao: Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 395, 396, 397, key, Telangana, record, Tamil Nadu, record. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, key. Triapitsyn, 2017: 13–16, illustrations, diagnosis.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.4 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, brown to dark brown. Head (Fig. 306). Head, in frontal view, 1.59× as broad as high; vertex with polygonal reticulate sculpture, with cells large; area between toruli with polygonal curved reticulations. Antennal scape 4.85× as long as broad; pedicel 1.44× as long as broad, longer than F1, subequal to F4–F7 individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; F1 shortest and F3 longest; clava 3.9× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F7 combined, with 2–3 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 307). Mesosoma (Fig. 310). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster length; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 310); anterior scutellum 0.22× posterior scutellum; axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum faintly reticulate; posterior scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture with, cells large; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined, 4.2× as long as anterior and 0.95× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 308) 22.5× as long as broad, disc bare; longest marginal seta 9.33× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 309) 39.6× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 13× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 311). Petiole without lateral lamellae, 1.5× as long as broad. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.39× gaster, 0.59× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 51:32; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 34:7; pedicel, 13:9; F1, 10:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 17:3; F4, 13:3; F5, 14:4; F6, 13:4; F7, 13:5; clava, 43:11; mesosoma, 71; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 22; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 21; fore wing length:width, 203:9; longest marginal seta, 84; hind wing

179 length:width, 198:5; longest marginal seta, 65; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 49; mid tarsi, 46; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 61; hind basitarsus, 12; petiole length:width, 12:8; gaster, 74; ovipositor, 29; exserted part of ovipositor, 4.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.175), INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Shimla, 2.viii.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh (new record), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana. Comments. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao was among the four species in the genus described in 1989. The specimens collected by John S. Noyes from Tamil Nadu and Mudigere (Karnataka). The types were deposited in BMNH. I got the digital images of the types. The holotype from Tamil Nadu is on card and paratype from Karnataka is on slide.

8. Camptoptera ogloblini sp. nov. (Figures 312–317) Camptoptera sakaii Taguchi: Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55. India, Assam, record. [Misidentified.]

Description Female. Length, 0.35 mm (paratypes, 0.33–0.43 mm). Body dark brown, eyes dark brown. Antenna dark brown except radicle, scape and pedicel pale brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 312). Head, in frontal view, 1.16× (paratypes, 1.12–1.28×) as broad as high, with substrigulate striations. Mandibles (Fig. 312) pointed meeting in the middle. Antennal (Fig. 313) scape 3.71× (paratypes, 3.37–3.71×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.66× (paratypes, 1.55–1.66×) as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually except F3 shorter and F4 subequal in length; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment;

180

F4 longer than F1; clava 3.3× (paratypes, 3.3–4×) as long as broad, subequal to F5– F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 316). Mesosoma 1.41× (paratypes, 1–1.18×) as long as gaster; mesoscutum with two setae, with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 316); notaular lines incomplete; each axilla with one seta; anterior scutellum with a pair of incomplete submedian carinae originating from anterior margin and ending in the mid way, 0.24× (paratypes, 0.18–0.26×) posterior scutellum; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulation; posterior scutellum without foveae along anterior margin, not meeting in middle, with longitudinally polygonal reticulation, propodeum 1.83× (paratypes, 2–3.66×) as long as anterior scutellum and 0.44× (paratypes, 0.48–0.88×) posterior scutellum, with very wide submedian carinae not extending upto metanotum; propodeum with peg-like sensilla in middle, and with one long seta behind each spiracle. Fore wing (Fig. 314) 14.75× (paratypes, 12.78–15.09×) as long as broad, disc bare behind venation, with one seta behind stigmal vein; two rows of setae scattered irregularly on disc reaching upto apex; longest marginal seta 5.83× (paratypes, 4.09–5.07×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 315) 27× (paratypes, 22.4–27×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.83× (paratypes, 7.14–9.5×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind coxae reticulate. Metasoma (Fig. 317). Petiole (Fig. 317) with reticulate sculpture, 1.33× (paratypes 1–1.4×) as long as broad. Ovipositor not exserted (in some paratypes slightly exserted) beyond apex of gaster, 0.64× (paratypes, 0.38–0.49×) gaster, 0.56× (paratypes, 0.46–0.55×) mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 63:54; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 26:7; pedicel, 15:8; F1, 11:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 17:4; F4, 15:4; F5, 14:4.5; F6, 12:5; F7, 11:6; clava, 38:11.5; mesosoma, 65; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 25; metanotum, 4; propodeum, 9; fore wing length:width, 177:12; longest marginal seta, 70; hind wing length:width, 162:6; longest marginal seta, 47; fore tibia, 35; mid tibia, 58; mid basitarsus, 14; hind tibia, 56; petiole length:width, 12:9; gaster, 46; ovipositor, 31.

181 Male. Length, 0.4 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Legs including coxae brown. Head (Fig. 412). Head, in frontal view, 1.27× as broad as high, with substrigulate striations. Antenna (Fig. 413) with funicle 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 ring-like segment. Mesosoma 1.82× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 414) 12.05× as long as broad, disc bare expect one long seta behind stigmal vein otherwise setae begin distal to venation and scattered irregularly on disc; longest marginal seta 5.41× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 29.16× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10.83× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (fig. 415). Genitalia occupying at least half length of gaster, 0.48× gaster and 0.31× mid tibia. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 70:55; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4.5; scape, 25:8; pedicel, 14.5:10; F1, 21:6.5; F2, 1:3.5; F3, 25:6; F4, 25:6; F5, 24:9; F6, 26:6; F7, 25:6; F8, 25:6; F9, 25:6; F10, 26:6; mesosoma, 71; mesoscutum, 23; anterior scutellum, 8; posterior scutellum, 26; metanotum, 4; propodeum, 10; fore wing length:width, 205:17; longest marginal seta, 92; hind wing length:width, 175:6; longest marginal seta, 65; fore tibia, 45; mid tibia, 61; mid basitarsus, 17; hind tibia, 64; hind basitarsus, 17; petiole length:width, 12:13; gaster, 39; genitalia, 19.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.651), INDIA: ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS: S[=South]. Andaman, Garacharma, 22.ii.2012 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (NBAIR). Paratypes 3 females, 1 male. 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.81), ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS: Mile Tilak, 22.ii.2012 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.168), Middle Andaman Forest, Nimbuthala, 24.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.180), data same as for holotype; 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.188), Little Andaman, Harminder Bay, 29.i.2013 (SN), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

182

Additional materials examined (ZDAMU Collections). 4 females (each on slide under 2, 3, 3, 4 coverslips) ASSAM, Kamrup, Boodapahar, 30.x.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan (det. Rehmat & Anis as Camptoptera sakaii Taguchi, 1977).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam. Etymology. The species is named in honour of Late Dr. A.A. Ogloblin for his excellent contributions to chalcid taxonomy, MLPA, Argentina. Comments. Camptoptera ogloblini sp. nov. is a distinct species. It looks apparently similar to C. anneckei sp. nov. in having more or less similar antennal configuration but differs from it as follows: antenna with F1 shorter than F4; posterior scutellum faintly polygonal reticulate sculpture and without fovea along anterior margin; fore wing setose, setae in two rows, scattered irregularly on disc reaching upto apex; ovipositor 0.38–0.64× gaster and 0.46–0.56× mid tibia. In C. anneckei sp. nov: antenna with F1 slightly longer than F4; posterior scutellum with distinct polygonal reticulate sculpture, with foveae complete along anterior margin; fore wing almost bare except few setae scattered behind venation and reaching upto distal third of the disc; ovipositor 0.66–0.82× gaster and, 0.62–0.71× mid tibia. Rehmat & Anis (2014) identified the species as C. sakaii Taguchi. However, on examination of the specimens it is clear that they misidentified it as the characters given by them did not agree with the original description given by Taguchi (1977) but agreeing fairly well with C. ogliblini sp. nov. described in the thesis. Hence, C. sakaii is still known from its type locality, Kenting Park, Taiwan and its extralimital record is still not found.

9. Camptoptera anneckei sp. nov. (Figures 318–328)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.29 mm (paratypes, 0.28–0.36 mm). Body dark brown to black. Antenna pale brown to brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 318). Head, in frontal view, 1.3× (paratypes, 1.25–1.35×) as broad as high, with finely substrigulate striations; vertex and two elliptical areas

183 between lateral ocelli. Mandibles (Fig. 318) pointed meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 319) scape 3.83× (paratypes, 3.71–3.85×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.62× (paratypes, 1.52–1.75×) as long as broad, slightly longer than F1, F4–F7 individually; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; F1 distinctly shorter than F3; F6 and F7 slightly dilated apically; clava 3.3× (paratypes, 2.91–3.09×) as long as broad, slightly shorter than or subequal to F5–F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 322). Mesosoma 1.18× (paratypes, 1.28–1.31×) as long as gaster; mesoscutum with two to three setae medially and each side lobe with one seta, with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 322); notaular lines incomplete; anterior scutellum 0.26× (paratypes, 0.2–0.24×) posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum with fovea along anterior margin, medially with polygonal reticulate sculpture and sides with longitudinal reticulate sculpture; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum, 3× (paratypes, 3–3.8×) as long as anterior and 0.78× (paratypes, 0.64–0.79×) posterior scutellum, with longitudinal submedian carinae well developed, widely separated and area between them with peg-like sensilla. Fore wing (Fig. 320) 14.16× (paratypes, 14.25–15.7×) as long as broad, disc almost bare, except few setae in distal third; longest marginal seta 5.58× (paratypes, 5–5.83×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 321) 23.66× (paratypes, 26.6–28.5×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9.16× (paratypes, 8.16–9.66×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind legs with coxae strongly reticulated. Metasoma (Fig. 323). Petiole (Fig. 323) 1.4–1.5× as long as broad; ovipositor not or very slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.68× (paratypes, 0.66–0.82×) gaster, 0.62× (paratypes, 0.66–0.71×) mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 60:46; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 23:6; pedicel, 13:8; F1, 13:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 17:3; F4, 11:3; F5, 11:4; F6, 11:5; F7, 10:5; clava, 33:10; mesosoma, 61; mesoscutum, 23; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 3; propodeum, 4; fore wing length:width, 170:12; longest marginal seta, 67; hind wing length:width, 142:6; longest marginal seta, 55; fore tibia, 38; mid tibia, 56; mid

184 basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 60; petiole length:width, 13:9; gaster, 51; ovipositor, 35; exserted part of ovipositor, 4.

Male. Length, 0.2–0.28 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 324). Head, in frontal view, 1.27–1.5× as broad as high, with substrigulate striations. Antenna (Fig. 325) with flagellum 10-segmented, all with longitudinal sensilla except F2 ring-like segment; F10 oblong. Mesosoma (Fig. 328). Mesosoma 1.62–1.77× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 326) 12.6–14.77× as long as broad, disc almost bare, except few setae in distal third; longest marginal seta 4.88–6.2 as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 327) 22.4–24.4× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 8.8–10.2× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 328). Genitalia occupying at least half the length of gaster, 0.5–0.7× gaster and 0.34–0.47× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=3; paratypes slide, at 400×): head width:height, 47–59:34–45 (52.33:38; ±6.11:6.08); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3– 4:2–3 (3.75:2.5; ±0.35:0.7); scape, 18–24:4–7 (20.33:5.66; ±3.21:1.52); pedicel, 11– 13:8.7–9 (11.66:8; ±1.15:1); F1, 9–11:4–5 (9.66:4.33; ±1.15:0.57); F2, 1:2.5–3 (1:2.83; ±0:0.28); F3, 10–13:4–5 (11.66:4.33; ±1.52:0.57); F4, 8–12:3–5 (10.33:4; ±2.08:1); F5, 10–12:4.5–5 (11:4.66; ±1:0.28); F6, 10.3–13:5–6 (11.5:5.33; ±1.32:0.57); F7, 11.5–12:5–6 (11.66:5.33; ±0.28:0.57); F8, 12–14:4–6 (12.66:5; ±1.15:1); F9, 13–14:5–7 (13.33:6; ±0.57:1); F10, 14–16.5:4–6 (15.16:5.33; ±1.25:1.15); mesosoma, 52–60 (55.66; ±4.04); mesoscutum, 16–18 (17; ±1); anterior scutellum, 5–7 (5.66; ±1.15);posterior scutellum, 19–23 (20.66; ±2.08); metanotum, 3–3.5 (3.16; ±0.28); propodeum, 9 (9; ±0); fore wing length:width, 133–165:9–13 (146.33:10.66; ±16.65:2.08); longest marginal seta, 44–70 (58.66; ±13.31); hind wing length:width, 112–146: 5–6 (126.66:5.33; ±17.47:0.57); longest marginal seta, 47–53 (50.33; ±3.05); fore tibia, 29–34 (31; ±2.6); mid tibia, 46–51 (47.66; ±2.88); mid tarsi, 42–46 (44.33; ±2.08); mid basitarsus, 9–12 (10.66; ±1.52); hind tibia, 42–57 (47.66; ±8.14); petiole length:width, 10–13:6–8 (11.66:7.33; ± 1.5:1.15); gaster, 31–34 (32.33; ±1.52); genitalia, 16–22 (19.33; ±3.05).

185 Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.166), INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Paratypes, 3 females, 3 males. 2 females (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide Nos MYM.82, MYM.167), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Attur, 9.xii.2010 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.80), NBAIR, 28.xii.2010, (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 male (on slide under 4 covrslips, slide No. MYM.169), Attur, 9.x.2010 (PFT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 male (on slide under 4 covrslips, slide No. MYM.306), ANDHRA PRADESH: East Godawari, Kakinoda, Sarpavaram, 5.ii.2014 (SN), M.T. Khan; 1 male (on slide under 4 covrslips, slide No. MYM.307), UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, AMU Campus, 12.ii.2014 (YPT), Coll. S.U. Usman & P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh. Etymology. The species is named in honour of Late Dr. A.A. Annecke, a renowned chalcid taxonomist, Laboratory, Division of Entomology, Pretoria, South Africa. Comments. Camptoptera anneckei sp. nov. comes close to C. scholli Ogloblin & Annecke (1961) in having more or less similar body size, sculpture on the thorax and elliptical area on the head between posterior ocelli. However, it differs from the latter by the following characters: antenna with F1 distinctly shorter than F3; F6 and F7 slightly dilated apically; mesosoma 0.95–0.98× length of metasoma; notauli incomplete; axillae without setae; ovipositor 0.66–0.82× gaster, and 0.62–0.71× mid tibia. In C. scholli: antenna with F1 subequal to F3; F5–F7 slightly dilated apically; mesosoma 0.78–0.9× length of metasoma; notauli complete; each axilla with 1 seta; ovipositor 0.45–0.46× gaster, and 0.53–0.59× mid tibia (Ogloblin & Annecke, 1961).

10. Camptoptera muiri (Perkins) (Figures 329–334) Eomymar muiri (Perkins), 1912: 26, female. Lectotype, female, Hawaii (BPBM), by monotypy.

186

Camptoptera muiri (Perkins): Huber & Lin, 1999: 27. Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 394, India, Tamil Nadu, record, key. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, key.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.32 mm. Head brown to dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel pale yellow, funicle and clava brown. Mesosoma brown to dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Gaster in basal fourth brown, distal three-fourth pale yellow. Head (Fig. 329). Head, 1.27× as broad as high; vertex with transverse striations; face with faint reticulations. Antennal (Fig. 330) scape 2.71× as long as broad; pedicel 1.62× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F1–F4 individually; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 the longest segment; F2 not ring-like segment, slightly shorter than F1; clava 4.44× as long as broad, slightly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 333). Mesosoma 1.23× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with rugose sculpture (Fig. 333); anterior scutellum 0.29× posterior scutellum length, with polygonal reticulate sculpture; axillae with longitudinally reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum, with strigate reticulation, converging posteriorly; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined, 2.85× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.83× as long as posterior scutellum; medially smooth with few peg- like sensilla, sides with longitudinally reticulate sculpture with one moderate seta behind each spiracle. Fore wing (Fig. 331) 15.09× as long as broad, disc setose in distal half; longest marginal seta 6.81× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 332) 25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.66× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 334). Petiole smooth, without lateral lamellae, 1.16× as long as broad; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.56× gaster, 0.51× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 61:48; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 5:3.5; scape, 19:7; pedicel, 13:8; F1, 15.5:2.5; F2, 14:2.5; F3, 14.5:2.5; F4, 14:3; F5, 12.5:3.5; F6, 12:4; F7, 10:5; clava, 40:9;

187 mesosoma, 68; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 7; posterior scutellum, 24; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 20; fore wing length:width, 166:11; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 150:6; longest marginal seta, 40; fore tibia, 42; mid tibia, 60; 49; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 56; petiole length:width, 7:6; gaster, 55; ovipositor, 31.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. INDIA: ANI: South Andaman Forest, Garacharma, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.198), 31.i.2013 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (new record), Tamil Nadu. (Hawaii, Java). Comments. Camptoptera muiri (Perkins, 1912) is unique in having antenna usually with funicle 7-segmented but F2 long, not ring-like segment, while all other described species in the genus have F2 broader than long, ring-like segment and in C. naseemi sp. nov. F2 longer than briod, 1.2× as long as broad.

11. Camptoptera naseemi sp. nov. (Figures 335–340)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.4 mm. Head and mesosoma dark brown; gaster in proximal half yellow and dark brown in distal half. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel yellow, funicle yellowish brown, clava brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 335). Head, in frontal view, 1.23× as broad as high, with transverse striations. Mandibles curved and pointed, not meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 336) scape 4× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad, shorter than all funicular segments individually except F1; funicular segments all longer than broad except F2 which is quadrate, 1.2× as long as broad; F3 the longest; clava 2.83× as long as broad, slightly longer than F6 and F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla.

188

Mesosoma (Fig. 339). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 339); notaular lines complete; anterior scutellum 0.35× posterior scutellum length; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum medially with faint reticulate sculpture; sides of posterior scutellum with elongate reticulate sculpture and medially faintly reticulate; propodeum 3.33× as long as anterior scutellum and subequal to posterior scutellum, almost smooth with submedian crinae as in Fig. 339. Fore wing (Fig. 337) 18× as long as broad, with a row of setae in apical third; longest marginal seta 5× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 338) 34.2× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9.4× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 340). Petiole (Fig. 340) 0.9× as long as broad. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.56× gaster, 0.65× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 58:47; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:4; scape, 30:7.5; pedicel, 14:9; F1, 12.5:3; F2, 3:2.5; F3, 22:3.5; F4, 19:4.5; F5, 17:5.5; F6, 17:5; F7, 15:5; mesosoma, 75; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 20; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 20; fore wing length:width, 198:11; longest marginal seta, 55; hind wing length:width, 171:5; longest marginal seta, 47; fore tibia, 37; mid tibia, 60; mid basitarsus, 15; hind tibia, 63; petiole length:width, 9:10; gaster, 69; ovipositor, 39.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.86), INDIA: KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, NBAIR, 9.xii.2010 (YPT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDMAU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species is named after Mr. Naseem Alam, a friend of the author. Comments. Camptoptera naseemi sp. nov. is a distinct species collected from Karnataka. It differs from all the other Indian species in having funicular segments all longer than broad including the F2; F3 very long; propodeum with submedian carinae, widely separated and petiole smooth and socketed in gaster. However, it comes close to the Australian species C. immensa Girault (1933), but differs from

189 the latter by the following characters: antenna with F2 longer than broad, 1.2× as long as broad; fore wing relatively narrow, 18× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in apical third. In C. immensa: antenna with F2 broader than long, about 0.33× as long as broad; fore wing relatively broad, about 14× as long as broad, disc with a complete row of setae.

12. Camptoptera franciscae (Debauche) (Figures 341–353) Sphegilla franciscae Debauche, 1948: 63, female. Holotype, female, Belgium, Flemish Brabant, Leuven, not examined. Sphegilla franciscae Debauche: Mathot, 1969: 2, synonymy. Taguchi, 1971: 54, key. Trjapitzin, 1978: 527, short diagnosis, distribution. Sphegilla japonica Taguchi, 1971: 52, description; 54, key. Holotype, female, Japan, Honshu Island, Aichi Prefecture (ZLMU) (lost: Triapitsyn, 2014). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 27. Camptoptera franciscae (Debauche): Yoshimoto, 1990: 32, type information, discussion. Donev, 1999: 55, Bulgaria record. Huber & Lin, 1999: 28, discussion; 30, list. Camptoptera japonica (Taguchi): Huber & Lin, 1999: 28, 30, discussion, list. Guo et al., 2011: 408–410, 413, key, diagnosis, illustrations.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.30 mm. Body brown except gaster in distal half yellow. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel yellow, funicle and clava brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head (Fig. 341). Head, in frontal view, 1.26× as broad as high; transverse trabecula divided into five pieces, vertex with transverse striations. Antennal (Fig. 342) scape 3× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, longer than F1, subequal to F6 and F7 individually and shorter than the rest; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 shortest (Fig. 343), 1.66× as long as broad; F2 ring-like; F3 the longest; F4–F7 decreasing in length distad; clava 8× as long as broad, shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 2–3 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 346). Mesosoma almost subequal to gaster length; mesoscutum with transverse striations; anterior scutellum 0.21× posterior scutellum;

190 anterior scutellum medially with transverse striations; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with longitudinal striations; posterior scutellum with longitudinal striations, converging posteriorly in middle; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum, 3× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.65× posterior scutellum, with faint and longitudinal submedian carinae, area in between them with peg-like sensilla. Fore wing (Fig. 344) 13.81× as long as broad, disc with setation in a row in distal half, not touching the apical margin; longest marginal seta 6.54× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 345) 28.6× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 347). Petiole smooth without lateral lamellae, 8.57× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.6× gaster; ovipositor hardly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.66× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 48:38; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2:3.5; scape, 18:6; pedicel, 12:8; F1, 5:3; F2, 1:2; F3, 16:2; F4, 13:2; F5, 13:3; F6, 12:4; F7, 12:5; clava, 40:5; mesosoma, 59; mesoscutum, 15; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 15; fore wing length:width, 152:11; longest marginal seta, 72; hind wing length:width, 143:5; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 50; mid basitarsus, 7; hind tibia, 50; petiole length:width, 6:7; gaster, 55; ovipositor, 33.

Male. Length 0.32 mm. Body brown except gaster in distal half yellowish brown. Antenna pale yellow. Legs yellow. Head (Fig. 348). Head, in frontal view, 1.43× as broad as high, with transverse striations. Antennal (Fig. 349) scape 2.42× as long as broad; pedicel 1.22× as long as broad; flagellum 7-segmented; F1 smallest; F2 ring-like segment; F3–F7 much longer, each nearly 7.5× as long as broad, with longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 352). Mesosoma 2.12× as long as gaster; setation and sculptures similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 350) 15.4× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in middle reaching the apex of the disc; longest marginal seta 6.8× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 351) 30× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 11.8× as long as maximum wing width.

191 Metasoma (fig. 353). Petiole smooth without lateral lamellae, 1.5× as broad as long. Genitalia occupying nearly half the length of gaster, 0.74× gaster and 0.59× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 69:48; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 17:7; pedicel, 11:9; F1, 4:2.5; F2, 1:2.5;

F3, 28:4; F4, 30:4; F5, 29:5; F6, 26:5; F7, 24:4; mesosoma, 83; mesoscutum, 27; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 26; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 18; fore wing length:width, 154:10; longest marginal seta, 68; hind wing length:width, 150:5; longest marginal seta, 59; fore tibia, 40; mid tibia, 49; mid tarsi, 44; mid basitarsus, 8; hind tibia, 49; petiole length:width, 9:6; gaster, 39; genitalia, 29.

Material examined. 1 female, 2 males. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Bareilly, Madhavpur Mafi, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.200), 16.iii.2015 (SN), Coll. M.M. Jamali; Etah, Patna Bird Sanctuary, 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.138), 27.xi.2011 (SN), Coll. P.T. Anwar, S.U. Usman & S.B. Zeya; Aligarh, Kasimpur, 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.669), 29.x.2016 (SN), Coll. F. Fatima. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India (new record): Uttar Pradesh. (? Austria (see Triapitsyn, 2014), Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Japan and Russia). Comments. Camptoptera franciscae is a distinctive species by having peculiar striations on head and thorax; antenna with F1 the shortest, 1.66× as long as broad. The above redescription agrees fairly well with the redescription of the species given by Triapitsyn (2014). However, it differs slightly in the following characters: antennal scape 3× as long as broad; fore wing 13.18× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 6.54× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 28.6× as long as broad with longest marginal seta 9× as long as maximum wing width; ovipositor 0.6× length of gaster. While in holotype, (?) paratype and non-type specimens of C. fransciscae, antennal scape 3–3.3× as long as broad; fore wing 11.4–11.6× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5.3–5.9× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 27–34× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 10–11× as long as maximum wing width; ovipositor

192

0.5× length of gaster (Triapitsyn, 2014). I consider these characters fall within the range of variations for the species. I also record herein two male specimens of C. franciscae which have similar body colour and except for the antennal and sexual characters.

13. Camptoptera arya sp. nov. (Figures 354–364) Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao, 1989: 163, paratype male (misidentified). Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 399, figs 7–10 (misidentification). Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, record, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand (misidentification).

Description Female. Holotype. Length 0.32 mm (paratypes, 0.33–0.38 mm). Body dark brown except gaster in distal half brown with yellowish tinge. Antenna pale brown. Wings subhyaline except area near venation and apex fumate. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 354). Head, in frontal view, 1.19× (paratypes, 1–1.58×) as broad as high, vertex with a long seta in between anterior and posterior occeli, with transverse striations, occiput with oblique striations, converging anteriorly in middle. Mandibles (Fig. 354) pointed meeting in middle. Antenna (Fig. 355) with scape 2.28× (paratypes, 2.16–2.6×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.44× (paratypes, 1.43– 1.71×) as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually except F3 which is sometimes subequal in length; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment, F3–F7 decreasing in length distad; clava 3.77× (paratypes, 2.75–3.87×) as long as broad, longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 358). Mesosoma 1.22× (paratypes, 0.81–1.47×) as long as gaster; each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta anteriorly; mid lobe of mesoscutum with a pair of seta in anterior margin; mesoscutum with transverse striations, slightly convex anteriorly (Fig. 358); notaular lines prominent, complete; anterior scutellum 0.21× (paratypes, 0.22–0.29×) posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum with transverse striations, and axillae with longitudinal striations; each axilla with 1 seta; sides of posterior scutellum with longitudinal striations, and

193 transverse and slightly curved striations in middle, enclosed in two cells; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined, 2.4× (paratypes, 1.4–2.4×) as long as anterior scutellum and 0.52× (paratypes, 0.41–0.55×) posterior scutellum; propodeum with faint longitudinal striations and with peg-like sensilla, submedian carinae absent. Fore wing (Fig. 356) 14× (paratypes, 12.55–14.5×) as long as broad, disc with one long seta slightly distal to venation; a single row of setae running from middle of the disc and reaching upto apex, setae on anterior and posterior margins begin slightly proximal to middle of the disc; longest marginal seta 5× (paratypes, 5.6–6.55×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 357) 21.57× (paratypes, 21.2–24.8×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.14× (paratypes, 7.4–8.8×) as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 359). Petiole 0.75× (paratypes, 0.38–0.75×) as long as broad; ovipositor distinctly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.71× (paratypes, 0.6– 0.72×) gaster, 0.77× (paratypes, 0.7–0.94×) mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 49:41; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 16:7; pedicel, 13:9; F1, 11:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 13:3; F4, 11:3; F5, 11:3; F6, 10:5; F7, 10:6; clava, 34:9; mesosoma, 60; mesoscutum, 17; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 2.5; propodeum, 12; fore wing length:width, 154:11; longest marginal seta, 55; hind wing length:width, 151:7; longest marginal seta, 50; fore tibia, 35; mid tibia, 45; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 48; petiole length:width, 9:12; gaster, 49; ovipositor, 35; exserted part of ovipositor, 6.

Male. Length 0.27 mm. Head and mesosoma dark brown. Antenna yellowish brown to brown. Gaster in basal three-fourth yellow, rest brown. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 360). Head, in frontal view, 1.15× as broad as high, with substrigulate striations. Antenna (Fig. 361) with scape 2.3× as long as broad; pedicel 1.44× as long as broad, slightly longer than F1, F3 and F4 individually, subequal to F6–F9 individually; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 and F4 ring-like segments; F10 oblong, longer than all flagellar segments individually, and with a long spicule at apex.

194

Mesosoma (Fig. 364). Mesosoma 1.01× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing (Fig. 362) 13.81× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in middle reaching the apex of the disc; longest marginal seta 6.36× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 363) 21× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.71× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Genitalia occupying nearly half length of gaster, 0.46× gaster and 0.51× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 39:45; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 15:6.5; pedicel, 13:9; F1, 12:6; F2, 1:3; F3, 12:6; F4, 1:2.5; F5, 12:5; F6, 14:5; F7, 14:5; F8, 13:5; F9, 13:6; F10, 17:5; mesosoma, 61; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 13; fore wing length:width, 152:11; longest marginal seta, 70; hind wing length:width, 147:7; longest marginal seta, 54; fore tibia, 35; mid tibia, 45; mid tarsi, 40; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 44; petiole length:width,10:11; gaster, 55; genitalia, 23.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.177), INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH: Shimla, 2.viii.2014 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Paratypes, 4 females, 1 male. 1 female (on slide under 3 coverslips, slide No. MYM.73), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 2 females (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.179), ANDHRA PRADESH: Visakhapatnam, Kailashpuram, 2.ii.2014 (SN), Coll. M.T. Khan; 2 females (on slides under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.197, MYM.201), UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, AMU Camp. 12.iv.2014 (SN), Coll. F. Fatima; 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.178), Akrabad 8.iii.2013 (SN), M.T. Khan. (ZDAMU).

Additional materials examined (ZDAMU Collections). 7 females, 2 males. 3 females (each on slide under 3, 3, 4 coverslips), UTTARAKHAND: Ranikhet: Chaubatia, 27.x.2009, Coll F.R. Khan. 1 female (on slide under 2 coverslips), UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, Dept. of Zoology, 4.iv.2011, Coll. T. Rehmat. 2 females and 2 males (each on slide under 4, 2, 2, 3 coverslips), Aligarh, Shekha, 9.ix.2007, Coll. F.R. Khan. 1 female (on slide under 1 coverslip), Sharaswati,

195 Chakra Bhandar, 3.x.2006 Coll. F.R. Khan. (Determined as C. dravida Subba Rao by Rehmat & Anis).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition. Comments. Camptoptera arya sp. nov. may be confused with C. dravida Subba Rao (1989) in having more or less same body length, pattern of sculpture on head and thorax. However, it differs from the latter by having following characters: head with transverse trabecula not divided; antenna with scape 2.28× as long as broad; funicular segments relatively flattened and smaller; mesosoma with posterior scutellum with transverse and curved striations enclosed in two cells medially; fore wing beyond venation relatively broad, 14× as long as broad; hind wing 21.57× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.71× gaster. In C. dravida: head with transverse trabecula divided into five pieces; antenna with scape broad, 1.62× as long as broad, funicular segments relatively slender and long; mesosoma with posterior scutellum striations enclosed in single cell medially; fore wing beyond venation relatively narrow, 15.11× as long as broad; hind wing 32.5× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.9× gaster. The male was collected by sweep net, but found to be conspecific to the holotype female in almost all the characters including patterns of striations on head and thoracic dorsum and structure of wings and distributions of setae on fore wing disc. Hence, the described male of C. arya sp. nov. is found to be similar to what actually was designated as male, paratype of C. dravida (Subba Rao, 1989).

14. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao (Figures 365–377) Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao, 1989: 163, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Karnataka (BMNH), not examined. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao: Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 395, key. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 56, key.

196

Redescription Female. Length, 0.26 mm. Body dark brown to black except gaster, in distal two- third pale yellow. Antenna pale yellow except F4–F7 and clava brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head (Fig. 367). Head, in frontal view, 1.26× as broad as high; transversely curved striated; transverse trabecula divided into five pieces. Antennal (Fig. 368) with scape extremely small and stout, 1.62× as long as broad, slightly longer than pedicel; pedicel 1.33× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually except F3 & F4; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; F3 the longest; clava 4.25× as long as broad, slightly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 371). Mesosoma almost subequal in length to gaster; mesoscutum with horizontal and slightly convex striations (Fig. 371); anterior scutellum 0.26× posterior scutellum; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with longitudinal striations; anterior scutellum medially with transverse striations; sides of posterior scutellum with longitudinal striations and medially separated by concave to transverse striations; propodeum distinctly shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum, 2.8× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.73× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 369) extremely narrow beyond venations and widening distally towards apex, 15.11× as long as broad; disc with few setae scattered in distal half, longest marginal seta 6.66× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 370) 32.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 9.25× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 372). Petiole 0.85× as long as broad, smooth without lateral lamellae; ovipositor originates distal to base of gaster, slightly exserted beyond the apex, 0.9× gaster, 0.95× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 48:38; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 13:8; pedicel, 12:9; F1, 10:3; F2, 1.5:2; F3, 15:2; F4, 12:2.5; F5, 11.5:3; F6, 11:.3.5; F7, 10:4.5; clava, 34:8; mesosoma, 54; mesoscutum, 14; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 19; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 14; fore wing length:width, 136:9; longest marginal seta, 60; hind wing length:width, 130:4; longest marginal seta, 37; fore tibia, 37; mid tibia, 47; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 47; petiole length:width, 6:7; gaster, 50; ovipositor, 45.

197 Male. Length 0.27 mm. Body brown to dark brown. Antenna pale yellow. Legs yellow. Head (Fig. 373). Head, in frontal view, 1.15× as broad as long, with transverse striations. Antennal (Fig. 374) scape 2× as long as broad; pedicel 1.42× as long as broad; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 and F4 ring-like segments. Mesosoma (Fig. 377). Mesosoma 1.39× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to female. Fore wing (Fig. 375) 14.2× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in middle reaching the apex of the disc; longest marginal seta 6.6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 376) 34.25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10.75× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole smooth, without lateral lamellae, 0.71× as long as broad. Genitalia occupying nearly half length of gaster, 0.45× gaster and 0.46× mid tibia.

Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 40:46; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2:3; scape, 14:7; pedicel, 10:7; F1, 9:1; F2, 1:1; F3, 19:2; F4, 19:2; F5, 17:3; F6, 15:4; F7, 15:5; F8, 19:5:8; F9, 18:4; F10, 19:4; mesosoma, 64; mesoscutum, 21; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 22; metanotum, 1; propodeum, 14; fore wing length:width, 142:10; longest marginal seta, 66; hind wing length:width, 137:4; longest marginal seta, 43; fore tibia, 36; mid tibia, 45; mid tarsi, 48; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia, 41; petiole length:width, 5:7; gaster, 46; ovipositor, 21.

Material examined. INDIA: TELANGANA: Hyderabad, Rajendranagar, NAARM, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.84), 14.ii.2012 (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; TAMIL NADU: Krishnagiri, Hosur, 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.560), 28.i.2015 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana (new record). Comments. Rehmat & Anis (2013), Manickavasagam et al. (2011), Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2013) recorded females as well as the males of the species which were misidentified by them. However, the redescription of the species is based on specimens collected from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

198 agreeing fairly well with the original description and illustrations given by Subba Rao (1989). It is to note that C. dravida was described by Subba Rao (1989) from 4 females and 1 male collected by sweep net from Karnataka by J.S. Noyes in 1974. The male which was designated as one of the paratype, possibly does not belong to C. dravida mainly due to following reasons: fore wing relatively broad beyond venations, widening less distally and relatively more curved apically; distribution of setae in one row on the disc. In the paratypes of females of C. dravida: the fore wing relatively much narrow beyond venation, widening more distally and less curved apically; distribution of setae not in one row but disc with few setae scattered in distal half. Hence, the paratype male belongs to some other species (for more details see comments under C. arya sp. nov.). The figures (7–11) given by Manickavasagam et al. (2011) also do not belong to C. dravida, it is conspecific to the new species described here (see under C. arya sp. nov.). Rehmat & Anis recorded the species from Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand which were also found to be misidentified (see under C. arya sp. nov.). However, a male described as C. dravida here in this thesis is agreeing almost all the characters of the holotype.

15. Camptoptera bengalurensis sp. nov. (Figures 378–383)

Description Female. Holotype. Length 0.3 mm (paratypes, 0.24–0.33 mm). Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 378). Head, in frontal view, 1.62× (paratypes, 1.30–1.47×) as broad as high; occiput with oblique striations, converging anteriorly in middle; face with imbricate reticulate sculpture. Mandibles (Fig. 378) small stub-like, widely separated, not meeting in the middle. Antennal (Fig. 379) scape 3× (paratypes, 2.66– 3.09×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.37× (paratypes, 1.25–1.37×) as long as broad, subequal in length to F1, longer than F4–F7 individually; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; F3 the longest; clava 3.22×

199 (paratypes, 3.11×) as long as broad, slightly shorter than or subequal to F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 382). Mesosoma 1.34× (paratypes, 1.09–1.13×) as long as gaster; mesoscutum transversly reticulate (Fig. 382); notaular lines short, incomplete; anterior scutellum 0.27× (paratypes, 0.25×) posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum with longitudinal reticulate sculpture; propodeum 1.2× (paratypes, 0.8–1.2×) as long as anterior and 0.33× (paratypes, 0.2–0.3×) posterior scutellum with reticulate sculpture, notched medially at posterior margin. Fore wing (Fig. 380) 14.6× (paratypes, 14.5–15.3×) as long as broad, disc with a row of sparsely scattered setae; longest marginal seta 5.9× (paratypes, 5–5.55×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 381) 33.5× (paratypes, 32.5–33×) as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10.75× (paratypes, 9.5–10.25×) as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 383). Petiole 2× (paratypes, 1.71–1.85×) as long as broad. Ovipositor 0.5× (paratypes, 0.5–0.63×) gaster and 0.59× (paratypes, 0.52–0.63×) mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 47:29; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2.5:2.5; scape, 18:6; pedicel, 11:8; F1, 12:2; F2, 1:2; F3, 13:2; F4, 10:3; F5, 9:4; F6, 10:4; F7, 8:5; clava, 29:9; mesosoma, 51; mesoscutum, 12; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 18; metanotum, 3; propodeum, 6; fore wing length:width, 146:10; longest marginal seta, 59; hind wing length:width, 134:4; longest marginal seta, 43; fore tibia, 29; mid tibia, 44; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia, 42; petiole length:width, 14:7; gaster, 38; ovipositor, 26.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.199), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, NBAIR, 16.i.2012 (YPT), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Paratypes 2 females. 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.93), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya, 28.ii.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari; 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.94), data same as for holotype. (ZDAMU).

200

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is derived from the city, Bengaluru from where the holotype was collected. Comments. Camptoptera bengalurensis sp. nov. is a distinct species and comes close to C. pretoriensis Ogloblin & Annecke (1961) in having more or less similar antennal configuration and body sculpture. However, it differs from the latter in the following characters: mesosoma with mesoscutum relatively broader, more than 3× as broad as long; posterior scutellum with longitudinal reticulate sculpture; fore wing, 14.5–15.3× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5–5.9× as long as maximum wing width. In C. pretoriensis: mesosoma with mesoscutum relatively less broader, less than 3× as broad as long; posterior scutellum with longitudinal reticulate sculpture, with a few lines of reticulations converging posteriorly in the middle along anterior margin; fore wing, 10.7–11.17× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 3.17–4.4× as long as maximum wing width.

16. Camptoptera okadomei Taguchi (Figures 384–389) Camptoptera okadomei Taguchi, 1972: 224, female. Holotype, female, Philippines, Bohol (ELNJ).

Redescription Female. Length, 0.27–0.35 mm. Body brown to dark brown. Antenna yellow to yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline, slightly infuscated beyond venation and at apex. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head (Fig. 384). Head, in frontal view, 1.42–1.84× as broad as high; vertex with transverse striations; face with faint and oblique striations converging anteriorly in middle. Antennal scape 2.14–2.33× as long as broad; pedicel 1.37– 1.42× as long as broad, slightly longer than all funicular segments individually except F3; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 4.25–4.4× as long as broad, longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 385). Mesosoma (Fig. 388). Mesosoma as long as gaster; mesoscutum with transverse striations (Fig. 388); anterior scutellum 0.22–0.33× posterior scutellum;

201 anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture; posterior scutellum with longitudinal sub-parallel reticulation converging medially; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined, 1.16–1.8× as long as anterior and 0.38–0.45× posterior scutellum, propodeum smooth and narrow, with incomplete sub-median crinae. Fore wing (Fig. 386) 18.5–20.57× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae distal to venation medially, not touching the apical margin of the wing; longest marginal seta 5.44–7.28× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 387) 25.6–28.8× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 5– 5.4× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 389). Petiole (Fig. 389) 1.5× as long as broad, with lateral projections. Ovipositor hardly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.64–0.7× gaster, 0.68–0.76× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=3; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 47–52:26– 33 (48.5:30.5; ±2.38:3.31); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2–3:2–3 (2.5:2.5; ±0.57:0.57); scape, 14–16:6–7 (15.25:6.75; ±0.95:0.5); pedicel, 10–11:7–8 (10.75:7.75; ±0.5:0.5); F1, 13–14:2–3 (13.75:2.5; ±0.5:0.57); F2, 1:2–3 (1:2.5; ±0:0.57); F3, 11–14:2–3 (12.75:2.62; ±1.5:0.47); F4, 10:3–4 (10:3.62; ±0:0.47); F5, 9–10:4 (9.25:4; ±0.5:0); F6, 10:4–5 (10:4.25; ±0:0.5); F7, 9–10:5 (9.25:5; ±0.5:0.5); clava, 33–35:7.5–8 (34:7.87; ±0.81:0.25); mesosoma, 48–55 (51.25; ±2.98); mesoscutum, 13–17 (15.25; ±1.70); scutellum anterior:posterior, 4–6:18–20 (5:18.5; ±0.81:1); metanotum, 4–5 (4.75; ±0.5); propodeum, 7–9 (7.5; ±1); fore wing length:width, 138–149:7–9 (144.75:8; ±4.99:0.81); longest marginal seta, 45–51 (48; ±2.58); hind wing length:width, 128–144:5 (135.25:5; ±7.18:0); longest marginal seta, 40–42 (40.75; ±0.95); fore tibia, 25–30 (27.25; ±2.06); mid tibia, 45– 51 (47; ±2.82); mid tarsi, 42–54 (47; ±5.29); mid basitarsus, 7–9 (8.5; ±1); hind tibia, 46–49 (47.25; ±1.5); petiole length:width, 13–15:7–8 (13.75:7.25; ±0.95:0.5); gaster, 48–52 (50.25; ±1.7); ovipositor, 32–36 (34.25; ±1.7).

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. 5 females. INDIA: ANI: South Andaman Forest, Garacharma, 3 females (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.190, MYM.191, MYM.192), 31.i.2013 (MT); Little Andaman forest Nursery, 31.i.2013; 30.i.2013, Coll. K

202

Veenakumari; KARANATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.193), 11.i.2012 (SN), Coll. K Veenakumari.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India (new record): Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka. (Philippines). Comments. Camptoptera okadomei Taguchi (1972) is recorded after a gap of more than four and a half decades for the first time from India. The above redescription agrees fairly well with the original description and illustrations given by Taguchi (1972). It is found it to be conspecific as I see no characters to separate it from C. okadomei.

17. Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis (Figures 390–399) Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, female. Holotype, female, India, Assam, Guwahati (ZDAMU), examined.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.3 mm. Body brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, yellow except coxae and femora yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 395). Head, in dorsal view, 1.72× as broad as high; vertex with transverse striations. Antennal (Fig. 391) scape with longitudinal striations, 2.66× as long as broad; pedicel 1.37× as long as broad, slightly longer than all funicular segments individually except F3; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.88× as long as broad, subequal to F4–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 394). Mesosoma 1.39× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Fig. 394); anterior scutellum 0.35× posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum and axillae with polygonal reticulate sculpture, posterior scutellum with longitudinally parallel reticulate sculpture; propodeum shorter than scutellum, 2× as long as anterior scutellum, and 0.63× posterior scutellum, propodeal submedian carinae converging anteriorly. Fore wing (Fig. 392) 16.87× as long as broad, disc in apical half with a row of setae; longest marginal seta

203 5.12× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 393) 40.66× as long as broad; marginal seta 15× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 395). Petiole with lateral projections, 1.5× as long as broad. Ovipositor 0.69× gaster, 0.88× mid tibia, and slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 50:29; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:2.5; scape, 16:6; pedicel, 11:8; F1, 2:3; F2, 13:2; F3, 13:2; F4, 10:2; F5, 9:2; F6, 10:4; F7, 9:4; clava, 26:9; mesosoma, 53; mesoscutum, 14; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 17; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 8; fore wing length:width, 135:8; longest marginal seta, 41; hind wing length:width, 122:3; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 28; mid tibia, 43; mid basitarsus, 9; hind tibia, 47; petiole length:width, 15:10; gaster, 38; ovipositor, 22.

Male. Length 0.25 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head (Fig. 399). Head, in dorsal view, 2.04× as broad as long, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antenna (Fig. 399) scape 4× as long as broad; pedicel 1.66× as long as broad, subequal in length to F1, F3, F5 and F6 individually, longer than rest of the flagellar segments; flagellum 10-segmented, with longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except segments F2 and F4 ring-like (Fig. 396). Mesosoma (Fig. 399). Mesosoma 1.35× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar as in females. Fore wing (Fig. 397) 16.11× as long as broad, disc medially with a row of setae reaching the apex of the disc; longest marginal seta 6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 398) 36.57× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 11.71× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 399). Petiole (Fig. 399) with lateral projections, 1.1× as broad as long. Genitalia occupying nearly half length of gaster, 0.46× gaster and 0.51× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:length, 49:24; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2:2; scape, 16:4; pedicel, 10:6; F1, 16:4; F2, 1:2; F3, 15.5:4; F4, 1:2; F5, 16:4; F6, 16:5; F7, 15:5; F8, 14:5; F9, 13.5:5; F10, 13:5; mesosoma, 53; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 4; posterior scutellum, 20; metanotum, 3; propodeum, 10; fore wing length:width, 145:9; longest marginal seta,

204

54; hind wing length:width, 128:3.5; longest marginal seta, 41; fore tibia, 28; mid tibia, 44; mid tarsi, 47; mid basitarsus, 11; hind tibia, 43; petiole length:width,10:11; gaster, 39; genitalia, 20.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 3 coverslips), INDIA: ASSAM: Guwahati, Amingaon; 29.x.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.677).

Additional material examined. KARNATAKA: Mandya, 1 female (on slide under 3 coverslips, slide No. MYM.91) 3.v.2012 (MT), K. Veenakumari; UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, AMU Medical Colony, 1 male (on slide under 2 coverslips, slide No. MYM.125), 14.xi.2013 (SN), Coll. S.K. Ahmad & P.T. Anwar.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Assam, Karnataka (new record), Uttar Pradesh (new record). Comments. Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis is a distinct species and it differs from all the other described species from India and the world in having unique groove on occipital region, just above the foramen magnum, and petiole with lateral projections. However, it comes close to C. okadomei Taguchi but differs from it by the characters given under key. I record one female of the species from Karnataka. Further I describe one male of this species which agrees in almost all the characters with the females.

18. Camptoptera magna Soyka (Figures 400–409) Camptoptera magna Soyka, 1946: 43, female. Holotype, female, Netherlands, Limburg, Valkenburg (NHMV), not examined. Camptoptera strobilicola Heqvist, 1956: 37, female. Holotype, female, Norway, Hedmark, Stange, Romedal, (ZMUN). Type material lost according to Triapitsyn (2014). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 38. Camptoptera hundsheimensis Soyka, 1961: 78, female. Holotype, female, Austria, Lower Austria, Hundsheim (NHMV). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 38. Camptoptera kressbachi Soyka, 1961: 80, female. Holotype, female, Austria, Tyrol, Kressbach (NHMV). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 38.

205 Camptoptera magna Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 75, key; 80, diagnosis; 81, type information. Huber & Lin, 1999: 30, list. Camptoptera nigrosimilis Soyka, 1961: 81, female. Holotype, female, Austria, Lower Austria, Hundsheim (NHMV). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 39. Camptoptera nigra Soyka, 1961: 81, female. Holotype, female, Austria, Tyrol, Krössbach (NHMV). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 39. Camptoptera signatipennis Soyka, 1961: 85, female. Holotype, female, Austria, Tyrol (NHMV). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 39. Camptoptera strobilicola Hedqvist: Trjapitzin, 1978: 524, key, distribution. Huber & Lin, 1999: 31, list. Camptoptera hundsheimensis Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 75, key. Huber & Lin, 1999: 30, list. Camptoptera kressbachi Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 74, key. Huber & Lin, 1999: 30, list. Camptoptera nigra Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 74, key. Huber & Lin, 1999: 30, list. Camptoptera nigrosimilis Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 74, key. Huber & Lin, 1999: 30, list. Camptoptera signatipennis Soyka: Soyka, 1961: 74, key. Huber & Lin, 1999: 31, list. Camptoptera japonica (Taguchi): Guo et al., 2011: 408, key; 409, illustrations; 413, China, record. Camptoptera minorignatha Hu & Lin, in Guo et al., 2011: 410, female. Holotype female, China, Shihezi (LCXU). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2014: 39.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.27 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with radicle, scape, pedicel and F1 yellow, rest brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head. Subquadrate in frontal view; occiput with oblique striations; face with faint reticulations. Antennal scape 3× as long as broad; pedicel 1.44× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually except F3; funicular segments all longer than broad except F2 ring-like segment; clava 4× as long as broad, shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 400). Mesosoma (Fig. 403). Mesosoma 1.57× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; axillae with longitudinally reticulate sculpture; anterior scutellum 0.21× posterior scutellum length, with transverse reticulate

206 sculpture; posterior scutellum with longitudinally striae; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined, 3.4× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.73× as long as posterior scutellum; propodeum with linear submedian carinae widening towards metanotum, area between them with few peg-like sensilla, sides reticulately sculptured. Fore wing (Fig. 401) 14.75× as long as broad, disc with a row of uneven setae in distal half; longest marginal seta 6× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 402) 20.53× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.53× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 404). Petiole 1.5× as long as broad, smooth with a pair of spine-like lateral lamellae (Fig. 404); ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.73× gaster, 0.63× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 46:46; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3.5:3.5; scape, 21:7; pedicel, 13:9; F1, 19:2; F2, 2:3; F3, 22:2.5; F4, 13:2.5; F5, 14:3; F6, 12:4; F7, 12:5; clava, 40:10; mesosoma, 66; mesoscutum, 19; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 17; fore wing length:width, 177:12; longest marginal seta, 72; hind wing length:width, 154:7.5; longest marginal seta, 49; fore tibia, 46; mid tibia, 61; mid basitarsus, 11; hind tibia, 59; petiole length:width, 12:8; gaster, 42; ovipositor, 31.

Male. Length 0.37 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head (Fig. 405). Head, in frontal view, 1.16× as broad as long, sculpture as in female. Antenna (Fig. 406) with scape 3.33× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, shorter than all flagellar segments individually, except F2 and F4 ring-like segments; flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 and F4. Mesosoma (Fig. 409). Mesosoma 1.29× as long as gaster; sculpture on mesosoma and setation on wings similar to female. Fore wing (Fig. 407) 15.92× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 6.64× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 408) 33.66× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10.33× as long as maximum wing width.

207 Metasoma (fig. 409). Petiole (Fig. 409) 1.22× as long as broad, lamellae same as in female. Genitalia occupying less than half length of gaster, 0.37× gaster and 0.25× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide, at 400×): head width:height, 58:50; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:4; scape, 25:7.5; pedicel, 15:10; F1, 29:5; F2, 1:3; F3, 35:5; F4, 1:3; F5, 34:5; F6, 33:6; F7, 32:6; F8, 32:6; F9, 32:6; F10, 32:5; mesosoma, 70; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 28; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 18; fore wing length:width, 223:14; longest marginal seta, 93; hind wing length:width, 202:6; longest marginal seta, 62; fore tibia, 60; mid tibia, 80; mid basitarsus, 15; hind tibia, 79; petiole length:width,11:9; gaster, 54; genitalia, 20.

Material examined. 1 female, 1 male. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Hathras (potato field), 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.163), 6.iii.2013 (SN), Coll. M.T. Khan; 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.304) data same as for female. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India (new record): Uttar Pradesh. (Austria, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden and USA). Comments. Triapitsyn (2014) reported that the separation of Camptoptera magna Soyka (1946) from C. papaveris Foerster (1856) is not clear-cut. However, he has separated both the species in following characters: body length usually more than 0.38 mm in dry-mounted; fore wing length at least 0.53 mm. In C. papaveris: body length usually less than 0.365 mm in dry-mounted specimens; fore wing length at most 0.492 mm. On the basis of these minor differences, synonymising both the species is not advisable because of lack of molecular evidence. Though, C. magna and C. papaveris are very similar in almost all the characters but can be separated as follows: gaster invariably broad distally, slightly concave and almost rounded in apical margin; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, and slightly receding inside from apex of gaster (condition of gaster and ovipositor is almost same as for C. magna Triapitsyn, 2014: fig.67). In C. papaveris: gaster not broadend distally, conical and with pointed apex; ovipositor slightly

208 exserted or sometimes not exserted beyond apex of gaster, not receding inside from apex of gaster (Triapitsyn, 2014).

19. Camptoptera squama sp. nov. (Figures 410–423)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.33 mm (paratypes, 0.33–0.38 mm). Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Legs, including coxae, brown. Wings subhyaline. Head (Fig. 411). Head, in frontal view, 1.4× (paratypes, 1.32–1.48×) as broad as high; vertex, face especially area below toruli upto clypeus and area below eye margin and gena with rugose sculpture. Mandibles (Fig. 411) pointed meeting in the middle. Antenna (Fig. 412) with scape slender, 6.8× (paratypes, 4.5–6.6×) as long as broad; pedicel 1.27× (paratypes, 1.2–1.5×) as long as broad, slightly shorter than F1, subequal to F4 and F6 individually; all funicular segments longer than broad except F2 ring-like segment; F3 the longest; clava 3.66× (paratypes, 3.55– 3.66×) as long as broad, slightly longer than F6 and F7 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 415). Mesosoma 0.76× (paratypes, 0.57–0.63×) gaster length; mesoscutum with raised polygonal reticulation (Fig. 415), notauli incomplete, present in anterior third (Fig. 415); scutellum with sculpture scale-like, resembling squamus epithelial cells; metanotum and propodeum (Fig. 416) slanting vertically; propodeum (Fig. 417) with submedian carinae distinctly and widely separated. Fore wing (Fig. 413) 20× (paratypes, 15.3–17.5×) as long as broad, with a line of setae extending from middle and ending before apex of the disc; anterior and posterior margin of the disc with a row of setae extending from middle of the disc; longest marginal setae about 7× (paratypes, 5.4–6.25×) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 414) 31.6× (paratypes, 30–34×) as long as broad, with a line of setae extending from near to posterior margin and ending before the apex of the disc; longest marginal seta 8.3× (paratypes, 8.57–10×) as long as maximum wing width. All coxae faintly reticulated. Metasoma (Fig. 418). Petiole with lateral lamallae. Hypopygium (Fig. 418) distinct, reaching nearly half length of gaster. Ovipositor originates basal third of gaster and slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor about 1.12×

209 (paratypes, 0.92–0.98×) as long as gaster and, 1.38× (paratypes, 1.42–1.66×) as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width: height, 70:50; antennal segments length:width — scape, 34:5; pedicel, 14:11; F1, 17:3.5; F2, 3:2; F3, 20:3.5; F4, 16:3.5; F5, 15:4; F6, 14:5; F7, 12:6; clava, 33:9; mesosoma length, 61; fore wing length:width, 200:10; marginal fringe length, 70; hind wing length:width, 190:6; marginal fringe length, 50; fore tibia length, 45; mid tibia length, 65; mid basitarsus length, 55; hind tibia length, 70; gaster length, 88; petiole, 12: 11; ovipositor length, 90.

Male. Length, 0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Legs, including, coxae pale brown. Head sculpture and dimentions same as that of female. Antenna (Fig. 419) with flagellum 10-segmented, longitudinal sensilla on all flagellar segments except F2 and F4 ring-like segments; F3 and F5 subequal and the longest. Mesosoma (Fig. 422). Thorax 1.08× as long as gaster; setation and sculpture similar to females. Fore wing relatively broader and less curved (Fig. 420), 15.6× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in distal half; longest marginal seta 6.15 as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 421) 31.66× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10.33× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 423). Genitalia (Fig. 423) occupying more than three-fourth length of gaster, 0.77× gaster and 0.64× mid tibia. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): antennal segments length:width—radicle, 4:3; scape, 30:8; pedicel, 14:11; F1, 18:7; F2, 2:2.5; F3, 22:6; F4, 2:3; F5, 22:6; F6, 19:7; F7, 18:7; F8, 18:7; F9, 19:7; F10, 21:6; thorax, 63; mesoscutum, 23; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior scutellum, 36; fore wing length:width, 203:13; longest marginal seta, 80; hind wing length:width, 190:6; longest marginal seta, 62; fore tibia, 50; mid tibia, 70; mid basitarsus, 14; hind tibia, 70; petiole length:width, 8:12; gaster, 58; genitalia, 45.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.151), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (NBAIR).

210

Paratypes. 4 female, 1 male. 1 female (on card, No. MYM.152) with same data as for holotype; 1 female (on slide under 2 coverslips, slide No. MYM.153), INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Mandya (MT), 11.i.2012 (MT); 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.164), Mandya, 1.ii.2012 (MT); 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.165), Mandya, 28.iii.2012 (MT); 1 female (on slide under 5 coverslips, slide No. MYM.154), NBAIR, 28.xii.2010, (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Non-type material examined. INDIA: TAMIL NADU: 1 female (head and antennae lost during mounting) (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.155) Tirunelveli, Thottiapatti, 16.i.2012 (SN), Coll. F.R. Khan (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type of reticulation present on the posterior scutellum which resembles squamous epithelial cells. Comments. Camptoptera squama is quite distinctive and typical species described so far in the genus. However, it resembles C. scholli Ogloblin & Annecke (1961) in having similar antennal configurations but differs mainly in following characters: eyes small; mesoscutum with raised polygonal reticulation; posterior scutellum with scale-like sculptures, resembling squamus epithelial cells; propodeum almost vertical to scutellum and overhanging not visible in dorsal view. In C. scholli: eyes large; mesoscutum with polygonal, scale-like sculptures; posterior scutellum medially with polygonal longitudinal reticulate sculpture, sides with longitudinal reticulate sculpture; propodeum hanging and forming steep slope but not vertical to scutellum and visible in dorsal view.

20. Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani, 1978a: 153, female. Holotype female, India, Madras [=Tamil Nadu], Kodaikanal (MHNG), not examined. Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 133; 1986: 183 catalogue. Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 395, key. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, key.

211 Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.65 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna with scape yellowish brown, rest of the segments brown. Legs with coxae an femora brown rest yellowish brown. Head. Antenna with scape cylindrical, 7.5× as long as broad; pedicel half the length of F1, 4× as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad except segment F2 ring-like; clava about 3.5× as long as broad, shorter than F5–F7 combined, with three longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma. Mesosoma a little longer than gaster (1.16× as long as gaster); mesoscutum and scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; notaular lines well developed; propodeum smooth with well developed median carinae, area between them with a few peg like sensilla, and with one long seta on either side behind spiracles. Fore wing as in Viggiani (1978): fig. III, 3. Metasoma. Petiole with lateral lamellae. Ovipositor long about three-fourth of gaster and not exserted at apex.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani (1978) was described from a single female collected from Indian state of Tamil Nadu. According to Viggiani (1978) the species is related to C. philippina Taguchi, C. yamagishii Taguchi and C. reticulata Ogloblin, but it is distinguishable by the patterns of sculpture present on scutellum and the shape of the propodeum.

21. Camptoptera salianus sp. nov. (Figures 424–430)

Description Female. Holotype. Length, 0.37 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale yellow except clava brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 424). Head, in frontal view, 1.97× as broad as high; with transverse striations; transverse trabecula not divided. Mandibles small, stub-like, not meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 425) scape 2.57× as long as broad; pedicel 1.85× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; funicle 7-

212 segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 2.84× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 429). Mesosoma 1.18× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with transverse striations; notaular lines very short, not complete; anterior scutellum 0.25× posterior scutellum length; anterior scutellum with transverse striations; axillae with longitudinal striations, and each axilla with a long seta; posterior scutellum (Fig. 430) 1.87× as broad as long (45:24) with longitudinal striations; propodeum 1.66× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.41× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 426) 18.11× as long as broad, disc setose, with 2 rows of setae, setae running quite distal to venation (Fig. 427); longest marginal seta 7.22× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 428) 22.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 8.28× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 429). Petiole 1.7× as long as broad, slightly narrowing anteriorly, with a pair of lateral lamellae. Ovipositor hardly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.46× gaster, 0.55× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 69:35; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:2; scape, 18:7; pedicel, 13:7; F1, 12:3; F2, 1:3; F3, 12:3; F4, 11:4; F5, 9:4; F6, 10:5; F7, 9:5; clava, 37:13; mesosoma, 64; mesoscutum, 17; anterior scutellum, 6; posterior anterior, 24; metanotum, 4; propodeum, 10; fore wing length:width, 163:9; longest marginal seta, 65; hind wing length:width, 158:7; longest marginal seta, 58; fore tibia, 31; mid tibia, 45; mid basitarsus, 12; hind tibia, 50; petiole length:width, 17:10; gaster, 54; ovipositor, 25.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.187), INDIA: ODISHA: Bhubaneshwar, Salia Dam, 19.i.2012 (SN), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Odisha. Etymology. The species name is derived from the locality, Salia Dam from where the holotype was collected.

213 Comments. Camptoptera salianus sp. nov. is a distinctive species, and appears close to C. brevifuniculata Subba Rao (1989) in having more or less similar body colour, antennal configuration and wing patterns of setations. However, it differs from the latter mainly by following characters: antennal scape 2.57× as long as broad; pedicel 1.85× as long as broad; anterior scutellum 0.25× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum relatively broad, 1.87× as broad as long with longitudinal striations; fore wing 18.11× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 7.22× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma with ovipositor 0.46× gaster. In C. brevifuniculata: antennal scape 1.77–2.42× as long as broad; pedicel 1.33–1.64× as long as broad; anterior scutellum 0.17–0.23× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum relatively less broad 0.5× as broad as long, with zig-zag sculpture; fore wing 14.91–16.4× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 5.63–6.3× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma with ovipositor 0.5–0.6× gaster.

22. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao (Figures 431–440) Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao, 1989: 162, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (BMNH), not examined. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao: Manickavasagam et al., 2011: 395, key. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 3, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2014: 55, key. Triapitsyn, 2017: 8–10, diagnosis, illustrations.

Redescription Female. Length, 0.5 mm. Body brown to dark brown. Antenna pale yellow except clava brown. Wings subhyaline, infuscated at apex and proximal to venation. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 433). Head, in frontal view, 1.63–1.97× as broad as high; vertex and face with transverse striations; transverse trabecula not divided medially into pieces. Antennal scape 1.77–2.42× as long as broad; pedicel 1.33–1.64× as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually, except F1, with variable length; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2

214 ring-like segment; clava 2.57–3.36× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 434). Mesosoma (Fig. 437). Mesosoma 1.15–1.43× gaster length; mesoscutum with transverse striations (Fig. 438); anterior scutellum 0.17–0.23× posterior scutellum; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae with oblique striations; scutellum medially with transverse striations; posterior scutellum medially with zig-zag sculpture, sides with elongate reticulate sculpture (Fig. 439), but patterns of sculpture vary slightly in some specimens; propodeum 1.66–2.5× as long as anterior scutellum, and 0.33–0.44× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 435) 14.91–16.4× as long as broad, disc setose, with at most 2 rows of setae, longest marginal seta 5.63– 6.3× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 436) 20.57–27.5× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 7.42–10× as long as maximum wing width. Hind coxae with leaf-like lamellae (Fig. 440). Metasoma (Fig. 437). Petiole with lateral lamellae well developed (Fig. 440), 1.5× as long as broad. Ovipositor hardly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.5–0.6× gaster, 0.5–0.65× mid tibia. Relative measurements (n=3; slide, at 400×): head width:height, 65–72:35– 44 (68.25:39.25; ±2.98:3.77); antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3 (3:3; ±0:0); scape, 16–19:7–9 (17:8; ±1.41:0.81); pedicel, 12–14:8.5–9 (13:8.87; ±0.81:0.25); F1, 11–14:3–3 (13:3; ±1.41:0); F2, 1:3 (1:3; ±0:0); F3, 11–13:3–4 (12:3.25; ±0.81:0.5); F4, 9–12:3.5–4 (10.5:3.87; ±1.29:0.25); F5, 10–11:4 (10.5:4; ±0.57:0); F6, 10–12:5 (10.75:5; ±0.95:0); F7, 9–10:5.5–6 (9.75:5.87; ±0.5:0.25); clava, 35–38:11–14 (36.5:12.75; ±1.29:1.5); mesosoma, 64–76 (68.75; ±5.25); mesoscutum, 16–22 (18.75; ±2.5); anterior scutellum, 6; posterior anterior, 26–34 (6:29.25; ±0:3.59); metanotum, 3–5 (4.25; ±0.95); propodeum, 10–15 (12; ±2.16); fore wing length:width, 164–179:10–12 (170.5:10.75; ±6.55:0.95); longest marginal seta, 60–70 (63.75; ±4.34); hind wing length:width, 144–165: 6–7 (156:6.5; ±8.98:0.57); longest marginal seta, 52–60 (57.25; ±3.59); fore tibia, 29–35 (33.25; ±2.87); mid tibia, 47–51 (49.25; ±1.70); mid tarsi, 54–61 (56.5; ±3.30); mid basitarsus, 12–14 (13.25; ±0.95); hind tibia, 40–53 (49; ±6.16); petiole length:width, 17–18:9–10 (17.25:9.5; ± 0.5:0.57); gaster, 49–57 (52.5; ±3.41); ovipositor, 26–31 (28.5; ±2.38).

215 Male. Similar to female except for antenna and sexual characters. All flagellar segments with longitudinal sensilla (Subba Rao, 1989).

Material examined. 4 Females. INDIA: KARANATAKA: Mandya, (1 female on slide under 3 coverslips, slide No. MYM.71; 3 females on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.79, MYM.185, MYM.186), 11.i.2012, 28.iii.2012, 26.ix.2012, 3.v.2012 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka (new record), Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above redescription of the species is based on specimens collected from Karnataka agreeing fairly well with the original description and illustrations given by Subba Rao (1989). The holotype is on card, paratypes, 2 females and 2 males are on slides housed in BMNH, London. The images of holotype were sent to me by Natalie Dale Skey Pallipod, BMNH, London (pers. comm., 01 February 2016) were also compared with the images of collected specimens and found to be conspecific.

23. Camptoptera alii sp. nov. (Figures 441–448)

Description Female. Holotype. Length 0.32 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale yellow except clava brown. Wings, infuscate behind venation and at apex (Fig. 443). Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 441). Head, in frontal view, 1.71× as broad as high (Fig. x) with transverse striations. Mandibles (Fig. 441) small, stub-like, not meeting in the middle. Antenna (Fig. 442) with scape 1.87× as long as broad; pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, longer than F4–F7 individually; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 3.3× as long as broad, slightly longer than F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 445). Mesosoma 1.12× as long as gaster; mesoscutum 0.76× scutellum, with transverse striations (Fig. 446); notaular lines very short, not complete; anterior scutellum 0.23× posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum and

216 axillae with transverse striations; posterior scutellum (Fig. 447) with finely strigate striations; propodeum 1.2× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.28× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 443) 18.12× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae in distal half, longest marginal seta 7.25× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 444) 27.6× as long as broad, longest marginal seta 11× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 445). Petiole (Fig. 448) slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower anteriorly, with a pair of lamellae. Ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.55× gaster, 0.6× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 60:35; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 2:3; scape, 15:8; pedicel, 12:8; F1, 14:3; F2, 1:2; F3, 13:2.5; F4, 10:3; F5, 10:3; F6, 11:4; F7, 10:5; clava, 33:10; mesosoma, 55; mesoscutum, 20; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 21; metanotum, 5; propodeum, 6; fore wing length:width, 145:8; longest marginal seta, 58; hind wing length:width, 138:5; longest marginal seta, 55; fore tibia, 29; mid tibia, 45; mid tarsi, 43; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia, 45; petiole length:width, 12:12; gaster, 49; ovipositor, 27.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.700), INDIA: ANI: South Andaman Forest, Wandoor, 31.i.2013, Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Etymology. The species is named after Md. Ali Hussain, grand father of the author. Comments. Camptoptera alii sp. nov. appears to be similar to C. usmanii sp. nov. in having more or less similar body colour, shape and distribution of setae on fore wing disc. But, it differs from the latter mainly by the following characters: antennal scape 1.87× as long as broad; clava 3.3× as long as broad; mesosoma 1.12× as long as gaster; posterior scutellum with finely strigate striations; ovipositor 0.6× mid tibia. In C. usmanii sp. nov.: antennal scape 2.85× as long as broad; clava 4.09× as

217 long as broad; mesosoma 1.5× as long as gaster; posterior scutellum with longitudinal transverse striations; ovipositor 0.43× mid tibia.

24. Camptoptera usmanii sp. nov. (Figures 449–455)

Description Female. Holotype. Length 0.32 mm. Body dark brown except mesoscutum yellowish brown. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel yellowish brown, funicle and clava dark brown and with claval apex pale brown. Wings subhyaline, behind venation and apex fumate. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Head (Fig. 449). Head, in frontal view, 1.69× as broad as high with transverse striations; transverse trabecula not divided in middle. Mandibles (Fig. 449) small, stub-like, not meeting in middle. Antennal (Fig. 450) scape 2.85× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad, shorter than F1, F3–F6 individually, subequal in length to F7; funicle 7-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad, except F2 ring-like segment; clava 4.09× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F7 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma (Fig. 453). Mesosoma 1.5× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with transverse striations (Fig. 453); notaular lines very short, not complete; anterior scutellum 0.18× posterior scutellum, with transverse striations; axilla with longitudinal striations and, with a long seta; posterior scutellum with longitudinal striations; propodeum 1.2× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.22× posterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 451) 18.27× as long as broad, disc with a complete row of setae reaching upto apex; longest marginal seta 5.45× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 452) 25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.14× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 454). Petiole (Fig. 455) with a pair of lateral lamellae, 1.16× as long as broad. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.56× gaster, 0.43× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 71:42; antennal segments length:width—radicle, 3:3; scape, 20:7; pedicel, 14:9; F1, 20:3; F2, 1.5:3; F3, 19:4; F4, 16:4; F5, 15:4; F6, 16:5; F7, 14:6; clava, 45:11; mesosoma, 70; mesoscutum, 22; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 27; metanotum, 7;

218 propodeum, 6; fore wing length:width, 201:11; longest marginal seta, 60; hind wing length:width, 175:7; longest marginal seta, 50; fore tibia, 38; mid tibia, 62; mid basitarsus, 16; hind tibia, 64; petiole length:width, 14:12; gaster, 50; ovipositor, 28.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.161), INDIA: KERALA: Kannur, Mankuzhy, 10.i.2012 (SN), Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU).

Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Kerala. Etymology. The species is named after Prof. M. Kamil Usmani, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India for his contribution to the taxonomy of Indian Orthoptera. Comments. Camptoptera usmanii sp. nov. appears close to C. salianus sp. nov. but differs from the latter mainly in following characters: head in frontal view, 1.69× as broad as high; antenna yellowish brown to dark brown; scape 2.85× as long as broad; pedicel 1.55× as long as broad, shorter than F1, F3–F6 individually; clava 4.09× as long as broad; fore wing setose, with a complete row of setae; longest marginal seta 5.45× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.14× as long as maximum wing width. In C. salianus sp. nov.: head in frontal view 1.97× as broad as high; antenna pale yellow to brown, antennal scape 2.57× as long as broad; pedicel 1.85× as long as broad; longer than F1, F3–F7 individually; clava 2.84× as long as broad; fore wing with 2 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 7.22× as long as maximum wing width; hind wing 22.5× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 8.28× as long as maximum wing width.

219 268

267

269

270

272

271

Figures 267–272. Camptoptera scythe sp. nov. Holotype, female: 267, head, frontal view; 268, antenna; 269, fore wing; 270, hind wing; 271, mesosoma; 272, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

220

274 273

277

275

276

Figures 273–277. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao. Female: (273, 274) holotype, photo courtesy of N. Dale-Skey, NHM: 273, habitus; 274, labels. (275–277): 275, head, frontal view; 276, mandible; 277, antenna.

221

278

279

280 282

281

283

Figures 278–283. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao. Female: 278, fore wing; 279, hind wing; 280, mesoscutum and scutellum; 281, propodeum; 282, petiole; 283, metasoma showing ovipositor.

222

285

284

286

287

289 288

Figures 284–289. Camptoptera sabre sp. nov. Holotype, female: 284, head, frontal view; 285, antenna; 286, fore wing; 287, hind wing; 288, mesosoma; 289, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor.

223

291

290

292

293

295

294

Figures 290–295. Camptoptera lance sp. nov. Female: (290, 291) paratype: 290, head, frontal view; 291, antenna. (292–295) holotype: 292, fore wing; 293, hind wing; 294, mesosoma, with petiole; 295, mesosoma and metasoma.

224

297

296 298

299

301

302

300

303

Figures 296–303. Camptoptera aveolobato sp. nov. Holotype, female: 296, head, frontal view; 297, antenna; 298, fore wing; 299, hind wing; 300, mesosoma and metasoma; 301, scutellum; 302, petiole; 303, metasoma, with ovipositor.

225

305 304

306

307

Figures 304–307. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao. Female: (304, 305) holotype, photo courtesy of N. Dale-Skey, NHM: 304, habitus; 305, labels. (306, 307): 306, head, frontal view; 307, antenna.

226

308

309

310 311

Figures 308–311. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao. Female: 308, fore wing; 309, hind wing; 310, mesosoma; 311, mesosoma and metasoma showing ovipositor.

227

313

312

314

315

316 317

Figures 312–317. Camptoptera ogloblini sp. nov. Holotype, female: 312, head, frontal view; 313, antenna; 314, fore wing; 315, hind wing; 316, mesosoma; 317, metasoma.

228

319

318

320

321

322 323

Figures 318–323. Camptoptera anneckei sp. nov. Holotype, female: 318, head, frontal view; 319, antenna; 320, fore wing; 321, hind wing; 322, mesosoma; 323, metasoma showing ovipositor.

229

325

324

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Figures 324–328. Camptoptera anneckei sp. nov. Paratype, male: 324, head, frontal view; 325, antenna; 326, fore wing; 327, hind wing; 328, metasoma showing genitalia.

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Figures 329–334. Camptoptera muiri (Perkins). Female: 329, head, frontal view; 330, antenna; 331, fore wing; 332, hind wing; 333, mesosoma; 334, mesosoma and metasoma showing ovipositor.

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Figures 335–340. Camptoptera naseemi sp. nov. Holotype, female: 335, head; 336, antenna; 337, fore wing; 338, hind wing; 339, mesosoma; 340, mesosoma and metasoma showing ovipositor.

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347 346 Figures 341–347. Camptoptera franciscae (Debauche). Female: 341, head, frontal view; 342, antenna; 343, part of funicle segment showing F2; 344, fore wing; 345, hind wing; 346, mesosoma; 347, metasoma.

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Figures 348–353. Camptoptera franciscae (Debauche). Male: 348, head; 349, antenna; 350, fore wing; 351, hind wing; 352, mesosoma; 353, metasoma.

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359 358

Figures 354–359. Camptoptera arya sp. nov. Holotype, female: 354, head, frontal view; 355, antenna; 356, fore wing; 357, hind wing; 358, mesosoma; 359, mesosoma and metasoma showing ovipositor.

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Figures 360–364. Camptoptera arya sp. nov. Paratype, male: 360, head, frontal view; 361, antenna; 362, fore wing; 363, hind wing; 364, mesosoma.

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366 365

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368

Figures 365–368. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao. Female: (365, 366) holotype, photo courtesy of N. Dale-Skey, NHM: 365, habitus; 366, labels. (367, 368): 367, head, frontal view; 368, antenna.

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Figures 369–372. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao. Female: 369, fore wing; 370, hind wing; 371, mesosoma; 372, metasoma showing ovipositor.

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Figures 373–377. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao. Male: 373, head, frontal view; 374, antenna; 375, fore wing; 376, hind wing; 377, mesosoma.

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383 382

Figures 378–383. Camptoptera bengalurensis sp. nov. Holotype, female: 378, head, frontal view; 379, antenna; 380, fore wing; 381, hind wing; 382, mesosoma; 383, metasoma showing ovipositor.

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384 385

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388 Figures 384–389. Camptoptera okadomei Taguchi. Female: 384, head, frontal view; 385, antenna; 386, fore wing; 387, hind wing; 388, mesosoma; 389, mesosoma and metasoma.

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Figures 390–395. Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis. Female: 390, slide; 391, antenna; 392, fore wing; 393, hind wing; 394, head dorsal, with mesosoma; 395, head, with mesosoma and metasoma, showing ovipositor. 242

396

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Figures 396–399. Camptoptera assamensis Rehmat & Anis. Male: 396, antenna; 397, fore wing; 398, hind wing; 399, head dorsal, with mesosoma and metasoma, showing genitalia.

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Figures 400–404. Camptoptera magna Soyka. Female: 400, antenna; 401, fore wing; 402, hind wing; 403, mesosoma; 404, metasoma.

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Figures 405–409. Camptoptera magna Soyka. Male: 405, head, frontal view; 406, antenna; 407, fore wing; 408, hind wing; 409, mesosoma and metasoma.

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412

Figures 410–412. Camptoptera squama sp. nov. Female: (410) habitus paratype. (411, 412) holotype: 411, head, frontal view; 412, antenna.

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416 415

417 418 Figures 413–418. Camptoptera squama sp. nov. Female: (413, 414) holotype: 413, fore wing; 414, hind wing. (415, 416, 418) paratype: 415, head dorsal, with mesosoma; 416, mesosoma, lateral view; 418, metasoma. (417) propodeum, non type.

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Figures 419–423. Camptoptera squama sp. nov. Paratype, male: 419, antenna; 420, fore wing; 421, hind wing; 422, mesosoma; 423, metasoma.

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427

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Figures 424–430. Camptoptera salianus sp. nov. Holotype, female: 424, head, frontal view; 425, antenna; 426, fore wing; 427, fore wing basal part; 428, hind wing; 429, mesosoma and metasoma showing ovipositor; 430, scutellum.

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432 431

434

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436

Figures 431–436. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao. Female: (431, 432) holotype, photo courtesy of N. Dale-Skey, NHM: 431, habitus; 432, labels. (433– 436): 433, head, frontal view; 434, antenna; 435, fore wing; 436, hind wing.

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Figures 437–440. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao. Female: 437, mesosoma and metasoma, with ovipositor; 438, mesoscutum; 439, scutellum; 440, petiole with lamellae.

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448 447

Figures 441–448. Camptoptera alii sp. nov. Holotype, female: 441, head, frontal view; 442, antenna; 443, fore wing; 444, hind wing; 445, mesosoma and metasoma, showing ovipositor; 446, mesoscutum; 447, scutellum; 448, petiole.

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451

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454

453 455 Figures 449–455. Camptoptera usmanii sp. nov. Holotype, female: 449, head, frontal view; 450, antenna; 451, fore wing; 452, hind wing; 453, mesosoma; 454, mesosoma and metasoma; 455, hind coxae, with leaf-like lamellae and petiole.

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10. GENUS EOFOERSTERIA Mathot (Figures 456–467)

Eofoersteria Mathot, 1966: 231. Type species Eofoersteria camptopteroides Mathot, by original designation. Eofoersteria Mathot: Huber & Lin, 1999: 37.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.25–0.29 mm. Mandible with one pointed tooth. Antenna with funicle 6-segmented without a ring-like segment (Fig. 462). Each axilla with a long to moderate seta (Fig. 465); posterior scutellum with posterior margin elongate, covering metanotum medially (Fig. 465). Legs with tarsi 4-segmented, last tarsal segment invariably long (Fig. 466). Fore wing narrow, slightly curved (Fig. 463). Petiole ridged (Fig. 465).

Male. Flagellum 8-segmented (Fig. 457).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Australia, Florida, India, Trinidad & Tobago, Zaire. Species. World, 4. India, 2 (and 1 undetermined male).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis 2. Eofoersteria secunda Viggiani 3. Eofoersteria sp. (male) (new record)

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF EOFOERSTERIA MATHOT, FEMALES, MALE 1. Male with flagellum 8-segmented (Fig. 457), prosternum with scale-like sculpture, pointing posteriorly (Fig. 461) ...... 1. E. sp. -. Female with flagellum 7-segmented (Fig. 462), prosternum without scale-like sculpture, pointing posteriorly (Fig. 466) ...... 2

2. Antenna with F1 longest; F3 longer than F2; scutellum not clearly divided into anterior and posterior parts ...... 2. E. secunda Viggiani

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-. Antenna with F2 longest (Fig. 462); F4 longer than F3; scutellum clearly divided into anterior and posterior parts (Fig. 465) ... 3. E. manipurenis Rehmat & Anis

1. Eofoersteria sp. (Figures 456–461)

Description Male. Length, 0.24 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 456). Head, in frontal view, 1.7× as broad as long. Antenna (Fig. 457) with flagellum 8-segmented, with longitudinal sensilla in each segment. Mesosoma (Fig. 460). Mesosoma 1.43× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with transversely reticulate sculpture; each axilla with one moderate seta; anterior scutellum with faint reticulate sculpture, 0.17× posterior scutellum; posterior scutellum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum with submedian carinae. prosternum with scale-like sculpture, pointing posteriorly (Fig. 461). Fore wing (Fig. 458) 13.66× as long as broad, with a complete row of setae begin beyond venation and reaching upto apex; longest marginal seta 5.76× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 459) 28.66× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.5× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 460). Petiole 1.28× as long as broad, with ridges. Genitalia occupying more than half length of gaster, 0.58× gaster and 0.56× mid tibia. Relative measurements (slide at 400×): head width:height, 46:27; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 2:3; scape, 19:5; pedicel, 12:7; F1, 15:4; F2, 13:4; F3, 16.5:5; F4, 17:5; F5, 17:4.5; F6, 18:5; F7, 17:5; F8, 18.5:5; mesosoma, 56; mesoscutum, 16; anterior scutellum, 4; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 2; propodeum, 11; forewing length:width, 173:13; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 172:6; longest marginal seta, 45; fore tibia, 33; mid tibia, 41; mid basitarsus, 8; hind tibia, 48; petiole length:width, 9:7; gaster, 39; genitalia, 23.

Material examined. INDIA: TAMIL NADU: Shenbaganur, 1 male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.159) 2.iv.2014 (MT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

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Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The male of Eofoersteria is collected for the first time from the world. Huber & Linn (1999) predicted that males of Eofoersteria if found will have at most 9-segmented flagellum. I record one male of the genus as Eofoersteria sp. from Tamil Nadu with 8-segmented flagellum. The reduction of the ring-like segment in female has also led to the reduction of ring-like segment in males as well and hence, the male antenna with 8-segmented flagellum. However, it has a peculiar characteristics of having scale-like raised sculpture on prosternum.

2. Eofoersteria secunda Viggiani Eofoersteria secunda Viggiani, 1978b: 39, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (MHNG), not examined. Eofoersteria secunda Viggiani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 134, catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 184, catalogue. Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 563, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 4, checklist. Rehmat & Anis, 2015: 131, key, diagnosis, distribution.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.32 mm. Body brown. Antenna pale brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Gaster dark brown. Head, occiput with transverse striations; face with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Antenna with scape about 4× (excluding radicle) as long as broad, about as long as F1; pedicel about half length of scape; funicle segments relatively longer, F1 longest, F3 longer than F2, F3–F6 decreasing in length distad; clava oblong, more than 3× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined, with 2 longitudinal sensilla (Viggiani, 1978: fig. 1). Mesosoma longer than metasoma; mesoscutum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; each axilla with one long seta; scutellum not clearly divided into anterior and posterior parts; anterior scutellum faintly reticulate; posterior scutellum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum with 2 pairs of submedian carinae not touching the anterior margin and with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Fore wing longer than body, with a row of setae, running from the middle of the disc and reaching upto apex,

256 about 15× as long as broad; longest marginal seta about 7× maximum wing width. Hind wing with one row of median discal setae. Metasoma. Petiole ridge without lateral lamellae. Ovipositor barely exserted beyond the gastral apex, less than half length of gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Eofoersteria secunda Viggiani is based on the original description and illustrations given by Viggiani (1978b). It differs from E. manipurensis Rehmat & Anis (2015) by the following characters: antennal funicles relatively longer; F1 the longest; F3 longer than F2; F3–F6 decreasing in length distad; clava oblong is shorter than F4–F6 combined; scutellum not clearly divided into anterior and posterior parts; ovipositor less than half length of gaster. In E. manipurensis antennal funicles relatively shorter; F2 the longest; F4 longer than F3; clava normal, not oblong, subequal to F4–F6 combined; scutellum clearly divided into anterior and posterior parts; ovipositor more than half length of gaster. Rehmat & Anis (2015) mentioned that the species is diagnosed by having ovipositor longer than the length of gaster. However, it is clear that the ovipositor occupies less than half length of gaster (Viggiani, 1978b: fig. 7).

2. Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis (Figures 462–467) Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis, 2015: 130, female. Holotype, female, India, Manipur (ZDAMU), examined. Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis: Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 19, Nagaland, record.

Redescription Female. Length 0.29 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head (Fig. 465). Head, 1.69× as broad as long; occiput with transverse striations, converging medially; vertex and face with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Mandibles with one long tooth. Antennal scape 2.2× as long as broad; pedicel 0.72×

257 as long as broad; funicle 6-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 0.85× F2; F2 longest, 1.3× as long as broad; clava 2.63× as long as broad, subequal to F4–F6 combined, with 4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 462). Mesosoma (Fig. 465). Mesosoma 1.52× as long as gaster; mesoscutum with transverse reticulate sculpture, notaular lines well developed; each axilla with 1 long seta; anterior scutellum 0.17× posterior scutellum; sides of anterior scutellum and axillae completely with faint reticulation; posterior scutellum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum shorter than scutellum, 2.5× as long as anterior scutellum and 0.43× posterior scutellum, with submedian carinae slightly converging anteriorly; touching both the margins, area between them with few peg-like sensilla. Fore wing (Fig. 463) 16.11× as long as broad, disc with a row of setae begin distal to venation running medially but not touching the apical margin; longest marginal seta 7.22× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 464) 32.4× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 465). Petiole 0.46× as long as broad, ridged and without lateral lamellae; cercal plate at gastral apex; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.83× gaster and 0.93× mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head width:length, 39:23; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 4:2.5; scape, 11:5; pedicel, 8:11; F1, 9:2; F2, 10.5:2; F3, 8:3; F4, 9:4; F5, 9:4.5; F6, 9:5; clava, 29:11; mesosoma, 55; mesoscutum, 19; anterior scutellum, 4; posterior scutellum, 23; metanotum, 3; propodeum, 10; fore wing length:width, 145:9; longest marginal seta, 65; hind wing length:width, 130:4; longest marginal seta, 40; fore tibia, 25; mid tibia, 32; mid basitarsus, 6; hind tibia, 35; petiole length:width, 16:13; gaster, 36; ovipositor, 30.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 3 coverslips), INDIA: MANIPUR, Imphal, 11.xi.2011, Coll. S. Begum. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.712).

Non-type material examined. INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Kanakapura Road, Near Sangama, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.160), 21.ix.2012, Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU).

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Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka (new record), Manipur. Comments. Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis (2015) is a distinct species and comes close to the Australian species E. vasta (Girault, 1920) but differs by the following characters: F1 0.85× F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F5 and F6 subequal; clava more than 2.5× as long as broad, subequal to F4–F5 combined. In E. vasta: F1 0.75× F2; F2 subequal to F4; F5 slightly longer than F6; clava nearly 4× as long as broad, slightly longer than F4–F6 (Girault, 1920; Lin et al., 2007).

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457

456

459

458

461

460

Figures 456–461. Eofoersteria sp. Male: 456, head; 457, antenna; 458, fore wing; 459, hind wing; 460, mesosoma and metasoma; 461, fore legs, with prosternum.

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462

463

464

466

467

465

Figures 462–467. Eofoersteria manipurensis Rehmat & Anis. Holotype female: 462, antenna; 463, fore wing; 464, hind wing; 465, head dorsal, with mesosoma and metasoma, showing ovipositor; 466, fore legs, with prosternum; 467, slide.

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11. GENUS PTILOMYMAR Annecke & Doutt (Figures 468–475)

Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt, 1961: 24. Type species Ptilomymar rete Annecke & Doutt, by monotypy and original designation.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.45–0.62 mm. Mandible three dentate (Fig. 486). Antenna with funicle 7- or 8-segmented (Fig. 469). Propodeum with a pair of well developed carinae; propodeal seta prodigeously developed and branched; propodeum sublaterally with a pair of leaf-like areolate translucent lamellae; a pair of lamellae also present dorsally on Gt1 of gaster and one on ventrally at base; Fore wing expanded with very long marginal seta (Fig. 470). Tarsi 4-segmented (Fig. 474). Gt1 of gaster very large, occupying major part of the gaster.

Male. Flagellum 11-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 8. India, 4 (including one doubtful record).

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Ptilomymar dianensis Jin & Li (doubtful record) 2. Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis 3. Ptilomymar trebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel 4. Ptilomymar heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES 1. Funicle 7-segmented ...... 1. P. heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel -. Funicle 8-segmented ...... 2

2. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster ...... 2. P. dictyon Hayat & Anis -. Ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster, at most as long as gaster ... 3

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3. Scape with ventral margin swollen in distal half; F2 the longest; F3–F8 decreasing in length distad; exserted part of ovipositor 0.5× gaster length ...... 3. P. dianensis Jin & Li -. Scape swollen medially; F2–F8 subequal in length; exserted part of ovipositor as long as gaster ...... 4. P. trebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel

1. Ptilomymar heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel Ptilomymar heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015a: 322, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (EDAU), not examined. Ptilomymar heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel: Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 17, key.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.45 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown to dark brown. Wings subhyaline, and slightly infuscated beyond venation. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head. Head, almost as long as broad, with faint striations. Antenna with funicle 7-segmented; F1 shortest; F2 the longest; clava 2.56× as long as broad, subequal to F3–F7 combined. Mesosoma. Mesosoma less than 1.5× as long as broad, shorter than metasoma, with longitudinal reticulate sculpture. Fore wing 5.3× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 1.5× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing very narrow, 40.7× as long as broad. Metasoma. Petiole 1.5× as long as broad. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex.

Male. Similar to female except for antenna and sexual characters. Antenna with flagellum 11-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Ptilomymar heptafuniculata Manickavasagam & Palanivel is based on the original descriptions and illustrations given by Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015a). The species is unique in the genus by having

263 antenna with funicle 7-segmented while the other described species are with funicle 8-segmented.

2. Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis (Figures 468–475) Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis, 1999a: 15, female. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (BMNH), not examined. Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis: Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013b: 567, checklist. Anis & Rehmat, 2013: 7, checklist. Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015a: 324, key. Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 17, key.

Redescription Female. Length 0.56 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Wings with faint infuscation. Legs pale brown. Head, in frontal view, 1.4× as broad as long; occiput with transverse striations; vertex and face with faint polygonal reticulate sculpture. Mandibles with three teeth (Fig. 468). Antennal scape 4.57× as long as broad; pedicel 2.12× as long as broad; funicle 8-segmented; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 shortest; F4 the longest; F3 and F6 subequal in length, slightly shorter than F4; clava 2.87× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F8 combined, with 3–4 longitudinal sensilla (Fig. 469). Mesosoma 0.69× length of gaster; anterior scutellum 0.22× posterior scutellum; anterior scutellum and axillae with faint reticulation; propodeum longer than scutellum, 6× as long as anterior scutellum and 1.36× as long as posterior scutellum, submedian carinae well developed, from which leaf-like areolate translucent lamellae originate (Fig. 472). Fore wing (Fig. 470) 5.65× as long as broad, disc setose; longest marginal seta 1.63× as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 471) 50× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole (Fig. 473) ridged, and without lateral lamellae, 1.81× as long as broad; ovipositor 0.63× gaster, 0.91× mid tibia, slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster. Relative measurements (paratype slide, at 400×): head width:height, 70:50;

264 antennal segments length:width — radicle, 6:2; scape, 32:7; pedicel, 17:8; F1, 5:3.5; F2, 10:3; F3, 13:4; F4, 13.5:4; F5, 12.5:4; F6, 13:4.5; F7, 9:5; F8, 11:6; clava, 46:16; mesosoma, 90; mesoscutum, 35; anterior scutellum, 5; posterior scutellum, 22; metanotum, 10; propodeum, 30; fore wing length:width, 260:46; longest marginal seta, 75; hind wing length:width, 200:4; longest marginal seta, 40; fore tibia, 57; mid tibia, 90; mid basitarsus, 16; hind tibia, 65; petiole length:width, 20:11; gaster, 130; ovipositor, 82; exserted part of ovipositor, 4.

Male. Unknown.

Type material examined. Paratype, female (on slide under 3 coverslips), INDIA: TAMIL NADU: Villupuram, 19.ii.1993, Coll. S.I. Kazmi. (ZDAMU, registration No. HYM.CH.510).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The redescription of Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & Anis (1999a) is based on the examination of paratype housed in ZDAMU. However, it was described from two females and it comes close to a Sri Lankan species P. besucheti Viggiani (1974) in several characters, but differs as follows: distance between anterior ocellus and transverse trabecula more than 4 diameter of the ocellus; presence of a pair of scale- like setae on each side of Gt1 of gaster; ovipositor slightly exserted; F7 and F8 apparently distinctly shorter than F3–F6 individually; F3 the longest. In P. besucheti: distance between anterior ocellus and transverse trabecula about 2 diameter of the ocellus; scale-like setae on each side of Gt1 of gaster absent; ovipositor distinctly exserted; F3–F8 appears subequal in length; F2 the longest (Hayat & Anis, 1999c).

3. Ptilomymar dianensis Jin & Li Ptilomymar dianensis Jin & Li, 2014: 129, female, male. Holotype, female, China, Yunnan, Mengla, County (NEFU), not examined. Ptilomymar dianensis Jin & Li: Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 19, India record (?).

265 Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.5 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown. Wings subhyaline, fore wing with triangular dark brown patch behind marginal vein, and slightly narrow infuscation beyond venation. Legs, including coxae, pale brown. Head. Head, with polygonal reticulate sculpture (Jin & Li, 2014: fig. 9). Antennal scape with ventral margin swollen in distal half, slightly narrower apically, more than 5× as long as broad, F1 smallest; F3 the longest; F3–F8 decreasing in length distad; clava nearly 2.5× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F8 combined, with numerous longitudinal sensilla in apical half (Jin & Li, 2014: fig. 1). Mesosoma. Mesosoma almost twice as long as broad, longer than metasoma; mesoscutum and scutellum with polygonal reticulate sculpture; metanotum very wide; propodeum shorter than anterior and posterior scutellum combined. Fore wing 3.61× as long as broad; longest marginal seta about 1.38× maximum wing width (Jin & Li, 2014: fig. 11). Hind wing very narrow (Jin & Li, 2014: fig. 2). Metasoma. Petiole about 3× as long as broad. Ovipositor strongly exserted beyond the gastral apex, 0.5× gaster length (Jin & Li, 2014: fig. 8).

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India (doubtful record): Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu. (China). Comments. The redescription of Ptilomymar dianensis Jin & Li is based on the original description and illustrations given by Jin & Li (2014). Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015b) recorded the species for the first time from India. They provided only a habitus photograph of the species which does not look similar to P. dianensis because the species has ovipositor distinctly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.7× mid tibia. However, it is evident by the habitus photograph provided by Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015b) that the ovipositor is not exserted beyond the gasteral apex. I, therefore, consider it to be a doubtful record from India.

4. Ptilomymar trebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel Ptilomymar terebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: 16, female, male. Holotype, female, India, Tamil Nadu (EDAU), not examined.

266

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.62 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna brown to dark brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, brown to pale brown. Head broader than high, with imbricate sculpture (Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: fig. 3). Antenna with funicle 8-segmented; F1 shortest; F2–F8 subequal in length; clava 3.3× as long as broad, subequal to F5–F8 combined. Mesosoma. Mesosoma shorter than gaster, with polygonal reticulate sculpture. Fore wing more than 6× as long as broad; longest marginal seta about 1.5× maximum wing width (Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015: fig. 6). Hind wing very narrow, 52.25× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 10× as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole as long as broad. Ovipositor more than 1.5× as long as gaster, strongly exserted beyond the gastral apex.

Male. Similar to female except for antenna and sexual characters. Antenna with flagellum 11-segmented.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of Ptilomymar terebratus Manickavasagam & Palanivel is based on the original description and illustrations given by Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015b). The species comes close to P dianensis Jin & Li by having strongly exserted ovipositor but differs as follows: scape swollen medially; fore wing more than 6× as long as broad; petiole as long as broad; ovipositor 2.9× as long as mid tibia, exserted part of ovipositor as long as gaster (Manickavasagam & Palanivel, 2015b: Fig. 2). In P. dianensis: scape with ventral margin swollen in distal half, slightly narrower apically; fore wing less than 4× as long as broad; petiole as long as broad and ovipositor 0.7× mid tibia, exserted part of ovipositor 0.5× gaster length.

267 469

468

470

471

474

472

473

475 Figures 468–475. Ptilomymar dictyon Hayat & S.B. Anis. Paratype female: 468, mandibles; 469, antenna; 470, fore wing; 471, hind wing; 472, part of mesosoma, with leaf-like lamellae; 473, petiole, with part of gaster, showing leaf-like lamallae; 474, leg, with tarsi; 475, slide.

268

12. GENUS STEPHANOCAMPTA Mathot (Figures 476–486)

Stephanocampta Mathot 1966: 219. Type species Stephanocampta yaosekoensis Mathot, by original designation. Hadromymar Yoshimoto 1990: 30. Type species Hadromymar masoni Yoshimoto, by original designation. Synonymy under Stephanocampta by Huber & Lin 1999: 39.

Diagnosis Female. Occiput with a curved, transverse groove extending to lateral margin of head at the level of mid-eye height (Fig. 480). Mandible with 1 tooth (Fig. 479). Female funicle 7-segmented with F2 either subequal to remaining segments or ring- like. Fore wing relatively broad, slightly curved at apex, usually with numerous setae in distal half; proximal macrochaeta very short; distal macrochaeta long. Propodeum at least half length of scutellum, with translucent membranous lamellae (Fig. 485). Tarsi 5-segmented. Petiole short, surrounded ventrally and laterally by translucent lacey collar extending out from base of gaster (Fig. 486).

Male. flagellum is 10-segmented with only F2 ring-like segment.

Host. Unknown. Distribution. Argentina, Congo, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India and Panama. Species. World, 6. India, 3.

LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 1. Stephanocampta andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel 2. Stephanocampta huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel 3. Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya

KEY TO INDIAN SPECIES OF STEPHANOCAMPTA MATHOT, FEMALES 1. F3 longer than combined length of F1 and F2; ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of gaster ...... 1. S. andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel -. F3 shorter than combined length of F1 and F2; ovipositor strongly exserted beyond apex of gaster...... 2

269

2. Fore wing with 5 rows of relatively short setae in apical half; ovipositor 1.26× as long as gaster ...... 2. S. huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel -. Fore wing with 3 rows of relatively long setae in apical half (Fig. 482); ovipositor 0.69× gaster ...... 3. S. indica Anwar & Zeya

1. Stephanocampta andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel Stephanocampta andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel, in Palanivel et al., 2015: 480, female. Holotype, female, India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.36 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown except scape yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head broader than high, with transverse striations. Antenna with funicle 7- segmented; F2 quadrate; F3 the longest; F3–F7 slightly decreasing in length distad; clava more than 5× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma subequal in length to gaster; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum. Fore wing 9.2× as long as broad, disc setose in distal half with 5 rows of setae and 6–7 setae in a row just behind venation; longest marginal seta 3.4× maximum wing width. Hind wing 23.8× as long as broad; longest marginal seta 7.7× maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole longer than broad. Ovipositor more than half length of gaster, not exserted beyond the gastral apex.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Comments. The diagnosis of Stephanocampta andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015) is based on the original description and illustrations given by Palanivel et al. (2015). However, it comes close to S. huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015) in several characters, but differs as follows: Antenna with F2

270 quadrate; F3 the longest; F3–F7 slightly decreasing in length distad; clava more than 5× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F4–F7 combined; ovipositor more than half length of gaster, not exserted beyond the gastral apex. In S. huberi: antenna with F4–F7 slightly decreasing in length distad; F2 longer than broad; F4 the longest; clava more than 6× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F3–F7 combined; ovipositor distinctly longer than gaster, strongly exserted beyond the gastral apex.

2. Stephanocampta huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel Stephanocampta huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel, in Palanivel et al., 2015: 482, female. Holotype, female, India, Manipur (EDAU), not examined.

Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown except scape yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellow. Head, in frontal view, broader than high, with transverse striations. Antenna with funicle 7-segmented; F2 slightly longer than broad; F4 the longest; F4–F7 decreasing in length distad; clava slightly more than 6× as long as broad, slightly shorter than F3–F7 combined with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma subequal in length to gaster, with transversly arched reticulate sculpture medially; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum. Fore wing 9.2× as long as broad, disc setose in distal half, with 5 rows of short setae and 5 setae in a row just behind venation; longest marginal seta 3.8× maximum wing width. Hind wing 24.5× as long as broad. longest marginal seta 9× maximum wing width. Petiole longer than broad. Ovipositor longer than length of gaster, strongly exserted beyond the gastral apex; exserted part of ovipositor about as long as gaster.

Male. Unknown.

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Manipur. Comments. The diagnosis of Stephanocampta huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel, (2015) is based on the original description and illustrations given by Manickavasagam & Palanivel in Palanivel et al. (2015). It comes close to S. indica

271

Anwar & Zeya, (2015) (Palanivel et al., 2015) in several characters, but differs as follows: antenna with F2 longer than broad; F4 the longest; F4–F7 decreasing in length distad; fore wing with 5 rows of relatively short setae in distal half; ovipositor distinctly longer than gaster, strongly exserted beyond the gastral apex, exserted part about as long as gaster. In S. indica: antenna with F2 quadrate; F3 the longest; F3– F7 decreasing in length distad; fore wing with 3 rows of relatively long setae in distal half; ovipositor shorter than gaster, distinctly exserted beyond the gastral apex. It also differs from S. andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel (2015) by the characters given under the comments of S. andamanensis Manickavasagam & Palanivel.

3. Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya (Figures 476–486) Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya, in Anwar et al., 2015b: 149. Holotype, male, India, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur (ZDAMU), examined. Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya: Palanivel et al., 2015: 480, 485, key, description female.

Redescription Male. Holotype. Body length, 0.28 mm. Head metallic dark brown, eyes grey. Antenna brown with dark brown margins. Mesosoma metallic dark brown. Wings hyaline. Legs brown. Metasoma metallic dark brown. Head (Figs 479, 480). Head, in frontal view, 1.36× as broad as high (Fig. 479), faintly sculptured; torulus touching preorbital trabecula. Antenna (Fig. 481) with scape 2.8× as long as broad; pedicel 1.3× as long as broad; all flagellar segments, except the ring-like F2, with longitudinal sensilla, and longer than broad; F3–F5 subequal; F6–F8 subequal; and F9 and F10 subequal. Mesosoma (Fig. 485). Mesosoma 0.68× gaster length; mesoscutum with transversely curved faint striated sculpture; scutellum with faint criss-crossed sculpture; propodeum nearly 2× as long as anterior scutellum, bearing translucent mesh-like lamellae. Fore wing 12× as long as broad (Fig. 482); disc with about 5 rows of setae in apical half and a row of three setae behind venation (Fig. 483); longest seta of marginal fringe 5× maximum wing width. Hind wing 23.5× as long as wide (Fig. 484); longest marginal seta 6.8× maximum wing width.

272

Metasoma (Fig. 486). Petiole long, 0.41× as long as gaster; genitalia 0.72× as long as gaster and 0.37× as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements (holotype slide, at 400×): head frontal width: height, 60:44; antennal segments length:width — radicle, 4:5; scape, 20:7; pedicel, 13:10; F1, 10:6.5; F2, 1.5:2.5; F3, 15:6; F4, 15:6; F5, 15:6; F6, 18:6; F7, 19:6; F8, 19:7; F9, 20:7; F10, 20:6; mesosoma, 60; fore wing length:width, 180:15; marginal fringe, 65; hind wing length:width, 165:7; marginal fringe, 48; fore tibia, 39; mid tibia, 57; mid basitarsus, 55; hind tibia, 56; hind basitarsus, 58; petiole length, 12; gaster, 29; genitalia, 21.

Female. Length, 0.32 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna pale brown to brown. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, yellowish brown. Head, broader than long, with transverse striations. Antenna with funicle 7- segmented; F3 longest; F2 subquadrate; clava more than 5× as long as broad, shorter than F3–F7 combined with 4 longitudinal sensilla. Mesosoma subequal in length to gaster, with transversly curved reticulate sculpture converging medially; scutellum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum shorter than combined length of anterior and posterior scutellum. Fore wing 10.41× (425.5:42.5) as long as broad, disc setose in distal half with 3 rows of long setae and 3 setae in a row just behind venation; longest marginal seta about 3.88× (165:42.5) as long as maximum wing width. Hind wing 23.14× (405: 17.5) as long as broad; longest marginal seta about 6.85× (120:17.5) as long as maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole longer than broad. Ovipositor more than half the length of gaster, distinctly exserted beyond the gastral apex.

Type material examined. Holotype, male (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM.156): INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, Attur, 29.x.2011 (PFT [Pit Fall Trap]), Coll. K Veenakumari. (ZDAMU, registration no. HYM/CH/709).

Non-type material examined (ZDAMU Collections). INDIA: MANIPUR: Senapatti, 1 female, 1 male (on cards), 20.1x.2014 (YPT), Coll. Sophis Singh. (det. S. Manickavasagam as Stephanocampta indica).

Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Manipur.

273

Comments. The redescription of male of Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya (2015, in Anwar et al., 2015b) is based on examination of the holotype, and the diagnosis of the female is based on female on card housed in ZDAMU and descriptions and illustrations given by Palanivel et al. (2015). The species comes close to S. huberi Manickavasagam & Palanivel but differs from the characters given under comments of S. huberi.

274

476

477

478 Figures 476–478. Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya. (476) habitus, female. (477) habitus male. (478) slide, holotype male.

275

480 479

482 483

484 481

486 485

Figures 479–486. Stephanocampta indica Anwar & Zeya. Holotype male: 479, head, frontal view; 480, head, occipital; 481, antenna; 482, fore wing; 483, fore wing, basal; 484, hind wing; 485, mesosoma and metasoma; 486, propodeum and gaster, with petiole, showing mesh-like lamellae. 276

Chapter 2

Phylogeny PHYLOGENY

Introduction

Polyphyletic lineage of Mymaridae, was based mainly on different structure of mesosomal-metasomal attachment (Annecke and Doutt, 1961). However, at least two derived traits that are autapomorphies for the family that support the mymarids have evolved from a common ancestors are: (1) head with an ‘H-shaped’ band called trabeculae (Königsmann, 1978; Schauff, 1984; Huber, 1997) and (2) presence of a seta, ‘the hypochaeta’, on ventral surface of fore wing, directed posteriorly from near the anterior margin of the wing just in front of the marginal vein (Schauff, 1984). The other characters like widely separated toruli which are placed always close to eyes than to each other, is also uniquely derived character for the family (Huber, 1997). Schauff (1984) conducted phylogenetic analysis of Holarctic genera of Mymaridae and hypothesized that the family may be the sister group of the rest of the Chalcidoidea. However, it was Gibson (1986) who originally proposed that the family Mymaridae is a sister group of Chalcidoidea. Later, it was supported by molecular evidence by Munro et al. (2011) and Heraty et al. (2013). Within, Mymaridae the subfamilial and the tribal classification are still unsolved and hence, Schauff (1984), Noyes & Valentine (1989) and Lin et al. (2007) have proposed informal genera-groups. The philosophical approach used here is to determine probable relationships within different genera-groups by common ancestry that is determined by shared, derived, homologous character states. The character states that are used here were used previously to define or to suggest relationships of Chalcidoidea. Here, I provide a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of relationships in 23 species belonging to 12 genera of Mymaridae selected for the present thesis. For which 39 morphological characters were taken which I found suitable for analyzing relationships in the included genera and between selected species of the genera. As stated here 23 species (excluding the outgroup) were sorted out based on one or more contrasting characters (Table.1). For example 3 species of the genus Dicopomorpha Ogloblin were taken namely D. indica Subba Rao, D. dente sp. nov.

277 and D. albithorax Rameshkumar & Manickavasagam based on number of mandibular teeth i.e. either with one-tooth or two-teeth, the number of funicular segment 6- or 7- and form of F2 i.e. ring-like or normal.

Materials and methods

Species investigated are listed in Table 1. A total of 24 species in 13 genera (including outgroup) were included in the phylogenetic analysis (Table 2). Measurements of body parts are illustrated in Figures 1–8. Antennal scape, pedicle and flagellar segments are measured in their maximum lengths in lateral view.

Characters analysis of generic-group relationships of Mymaridae

More than fifty characters were initially chosen based on the literature (cited against each character). Dr. J.T. Huber and Dr. M. Hayat provided information on some potential characters for analysis and insights in to states for certain genera of Mymaridae. Amongst the characters selected, only 39 cheracters were retained and rest were excluded after coding because of excessive variation within genera. All characters were unordered.

278

CHARACTERS

The following is a list of characters and states used in the parsimonial analysis (0=plesiomorphic). If not otherwise stated, polarity was determined solely by reference to outgroups.

ANTENNA

1. Radicle: not clearly separated from scape (0); clearly separated from scape (1). 2. Length of radicle: not more than 2 times as long as broad (0); very long, at least 2× as long as broad (1). 3. Scape length: less than 5× as long as broad (0); more than 5× as long as broad (1).

The radicle is considered as a separate antennal segment by Onagbola & Fadamiro (2008). However, Goulet & Huber (1993) treated it as petiolated part of the scape. Although I consider radicle as a part of scape. However, I have excluded its length from scape.

4. Number of funicle segments: 8-segmented (0); 7-segmented (1); funicle 6- segmented (2); funicle 5-segmented (3), funicle 4-segmented (4).

The larger number of funicular segments (8) is presumed to be plesiomorphic (Boucek & Heydon, 1997). Included outgroup taxa from Gonatocerus have 8 funicle segments.

5. Funicle segment 2: normal (0); Funicle segment 2 quadrate or, slightly longer than broad (1); Funicle segment 2 broader than long, ring-like (2).

A ring-like funicle segment 2 (F2) is present mostly in individuals of Camptoptera- group of genera while most of the mymarid have F2 longer than broad. Possession of a ring-like F2 is treated as an apomorphic character.

6. Relative size of funicle segment 1: at most 2× as long as broad (0); more than 2× as long as broad (1). 7. Shape of funicles: longer than broad (0); broader than long (1). 8. Tip of antennal club: not pointed (0); pointed (1); narrowly rounded apically or at most attenuated into finger-like process (2). 279 Almost all the mymarids and the other chalcids have a rounded claval tip and it can be considered to be symplesiomorphy. However, pointed claval tip and clava with finger-like projection is hypothesized to be highly evolved characters and considered to be apomorphies.

9. Clava length: as long as three preceding funicular segments combined (0); longer than three preceding funicular segments combined (1); more than four preceding funicular segments combined (2). 10. Number of distinct claval segments: 2-segmented (0); entire (1).

Higher number of claval segments is considered to be primitive. Reduction in number of claval segments is due to fusion of segments. Citations: Schauff (1984); Woolley (1988); Gibson (1989; 2003); Noyes and Hayat (1994); Lotfalizadeh et al. (2007); Burks et al. (2011); Kim and Heraty (2012); Heraty et al. (2013).

HEAD

11. Shape of head in frontal view: normally rounded, narrower ventrally (0); more or less quadrate to rectangular with subparallel sides (1). 12. Subantennal sulcus – vertical grooves below toruli: absent (0); present (1).

Subantennal sulcus is paired grooves or lines on the lower face between each torulus and mouth margin. In Mymaridae it is present in Gonatocerus which is taken as outgroup here. Citations: LaSalle (1987); Heraty (2002); Burks et al. (2011).

13. Frontovertex sculpture: shallow (0); frontovertex raised (1). 14. Position of toruli in relation to oral cavity: near middle of head or higher (0); immediately adjacent (touching) clypeus (1). 15. Separation of antennal toruli from eye margin: clearly separated from eye margin (0); almost touching eye margin (1). 16. Number of mandibular teeth: four teeth (0); three teeth (1); two teeth (2); one tooth only (3); one long tooth with many denticles.

MESOSOMA

17. Prosternum shape: truncate posteriorly (0); acute posteriorly (1).

280 18. Visibility of pronotum from dorsal view: mesoscutum anteriorly not abruptly convex, pronotum visible medially in dorsal view, even if only a margin (0); mesoscutum anteriorly abruptly convex above pronotum and concealing it in dorsal view medially (1).

This character refers to pronotum visible medially in dorsal view. Citations: Heraty (1994; 2002); Kim and Heraty (2012).

19. Length of mesoscutum in relation to scutellum: longer (0); subequal (1); distinctly shorter (2). 20. Median division of pronotum: entire (0); divided by median suture, faintly, or full separation (1).

A medially divided pronotum has been found in some Mymaridae and other taxa that are typically small-bodied. A more super¿cially divided pronotum has been found in some larger-bodied taxa, such as some . Citations: Polaszek and Hayat (1992); Noyes and Hayat (1994); Gibson (1995, 2003); Kim and Heraty (2012); Heraty et al. (2013).

21. Presence of notaular lines: present, and reaching upto the posterior margin of the mesoscutum (0); present, but not reaching upto the posterior margin of the mesoscutum (1); absent (2).

Notauli is usually oblique, longitudinal groove on mesoscutum often dividing the mesoscutum into medial part and two lateral lobes. Citations: Darling (1983); LaSalle (1987); Woolley (1988); Gibson (1989, 2003); Schauff (1991); Delvare (1992); Heraty (1994, 2002); Noyes and Hayat (1994); Wijesekara (1997); Krogmann and Vilhelmsen (2006); Lotfalizadeh et al. (2007); Gates (2008); Burks et al. (2011).

22. Scutellum: undivided (0); divided into transverse anterior scutellum and large posterior scutellum either by complete or incomplete faint suture (1). 23. Propodeum with submedian carina: present (0); absent (1). 24. Mesophragma posterior end: rounded (0); notched (1).

281 WING

25. Extensive bare discal area of fore wing: absent (0); present (1). 26. Fore wing behind venation: neither excised not lobed (0); lobed (1); deeply excised (2). 27. Marginal fringe setae of fore wing: absent, or short and not longer than tegula (0); moderate, longer than tegula, but shorter than maximum width of fore wing (1); relatively long, longer than maximum width of fore wing (2).

The length of the marginal fringe of setae as interpreted for this character is based on the longest seta that project wing from posterior margin of the fore wing. Citations: Noyes and Hayat (1994).

28. Fore wing shape: broad: (0); narrow (1). 29. Hind wing shape: narrow and pointed apically (0); broad and blunt apically (1).

LEG

30. Number of tarsal segments: 5-segmented tarsi (0); 4-segmented tarsi (1); 3- segmented tarsi (2).

5-segmented tarsus is plesiomorphic. Reduction in tarsal segments is due to fusion of 4 and 5 tarsal segments. This is well represented in the genera Eofoersteria and Ptilomymar. Citations: Schauff (1984); LaSalle et al. (1997); Huber & Lin (1999); Lin et al. (2007); Burks et al. (2011).

31. Shape of fore tibial spur (calcar): curved (0); straight (1).

Most Chalcidoidea have a curved fore tibial spur known as calcar. Citations: LaSalle et al. (1997); Woolley (1988); Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995); Heraty (2002); Burks et al. (2011).

32. Apex of fore tibial spur: cleft tip (0); single tip (1).

Cleft is present in both types of fore tibial spur i.e., curved and straight. Citations: Woolley (1988); Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995).

282 33. Comb of fore basitarsus: basitarsus without comb of seta (0); basitarsus with comb of closely set, stout setae (1).

The basitarsal comb is a series of specialized, typically spatulate setae on the ventral margin of basitarsus of the fore leg. The setae along with the fore tibial spur is modified into a cleaning apparatus for the antenna. Citation: Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995).

METASOMA

34. Length of mesophragma in relation to metasoma: not extending into metasoma i.e. extending to apex of propodeum (0); extending upto petiole, but not touching apex of gaster (1); extending into gaster (2).

Mesophragma projects into the metasoma of some mymarids where petiole are invariably broad. However, this character is not entirely correlated with petiole dimensions because in some taxa where petiole is short, invariably broad but mesophragma does not extend into the gaster.

35. Metasoma: gaster with petiole distinct (0); gaster subsessile, petiole very short (1); gaster sessile, petiole absent (2). 36. Dimensions of petiole: petiole relatively narrow, less than 2× as broad as long i.e. gaster with petiole (0); petiole relatively broad, at least 3× as broad as long i.e. gaster sessile (1).

Gaster with distinct petiole compared is characteristic of most Chalcidoidea. Citations: Schauff (1984, 1991); Darling (1991); Delvare (1992); Krogmann and Vilhelmsen (2006); Lotfalizadeh et al. (2007); Gates (2008).

37. Apex of hypopygium: straight (0); sharply curved upward (1). 38. Extension of ovipositor: not looped (0); looped (1). 39. Shape of areolate lamellae on mesosoma and metasoma: absent (0); leaf-like (1); mesh-like (2). Areolate lamellae is absent in almost all the chalcids and other insects. However, its possession can be considered as an apomorphic characters.

283 TABLE 1. CHARACTER MATRIX FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS.

Characters

111111111122222222223333333333 Taxon 123456789012345678901234567890123456789 Zeyanus bialbifuniculatus 110000001100100110110100000000001010110 Alaptus indicus 100221011101001200000110122100001221110 Alaptus ramamurthyi 100301012101001200000110122100001221?10 Dicopomorpha albithorax 101201011101001200100110112100001221100 Dicopomorpha indica 100120011101000200100110112100001221100 Dicopomorpha dente 100101000111101300200110112100001221110 Dicopus noyesi 001101020101101200000110012100001221000 Dicopus obesus 011101021101101200000110112100001221000 Kikiki huna 11040000100010101000?110112102110221110 Litus usach 101201011110101200200100012100001221000 Eubroncus scutatus 110200112110100410100100001011011000000 Eubroncus vertexus 101200112110100410010100001011011000000 Anagroidea himalayana 111201012101100310000100001011011000000 Omyomymar yousufi 100201001001001311200111012001001110110 Omyomymar sudhiri 100201021001001311200111012001001110110 Camptoptera brevifuniculata 100121010110101310201100012100001000000 Camptoptera dravida 100121000100101311200100112100001000000 Camptoptera matcheta 100121001110101311201100012100001000000 Camptoptera muiri 100101011100101311201100012100001000000 Camptoptera okadomei 100121000110101310201100012100001000000 Camptoptera squama 001121000110100310201100012100001000100 Eofoersteria manipurensis 100201000100100310200100012101001000000 Ptilomymar dictyon 100000001100100111002100012001001000001 Stephanocampta indica 100111002100101311200100012100001000002

(?) Question marks denote missing data.

284

19-1, 20-1, 30-0, 35-1, 37-1, 38-1

5-2 36-2, 38-1 25 4-3, 9-2 13-0 27 3-1 19-119 26 4-1,4-1 5-2 8-1 30 6-0,6-0, 15-0 15-0 16-2, 38-0 9-0 Clade IV 2828 10-1 2-1, 25-1 31 29 18-0, 19-0 17-0 11-1, 12-0, 19-2, 23-0 25-1, 34-2 323 4-1, 9-0, 11-1, 19-2 10-0 335-2, 36-1 12-1, 23-1 2-1, 4-4, 6-0, 12-0, 16-0, 30-2, 31-1, 32-1, 33-0 34-1, 35-1 343 8-0 37-1, 38-1 13-0, 24-1, 28-0, 30-1 33 8-2 Clade III 8-1 15-1, 30-0 9-0, 18-0 40 35 11-1 36 1-0,1 0 3-1 15-0, 37-1 21-1 37 Clade II 4-2, 6-1, 16-3 5-2 5-0, 8-1 414 38 19-2, 28-1 9-0, 25-1 39 9-2, 39-2 2-0, 18-1 42 26-1, 27-2 9-0, 18-0 21-2, 39-1 45 3-0, 19-1 7-1 4343 3-1, 4-2, 8-1, 9-2, 16-3, 27-1, 29-1, 32-1 11-1, 16-4,, 2-0 444 20-1 Clade I 6-1, 12-12-1

Figure 487. Parsimonial tree from morphology analysis. Phylogenetic analyses

The outgroup Zeyanus bialbifuniculatus (Subba Rao), was chosen to polarise character states. Parsimony analysis was performed using PAUP v4.0ß10 (Swofford, 2002). Searches for most parsimonious trees were performed using a heuristic search with random stepwise addition, 100 replicates and holding 1 tree each step. Tree- Bisection-Reconnection (TBR) was chosen for branch swapping. All the characters were unordered and equally weighted. Of the total 39 characters chosen, 34 were parsimony-informative characters. Of the five characters that were parsimony- uninformative, 2 characters were constant (characters 14, 22) and 3 characters were although variable but have no impact in tree formation (characters 20, 29, 31). Only those characters were chosen that can be coded. Some characters could not be coded due to the preservational state of the specimens. Bootstrap analysis was conducted with 100 replications and a tree was retrieved, but most of the nodes were collapsed (creating polytomies). The tree was reconstructed using FigTree v1.4.0.

Tree length = 117 Consistency index (CI) = 0.4615 Homoplasy index (HI) = 0.5385 Retention index (RI) = 0.6866

Table 2. List of synapomorphies for clades in Figure 487. Clade Synapomorphies I 27, 29, 32 II Nil III 34, 35 IV 28, 34, 35, 36

Tree The tree clearly justifies genera-group concept in Mymaridae. The parsimonial analyses resulted in 4-clades from outgroup.

Clade I. The group emerging from node 45 is Anagroidea-group of genera. It includes two genera (Anagroidea Girault + Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov &

286

Trjapitzin) and is here hypothesised to be the sister group of rest of the genera included under the study. However it more closely related to the genera Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt and Eofoersteria Mathot because it shares characters like 4- segmented tarsi and petiole characters (char. 30, 34, 35, 36).

Clade II. It comprises the Camptoptera-group of genera emerging from node 40 (viz. Stephanocampta Mathot and Camptoptera Foerster). However, in tree the genus Eofoersteria Mathot is branching out from node 41 and Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt branched off from node 42. These two genera are presumed here to be the sister group of Camptoptera-group followed by Alaptus-group and Anagrus-group. However, the most of the workers consider these two genera Eofoersteria Mathot and Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt as members of the Camptoptera-group of genera and even it is not disagreed here. But, it has branched off separately in the tree because of reduced number of tarsal segments (4-segmented tarsi; char. 30) and variations in the number of antennal funicle (6-segments in Eofoersteria and 8- segments in Ptilomymar; char. 4). Therefore, the phylogenetic analysis reveals that these two genera are immediately followed by the Camptoptera-group of genera. Hence, there is no doubt in placing it within Camptoptera-group of genera. The placement of Stephanocampta is fully justified here as a sister-group of Camptoptera. However, within the genus Camptoptera there is much variation observed at species level hence, a thorough taxonomic study is required at this juncture as there is still much to be discovered in the genus and certainly it will prove to be one of the speciose genera in the family Mymaridae and it is evident by the present thesis in which the author has recognised 24 species including 13 new species. Keeping in view of above facts the author agrees with Huber & Lin (1999) that the best way to split the genus is by making several of its species-group.

Clade III. Clade III comprises of the genus Omyomymar Schauff which is a member of Anagrus-group of genera and from the tree it is hypothesised to be the sister-group of members of clade IV i.e., Alaptus-group of genera. It emerged from node 34 by four character changes (13-0, 24-1, 28-0, 30-1).

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Clade IV. Within Alaptus-group of genera the genus Kikiki Huber & Beardsley is branched off from node 32 and is hypothesised to be the sister of rest of the Alaptus- group of genera which includes: Litus, Dicopus, Dicopomorpha and Alaptus. Character states like 4-mandibular teeth and reduction of antennal funicle and tarsi (4-4, 16-0, 30-2) are unique for the genus. The genus Litus Haliday is the sister- group of Dicopus Enock, and the genus Dicopomorpha Ogloblin is the sister-group of Alaptus Westwood. The placement of Dicopomorpha dente sp. nov. is uncertain in the group. From node 31 this terminal taxon is defined by four character changes (4-1, 9-0, 11-1, 19-2) the tree hypothesize D. dente sp. nov. to be the immediate sister-group of Litus, than to Dicopomorpha and it may be true because the Alaptus- group of genera is represented by presence of bidentate mandibles except genus Kikiki. D. dente sp. nov is the only species with a massive-thick mandible with one- tooth. So, the species has the potential to be elevated as a new genus within the group. However, it is placed within the genus Dicopomorpha and its status as a new genus can only be confirmed if it is supported by molecular evidence. From node 30 two nodes emerge node 29 comprises genera Litus by four character state changes (11-1, 12-0, 19-2, 23-0) and two species of Dicopus by three state changes (9-0), (2-1, 25-1). The other node 27 separates the two genera i.e., two species of Dicopomorpha by five character changes (3-1), (4-1, 5-2, 6-0, 15-0) and another two species of Alaptus by three character changes (5-2), (4-3, 9-2).

Discussion The above phylogenetic analysis is based on only a part of Indian genera of Mymaridae and should be considered as preliminary work. On the basis of this work a hypothesis of relationships of four genera-group discussed under four clades. However, the Indian fauna of Mymaridae is distributed in eleven group of genera is listed in classification part of the thesis. The tree justifies the genera-group within Mymaridae. But, the actual position of these genera in Indian context would be more understandable until more genera would be added to Indian fauna.

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