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CRIMINALITE ORGANISEE ET INSTABILITE EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE Une Évaluation Des Menaces

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CRIMINALITE ORGANISEE ET INSTABILITE EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE Une Évaluation Des Menaces Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: +(43) (1) 26060-0, Fax: +(43) (1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org CRIMINALITE ORGANISEE ET INSTABILITE EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE Une évaluation des menaces Publication des Nations Unies imprimée en Slovénie October 2011 – 500 Octobre 2011 OFFICE DES NATIONS UNIES CONTRE LA DROGUE ET LE CRIME Vienne Criminalité organisée et instabilité en Afrique centrale Une évaluation des menaces Copyright© 2011, Office des Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime (ONUDC). Remerciements Cette étude a été réalisée par la Section d’études et d’analyse des menaces (STAS) de l’ONUDC, au sein de la Division de l’analyse des politiques et des relations publiques (DPA). Chercheurs Ted Legget (chercheur principal) Jenna Dawson (STAS) Alexander Yearsley (consultant) Conception graphique, support cartographique, édition informatisée Suzanne Kunnen (STAS) Kristina Kuttnig (STAS) Supervision Sandeep Chawla (Directeur, DPA) Thibault le Pichon (Chef, STAS) La préparation de ce rapport n’aurait pas été possible sans les données et informations com- miquées par les Etats membres à l’ONUDC et aux autres organisations internationales. L’ONUDC est particulièrement reconnaissant aux gouvernements et aux agents des forces de l’ordre rencontrés en République démocratique du Congo, au Rwanda et en Ouganda pendant la réalisation de cette recherche. L’ONUDC remercie tout particulièrement l’ensemble du personnel de l’ONUDC –aux sièges comme aux bureaux de terrain- d’avoir révisé les différentes sections de ce rapport. L’équipe de recherche est également reconnaissante au grand nombre de fonctionnaires et d’experts lui ayant fourni des informations, des conseils et des commentaires, qu’il s’agisse des membres du Groupe d’experts des Nations-Unies sur la République démocratique du Congo, de la MONUSCO (dont la police des Nations-Unies et la JMAC), de l’IPIS, du Small Arms Survey, de Partnership Africa Canada, du Polé Institute, de l’ITRI et de tant d’autres. Le support financier pour cette étude a éte fourni par les gouvernements de Suède (à travers le Service de la programmation intégrée et du contrôle de l’ONUDC) et du Canada. Mentions légales Ce rapport n’a pas éte édité de façon formelle et constitue une traduction informelle de la ver- sion originale publiée en anglais faisant foi. Le contenu de cette publication ne doit pas être nécessairement considéré comme reflétant les vues et les politiques de l’ONUDC et des organisations contributrices ni leur approbation. Les désignations employées et la présentation des informations au sein de cette publication n’impliquent en aucune facon l’expression d’une opinion de la part de l’ONUDC ou du Secré- tariat des Nations-Unies en ce qui concerne le statut juridique des pays, territoires ou zones, et de leurs autorités, ainsi que le tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Images de couverture © Aprescindere | Dreamstime.com Site web : www.unodc.org M e r Alger Tunis Rabat TUNISIE Madère (PORTUGAL) MAROC Tripoli Îles Canaries Cairo (ESPAGNE) ALGERIE Laayoun LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA EGYPTE SAHARA occidental M e r R o u MAURITANIE g e Nouakchott NIGER MALI ERITHRÉE Dakar TCHAD Khartoum Asmara SENEGAL Niamey Lac n GAMBIE Bamako Tchad 'ade Banjul SOUDAN lfe d BURKINA FASO N'Djamena Go Île Socotra Bissau DJIBOUTI (YEMEN) Ouagadougou Djibouti GUINÉE- GUINÉE BISSAU B E G T NIGÉRIA Conakry N H O ETHIOPIE CÔTE- A I Freetown G N Abuja N E O D'IVOIRE A Addis Abeba SIERRA RÉPUBLIQUE SUD-SOUDAN I LEONE Yamoussoukro L Monrovia Accra e Porto CENTRAFRICAINE A LIBÉRIA m Novo Bangui o CAMEROUN Juba M L O Malabo Yaoundé Lac S GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE OUGANDA Turkana Île Principe Lac O Albert Kampala Mogadiscio SAO TOMÉ ET PRINCIPE Sao G Tome Libreville KENYA Île Sao Tome N GABON O C RÉPUBLIQUE RWANDA Nairobi Île Annobón Kigali ( Lac GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE) DÉMOCRATIQUE DU Victoria O CÉAN INDIEN Brazzaville Bujumbura CONGO BURUNDI Kinshasa Île Pemba Île Amirante Cabinda Lac Dodoma Victoria (ANGOLA) Tanganyika Île Zanzibar RÉPUBLIQUE UNIE DE SEYCHELLES Ascension (UK) Luanda TANZANIE Île Aldabra Île de providence OCÉ AN Lac Île Farquhar Nyasa Moroni Île Agalega ATLANTIQUE ANGOLA COMORES (ILE MAURICE) Lilongwe Mayotte ZAMBIE RÉPUBLIQUE E (FRANCE) R U A Tromelin Lusaka DU MALAWI (FRANCE) IQ C St. Helena Harare B S Cargados (UK) Lac M A Carajos Kariba A G Antananarivo Z MAURICE NAMIBIE ZIMBABWE A Port Louis O D M A La Réunion BOTSWANA (FRANCE) M Windhoek Gaborone Pour les besoins de ce rapport, l’ « Afrique centrale » inclut le Burundi, la République Centrafricaine, le Tchad, laPretoria République démocratique du Congo, le Rwanda et l’Ouganda. Maputo Mbabane 3 SWAZILAND Bloemfontein AFRIQUE Maseru LESOTHO AFRIQUE DU SUD Cape Town 0 500 1000 km 0 500 1000 mi by the United Nations. Map No. 4045 Rev. 5 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support April 2009 Cartographic Section Table des matières Préface 7 Principales conclusions et recommandations 9 Résumé analytique 11 Introduction 19 Conflit et criminalité 23 Flux de drogues 37 Cannabis depuis la RDC vers la région 39 Flux de ressources minérales 49 Minerai d’étain depuis l’est de la RDC vers l’Asie, via l’Afrique de l’Est 53 Or depuis la RDC et la RCA vers les Émirats arabes unis et le reste du monde, via l’Afrique de l’Est 63 Diamants depuis la RDC, la RCA et le Zimbabwe vers le reste du monde, via l’Afrique de l’Est 71 Flux de ressources environnementales 85 Bois d’œuvre depuis la RDC vers l’Afrique de l’Est 87 Faune et flore sauvages depuis l’Afrique centrale vers l’Asie de l’Est 93 Flux de produits 99 Armes à feu depuis le reste du monde vers la région 101 Le crime organisé, source de financement des conflits et d’instabilité 105 Implications en matière de politiques 109 5 Préface La région des Grands Lacs renferme de vastes ressources ment par « financement des conflits » doit être redéfini afin naturelles et présente un fort potentiel, largement occultés par d’y intégrer non seulement l’argent utilisé pour acheter direct- un passé historique tragique qui continue à influencer sa situ- ement les munitions mais aussi les flux financiers qui incite à ation présente. La deuxième guerre du Congo a été l’un des la perpétration de la violence. conflits les plus sanglants de la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle et a posé les bases de l’insécurité qui règne aujourd’hui. La RDC a besoin d’un système de justice pénale efficace afin de mener des enquêtes, de procéder à des arrestations, de juger Ayant entraîné la mort de plus de 5 millions de personnes, la et de punir les criminels qui profitent de la fragilité institution- guerre a également contribué à déplacer des communautés, à nelle pour commettre des crimes en toute impunité. Mettre en anéantir l’économie, à mettre à disposition nombre d’armes et place un tel système est un projet de longue haleine, mais l’on de munitions et à traumatiser des populations entières. La plus peut avancer pas à pas en s’appuyant sur des initiatives déjà grande opération de maintien de la paix des Nations Unies est existantes et en étant créatifs dans la coordination de nos actuellement déployée en République démocratique du Congo efforts. (RDC), afin de protéger les civils et de consolider la paix. Nous avons également besoin de soutenir les efforts locaux et Bien que les conflits se soient considérablement atténués dans internationaux pour mettre un terme au financement des la région des Grands Lacs, l’instabilité continue de menacer des groupes armés. Le commerce qui les finance a des ramifications institutions étatiques encore faibles. Les activités déployées par bien au-delà de l’Afrique centrale. Par conséquent, lutter le crime organisé transnational et l’argent qu’elles génèrent contre ce problème relève d’une reponsabilité partagée. Cette semblent entretenir de façon prononcée l’instabilité, l’impunité étude propose de contribuer à sécuriser les circuits et la violence, particulièrement dans l’est de la RDC. On d’approvisionnement depuis le début du processus de com- recenserait encore dans l’est de la RDC entre 6,500 et 13,000 mercialisation des minéraux. Cette initiative implique de membres actifs de groupes armés tirant profit d’activités sécuriser les voies d’acheminement des minéraux depuis les criminelles. sites miniers jusqu’aux points d’exportation, de manière à pro- téger le transport du prélèvement de taxes illicites, des barrages Ce rapport d’analyse des menaces affectant la région, Criminal- routiers et du travail forcé. ité organisée et instabilité en Afrique centrale, décrit les intercon- nexions entre divers acteurs criminels, met en avant différents Afin d’ancrer les activités régionales dans un cadre global, flux et trafics et identifie des options possibles d’intervention l’ONUDC travaille également avec d’autres partenaires pour dans le cadre d’une approche régionale. garantir que la lutte contre le crime organisé transnational soit intégrée dans l’ensemble du système des Nations Unies. Le crime organisé dans la région se traduit par l’exploitation de ressources naturelles et le trafic d’autres types de produits, Enfin, je voudrais remercier toutes les personnes qui ont con- comme le cannabis, les minéraux, l’étain, ou encore la faune et tribué à la préparation de ce rapport. J’espère qu’il contribuera la flore. On estime à environ 200 millions de dollars US les à améliorer notre compréhension de la nature de la violence et revenus bruts générés par l’ensemble de ces activités. L’Afrique de l’impunité dans certaines parties d’Afrique centrale. Le centrale est également une des régions les plus touchées par la crime organisé transnational prive les citoyens de la région traite et l’exploitation d’enfants au sein de conflits armés.
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