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TEMAS AND ANATHEMAS: DEPOLITICIZATION AND “NEWSPEAK” IN CUBA’S SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Yvon Grenier1 WITHIN THE REVOLUTION, NO POLITICS cies without actually talking about power. Illustrations “Cuando una sociedad se corrompe, lo primero que are found in the work of social scientist Rafael se gangrena es el lenguaje. La crítica de la sociedad, Hernández and in the journal Temas, of which he is en consecuencia, comienza con la gramática y the director. con el restablecimiento de los significados.” —Octavio Paz, Postdata [1970], 1993: 293. The “appendix” to the novel 1984 (1949), entitled “The principles of Newspeak,” explores in some de- Since the triumph of the revolution, the Cuban gov- tails Orwell’s most compelling insight on the inner- ernment has striven to depoliticize society, namely by working and future prospects of totalitarian regimes: “shrinking” the language used to talk about politics. their use and abuse of language. This appendix is The intuition for this paper comes from Orwell’s very much part of the novel, though it is often unno- novel 1984, in particular its Appendix, in which ticed. In it, the narrator explains how the new lan- “Newspeak” is explained as a long-term, problemati- guage works and, in a futurist prediction post-1984 cal project to “shrink” language and narrow the range (the novel was published in 1949), s/he speculates: of thoughts, eliminating words (adding new ones, “The final adoption of Newspeak had been fixed for too) that could threaten the utopian/dystopian mas- so late a date as 2050.” It turns out that “Oldspeak” ter plan, and erasing some memories. Incidentally, (old English) is offering a formidable resistance, as it Orwell’s masterpiece is no longer censured in Cuba, is being kept alive, one presumes, by writers such as at least officially (I doubt it is readily available), since the author of 1984 and Animal Farm (1945).2 the Feria Internacional del Libro of February 2016. In this paper I look at one strategic source of lan- Newspeak, we are told, “was designed not to extend guage production, the academic field, and examine but to diminish the range of thought, and this pur- one glaring example of “shrinking”: the actual dis- pose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of missal of political science as a discipline. In lieu of words down to a minimum.”3 Furthermore, “it was political science, one finds largely defanged social sci- intended that when Newspeak had been adopted ences and humanities that talk about politics and poli- once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical 1. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, Mi- ami (July 2016). I would like to thank Roger Betancourt, Armando Chaguaceda, René Costales, Alfred Cuzán, Arch Ritter and Soren Triff for their useful comments. I would like to thank St. Francis Xavier University’s University Council for Research for its support. 2. Not to forget his essay “Politics and the English Language” (1946), in which Orwell famously says: “Political language—and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists—is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder re- spectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” 3. Shrinking the language is also a key strategy of totalitarian rule in Boualem Sansal’s masterpiece 2084 (2015). 301 Cuba in Transition • ASCE 2016 thought — that is, a thought diverging from the cross-examination. It features three dogmas. First, principles of Ingsoc — should be literally unthink- the revolution is an ongoing process, not a past able, at least so far as thought is dependent on event, and it is irrevocably geared toward the “con- words.” The appendix explains that words come in struction of socialism and the progress toward a com- three categories: the A vocabulary, the B vocabulary munist society” (Art. 5 of the Constitution). To (also called compound words), and the C vocabulary. make that even more clear, Art. 3 of the Constitution The A vocabulary consists of the “words needed for was amended in 2002 to specify that socialism is “ir- the business of everyday life.” The B vocabulary con- revocable” and that the country “will never return sists of “words which had been deliberately con- again to capitalism.” Second, the revolution is em- structed for political purposes.” No word in the B vo- bodied in the persona of Fidel Castro and now, by cabulary is ideologically “neutral” and a “great many” extension, his brother Raúl. And third, the official are euphemisms. “The C vocabulary was supplemen- narrative on the US “blockade” cannot be challenged tary to the others and consisted entirely of scientific publicly. and technical terms.” The secondary parameters delimit political participa- The case of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) in tion within the regime; i.e., what can be said and do- Cuba offers a new twist to Orwell’s scenario, bring- ne, how, where and when. To modify Fidel Castro’s ing forward an official ideology, Marxism-Leninism most famous admonition in his epochal speech or “scientific materialism,” that uses both a B and C known as Palabras a los intelectuales (1961): against vocabulary. “Scientific materialism” (also known as the revolution, nothing is possible; within the revolu- “historical materialism” [hismat] or “dialectic materi- tion, it depends. Political institutionalization in alism” [diamat]) is an ideology that projects what so- Communist Cuba has been late developing, the first ciologist Pierre Bourdieu called an “effet de science.” real communist constitution being adopted seven- This proximity between politics and science (i.e., the teen years after the triumph of the revolution. Fur- politicization of science and the scientific aspiration thermore, unlike the Soviet Union, China or, to use of politics) is key to understanding the relations be- a Latin American “revolutionary” regime, Mexico, tween academia and politics in communist countries the Cuban revolutionary regime was never complete- (Connelly and Grüttner, 2005). ly institutionalized. The Castro regime can best be described as a communist bureaucracy ran by a pure- The Cuban version of “Newspeak” concerns public ly Latin American caudillo-type of leadership. expression in general, not just SSH. Severe but ill-de- Though there is a formal structure of state, with a fined limitations to public expression are a constant Council of State, a Council of Ministers, a National source of uncertainty for individuals and groups in Assembly of People’s Power and a court system, it is Cuba. This is especially true in the educational and clear that Fidel and then Raúl have been able to cre- cultural fields. ate, organize and manipulate these structures at will, The term parameter (also parámetros, parametraje, using a political style reminiscent of Peronism (or parametración, parametrados) has been commonly fascism) more than Communism. In that sense one used in Cuba since the mid-1960s, to signify official can call this regime “hybrid,” for it is both commu- restrictions to public expression, including the aca- nist and personalistic (or “sultanistic”). Because the demic sub-field. In a few publications of mine, I pro- ultimate power to make and unmake laws rests not posed to distinguish the more fundamental and rigid with precise institutions but with the leader and his parameters, which cannot be trespassed without ret- close collaborators, any discussion of the use of pow- ribution, from the lesser, “venial” ones, which can be er in Cuba automatically butts against the primary negotiated from a subordinate position. I call them, parameters and the master narrative it protects. Poli- respectively, primary and secondary parameters (Gre- cies are made and corrected by La Revolución; to op- nier, 2013). The primary parameters shield the meta- pose them is to stand against it, which nobody has political (foundational) narrative of the regime from the right to do—except Fidel or perhaps Raúl. 302 Depoliticization and “Newspeak” in Cuba’s Social Sciences and Humanities Within the realm of public expression in Cuba (this Predictably, “debates” in Cuba feature ultra-cautious including the SSH), it is generally possible to public- speakers who mostly agree with each other, all the ly (1) deplore errors made by middlemen in the past energy being redirected toward safe jousting against (especially during the so-called Quinquenio Gris); (2) officially sanctioned enemies and timeless scourges of lament the poverty of criticism and debate on the is- the revolution: dogmatism, corruption, the inepti- land as a consequence of internal problems within tude of the media, insufficient enthusiasm, youth the cultural and educational fields as well as the me- disaffection, residues of sexism and racism from pre- dia; and (3) examine social problems in Cuba, espe- Castro time, and of course US imperialism, the cially if they have already been publicly identified as “blockade” and the capitalist world order. Everybody such by the political leadership, but without discuss- agrees that more should be done to “improve social- ing their domestic political root causes. These are the ism.” Solutions to problems typically call for a stron- main goal posts for the secondary parameters and ger commitment to the dogmas of the regime in they apply for the entire public space in Cuba. Be- place: more participation, more commitment to yond that, nothing is clear, and since the price of L’Etre Suprême revolution, more “debates” on how to transgression can be very high, actors usually don’t improve everything, and the like. And of course, to take a chance. Since the secondary parameters are be on the safe side, criticism always goes down better both vague and unstable, it is always better to take no with praises of Fidel and the revolution, solemn ref- chance if one wants to keep “participating” and be in erences to Fidel’s epochal words, and comforting the game.

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